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CONTAINING 



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A Biographical Directory of Citizens, War Record of its Vol- 
unteers in the late Rebellion, General and Local Statistics, 
Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent Men, His- 
tory of the Northwest, History of Iowa, Map 
of Jefferson County, Constitution of the 
United States, Miscellaneous 
Matters, &c. 



ILXjTTSTie,A.T:EID. 



CHICAGO : 
WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY, 

1R79. 



A 



Entered, according to Act ot Congress, in the year 187&, b.v 

THE WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY 

In thfc Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, 1). C. 



<(A'^'^' 



f;c''^ 



G 



PREFACE. 



NEARLY forty-three years have come and gone since civilization's advance-guard came to 
occupy and develop the rich agricultural lands and exercise dominion in that part of the 
Black Havyk country included in Jefferson County. If the pioneers of 1836, or some of those 
who immediately followed them, had directed their attention to the keeping of a chronological 
journal or diary of events, to write a history of the county now would be a comparatively easy 
task : but, pre-occupied with the cares incident to frontier life, no such journals were ever 
attempted. In the absence of such records, the enterprise is one of no small moment, and the 
magnitude of the undertaking is still further increased by the removal, by death or otherwise, of 
nearly all the pioneer fathers and mothers who first came to gladden the prairie and forest wilds with 
their presence, and scatter the seeds of that better intelligence, which, growing and spreading as year 
was added to year, has made the country of their choice rank second to none in modern accom- 
plishments. The seeds they scattered ripened into the fullness of a plentiful harvest, and 
schoolhouses, churches, cities, towns, telegraphs, railroads and princely dwellings occupy the 
old " camp-grounds" of the Sauks, Foxes and other kindred tribes of red men. 

The struggles, changes and vicissitudes that forty-three years evoke, are as trying to the 
minds as to the bodies of men. Physical and mental strength waste away together beneath gath- 
ering years, and the memory of names, dates and events become lost in the confusion engendered 
by time and its restless, unceasing mutations. Circumstances that were fresh in memory ten and 
twenty years after their occurrence, are almost, if not entirely, forgotten when fifty years have 
gone. If not entirely obliterated and effaced from memory's tablet, they are so nearly so that, 
when recalled by one seeking to preserve tkem, the recollections come slowly back, more like the 
memory of a midnight dream than of an actual occurrence, in which they were partial if not 
actual participants and prominent characters. The footprint of time leaves its impressions and 
destroying agencies upon everything, and hence it would be unreasonable to suppose that the 
annals, incidents and happenings of nearly half a century in a community like that whose 
history we have attempted to write, could be preserved intact and unbroken. 

The passage of three years marked the pages of time after the first settlements on Round 
Prairie before any records of a public nature, relating to what is now .Jefferson County, were 
made, so that the gentlemen intrusted with the duty of writing this history were forced to 
depend upon the memory and intelligence of the few surviving pioneer settlers for a very large 
share of facts and information relating to immediate local events until after the organization of 
the county and the first meeting of the first Board of County Commissioners, at Lockridge, on 
the 8th day of April, 1839. And it is a subject of regret, that, even after that date, many 
important records are lost from the county archives, so that, in some instances, it has been 
impossible to supply certain names, dates, etc., from written data. 

For these reasons, it is not to be expected that this volume will be entirely accurate as to 
names, dates, etc., or that it will be so perfect as to be above and beyond criticism, for the book 
is yet to be written and printed that can justly claim the meed of perfection ; but it is the pub- 
lishers' hope, as it is their belief, that it will be found measurably correct and generally accurate 
and reliable. Industrious and studied care have been exercised to make it a standard book of 
reference, as well as one of interest to the general reader. If, in such a multiplicity of names, 
dates, etc., some errors are not detected, it will be strange indeed. 



PREFACE. 

Such as it is, our offering is completed, and it only remains forthe publishers to acknowledge 
their obligations to the citizens named below for the valuable information furnished by them, 
without which this history of Jefferson County would not be so voluminous and comprehensive. 

To John IItpf, who is believed to be the first white man that visited the territory now 
included in Jefferson County; Mrs. S.vrah A. Lamisirth, the first white woman to cross Cedar 
Creek, and one of the two first women to settle on Round Prairie, and Joseph Txlford, of the 
same locality, where they have lived since the early spring of 18:'>(;, for incidents relating to 
the beginning of the settlement of the country ; to Mrs. Major Woods, the especial friend of 
*• Iowa's Boys in Blue," during the late war, for information regarding the movement for the 
collection of sanitary supplies ; to .Fohn Clinton, Col.' J. VV. Culbertson and wife, Messrs. Slaglk 
and AcHEsoN, H. B. Mitchell, Capt. C. Jordon, Hon. D. P. Stubbs, George Craine, John 
Du BoiSK, Messrs. Culbertson and Jones, for various incidents relating to early times in Fair- 
field ; to Capt. W. T. Burgess, the excellent and obliging Postmaster, for the use of sundry 
papers of reference; to A. T. Wells, the Librarian, for access to the Library, as well as for his 
uniform courtesy and kindness ; to W. W. and C. H. Junktn, of the Ledger, for the use of their 
well-kept files of the paper over which they preside with such signal ability ; to Messrs. Frank 
Green and 0. L. Hackett, of the Tribune, for similar favors ; to the ministers and representa- 
tive members of the several churches, and to the Superintendent, Principals and teachers of the 
schools of the county, for statistical and other facts, this paragraph of acknowledgment is, there- 
fore, respectfully dedicated. To these parties, and the interest they manifested for the under- 
taking, is due, in a great measure, whatever of merit may be ascribed to this offering. 

To the press and people of the county in general, and to the citizens of Fairfield in particu- 
lar, our most gri^eful considerations are due for their universal kindness to our representatives 
and agents who were charged with the labor of collecting and arranging the information herein 
preserved to that posterity that will come in the not far-distant by and by to fill the places of 
the fathers and mothers, so many of whose names and honorable biographies are to be found 
within the pages of this book. 

In conclusion, the publishers express the sincere hope that, before another forty-three years 
will have passed, other and abler pens will have taken up and i-ecorded the annalistic events that 
will follow after the close of this offering to the people of Jefferson County, that the historical 
literature of the country may be fully preserved and maintained from county to nation. 

Very respectfully, 

January, 187'J. PUBLISHERS. 




^ 



CONTENTS 



HISTORY NORTHWEST AXD STATE OF IOWA. 



Page. 

History Northwest Territory 19 

Geographical Position 19 

Early Explorations 20 

Discovery of the Ohio 33 

English Explorations and Set- 
tlements 35 

American Settlements 60 

Division of the Northwest Ter- 
ritory 66 

Tecumseh and the War of 1812 70 
Black Hawk and the Black 

Hawk War 74 

Other Indian Troubles 79 

Present Condition of theNorth- 

west 86 

Chicago 95 

Illinois 257 

Indiana 259 

Iowa 260 

Michigan 263 

Wisconsin 264 

Minnesota 266 

Nebraska 267 

History of Iowa: 

Geographical Situation 109 

Topography 109 

Drainage System 110 



Page. 
History ol Iowa : 

Rivers. Ill 

Lakes 118 

Springs „ 119 

Prairies 120 

Geology 120 

Clintfttology 137 

Discovery and Occnpation 139 

Territory 147 

Indians 147 

Pike's Expedition 1^1 

Indian AVars 152 

Black Hawk War 167 

Indian Purchase, Reserves and 

Treaties 159 

Spanish Grants .; 103 

Half-Breed Tract 164 

Early Settlements 166 

Territorial History 173 

Boundary Question 177 

State Organization 181 

Growth and Progress 185 

Agricultural College and Farm.186 

State University 187 

State Historical Society 193 

Penitentiaries 194 



Pagk. 
Historj' of Iowa: 

Insane Hospitals 195 

College for the Blind 197 

Deaf and Dumb Institution 199 

Soldiers" Orphans' Homes 199 

State Normal School 201 

Asylum for Feeble Minded 

Children 201 

Reform School 202 

Fish Hatching Establishment. .203 

Public Lands 204 

Public Schools 218 

Political Record 223 

War Record 229 

Infantry 233 

Cavalry 244 

Artillery 247 

Miscellaneous 248 

Promotions from Iowa Reg- 
iments 249 

Number Casualties— Officers.2.50 
Number Casualties — Enlist- 
ed Men 252 

N\iniber Volunteers 254 

Population 255 

Agricultural Statistics 320 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSOTIi" COUXTY. 



Page. 

Original Occupants 323 

Black Hawk 325 

Wapello and other Chiefs 326 

Pashapaho 331 

Indian Chieftains 332 

First White Settlers 349 

The Black Hawk Purchase 349 

In the Wilderness — Crossing 

Cedar Creek — Mrs. Lambirth 

in Nettles 352 

Plowing the Virgin Soil — the 

First Crop 353 

Hawkins Taylor 357 

Indian Scare 359 

Hard Times and Hominy 

Blocks 3G0 

Settlors of 1837— Old Village 

of Lockridpe — First Store. ..361 
An Indian Wife on her Muecle.363 

Retrospective 364 

Land Sales — Squatters and 

Speculators 364 

Society, Churches, Schools, etc.368 

First Mill..; 372 

First and Second Marriage 372 

Kiret Births 372 

First Deaths etc 372 

First Physicians 373 

Starting an Orchard — the Old 

Afple-Tree 373 

Troxell's Slill - Raising and 

Break-Down 374 

Klinkenbeard's Flood 375 j 

Another Flood 376 

Coop in the Legislature 377 

Organization of County 377 

Physical -Geography, Origin of 

Names, Timber, etc 378 



Page. 

Geology :J81 

Formation of Lime-Beds 382 

Great Coal-Basin 382 

Cretaceous 385 

Glacial Period 385 

Drift Period 387 

Bowlders 388 

Economic Geology 388 

Origin of the Prairies 392 

Location of the County Seat 393 

Political Economy 395 

Explanatory 395 

Township System 396 

County Officers 396 

Resume 397 

First Election Precincts 398 ! 

First Road 400 | 

First Regular Election 401 [ 

First Tax-Receipt and Finan- 
cial Exhibit 402 

Tax-Levy cif 1840— Township 

Organization— Vote Ordered 403 i 
Morals of the Pioneers — First 1 

Jail 404 1 

Financial Condition, January 

3, 1842 405 I 

Last Meeting under Tei'ritori- 

al Jurisdiction 405 

Second Court House and Jail ..406 

Poor- Farm 407 

District Court 408 

Criminal Mention 410 

Double Tragedy — Lynching of 

Kephart 410 

Malhew.s Homicide 412 

The Hutler-Woodard Affair 415 

Political Murder 416 

Educational 4ic 



Pagk 
Educational : 

Statistical 41s 

Sabbath-School Association 417 

Miscellaneous ..419 

Railroads 422 

Agricultural Societies 425 

Hurricanes 43] 

Old Settlers 433 

Political Parties 434 

Roll of Honor 434 

War History 435 

Roster 444 

Fairfield 4(55 

Early Incidents— Robbery 466 

Willis' Cheek 467 

A Timid Beau 468 

Miscellaneous Firstlings 468 

Growth and Prosperity 469 

United States Land Office 469 

Hanking Interests 470 

Gas- Light Company 47o 

Mills 47X 

Elevators 471 

City Government 471 

Educational Interests — First 

Schools 471 

Pareons College 473 

Public Library 475 

Lecture Course 480 

I'ress 480 

Religious 482 

Cemeteries 488 

Lodges, etc 4^9 

Temperance Organizations 493 

Batavia 495 

Perloe 493 

Liberty ville [ 499 

Vote, October 8, 1878 ......biM 



CONTENTS. 



Paoe. 

Mouth of the Mississippi 21 

Source of tht- Mississippi 21 

Wild Prairie 23 

La Salle Landing on the Shore of 

Green Bay 25 

Buffalo Hunt 27 

Trapping 29 

Hunting 32 

Iroquois Chief 34 

Pontiac, the Ottawa Chieftain 43 

Indians Attacking Frontiersmen.. 56 
A Prairie Storm 59 



IlililJST RATIONS. 

P.VRE. 

A Pioneer Dwelling 61 | 

Breaking Prairie 63 

Tecuraseh, the Shawanoe Chieftain 69 

Indians Attacking a Stockade 72 

Black Hawk, the Sac Chieftain 75 

Big Eagle 80 ! 

Captain Jack, the Modoc Chieftain 83 

Kinzie House 85 '• 

A Representative Pioneer 80 

Lincoln Monument 87 

A Pioneer School House 88 



Page. 

Pioneers' First Winter 94 

Great Iron Bridge of C, R. I. & P. 
R. R., Crossing the Mississippi at 

Davenport, Iowa 91 

Chicago in 1833 95 

Old Fort Dearborn, 1830 98 

Present Site Lake Street Bridge, 

Chicago, 1833 98 

Ruins' of Chicago 104 

View of the City of Chicago 106 

Hunting Prairie Wolves 268 



JEFFEKSOX <;«IIXTY VOEITNTEERS. 



Infantry: Page. 

Second 444 

Seventh 446 

Seventeenth 447 

Nineteenth 448 

Thirtieth 451 



Infantry : Page. 
Forty -fifth 453 

Cavalry: 

Third ." 454 

Fourth 460 



Cavalry : Page. 

Seventh 460 

Eighth : 460 

Ninth 461 

Miscellaneous 461 



BIOOKAPHIIAE TOWNSHIP IHRKCTORY. 



Page. 

Black Hawk 595 

Buchanan 534 

Cedar 540 

Des Moines 567 



Page. 

Fairfield 501 

Liberty 522 

Lockridge 543 

Locnst Grove 560 



Page 

Penn 549 

Polk 60O 

Round Prairie 528 

Walnut .571 



EITHOGRAPHIt' PORTR.4ITS. 



Potter, A. C... 
Burgess, W. T. 



|Page. 

457 

389 



Page. , 

Culbertsou, John W 491 ' Chester, S. J 

Stubbs, D. P 3.55 ) Coop, W. G., Gen. 



Page. 

423 

321 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE liAWS. 



Page. , 

Adoption of Children 303 \ 

Bills of Exchange and Promissory j 

Notes 293 

Commercial Terms 305 

Capital Punishment 298 \ 

Charitable, Scientific and Religious 

Associations 316 

Descent 293 

Damages from Trespass 300 

Exemptions from Execution 298 

Esti-ays 299 

Forms : 

Articles of Agreement 307 

Bills of Sale 308 

Bond for Deed 315 

Bills of Purchase 306 



Page. 
Forms : 

Chattel Mortgage 314 

Confession of Judgment 300 

Lease 312 

Mortgages 310 

Notice to Quit 309 

Notes 306, 313 

Orders 306 

Quit Claim Deed 315 

Receipts 306 

Wills and Codicils 309 

Warranty Deed 314 

Fences 300 

Interest 293 

Intoxicating Liquors 317 

Jurisdiction of Courts 297 



Page. 

Juroi-s 297 

Limitation of Actions 297 

Landlord and Tenant 304 

Married Women 208 

Marks and Brands 300 

Mechanics' Liens 301 

Roads and Bridges 302 

Surveyors and Surveys 303 

Suggestions to Persons Purchasing 

Books by Subscription 319 

Support of Poor 303 

Taxes 295 

Wills and Estates ! 293 

Weights and Measures 305 

Wolf Scalps 300 



^IIS€E1jI.ANKOIJ!<^. 



Page. 

Map of Jefferson County Front. 

Constitution of United States 269 

Vote for President, Governor and 

Congressmen 283 

Practical Rules for Every-Day U8e..284 
United States Government Land 

Measure 287 



Page. 

Surveyor's Measure 288 

How to Keep Accounts 288 

Interest Table 289 

Miscellaneous Tai'le 289 

Names of the States of the Union 

and their Significations 290 

Population of the United States 291 



Page. 

Population of Fifty Principal Cities 
of the United States 291 

Population and Area of the United 
States 292 

Population of the Principal Coun- 
tries in the World 292 





R.x.w. M r 



A. S B^ 1 ]V G T O JS^ 




(' O. 



R VIII.W. 



The Northwest Territory. 



GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 

When the Northwestern Territory was ceded to the United States 
by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the territory lying between the 
Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the 
United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States 
of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of 
Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United 
States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi 
River; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary 
of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the 
Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National 
domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the 
" New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old " Northwestern 
Territory. " 

In comparison with the old Northwest this is a territory of vast 
magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles ; being greater 
in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States, 
including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected 
eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula- 
tion, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one third of 
the entire population of the United States. 

Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent 
flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far- 
stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the 
highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent 
on the globe. 

For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North- 
west has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United 
States. 

(19) 



20 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 

In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New 
World. He, however, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel 
of latitnde. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than 
half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence 
to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no 
settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that 
he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and 
disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery 
for better purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize 
upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by 
DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer 
took advantage of these discoveries. 

In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the 
wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene- 
trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which 
run into Lake Huron ; and in 163-4, two Jesuit missionaries founded the 
first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from 
the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian 
envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary, 
below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent 
result; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders 
attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, 
nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by 
Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude 
Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the 
Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette 
founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two 
years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen- 
eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the 
present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a 
grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were 
taken under tlie protection of the king, and formal possession was taken 
of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at 
Point St. Ignatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac. 

During M. Talon's explorations and Marquette's residence at St. 
Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied 
— as all others did then — that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's 
children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come. 
Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



21 





22 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOx^Y. 

request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his 
king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico 
or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expe- 
dition, prepared for the undertaking. 

On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist- 
ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of 
discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were 
astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade 
them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as 
exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of 
frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, 
nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he 
was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region 
they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which 
the salvation of souls was involved; and having prayed together they 
separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the 
adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and 
Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar- 
quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the 
town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, 
which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to 
thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in 
giving them an abundant " chase." This was the farthest outpost to 
which Dablon and AUouez had extended their missionary labors the 
year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed 
in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. 
He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to 
Joliet, said: " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun- 
tries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths 
of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct 
them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Indian village on 
the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to 
witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet 
ventured. The guides, having conducted them across the portage, 
returned. The explorers launched their canoes upon the Wisconsin, 
which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown 
waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck 
out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were 
now upon the bosom of ths Father of Waters. The mystery was about 
to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is 
beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been 
clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of 



THE NORTHWEST TERKITORY. 



23 



Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand 
" reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of 
France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared 
on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could see a 
country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of inhab- 
itants yet presenting the appearance of extensive manors, under the fas- 
tidious cultivation of lordly proprietors. 




THE WILD PRAIEIE. 



On June 25, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon 
the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in the 
boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a 
village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, within a 
half league of the first, inhabited by Indians. They were received most 
hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person. 
After remaining a few days they re-embarked and descended the river to 
about latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being 
satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course 



24 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

up the river, and ascending the stream to the mouth of the Illinois, 
rowed up that stream to its source, and procured guides from that point 
to the lakes. " Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, •' did we see 
such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, 
swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River." 
The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and 
reported their discovery— one of the most important of the age, but of 
which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by 
the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marquette 
returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them 
until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the 
mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked 
to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, 
he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time 
passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found 
him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefully passed away while at 
prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place 
fifty years after, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving 
the beloved missionary to repose in peace. The river has since been 
called Marquette. 

While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in 
the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre- 
paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun 
by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin. 

After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see 
the narrative elsewhere), he established himself again among the French 
trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of 
those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an 
expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, 
when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind 
of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by fol- 
lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous 
western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to 
Frontenac, Governor General cf Canada, and laid before him the plan, 
dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that 
LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf 
of Mexico would bind the country so wonderfully together, give un- 
measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis- 
tration he earnestly hoped all would be realized. 

LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who 
warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also received 
from all the noblemen the wannest wishes for his success. The Chev- 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



25 



alier returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at 
once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on 
these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined 
by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Griffin up Lake Erie. He 
passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and 
into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms. They were 
some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded a. fort, and passed 
on to Green Bay, the " Baie des Puans " of the French, where he found 
a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griffin with 
these, and placing her under the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors, 




LA SALLE LANDING ON THE SHORE OF GREEN BAY. 

started her on her return voyage. Tlie vessel was never afterward heard 
of. He remained about these parts until early in the Winter, when, hear- 
ing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all the men — thirty working 
men and three monks — and started again upon his great undertaking. 

By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or Kankakee, called by 
the Indians, "Theakeke," wolf, because of the tribes of Indians called 
by that name, commonly known as the Mahingang, dwelling there. The 
French pronounced it Kiakiki, which became corrupted to Kankakee. 
"Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the 
country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illi- 
nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment 



26 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

no inhabitants. The Seur de LaSalle being in want of some breadstuffs, 
took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a suffi- 
ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes 
under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village 
of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. The corn being securely stored, 
the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening, 
on the 4th day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must have 
been the lake of Peoria. This was called by the Indians Pim-i-te-wi, that 
is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met 
with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent 
some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that 
place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were 
trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men 
were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel. 
He called this fort " Crevecoeur''' (broken-heart), a name expressive of the 
very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship, 
Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the 
part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause 
him. His fears were not entirely groundless. At one time poison was 
placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. 

While building this fort, the Winter wore away, the prairies began to 
look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to 
return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in 
the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party 
to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour- 
ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and 
was successfully made, though over an almost u )known route, and in a 
bad season of the year. He safely reached Canada, and set out again for 
the object of his search. 

Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecoeur on the last of February, 
1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he 
found the fort entirely deserted, and he was obliged to return again to 
Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days after 
leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the 
icy stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wisconsin River 
by the 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a 
band of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hen- 
nepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Michael Ako. On this voy- 
age they found several beautiful lakes, and " saw some charming prairies." 
Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux 
nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May, when 
they reached some falls, which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony 



THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. 



27 



in honor of his patron saint. Here they took the land, and traveling 
nearly two hundred miles to the northwest, brought them to their villages. 
Here they were kept about three months, were treated kindly by their 
captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen, 





BUFFALO HUNT. 

headed by one Seur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had pene- 
trated thus far by the route of Lake Superior ; and with these fellow- 
countrymen Hennepin and his companions were allowed to return to the 
borders of civilized life in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had 
returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hennepin soon after went 
to France, where he published an account of his adventures. 



28 THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. 

The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 1541, in his 
vain endeavor to find gold and precious gems. In the following Spring, 
De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wander- 
ings, he fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May died. His followers, 
reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered 
about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue them- 
selves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brigan- 
tines, in which they embarked, and descending the river, supposing it 
would lead them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of 
Mexico), and by September reached the Island of Cuba. 

They were the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi ; but, 
being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country, 
and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through. 

To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the 
first account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess 
this entire country for his king, and in January, 1682, he and his band of 
explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed 
the portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the 6th of February, 
reached the banks of the Mississippi. 

On the 13th they commenced their downward course, which they 
pursued with but one interruption, until upon the 6th of March they dis- 
covered the three great passages by which the river discharges its waters 
into the gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event : 

" We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three 
leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de LaSalle 
went to reconnoiter the shores of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti 
meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found the main 
outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the 8th we reascended the river, a 
little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the 
reach of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about 
twent3^-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to 
the column were afiixed the arms of France with this inscription : 

Louis Le Grand, Roi De France et de Navarre, regne ; Le neuvieme Avril, 1682. 

The whole party, under arms, chanted the Te Deuni, and then, after 
a. salute and cries of " Vive le Boi," the column was erected by M. de 
La Salle, who, standing near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the authority of 
the King of France. LaSalle returned and laid the foundations of the Mis- 
sissippi settlements in Illinois, thence he proceeded to France, where 
another expedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in two 
succeeding voyages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing along 
the shore of the gulf. On his third voyage he was killed, through the 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



29 



treachery of his followers, and the object of his expeditions was not 
accomplished until 1699, when D' Iberville, under the authority of the 
crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth 
of the " Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives 
*'' Malbouchia,^' and by the Spaniards, " Za Palissade^^^ from the great 




^^'^Sl^^^^^^ 



■JiCi< 



TRAPPING. 

number of trees about its mouth. After traversing the several outlets, 
and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western 
outlet, and returned to France. 

An avenue of ti-ade was now opened out which was fully improved. 
In 1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colo- 
nists. In 1762, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by 
France under the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it was purchased by 



30 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory 
of Louisiana and commerce of the Mississippi River came under the 
charge of the United States. Althougfh LaSalle's labors ended in defeat 
and death, he had not worked and suffered in vaiu. He had thrown 
open to France and the world an immense and most valuable country; 
had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one 
settlement there. " Peoria, Kaskaskia and Cahokia, are to this day monu- 
ments of LaSalle's labors ; for, though he had founded neither of them 
(unless Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Crevecoeur,) 
it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were 
peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of 
the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored." 

The French early improved the opening made for them. Before the 
year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois, 
and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary 
station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil- 
lages, the other two being Cahokia and Peoria. What is known of 
these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel Marest, 
dated " Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de ITmmaculate Conception de 
la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of 
Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while 
I'eoria arose near the ruins of Fort Crevecoeur. This must have been 
about the year 1700. The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river,, 
(pronounced WS-ba, meaning summer cloud moving siviftly^ was estab- 
lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether prob- 
able that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia 
and Cahokia. In July, 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartrain 
were laid by De la Motte Cadillac on the Detroit River. These sta- 
tions, with those established further north, were the earliest attempts to 
occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being 
made to occupy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settle- 
ment and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England 
in 1718. This was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the 
famous Mississippi Compan}^ established by the notorious John Law, 
who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his 
scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed away. 

From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the 
French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Missis- 
sippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated 

* There is considerable dispute .about this date, some asserting it was founded as late as 1742. When 
the new court liouse at Vincennes was erected, all autliorities 0:1 the subject were carefully examined, and 
i702 fixed upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engraved on the corner-stone of the court house. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 31 

injuries, cut off the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company- 
did little for Louisiana, as the entire West was then called, yet it opened 
the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains 
indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of 
the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the 
attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the 
New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary 
among the Illinois, writing from " Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort 
Chartres, June 8, 1750, says: "We have here whites, negroes and 
Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, 
and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues 
situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid 
(Kaskaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred 
whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The 
three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all 
told. Most of the French till the soil; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and 
horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can 
be consumed ; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New 
Orleans." This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and 
save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were 
found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France 
by the mouth of the Father of Waters. In another letter, dated Novem- 
ber 7, 1750, this same priest says : " For fifteen leagues above the 
mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low 
to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially 
occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I 
think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, 
bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork 
and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty 
vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans, 
plantations are again met with ; the most considerable is a colony of 
Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five 
leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five 
or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther 
up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners 
through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise 
excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, 
where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river 
traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred 
leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at 
the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the 
Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to 



82 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the post at 
Vincennes in 181 2, makes the same observation. Vivier also says : " Some 
individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada. 
Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are 
like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find 
silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also 
in this country, beyond doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large 
pieces are found in the streams." 




HUNTING. 



At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the 
lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at 
the Mauuiee in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandusky in what 
may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwest 
they had stations at St. Joseph's on the St, Joseph's of Lake Micliigan, 
at Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackanac or Massillimacanac, 
Fox River of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of 
LaSalle were now fidly realized. The French alone were possessors of 
this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another 
nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country, 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 3^ 

and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for 
securing the great profits arising therefrom. 

The French, however, had another claim to this country, namely, the 



DISCOVERY OF THE OHIO. 

This " Beautiful " river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La- 
Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet 
and Marquette. 

While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found 
leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois. 
He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed 
to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident 
soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition. 

While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the 
Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a 
distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state- 
ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream. 
LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that the great 
rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to 
embark in the enterprise of discovering a route across the continent to 
the commerce of China and Japan. 

He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov- 
ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant» 
Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro- 
vision to defray tlie expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul- 
pice decided to send out missionaries iu connection with the expedition, 
and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money, 
the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred 
dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the 
necessary supplies for the outfit. 

On the 6th of July, 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons, 
embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence ; two additional canoes 
carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the 
bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the 
Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present 
City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to 
conduct tliem to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed. 

The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected 
that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After 
waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian 



84 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them 
that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. 

On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they 
heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving 




IKOyUOlS CHIKF. 

among the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned 
from a Shawanee prisoner that they could reach the Ohio in six weeks. 
Delighted with the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume 
their journey ; but just as they were about to start they heard of the 
arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved 
to bs Louis Joliet, afterwards famous as an explorer in the West. He 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 35 

had been sent by the Canadian Government to explore the copper mines 
on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec. 
He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the 
lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Indians in 
that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the 
expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the 
Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet 
with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, and 
after worship on the lake shore, parted from LaSalle. On arriving at 
Lake Superior, they found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers, 
Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field. 

These zealous disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted 
no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him their patron 
saint ; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June 
without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian. 

After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief Iroquois 
village at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a 
tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far 
as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by LaSalle, the 
persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669. 

The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony- 
mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle 
himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count 
Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he 
discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as 
an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio 
Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by the colony 
of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why the French 
had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec 
replied : " We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries 
of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to 
make prisoners of every Englishman found trading in the Ohio Valley." 

ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. 

When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Father of Waters 
and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts 
already described. In 1749, when the English first began to think seri- 
ously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States 
of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were yet 
under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, prettj^ 



36 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

conclusively of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as 
1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, had commenced movements to 
secure the country west of the Alleghenies to the English crown. In 
Pennsylvania, Governor Keith and James Logan, secretary of the prov- 
ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the neces- 
sity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, by that 
power save to take some diplomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain 
to this unexplored wilderness. 

England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 
on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a 
discovery and possession of the country, and, as is well known, her grants 
to the colonies extended " from sea to sea." This was not all her claim. 
She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of land. This lat- 
ter was also a strong argument. As early as 1681, Lord H oward. Gov- 
ernor of Virginia, held a treaty with the six nations. These were the 
great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Onei- 
das, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were 
taken into the confederacy, and it became known as the Six Nations. 
They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in 
1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed 
was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has 
often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was 
made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the " Colony of 
Virginia," for which the Indians received X200 in gold and a like sum in 
goods, with a promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid. 
The Commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel 
William Beverly. As settlements extended, the promise of more pay was 
called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across the mountains with 
presents to apj)ease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Virginians accompa- 
nied him with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings 
regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment, 
and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desire the 
cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In 
1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant 
of land beyond the Alleghenies. This was granted, and the government 
of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hun- 
dred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of 
June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was 
made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000 
acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French 
were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in the 
West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 3T 

settling upon it, but in time would come to the lower posts and so gain 
possession of the whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1774, Vaud- 
reuil, Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the 
consequences that must arise from allowing the English to build trading- 
posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further 
secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Cel- 
eron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds 
and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which 
were inscribed the claims of France. These were heard of in 1752, and 
within the memory of residents now living along the "• Oyo," as the 
beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found 
with the inscription partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and 
a copy of the inscription with particular account of the discovery of the 
plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to the American Antiquarian Society, 
among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not, 
however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and 
though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and 
it was onl}^ a question of time when the storm would burst upon the 
frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio 
Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees, 
on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He 
afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there lie went down 
the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville, 
and in November he commenced a survey of the Company's lands. Dur- 
ing the Winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the 
Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were bus}^ in preparing 
their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party 
of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Eng- 
lish post on the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and 
Chippewas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fourteen of 
the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison. 
(They were probably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were 
carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This 
fort or post was called by the English Pickawillany. A memorial of the 
king's ministers refers to it as " Pickawillanes, in the center of the terri- 
tory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some 
variation of Pickaway or Picqua in 1773, written by Rev. David Jones 
Pickaweke." 

* The following is a traiislatioii of the inscription on tlie plate: "In tlie year 1749. reigu of Louis XV., 
King of I'rance, we, Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the Marquis of Gallisonierc, com- 
mander-in-cliicf of New France, to establish tranquility in certain Indian villages of tliese cantons, have 
buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoln, this twenty- ninth of July, near the river Ohio, otherwise 
Beautiful River, as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken of the said river, and all Its 
tributaries; inasmucli as llie preceding Kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it by their arms aud 
treaties; especially by those of Ryswick, Utrecht, and Aix La Chapelle." 



88 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOEY. 

This was the first blood shed between the French and English, and 
occurred near the present City of Piqiia, Ohio, or at least at a point about 
forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation became now more inter- 
ested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English deter- 
mined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to 
occupy, and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washing- 
ton at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomax and 
Patton were sent in the Spring of 1752 to hold a conference with the 
natives at Logstown to learn Avhat they objected to in the treaty of Lan- 
caster already noticed, and to settle all difficulties. On the 9th of June, 
these Commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village on the 
north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pitts- 
burgh. Here had been a trading point for many years, but it was aban- 
doned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize 
the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commissioners taking aside Montour, 
the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Montour, and a 
chief among the six nations, induced him to use his influence in their 
favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing 
a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a 
settlement of the southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should 
not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first 
treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley. 

Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to out-manoeuvre 
each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally 
outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their con- 
tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of tlie red men, and further 
increased the feeling by failingto provide them with arms and ammuni- 
tion. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758: " The Indians on the Ohio 
left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were 
coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The 
French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The 
Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when 
we wanted help, forsook us." 

At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by 
title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon 
and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The Eng- 
lish made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until 
the Summer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans 
of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warning them 
away ; but they replied that they intended to complete the chain of forts 
already begun, and would not abandon the field. 

Soon after this, no satisfaction being obtained from the Ohio regard- 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 89 

ing the positions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of 
Virginia determined to send to them another messenger and learn from 
them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young 
man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the rank 
of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This 
personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, who then 
held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just 
twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied 
by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's 
Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monon- 
gahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to 
Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of 
the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the French, and 
also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the fol- 
lowing Spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to 
turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral. 
Washington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to 
Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Creek. Here the 
French had a fort, called Fort Machault. Through the rum and flattery 
of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing 
of importance here, he pursued his way amid great privations, and on the 
11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here 
he delivered Governor Dinwiddle's letter, received his answer, took his 
observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey with no one 
but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians who still remained true to him, 
notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their 
homeward journey was one of great peril and suffering from the cold, yet 
they reached home in safety on the 6th of January, 1754. 

From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by 
Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned that the French would 
not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made 
in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, while the French 
finished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications, 
and gathered their forces to be in readiness. 

The Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great 
activities ; volunteers were called for, and from all the neighboring 
colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac 
men were enlisting under the Governor's proclamation — which promised 
two hundred thousand acres on the Ohio. Along this river they were 
gathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent 
had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men, who were 



40 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

working away in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the fork of 
the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with deep interest. 

" The first birds of Spring filled the air with their song ; the swift 
river rolled by the Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of 
Spring and the April showers. The leaves were appearing ; a few Indian 
scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand ; and all was so quiet, 
that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent 
in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten 
miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder- 
ness, keen eyes had seen the low intrenchment rising at the fork, and 
swift feet had borne the news of it up the river ; and upon the morning 
of the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw 
upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and 
three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep with cannon and 
stores. * * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecoeur, 
and the next day he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men 
and tools, marched up the Monongahela." 

The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la 
Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and 
English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the 
French were determined to hold the country watered by the Mississippi 
and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue 
of the discoveries of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from New- 
foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The 
first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the 
English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, had resulted 
disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed 
the fortifications begun at the Fork, which they had so easily captured, 
and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washing- 
ton was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived. 
He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched him- 
self at a place called the " Meadows," where he erected a fort called 
by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of 
French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked 
in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the 
morning of July 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia. 

The English Government immediately planned four campaigns ; one 
against Fort DuQuesne ; one against Nova Scotia ; one against Fort 
Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755-6, 
and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions. 
The expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General 
Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 41 

acquainted with Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. This 
occurred on the morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle 
of Monongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued with 
various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7 ; when, at the commence- 
ment of 1758, in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, then Secre- 
tary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to 
carry on the war. Three expeditious were planned for this year : one, 
under General Amherst, against Louisburg ; another, under Abercrombie, 
against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under General Forbes, against 
Fort DuQuesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered after a 
desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part of the 
Canadian possessions fell into the hands of the British. Abercrombie 
captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedition against Fort DuQuesne, 
of which Washington had the active command, arrived there, it was 
found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession, 
rebuilt the fort, and in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the 
name to Fort Pitt. 

The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of 
Canada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to 
reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to 
capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant 
Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga 
and Crown Point without a blow ; and Wolfe, after making the memor- 
able ascent to the Plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated 
Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement 
Montcolm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor, 
marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of 
defeating the English, and there, on the 28th of the following April, was 
fought one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It 
resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the City of Montreal. 
The Governor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was 
surrendered to the English. This practically concluded the war, but it 
was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England 
were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and 
under its provisions all the country east of the Mississippi and north of 
the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same 
time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. 

On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers was sent 
from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post 
in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of November, and sum- 
moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post, 
Beletrc; refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the 



42 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOIIY. 

French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d 
under the personal protection of the celebrated chief, Pontiac, to whom, 
no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the 
purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was 
assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not 
desire their country. This answer conciliated the savages, and did much 
to insure the safety of Rogers and his party during their stay, and while 
on their journey home. 

Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one 
month on the way. His route was from Detroit to Mauraee, thence 
across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the com- 
mon trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandusky to the fork of 
the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is, 
crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohickon 
John's Town" on Mohickon Creek, the northern branch of White 
Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town 
on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one 
hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of 
cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across 
Big Beaver, and up the Ohio to Logstown, thence on to the fork. 

The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule. 
New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large 
trade was speedily manifested. Had the British carried out their promises 
with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe- 
trated, and the country would have been spared their recital. 

The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these 
atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading 
events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this 
noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named 
Alexander Henry, who, in the Spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as 
far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French, 
but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his 
hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian 
to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached 
him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He 
declared that no treaty had been made with them; no presents sent 
them, and that he would resent any possession of the West by that nation. 
He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dignified, and was 
civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies. 

The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders of North Carolina, 
were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, ratified 
February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



4a 




PONTIAC, THE OTTAWA CHIEFTAIN. 



44 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead. 
Pontiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the commander 
of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares 
and Mingoes, whohad, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unite 
in this enterprise. 

The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on May 7, 176^. 
Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow 
of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton. 

Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit. 
Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing 
the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out, 
however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when 
Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian 
chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed 
musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. He 
«aw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. He 
endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions ; but the guilt 
was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe 
reprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post. 

Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace 
between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August, 1764, 
continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular 
commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark, 
which, to his credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At 
the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went 
further south, living many years among the Illinois. 

He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a 
time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis 
in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a 
quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon 
afterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern 
Indians, who nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed. 
Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan 
for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly 
have been carried out. 

It was in the Spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex- 
ander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest 
feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and 
were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, 
Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their 
French father would awake soon and utterly destroy his enemies, said : 
*' Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 45 

yet conquered us ! We are not your slaves ! These lakes, these woods, 
these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, 
and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like 
the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you 
ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided 
food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." 

He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them, 
no presents sent them, and that he and his people were yet for war. 
Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after 
the English took possession of their country. These feelings were no 
doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the 
French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the 
English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were going 
on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments. 

In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre- 
vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters 
of the entire West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fon- 
tainbleau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question. 
Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States 
and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great 
Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these 
sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States ; and 
twenty years still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to 
France, and by France sold to the United States. 

In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecceur by 
LaSalle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Chartres, many French set- 
tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been 
noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia, 
Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American Bottom, a large tract 
of rich alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St. 
Louis. 

By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including 
all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England; 
but they do not appear to have btsn taken possession of until 1765, when 
Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established him- 
self at Fort Chartres bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage, 
dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Cath- 
olics who worshiped here, and a right to leave the country with their 
effects if they wished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen. 
It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the 
war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that 
chieftain- By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settle- 



46 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

ment in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year 
1764, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his confed- 
eracy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pon- 
tiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom 
lie afterward lost his life. 

As soon as these difficulties were definitely settled, settlers began 
rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the 
year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces 
explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Mononga- 
hela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. This 
was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washing- 
ton was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford 
and others, on the 20th of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts- 
burgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen 
miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which 
were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort. 

Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clus- 
tered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This 
same year, Capt. Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages. 
He found there about sixty-five resident families, and at Cahokia only 
forty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and 
at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year 
or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally 
Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still main- 
tained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts 
was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and 
flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the 
policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension 
of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by royal 
proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the 
sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance 
of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement 
without the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy 
reach of Great Britain. 

The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 1769 : " In the 
course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they 
extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for 
themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother 
country ceases, an independency in their government will soon follow." 

In accordance with this policy. Gov. Gage issued a proclamation 
in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their set- 
tlements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47 

strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to 
remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its 
change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French 
population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned 
the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which 
was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774, extend- 
ing the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present 
States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. 

In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern- 
ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor 
that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies ; but the 
early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side 
of the war for independence. 

In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration 
to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt under the 
pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth. 
One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the 
Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it 
Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites for 
settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed 
portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the 
famous battle of Kanawha in July, where the Indians were defeated and 
driven across the Ohio. 

During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies 
and the perseveranceof individuals, several settlements were firmly estab- 
lished between the Alleghanies and the Ohio River, and western land 
speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held 
in Kaskaskia on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling 
themselves the " Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the 
Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on 
the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a mer- 
chant from the Illinois Country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes 
as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Company." On 
the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 
37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested 
by a number of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in 
the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land com- 
panies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West ; but all 
were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th of 
April, 1780, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the 
" United Illinois and Wabash Land Company." They afterward made 



48 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

strenuous efforts to have these grants sanctioned by Congress, but all 
signally failed. 

When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unor- 
ganized country, though there were several settlements within her borders. 

In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated that at that time 
*' Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black in- 
habitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Cahokia con- 
tains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and 80 negroes. There were 
east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771 " — when these observa- 
tions were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230 
negroes." 

From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and 
nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a leport 
made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778. From it the following 
extract is made : 

"Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village which 
appears to have contained nearly eighty families from the beginning of 
the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la 
Prairie du Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There 
are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is five 
miles further up the river." 

St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and at this time con- 
tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one 
hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country 
west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and remained so until 
ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the 
country including New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there 
were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 176G to 
1768, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled for more 
than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated — the people being engaged 
in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we Avill here 
relate. 

It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by 
Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an 
oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width. 
As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent 
resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space 
between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house 
(near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, 
and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by 
oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had 
four gates — east, west, north and south. Over the first thi-ee of these 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 49 

gates were block houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six- 
pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river and in a 
parallel direction with the block houses. There were four streets running 
east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen 
feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten 
to fifteen feet in width. 

At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the 
enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the present 
northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was 
inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two 
stories high, suflBcient to contain ten officers, and also barracks sufficient 
to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The 
citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of 
Detroit, in 1778, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story, 
with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some 
hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance, 
called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east 
gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned 
by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and 
the other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of 
twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning 
between nine and ten o'clock. Each furnished four sentinels, who were 
relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who pjr- 
formed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset; 
even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were 
delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened 
in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw was permitted to enter 
town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a stand- 
ing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of 
every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were 
restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were 
allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only 
at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the 
Indians were required to leave town instantly. There was a council house 
near the water side for the purpose of holding council with the Indians. 
The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two 
hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by 
fire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present "' new " 
town was laid out. 

On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of 
importance in the West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of 
Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their interests, 



60 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in 
this part of the New World, held steadily to their purposes, and those 
within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exercise their 
civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Richard Gallaway, 
burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state. 
Early in September of that year (1777) the first court was held 
in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards major, who had arrived 
in August, was made the commander of a militia organization which 
had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty 
was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented 
her the year previous east of the mountains, M^as now meditating a move 
unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the 
British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. Ht 
saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Vincennes, 
Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy 
access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British 
intended to penetrate the country from the north and soutn, ana annihi- 
late the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, 
afterwards General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians were not 
unanimously in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could 
the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives 
might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose, 
he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements 
might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the 
project, he repaired to the Capital of Virginia, which place he reached on 
November 5th. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th. 
Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly 
encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at 
once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been 
agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark 
came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the 
scene of action to be able to guide them. 

Clark, having satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his 
plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret, 
the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven 
companies to go to Kentucky, subject to his orders, and to serve three 
months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him 
to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand 
at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. 

With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosing rather 
to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed 
in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. Smith to Hoi- 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 51 

stoii for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required 
number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their 
own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to 
join the proposed expedition. With three companies and several private 
volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he 
navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified 
Corn Island, a small island between the present Cities of Louisville, 
Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may 
yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him 
with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and 
as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to 
the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements, 
and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the 
24th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured 
no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with 
his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as 
far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence marcli direct to Kaskaskia. 
Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to 
Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he 
intended to march directly to the Mississippi River and cross it into the 
Spanish country. Before his start he received two good items of infor- 
mation : one that the alliance had been formed between France and the 
United States ; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois 
country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to 
believe by the British that the " Long Knives" or Virginians, were the 
most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With 
this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would 
cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from grati- 
tude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniency. 

The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun, 
and the town reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the fort 
near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without 
the loss of a single man or by killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently 
working upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at per- 
fect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the 
great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity 
from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhab- 
itants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlocked 
for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and 
when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accom- 
panied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place 
surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus 



52 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English 
into the possession of Virginia. 

In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a 
powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain possession 
of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boun- 
daries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken. 
St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken 
before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that 
he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection 
with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July, 
in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of 
peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence 
that the post on the " Oubache " had taken the oath of allegiance to 
the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts, 
placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his 
men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville, 
erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Rocheblave, who 
had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond. 
In October the County of Illinois was established by the Legislature 
of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, 
and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of 
the Old Dominion through their Legislature. 

In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the 
natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore alle- 
giance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton, 
having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down 
the Wabash to Vincennes intending to operate from that point in reducing 
the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and drive the 
rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault, 
dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attend- 
ant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort. 
Hamilton knew nothing of the capitulation of the post, and was greatly 
surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at 
the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assail- 
ants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of the 
fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to 
the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the 
force in the garrison. 

Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was 
contending, gave up his intended campaign for the Winter, sent his four 
hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 53 

and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the 
Winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Clark, he 
saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that unless 
he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the 
news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 4th, having suffi- 
ciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia, he sent down the Mississippi 
a " battoe," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and 
Wabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray. 

. On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and 
twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching 
through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring 
rains, on the 22d reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at 
once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American back- 
woodsman was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the 
intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kind- 
ness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was 
sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement. 
During his command of the British frontier posts, he had offered prizes 
to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him, 
and had earned in consequence thereof the title " Hair-buyer General," 
by which he was ever afterward known. 

Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising 
Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry being 
apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and Clark con- 
cluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts. 
Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in 
uniting the western Indians for the next Spring's campaign, the West 
would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny 
Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from 
the commencement, by the British. 

"But for this small army of dripping, but fearless Virginians, the 
union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might 
have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed." 

At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Govern- 
ments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclining to the 
British, and under the instructions of Washington, now Commander-in- 
Chief of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American inde- 
pendence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the 
Ohio frontier, Col. Bowman, acting undei> the same general's orders, 
marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These 
expeditions were in the main successful, and tlie Indians weie compelled 
to sue for peace. 



64 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

During this same year (1779) the famous " Land Laws " of Virginia 
were passed. The passage of these laws was of more consequence to the 
pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian 
conflicts. These laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed 
to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the 
settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public lands at 
forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature 
sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many 
of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These 
gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and 
continued until April 26, 1780, when they adjourned, having decided 
three thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who 
came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed his duties on the 
10th day of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the 
next year (1780) the troubles concerning the navigation of the Missis- 
sippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in 
relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States 
to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a right 
to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was erected below 
the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. The settle- 
ments in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emigrants. It was dur- 
ing this year that the first seminary of learning was established in the 
West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth. 

The settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a 
friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had 
been friendly to the Colonies during their struggle for independence, 
and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the 
refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the 
satisfaction of both nations. 

The Winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones 
ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as the 
"Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few 
pioneers lost their lives. The following Summer a party of Canadians 
and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it 
in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting 
colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of the 
inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they were 
compelled to abandon the contest. They also made an attack on the 
settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable 
manner, they fled the country in great haste. 

About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress con- 
cerning the western lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 55 

and Connecticut. The agitation concerning this subject finally led New 
York, on the 19th of February, 1780, to pass a law giving to the dele- 
gates of tliafc State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for 
the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress 
during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until Sep- 
tember 6th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States 
claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body. 
This basis formed the union, and was the first after all of those legislative 
measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same 
year, the plan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might 
have easily been effected by Clark had the necessary aid been furnished 
him. Nothing decisive was done, yet the heads of the Government knew 
that the safety of the Northwest from British invasion lay in the capture 
and retention of that important post, the only unconquered one in the 
territory. 

Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Coun- 
ties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jefferson, and the act establishing the Town 
of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of 
American history as the year in which occurred Arnold's treason to the 
United States. 

Virginia, in accordance with the resolution of Congress, on the 2d 
day of January, 1781, agreed to yield her western lands to the United 
States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and 
the Act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was 
anything farther done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies 
were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in 
consequence thereof but little heed was given to the western settlements. 
Upon the 16th of April, 1781, the first birth north of the Ohio River of 
American parentage occurred, being that of Mary Heckewelder, daughter 
of the widely known Moravian missionary, whose band of Christian 
Indians suffered in after years a horrible massacre by the hands of the 
frontier settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of 
their neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to humanity, 
a deed which forever afterwards cast a shade of shame upon their lives. 
For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians 
committed many deeds of cruelty which darken the years of 1771 and 
1772 in the history of the Northwest. 

During the year 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and 
frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indians and the Wyan- 
dots. In these, horrible acts of cruelty were practised on the captives, 
many of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious 



56 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers, 
was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the Ohio 
valleys. Cotemporary with them were several engagements in Kentucky, 
in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who, often by his skill 
and knowledge of Indian warfare, saved the outposts from cruel destruc- 

^^ ^ 




IKDIAXS ATTACKING FKONTIEKSMEN. 



tion. By the close of the year victory had perched upon the American 
banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional articles of peace had 
been arranged between the Commissioners of England and her uncon- 
querable colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on the 19th of October 
preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19th of 
April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 57 

proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the 3d of the next 
September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle 
was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the boundaries of the West 
were as follows : On the north the line was to extend along the center of 
the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; 
thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi 
River; down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on that line 
east to the head of the Appalachicola River; down its center to its junc- 
tion with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and 
thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. 

Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts 
were still occupied by the British in the North and West. Among these 
was Detroit, still in the hands of the enem3^ Numerous engagements 
with the Indians throughout Ohio and Lidiana occurred, upon whose 
lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by 
the proper treaty. 

To remedy this latter evil. Congress appointed commissioners to 
treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and prohibited the set- 
tlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the 
year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however, 
not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwest 
she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having on the 20th of 
December preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded 
to the United States. This was done on the 1st of March following, and 
the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion. 
To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hundred 
and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated any where north of the 
Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region 
opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of 
Clarksville, about midway between the Cities of New Albany and Jeffer- 
sonville, Indiana. 

While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit 
refused to evacuate alleging that he had no orders from his King to do 
so, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the Spring 
of 1784, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur 
Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian 
council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossessing in 
appearance. He says : 

" Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who 
live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or 
even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being 
bought at the vast expense of forty-five shillings per pound from Phila- 



68 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

delphia and Baltimore. They take in the shops flour, wheat, skins and 
money. There are in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a 
priest of any persuasion, nor church nor cliapei." 

Kentucky at this time contained thirty tliousand inhabitants, and 
was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A 
land office was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take 
defensive precaution against the Indians who were yet, in some instances, 
incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year, 
1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no 
entries were recorded until 1787. 

The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They 
held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress 
adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the 
survej'S of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the 
Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made 
with the Wabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made 
in 1781. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these much land 
was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply 
with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel 
their adherence to its provisions, force was used. Daring the year 1786, 
the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused 
various discussions, which resulted in no definite action, only serving to 
excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had promised 
bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the 
unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississippi respecting its naviga- 
tion, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared 
its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded 
between the two Governments. Before the close of the year 1786, how- 
ever, it was able, tMrough the treaties with the Indians, to allow some 
grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14tli of September Con- 
necticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as 
the " Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year a 
large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once 
took measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company 
were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction 
of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received 
750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the 
seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on 
the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without 
the reservations. In addition to this. Congress afterward granted 100,000 
acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the 
resolutions of 1789 and 1790. 



THE ISORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



69 



While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing- 
its claims before Congress, that bod}'- was bringing into form an ordinance 
for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the 
cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected. 
A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition 
of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, 
and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina. 
By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states 




A PRAIRIE STORM. 



by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten 
states, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the 
northwest corner and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher- 
sonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Poly- 
])otamia and Pelisipia. 

There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of 
names, — the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolu- 
tion of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries 
of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles 



60 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Vir- 
ginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the 
subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into 
not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by 
the State Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Government was 
again taken uj) by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that year 
and until July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed, 
and. the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This com- 
pact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in this book, 
and to it the reader is referred. 

The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company 
was soon followed by an application to the Government by John Cleves 
Symmes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land between the Miamis. 
This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, 
being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to the 
New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury 
Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following 
year. During the Autumn the directors of the New England Company 
were preparing to occupy their grant the following Spring, and upon the 
23d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, 
under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six 
boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the sur- 
veyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart- 
ford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as 
soon as possible. Congress, in the meantime, upon the 8d of October, 
had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and 
to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur 
St. Clair Governor of the Territory of the Northwest. 

AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS. 

The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now com- 
plete, and notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from 
the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England 
Company sent their men during the Winter of 1787-8 pressing on over 
the Alleghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into 
Braddock's road, and which has since been made a national turnpike 
from Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled 
on, and by April were all gathered on the Yohiogany, where boats had 
been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived 
on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded 
as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



61 



P 



Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having 
yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by 
being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs apjDointed 
to administer them. 

Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the 
Northwest, said : " No colony in America was ever settled under 
such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskingum. 
Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know 
many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calcu- 
lated to promote the welfare of such a community.'" 




On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held 
on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new- 
born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the 
"Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor 
of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block -houses stood 
was called '•'' Campus Martins ;'^ square number 19, '■'•Capitolium ;'^ square 
number 61, '■'•Cecilia ;'' and the great road through the covert way, " Sacra 
Via." Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum, 
who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the 
judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, 
Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act 
of 1787 provided two district grades of government for the Northwest, 



62 THE NORTHWEST TERKITORY. 

under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of a 
governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon 
the Governor's arrival, and the first laws of the colony passed on the 25th 
of July. These provided for the organization of the militia, and on the 
next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country 
that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the 
County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the 
doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 
2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing 
ceremonies. 

The emigration westward at this time was very great. The com- 
mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four 
thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb- 
ruary and June, 1788 — many of whom would have purchased of the 
"Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been 
ready to receive them. 

On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating 
the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In 
January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest 
in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon 
which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he 
sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the 
three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which 
was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouth of which 
they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the 
town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals " : — " Mr. Filson, who had 
been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to 
its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that 
were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being 
interpreted, means : ville, the town ; anti^ against or opposite to ; os, the 
mouth ; L. of Licking." 

Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse 
teams under way for the West. These reached Limestone (now Mays- 
ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here 
Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 
caused the " Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under 
water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers 
removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left 
the " Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first 
was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a 
colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami, 
whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



63 



been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. 
Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of November, 1788, 
with twenty-six persons, and, building a block-house, prepared to remain 
through the Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they 
were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood 
of 1789. 

On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States 
went into operation, and on April 80, George Washington was inaug- 
urated President of the American people, and during the next Summer, 
an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The 
President at first used pacific means ; but these failing, he sent General 
Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but 




breaki:ng prairie. 



was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, 
Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were 
the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair 
was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians ; but while 
he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, 
he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men. 

General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, 
he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete 
victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the 
Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the 
treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large 
tract of country was ceded to the United States. 

Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort 
Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. 
Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the 



64 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, 
known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon- 
chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago, 
Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west 
of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a 
rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of 
strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks 
were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters 
were more iraj^osing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. 
The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an 
acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. 

The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground 
upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets 
of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now 
Broadway, Avhich was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of 
of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, 
immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the 
Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by 
small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of 
laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, 
familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommodation of 
the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished 
and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was 
for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military governments 
of the Northwestern Territory. 

Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land spec- 
ulations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain 
from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. 
These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous 
schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. 
On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain 
was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured. 

No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began 
to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of tlie year 1796 was the 
occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was 
this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British 
forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel 
justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit 
and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were 
called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who 
had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before 
the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head- 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 65 

quarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after 
him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, 
and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were 
formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle- 
town to Piqiia, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators 
began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland 
was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and 
Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Red- 
stone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy 
houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous 
to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, 
Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that 
part of the Northwest. 

The election of representatives for the territory had taken place, 
and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now 
known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and 
considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate persons from whom 
the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with 
a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly 
adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named 
the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, 
of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob 
Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th 
of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two 
houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President 
of the Council. 

The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature 
September 20th, and on October loth that body elected as a delegate to 
Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes 
cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of 
Gen. St. Clair. 

The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by 
the Governor, were thirty-seven — eleven others were passed, but received 
his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to 
the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro- 
tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 
30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the 
office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to 
Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day. 



66 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, 
and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct 
the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient action 
of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to 
divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a 
committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. 
This committee, on the 3d of March, reported thai : 

" In the three western countries there has been but one court having 
cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders 
experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim- 
inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements 
in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assist- 
ance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * Xo 
minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee 
that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and 
separate governments should be made ; and that such division be made 
by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running 
directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States 
and Canada." 

The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its 
suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri- 
tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these : 

" That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of 
the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward 
of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the 
Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north 
until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and 
Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a 
separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." 

After providing for. the exercise of the civil and criminal powers of 
the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides : 

" That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the 
said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the 
seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the 
Ohio River ; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the 
seat of government for the Indiana Territory." 

Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiana 
Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut 
also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 67 

was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon 
thirty-five of tlie townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven 
hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November 
the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, 
the first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no 
township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of 
October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the 
King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province 
of Louisiana. 

In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char- 
tered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of the western 
colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 178T, 
newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read 
throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the 
Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern 
territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of 
the "compact of 1787" provided that whenever the number of inhabit- 
ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to 
a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a 
census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number, 
and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits, 
and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, 
so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came 
into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, 
but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly 
within the territory of Indiana. 

Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties 
with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is 
memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from 
France by the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode, 
the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of 
country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction 
of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the early 
part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits 
of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year 
large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of 
Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the 
College Township in the district of Cincinnati. 

Before the close of the year, Gen. Harrison obtained additional 
grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present 
limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at 
St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of -lauds were obtained from the 



68 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOBY. 

aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in 
and about Detroit. 

C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri- 
tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post : 

" The Town of Detroit. — The charter, which is for fifteen miles 
square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now, 
from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those 
two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town 
and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four 
acres, which wete added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. 
Macomb. * * * A stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The 
pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The 
streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right 
angles. The houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant." 

During this year, Congress granted a township of land for the sup- 
port of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these 
wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to 
fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also, 
a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two 
portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of 
government, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the 
domain of Gen. Harrison. 

On the 11th of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed, 
Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the 
change to take effect on June 30. On the 11th of that month, a fire 
occurred at Detroit, which destroyed almost every building in the place. 
When the officers of the new territory reached the post, they found it in 
ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuild- 
ing, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more 
houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built. 

While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade 
of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large 
tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian, 
Tecumthe or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause 
of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the 
settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the 
British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecumseh at 
the battle of the Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest, 
we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life, 
and his connection with this conflict. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY, 




TECUMSEH, THE SHAWANOE CHIEFTAIN. 



TO THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



TECUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812. 

This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from 
the site of the present City of Piqua, Ohio. His father, Puckeshinwa, 
was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his 
mother, Methontaske, was a member of the Turtle tribe of the same 
people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last century 
to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be 
chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecum- 
seh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was 
declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of the 
present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he 
returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River, Indiana. In 
1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced 
himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabash River, given 
them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chiei 
comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age, 
was five feet and ten inches in height, was stoutly built, and possessed of 
enormous jDowers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleas- 
ing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed 
by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confi- 
dential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who 
afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first 
house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered 
upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of 
land made by the Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the 
Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land 
could be made save by the consent of this confederation. 

He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south 
to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a 
matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect. 

Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the move- 
ments of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was 
forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements. Tecumseh's 
plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning 
artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity. 

Daring the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre- 
paring for the work. In that year. Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty 
with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians 
and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon 
the Wabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averring 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 71 

as one principal reason that he did not want the Indians to give up any 
lands north and west of the Ohio River. 

Tecumseh, in August, 1810, visited the General at Vincennes and 
held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly 
angry at this conference he was dismissed from the village, and soon after 
departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict. 

Gen. Harrison determined to move upon the chief's headquarters at 
Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the 
Wabash, where he built Fort Harrison. From this place he went to the 
prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile inten- 
tions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped 
near the village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he 
was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of 
Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken 
up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his 
brother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating 
the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans. 

Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was now returned 
from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time 
previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him he could not go 
as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never 
made. 

In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at 
Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against 
the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his 
people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indif- 
ference, and after making a few general remarks, with a haughty air drew 
his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Mai- 
den, in Upper Canada, where he joined the British standard. 

He remained under this Government, doing effective work for the 
Crown while engaged in the war of 1812 which now opened. He was, 
however, always humane in his treatment of the prisoners, never allow- 
ing his warriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain, or wan- 
tonly murder the captive. 

In the Summer of 1813, Perry's victory on Lake Erie occurred, and 
shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the 
27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for 
the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Mai- 
den, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sand- 
wich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the Valley of 
the Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen. 
McArthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan. 



72 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



On the 2d of October, the Americans began their pursuit of Proctor, 
whom they overtook on the 5th, and the battle of the Thames followed. 
Early in the engagement, Tecumseh who was at the head of the column 
of Indians was slain, and they, no longer hearing the voice of their chief- 
tain, fled. The victory was decisive, and practically closed the war in 
the Northwest. 




INDIANS ATTACKING A STOCKADE. 



Just who killed the great chief has been a matter of much disi)ute ; 
but the weight of opinion awards the act to Col. Richard M. Johnson, 
who fired at him with a pistol, the shot proving fatal. 

In 1805 occurred Burr's Insurrection. He took possession of a 
beautiful island in the Ohio, after the killing of Hamilton, and is charged 
by many with attempting to set up an independent government. His 
plans were frustrated by the general government, his property confiscated 
and he was compelled to flee the country for safety. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 73 

In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a 
treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the 
United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built about 
Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored 
to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby 
slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts, 
however, all signally failed. 

In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory. 
This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the western 
part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year, 
the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and 
then began the events already narrated. 

While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with 
surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the 
first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonishment of 
the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the 
" monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the 
close of the first week of January, 1812, it arrived at Natchez, after being 
nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred while on its 
downward trip. 

The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It 
effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not 
fully restored until July 22, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Green- 
\dlle, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States 
and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should 
cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, 
happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty 
of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United 
States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various 
Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again 
restored in this part of the new world. 

On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city. 
It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its 
manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed 
to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties 
organized, containing about sixty -three thousand inhabitants. The first 
election of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings 
was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7, and 
on December 11, the State was formally admitted into the Union. For 
some time the seat of government was at Corydon, but a more central 
location being desirable, the present capital, Indianapolis (City of Indiana), 
was laid out January 1, 1825. 



74 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

On the 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was 
chartered, with a capital of $300,000. At this period all banks -.vere 
under the control of the States, and were allowed to establish branches 
at different convenient points. 

Until this time Chillicothe and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed the 
privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the 
northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a 
more central location, and before the close of the year, the site of Col- 
umbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State. 
Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank was 
chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the state 
the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subsequently unable 
to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend. 

In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territory north of her 
northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Mich- 
igan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes 
was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of 
revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826 that 
tlie trade was extended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships began to 
navigate the bosom of that inland sea. 

Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War, 
but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were 
opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common, schools were estab- 
lished, universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan 
University, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were 
becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been extended, 
and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, the 
record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous pros- 
perity. 

BLACK HAWK AND THE BLACK HAWK WAR. 

This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in 
the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part 
of the United States. 

Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal 
Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River with the 
Mississippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes ; 
his grandfather's, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early 
distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted 
to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783, he 
went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one 






THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. 




BLACK ITAWK, THE SAC CHIEFTAIN. 



76 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was 
permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the 
head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the 
Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to 
his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce 
battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The 
Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees 
for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City 
of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of 
the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation. 
He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the 
head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred lowas, he waged 
war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled 
successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered. 

Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to 
the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his " Spanish 
Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, 
he did not want two fathers. 

The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the 
United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines 
Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who 
at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of 
the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was 
garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties 
with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812 
followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by 
giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the 
Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five 
hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on 
his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre 
^ " ^ a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British 
^.c . ernment but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended 
the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard 
was defeated. 

In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi 
were notified that peace had been declared between the United States 
and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not 
sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog- 
nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of 
signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he 
and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life. 

Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 77 

Indians were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of 
Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of 
which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, 
■and was induced to comply only after being threa,tened with the power of 
the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set- 
tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his 
native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and 
his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been 
acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would 
have been prevented. 

Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted 
warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three 
miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived 
many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, 
they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their 
time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village 
and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who 
from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From 
one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white 
men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained 
deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were 
finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the 
lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the 
authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he 
was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged 
the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty 
made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to 
enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the 
river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On 
the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a 
band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were 
defeated. 

This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of men 
was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the 
lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of 
the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was 
repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri- 
can army continued to move up Rock River toward the main body of 
the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, 
and defeated them near the Blue Mounds. 

Before this action, Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main 
army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the 

Note.— The above Is the generally accepted version of the cause of the Black Hawk War, but in our History of 
Jo Daviess County. 111., we had occasii n lo k" to the bottom of this matter, and have, we think, found the actual 
cause of tlie war, which will be found on page 157. 



78 THE NORTHWEST TERETTORY. 

Wisconsin in pursuit of Black-Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the 
Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle 
which followed the power of the Indian chief Avas completely broken. He 
fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites. 

On the 21st of September, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con- 
cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they 
ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain 
peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi- 
sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that 
Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs 
of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure 
of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons. 

The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken 
to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe, 
"there to remain nntil the conduct of their nation was such as to justify 
their being set at liberty'." They were retained here until the 4th of 
June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal 
cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white 
people. Ever3'where they were observed b}^ thousands, the name of the 
old chief being extensively known. By the middle of August they 
reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon 
after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth- 
place, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village 
Avhere he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had 
hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer. 

On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and 
his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder 
of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re- 
mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among 
the Indians, living with her upward of forty years. 

Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel- 
ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all 
times when he visited the whites he Avas received with marked atten- 
tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, 
Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. 
In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his 
annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted 
in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. 
His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply 
during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre- 
sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in 
a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. " The 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 79 

body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a 
seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him 
by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. 
Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some 
Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons." 

No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began 
rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, 
now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had 
grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. 
In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, 
but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became 
a part of the Federal Union. 

The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of 
Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial 
wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this 
region was attached to Michigan for judiciary purposes, but in 183»i was 
made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State 
was detached two years later. In 1848, W^isconsin was admitted as a 
State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various 
divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from 
the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances 
compelled its present division. 

OTHER INDIAN TROUBLES. 

Before leaving this part of the narrative, we will narrate briefly the 
Indian troubles in Minnesota and elsewhere by the Sioux Indians. 

In August, 1862, the Sioux Indians living on the western borders of 
Minnesota fell upon the unsuspecting settlers, and in a few hours mas- 
sacred ten or. twelve hundred persons. A distressful panic was the 
immediate result, fully thirty thousand persons fleeing from their homes 
to districts supposed to be better protected. The military authorities 
at once took active measures to punish the savages, and a large number 
were killed and captured. About a year after, Little Crow, the chief, 
was killed by a Mr. Lampson near Scattered Lake. Of those captured, 
thirty were hung at Mankato, and the remainder, tl lOUgh fears of mob 
violence, were removed to Camp McClellan, on the outskirts of the City 
of Davenport. It was here that Big Eagle came into prominence and 
secured his release by the following order: 



80 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 




BIG EAGLE. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. " 81 

"Special Order, No. 430. ''War Department, 

'' Adjutant General's Office, Washington, Dec. 3, 1864. 

" Big Eagle, an Indian now in confinement at Davenport, Io\va» 
will, upon the receipt of this order, be immediately released from confine- 
ment and set at liberty. 

" By order of the President of the United States. 
" Official : " E. D. Townsend, Ass't Adft aen, 

" Capt. James Vander venter. Corny Suh. Vols. 

" Through Com'g Gen'l, Washington, D. C." 

Another Indian who figures more prominently than Big Eagle, and 
who was more cowardly in his nature, with his band of Modoc Indians, 
is noted in the annals of the New Northwest: • we refer to Captain Jack. 
This distinguished Indian, noted for his cowardly murder of Gen. Canby, 
was a chief of a Modoc tribe of Indians inhabiting the border lands 
between California and Oregon. This region of country comprises what 
is known as the " Lava Beds." a tract of land described as utterly impene- 
trable, save by those savages who had made it their home. 

The Modocs are known as an exceedingly fierce and treacherous 
race. They had, according to their own traditions, resided here for many 
generations, and at one time were exceedingly numerous and powerful. 
A famine carried off nearly half their numbers, and disease, indolence 
and the vices of the white man have reduced them to a poor, weak and 
insignificant tribe. • 

Soon after the settlement of California and Oregon, complaints began 
to be heard of massacres of emigrant trains passing through the Modoc 
country. In 1847, an emigrant train, comprising eighteen souls, was en- 
tirely destroyed at a place since known as " Bloody Point." These occur- 
rences caused the United States Government to appoint a peace commission^ 
who, after repeated attempts, in 1864, made a treaty with the Modocs^ 
Snakes and Klamaths, in which it was agreed on their part to remove to 
a reservation set apart for them in the southern part of Oregon. 

With the exception of Captain Jack and a band of his followers, who 
remained at Clear Lake, about six miles from Klamath, all the Indians 
complied. The Modocs who went to the reservation were under chief 
Schonchin. Captain Jack remained at the lake without disturbance 
» until 1869, when he was also induced to remove to the reservation. The 
Modocs and the Klamaths soon became involved in a quarrel, and Captain 
Jack and his band returned to the Lava Beds. 

Several attempts were made by the Indian Commissioners to induce 
them to return to the reservation, and finally becoming involved in a 



82 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

difficulty with the commissioner and his military escort, a fight ensued, 
in which the chief and his band were routed. They were greatly enraged, 
and on their retreat, before the day closed, killed eleven inoffensive whites. 

The nation was aroused and immediate action demanded. A com- 
mission was at once appointed by the Government to see wdiat could be 
done. It comprised the following persons : Gen. E. R. S. Canby, Rev. 
Dr. E. Thomas, a leading Methodist divine of California; Mr. A. B. 
Meacham, Judge Rosborough, of California, and a Mr. Dyer, of Oregon. 
After several interviews, in which the savages were always aggressive, 
often appearing with scalps in their belts, Bogus Charley came to the 
commission on the evening of April 10, 1873, and informed them that 
Capt. Jack and his band would have a " talk " to-morrow at a place near 
Clear Lake, aljout three miles distant. Here the Commissioners, accom- 
panied by Cliarley, Riddle, the interpreter, and Boston Charley repaired. 
After the usual greeting the council proceedings commenced. On behalf 
of the Indians there were present : Capt. Jack, Black Jim, Schnac Nasty 
Jim, Ellen's Man, and Hooker Jim. They had no guns, but carried pis- 
tols. After short speeches by Mr. Meacham, Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas, 
Chief Schonchin arose to speak. He had scarcely proceeded when, 
as if by a preconcerted arrangement, Capt. Jack drew his pistol and shot 
Gen. Canb}^ dead. In less than a minute a dozen shots were fired b}^ the 
savages, and the massacre completed. Mr. Meacham was shot by Schon- 
chin, and Dr. Thomas by Boston Charley. Mr. Dyer barely escaped, being- 
fired at twice. Riddle, the interpreter, and his squaw escaped. The 
troops rushed to the spot where they found Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas 
dead, and Mr. Meacham badly wounded. The savages had escaped to 
their impenetrable fastnesses and could not be pursued. 

The whole country was aroused by this brutal massacre ; but it was 
not until the following May that the murderers were brought to justice. 
At that time Boston Charley gave himself up, and offered to guide the 
troops to Capt. Jack's stronghold. This led to the capture of his entire 
gang, a number of whom were murdered by Oregon volunteers while on 
their way to trial. The remaining Indians were held as prisoners until 
July when their trial occurred, which led to the conviction of Capt. 
Jack, Schonchin, Boston Charley, Hooker Jim, Broncho, alias One-Eyed 
Jim, and Slotuck, who were sentenced to be hanged. These sentences 
were approved by the President, save in the case of Slotuck and Broncho, 
whose sentences were commuted to imprisonment for life. The others 
were executed at Fort Klamath, October 3, 1873. 

These closed the Indian troubles for a time in the Northwest, and for 
several years the borders of civilization remained in peace. They were 
again involved in a conflict with the savages about the country of the 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



83 




CAPTAIN JACK, THE MODOC CHIEFTAIN. 



lJ4 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

Black Hills, in which war the gallant Gen. Custer lost his life. Just 
now the borders of Oregon and California are again in fear of hostilities ; 
but as the Government has learned how to deal with the Indians, they 
will be of short duration. The red man is fast passing away before the 
march of the white man, and a few more generations will read of the 
Indians as one of the nations of the past. 

The Northwest abounds in memorable places. We have generally 
noticed them in the narrative, but our space forbids their description in 
detail, save of the most important places. Detroit, Cincinnati, Vincennes, 
Kaskaskia and their kindred towns have all been described. But ere we 
leave the narrative we will present our readers with an account of the 
Kinzie house, the old landmark of Chicago, and the discovery of the 
source of the Mississippi River, each of which may well find a place in 
the annals of the Northwest. 

Mr. John Kinzie, of the Kinzie house, represented in the illustra- 
tion, established a trading house at Fort Dearborn in 1804. The stockade 
had been erected the year previous, and named Fort Dearborn in honor 
of the Secretary of War. It had a block house at each of the two angles, 
on the southern side a sallyport, a covered way on the north side, that led 
down to the river, for the double purpose of providing means of escape, 
and of procuring water in the event of a siege. 

Fort Dearborn stood on the south bank of the Chicago River, about 
half a mile from its mouth. When Major Whistler built it, his soldiers 
hauled all the timber, for he had no oxen, and so economically did he 
work that the fort cost the Government only fifty dollars. For a while 
the garrison could get no grain, and Whistler and his men subsisted on 
acorns. Now Chicago is the greatest grain center in the world. 

Mr. Kinzie bought the hut of the first settler, Jean Baptiste Point au 
Sable, on the site of which he erected his mansion. Within an inclosure 
in front he planted some Lombardy poplars, seen in the engraving, and in 
the rear he soon had a fine garden and growing orchard. 

In 1812 the Kinzie house and its surroundings became the theater 
of stirring events. The garrison of Fort Dearborn consisted of fifty-four 
men, under the charge of Capt. Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant 
Lenai T. Helm (son-in-law to Mrs. Kinzie), and Ensign Ronan. The 
surgeon was Dr. Voorhees. The only residents at the post at that time 
were the wives of Capt. Heald and Lieutenant Helm and a few of the 
soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian voyagers with their 
wives and children. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on the most 
friendly terms with the Pottawatomies and the Winnebagoes, the prin- 
cipal tribes around them, but they could not win them from their attach- 
ment to the British. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



85 



After the battle of Tippecanoe it was observed that some of the lead- 
ing chiefs became sullen, for some of their people had perished in that 
conflict with American troops. 

One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing his violin and his 
children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into 
the house pale with terror, and exclaiming, " The Indians ! the Indians ! " 
" What? Where? " eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. " Up at Lee's, killing 
and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, when the alarm was 
given, was attending Mrs. Burns, a newly-made mother, living not far off. 




KINZIE HOUSE. 



Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river in boats, and took refuge in 
the fort, to which place Mrs. Burns and her infant, not a day old, were 
conveyed in safety to the shelter of the guns of Fort Dearborn, and the 
rest of the white inhabitants fled. The Indians were a scalping party of 
Winnebagoes, who hovered around the fort some days, when they dis- 
appeared, and for several weeks the inhabitants were not disturbed bj 
alarms. 

Chicago was then so deep in the wilderness, that the news of the 
declaration of war against Great Britain, made on the 19th of June, 1812, 
did not reach the commander of the garrison at Fort Dearborn till the 7th 
of August. Now the fast mail train will carry a man from New York to 
Chicago in twenty-seven hours, and such a declaration might be sent, 
every word, by the telegraph in less than the same number of minutes. 



86 



THE irOETHWEST TERRITORY. 



PRESENT CONDITION OF THE NORTHWEST^ 



Preceding chapters have brought us to the close of the Black Hawk 
war, and we now turn to the contemplation of the growth and prosperity 
of the Northwest under the smile of peace and the blessings of our civili- 
za,tion. The pioneers of this region date events back to the deep snow 







A REPRESENTATIVE PIONEER. 



of 1831, no one arriving here since that date taking first honors. The 
inciting cause of the immigration which overflowed the prairies early in 
the '30s was the reports of the marvelous beauty and fertility of the 
region distributed through the East by those who had participated in the 
Black Hawk campaign with Gen. Scott. Chicago and Milwaukee then 
had a few hundred inhabitants, and Gurdon S. Hubbard's trail from the 
former city to Kaskaskia led almost through a wilderness. Vegetables 
and clothing were largely distributed through the regions adjoining the 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



87 



lakes by steamers from the Ohio towns. There are men now living in 
Illinois who came to the state when barely an acre was in cultivation, 
and a man now prominent in the business circles of Chicago looked over 
the swampy, cheerless site of that metropolis in 1818 and went south 
ward into civilization. Emigrants from Pennsylvania in 1830 left behind 




LINCOLN MONUMENT, SPKINGFIELD, ILLINOIS. 

them but one small railway in the coal regions, thirty miles in length, 
and made their way to the Northwest mostly with ox teams, finding in 
Northern Illinois petty settlements scores of miles apart, although the 
southern portion of the state was fairly dotted with farms. The 
water courses of the lakes and rivers furnished transportation to the 
second great army of immigrants, and about 1850 railroads were 
pushed to that extent that the crisis of 1837 was precipitated upon us, 



?8 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 






from the effects of which the Western country had not fully recovered 
at the outbreak of the war. Hostilities found the colonists of the prairies 
fully alive to the demands of the occasion, and the honor of recruiting 




the vast armies of the Union fell largely to the Governors of the Western 
States. The struggle, on the whole, had a marked effect for the better on the 
new Northwest, giving it an impetus which twenty years of peace would not have 
produced. In a large degree, this prosperity was an inflated one; and, with 
the rest of the Union, we have since been compelled to atone therefor by four 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 89 

years of depression of values, of scarcity of employment, and loss of 
fortune. To a less degree, however, than the manufacturing or mining 
regions has the West suffered during the prolonged panic now so near its 
end. Agriculture, still the leading feature in our industries, has been 
quite prosperous through all these dark years, and the farmers have 
cleared away many incumbrances resting over them from the period of 
fictitious values. The population has steadily increased, the arts and 
sciences are gaining a stronger foothold, the trade area of the region is 
becoming daily more extended, and we have been largely exempt from 
the financial calamities which have nearly wrecked communities on the 
seaboard dependent wholly on foreign commerce or domestic manufacture. 

At the present period there are no great schemes broached for the 
Northwest, no propositions for government subsidies or national works 
of improvement, but the capital of the world is attracted hither for the 
purchase of our products or the expansion of our capacity for serving the 
nation at large. A new era is dawning as to transportation, and we bid 
fair to deal almost exclusively with the increasing and expanding lines 
of steel rail running through every few miles of territory on the prairies. 
The lake marine will no doubt continue to be useful in the warmer 
season, and to serve as a regulator of freight rates; but experienced 
navigators forecast the decay of the system in moving to the seaboard 
the enormous crops of the West. Within the past five years it has 
become quite common to see direct shipments to Europe and the West 
Indies going through from the second-class towns along the Mississippi 
and Missouri. 

As to popular education, the standard has of late risen very greatly, 
and our schools would be creditable to any section of the Union. 

More and more as the events of the war pass into obscurity will the 
fate of the Northwest be linked with that of the Southwest, and the 
next Congressional apportionment will give the valley of the Mississippi 
.absolute control of the legislation of the nation, and do much toward 
securing the removal of the Federal capitol to some more central location. 

Our public men continue to wield the full share of influence pertain- 
ing to their rank in the national autonomy, and seem not to forget that 
for the past sixteen years they and their constituents have dictated the 
principles which should govern the country. 

In a work like this, destined to lie on the shelves of the library for 
generations, and not doomed to daily destruction like a newspaper, one 
can not indulge in the same glowing predictions, the sanguine statements 
of actualities that fill the columns of ephemeral publications. Time may 
bring grief to the pet projects of a writer, and explode castles erected on 
a pedestal of facts. Yet there are unmistakable indications before us of 



90 THE NORTHWEST TBRRITORy. 

the same radical change in our great Northwest which characterizes its 
history for the past thirty years. Our domain has a sort of natural 
geographical border, save where it melts away to the southward in the 
cattle raising districts of the southwest. 

Our prime interest will for some years doubtless be the growth of 
the food of the world, in which branch it has already outstripped all 
competitors, and our great rival in this duty will naturally be the fertile 
plains of Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado, to say nothing of the new 
empire so rapidly growing up in Texas. Over these regions there is a 
continued progress in agriculture and in railway building, and we must 
look to our laurels. Intelligent observers of events are fully aware of 
the strides made in the way of shipments of fresh meats to Europe, 
many of these ocean cargoes being actually slaughtered in the West and 
transported on ice to the wharves of the seaboard cities. That this new 
enterprise will continue there is no reason to doubt. There are in 
Chicago several factories for the canning of prepared meats for European 
consumption, and the orders for this class of goods are already immense. 
English capital is becoming daily more and more dissatisfied with railway 
loans and investments, and is gradually seeking mammoth outlays in 
lands and live stock. The stock yards in Chicago, Indianapolis and East 
St. Louis are yearly increasing their facilities, and their plant steadily 
grows more valuable. Importations of blooded animals from tlie pro- 
gressive countries of Europe are destined to greatl}^ improve the quality 
of our beef and mutton. Nowhere is there to be seen a more enticing 
display in this line than at our state and county fairs, and the interest 
in the matter is on the increase. 

To attempt to give statistics of our grain production for 1877 would 
be useless, so far have we surpassed ourselves in the quantity and 
quality of our jDroduct. We are too liable to forget that we are giving 
the world its first article of necessity — its food supply. An opportunity 
to learn this fact so it never can be forgotten was afforded at Chicago at 
the outbreak of the great panic of 1873, when Canadian purchasers, 
fearing the prostration of business mightbring about an anarchical condition 
of affairs, went to that city with coin in bulk and foreign drafts to secure 
their supplies in their own currency at first hands. It may be justly 
claimed by the agricultural community that their combined efforts gave 
the nation its first impetus toward a restoration of its crippled industries, 
and their labor brought the gold premium to a lower depth than the 
government was able to reach by its most intense efforts of legislation 
and compulsion. The hundreds of millions about to be disbursed for 
farm products have already, by the anticipation common to all commercial 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



91 



nations, set the wheels in motion, and will relieve us from the perils so 
long shadowing our efforts to return to a healthy tone. 

Manufacturing has attained in the chief cities a foothold which bids 
fair to render the Northwest independent of the outside world. Nearly 




our whole region has a distribution of coal measures which will in time 
support the manufactures necessary to our comfort and prosperity. As 
to transportation, the chief factor in the production of all articles except 
food, no section is so magnificently endowed, and our facilities are yearly 
increasing beyond those of any other region. 



92 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

The period from a central point of the war to the outbreak of the 
panic was marked by a tremendous growth in our railway lines, but the 
depression of the times caused almost a total suspension of operations. 
Now that prosjjerity is returning to our stricken country we witness its 
anticipation by the railroad interest in a series of projects, extensions, 
and leases whicli bid fair to largely increase our transportation facilities. 
The process of foreclosure and sale of incumbered lines is another matter 
to be considered. In the case of the Illinois Central road, which formerly 
transferred to other lines at Cairo the vast burden of freight destined for 
the Gulf region, we now see the incorporation of the tracks connecting 
through to New Orleans, every mile co-operating in turning toward the 
northwestern metropolis the weight of the inter-state commerce of a 
thousand miles or more of fertile plantations. Three competing routes 
to Texas have established in Chicago their general freight and passenger 
agencies. Four or five lines compete for all Pacific freights to a point as 
as far as the interior of Nebraska. Half a dozen or more splendid bridge 
structures have been thrown across the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers by 
the railways. The Chicago and Northwestern line has become an aggre- 
gation of over two thousand miles of rail, and the Chicago, Milwaukee 
and St. Paul is its close rival in extent and importance. The three lines 
running to Cairo via Vincennes form a through route for all traffic with 
the states to the southward. The chief projects now under discussion 
are the Chicago and Atlantic, which is to unite with lines now built to 
Charleston, and the Chicago and Canada Southern, which line will con- 
nect with all the various branches of that Canadian enterprise. Our 
latest new road is the Chicago and Lake Huron, formed of three lines, 
and entering the city from Valparaiso on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne 
and Chicago track. The trunk lines being mainly in operation, the 
progress made in the way of shortening tracks, making air-line branches, 
and running extensions does not show to the advantage it deserves, as 
this process is constantly adding new facilities to the established order 
of things. The panic reduced the price of steel to a point where the 
railways could hardly afford to use iron rails, and all our northwestern 
lines report large relays of Bessemer track. The immense crops now 
being moved have given a great rise to the value of railway stocks, and 
their transportation must result in heavy pecuniary advantages. 

Few are aware of the importance of the wholesale and jobbing trade 
of Chicago. One leading firm has since the panic sold $24,000,000 of 
dry goods in one year, and they now expect most confidently to add 
seventy per cent, to the figures of their last year's business. In boots 
and shoes and in clothing, twenty or more great firms from the east have 
placed here tlieir distributing agents or their factories ; and in groceries 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



93 



Chicago supplies the entire Northwest at rates presenting advantages 
over New York. 

Chicago has stepped in between New York and the rural banks as a 
financial center, and scarcely a banking institution in the grain or cattle 
regions but keeps its reserve funds in the vaults of our commercial insti- 
tutions. Accumulating here throughout the spring and summer months, 
they are summoned home at pleasure to move the products of the 
prairies. This process greatly strengthens the northwest in its financial 
operations, leaving home capital to supplement local operations on 
behalf of home interests. 

It is impossible to forecast thp destiny of this grand and growing 
section of the Union. Figures and predictions made at this date might 
seem ten years hence so ludicrously small as to excite only derision. 



^■fiS^- 




;>'Sju/'«S'*'^ 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 



95 



CHICAGO. 

It is impossible in our brief space to give more than a meager sketch 
of such a city as Chicago, which is in itself the greatest marvel of the 
Prairie State. This mysterious, majestic, mighty city, born first of water, 
and next of fire; sown in weakness, and raised in power ; planted among 
the willows of the marsh, and crowned with the glory of the mountains ; 
sleeping on the bosom of the prairie, and rocked on the bosom of the sea , 




CHICACrO IJV 16o'6. 



the youngest city of the Avorld, and still the eye of the prairie, as Damas- 
cus, the oldest city of the world, is the eye of the desert. With a com- 
merce far exceeding that of Corinth on her isthmus, in the highway to 
the East ; with the defenses of a continent piled around her by the thou- 
sand miles, making ner far safer than Rome on the banks of the Tiber; 



96 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 

with schools eclipsing Alexandria and Athens : with liberties more con- 
spicuous than those of the old republics ; with a heroism equal to the first 
Carthage, and with a sanctity scarcely second to that of Jerusalem — set 
your thoughts on all this, lifted into the eyes of all men by the miracle of 
its growth, illuminated by the flame of its fall, and transfigured by the 
divinity of its resurrection, and you will feel, as I do, the utter impossi- 
bility of compassing this subject as it deserves. Some impression of her 
importance is received from the shock her burning gave to the civilized 
world. 

When the doubt of her calamity was removed, and the horrid fact 
was accepted, there went a shudder over all cities, and a quiver over all 
lands. There was scarcely a town in the civilized world that did not 
shake on the brink of this opening chasm. The flames of our homes red- 
dened all skies. The city was set upon a hill, and could not be hid. All 
eyes were turned upon it. To have struggled and suffered amid the 
scenes of its fall is as distinguishing as to have fought at Thermopylae, or 
Salamis, or Hastings, or Waterloo, or Bunker Hill. 

Its calamity amazed the world, because it was felt to be the common 
property of mankind. 

The early history of the city is full of interest, just as the early his- 
tory of such a man as Washington or Lincoln becomes public property, 
and is cherished by every patriot. 

Starting with 560 acres in 1833, it embraced and occupied 23,000 
acres in 1869, and, having now a population of more than 500,000, it com- 
mands general attention. 

The first settler — Jean Baptiste Pointe au Sable, a mulatto from the 
West Indies — came and began trade with the Indians in 1796. John 
Kinzie became his successor in 1801, in which year Fort Dearborn was 
erected. 

A mere trading-post was kept here from that time till about the time 
of the Blackhawk war, in 1832. It was not the city. It was merely a 
cock crowing at midnight. The morning was not yet. In 1833 the set- 
tlement about the fort was incorporated as a town. The voters were 
divided on the propriety of such corporation, twelve voting for it aiid one 
against it. Four years later it was incorporated as a city, and embraced 
560 acres. 

The produce handled in this city is an indication of its power. Grain 
and flour were imported from the East till as late as 1837. The first 
exportation by way of experiment was in 1839. Exports exceeded imports 
first in 1812. The Board of Trade was organized in 1818, but it was so 
weak that it needed nursing till 1855. Grain was purchased by the 
wagon-load in the street. 

I remember sitting with my father on a load of wheat, in the long 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 9T 

line of wagons along Lake street, while the buyers came and untied the 
bags, and examined the grain, and made their bids. That manner of 
business had to cease with the day of small things. Now our elevators 
will hold 15,000,000 bushels of grain. The cash value of the produce 
handled in a year is $215,000,000, and the produce weighs 7,000,000 
tons or 700,000 car loads. This handles thirteen and a half ton each 
minute, all the year round. One tenth of all the wheat in the United 
States is handled in Chicago. Even as long ago as 1853 the receijpts of 
grain in Chicago exceeded those of the goodly city of St. Louis, and in 
1854 the exports of grain from Chicago exceeded those of New York and 
doubled those of St. Petersburg, Archangel, or Odessa, the largest grain 
markets in Europe. 

The manufacturing interests of the city are not contemptible. In 
1873 manufactories employed 45,000 operatives ; in 1876, 60,000. The 
manufactured product in 1875 was worth $177,000,000. 

No estimate of the size and power of Chicago would be adequate 
that did not put large emphasis on the railroads. Before they came 
thundering along our streets canals were the hope of our country. But 
who ever thinks now of traveling by canal packets ? In June, 1852, 
there were only forty miles of railroad connected with the city. The 
old Galena division of the Northwestern ran out to Elgin. But now, 
who can count the trains and measure the roads that seek a terminus or 
connection in this city ? The lake stretches away to the north, gathering 
in to this center all the harvests that might otherwise pass to the north 
of us. If you will take a map and look at the adjustment of railroads, 
you will see, first, that Chicago is the great railroad center of the world, 
as New York is the commercial city of this continent ; and, second, that 
the railroad lines form the iron spokes of a great wheel whose hub is 
this city. The lake furnishes the only break in the spokes, and this 
seems simply to have pushed a few spokes together on each shore. See 
the eighteen trunk lines, exclusive of eastern connections. 

Pass round the circle, and view their numbers and extent. There 
is the great Northwestern, with all its branches, one branch creeping 
along the lake shore, and so reaching to the north, into the. Lake Superior 
regions, away to the right, and on to the Northern Pacific on the left, 
swinging around Green Bay for iron and copper and silver, twelve months 
in the year, and reaching out for the wealth of the great agricultural 
belt and isothermal line traversed by the Northern Pacific. Another 
branch, not so far north, feeling for the heart of the Badger State. 
Another pushing lower down the Mississippi — all these make many con- 
nections, and tapping all the vast wheat regions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, 
Iowa, and all the regions this side of sunset. There is that elegant road, 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, running out a goodly number of 



98 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 




OLD FORT DEARBORN, 1830. 




PRESENT SITE OE 



r LAKE STREET BRIDGE, ClllOAUO, IX lbJ3. 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 99 

branches, and reaping the great fields this side of the Missouri River. 
1 can only mention the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis, our Illinois Central, 
described elsewhere, and the Chicago & Rock Island. Further around 
we come to the lines connecting us with all the eastern cities. The 
Chicago, Indianapolis & St. Louis, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & 
Chicago, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, and the Michigan Cen- 
tral and Great Western, give us many highways to the seaboard. Thus we 
reach the Mississippi at five points, from St. Paul to Cairo and the Gulf 
itself by two routes. We also reach Cincinnati and Baltimore, and Pitts- 
burgh and Philadelphia, and New York. North and south run the water 
courses of the lakes and the rivers, broken just enough at this point to 
make a pass. Through this, from east to west, run the long lines that 
stretch from ocean to ocean. 

This is the neck of the glass, and the golden sands of commerce 
must pass into our hands. Altogether we have more than 10,000 miles 
of railroad, directly tributary to this city, seeking to unload their wealth 
in our coffers. All these roads have come themselves by the infallible 
instinct of capital. Not a dollar was ever given by the city to secure 
one of them, and only a small per cent, of stock taken originally by her 
citizens, and that taken simply as an investment. Coming in the natural 
order of events, they will not be easily diverted. 

There is still another showing to all this. The connection between 
New York and San Francisco is by the middle route. This passes inevit- 
ably through Chicago. St. Louis wants the Soutliern Pacific or Kansas 
Pacific, and pushes it out through Denver, and so on up to Cheyenne. 
But before the road is fairly under way, the Cliicago roads shove out to 
Kansas City, making even the Kansas Pacific a feeder, and actually leav- 
ing St. Louis out in the cold. It is not too much to expect that Dakota, 
Montana, and Washington Territory will find their great market in Chi- 
cago. 

But these are not all. Perhaps I had better notice here the ten or 
fifteen new roads that have just entered, or are just entering, our city. 
Their names are all that is necessary to give. Chicago & St. Paul, look- 
ing up the Red River country to the British possessions j the Chicago, 
Atlantic & Pacific ; the Chicago, Decatur & State Line; the Baltimore & 
Ohio; the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes; the Chicago & LaSalle Rail- 
road ; the Chicago, Pittsburgh & Cincinnati ; the Chicago and Canada 
Southern ; the Chicago and Illinois River Railroad. These, with their 
connections, and with the new connections of the old roads, already in 
process of erection, give to Chicago not less than 10,000 miles of new 
tributaries from the richest land on the continent. Thus there will be 
added to the reserve power, to the capital within reach of this city, not 
less than $1,000,000,000. ; 



100 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 

Add to all this transporting power the ships that sail one every nine 
minutes of the business hours of the season of navigation ; add, also, the 
canal boats that leave one every five minutes during the same time — and 
you will see something of the business of the city. 

THE COMMERCE OF THIS CITY 

has been leaping along to keep pace with the growth of the country 
around us. In 1852, our commerce reached the hopeful sum of 
$20,000,000. In 1870 it reached $400,000,000. In 1871 it was pushed 
up above 1450,000,000. And in 1875 it touched nearly double that. 

One-half of our imported goods come directly to Chicago. Grain 
enough is exported directly from our docks to the old world to employ a 
semi-weekly line of steamers of 3,000 tons capacity. This branch is 
not likely to be greatly developed. Even after the great Welland Canal 
is completed we shall have only fourteen feet of water. The great ocean 
vessels will continue to control the trade. 

The banking capital of Chicago is $24,431,000. Total exchange in 
1875, $659,000,000. Her wholesale business in 1875 was 1294,000,000. 
The rate of taxes is less than in an}' other great city. 

The schools of Chicago are unsurpassed in America. Out of a popu- 
lation of 300,000 there were only 186 persons between the ages of six 
and twenty-one unable to read. This is the best known record. 

In 1831 the mail system was condensed into a half-breed, who went 
on foot to Niles, Mich., once in two weeks, and brought back what papers 
and news he could find. As late as 1846 there was often only one mail 
a week. A post-office was established in Chicago in 1833, and the post- 
master nailed up old boot-legs on one side of his shop to serve as boxes 
for the nabobs and literary men. 

It is an interesting fact in the growth of the young city that in the 
active life of the business men of that day the mail matter has grown to 
a daily average of over 6,500 pounds. It speaks equally well for the 
intelligence of the people and the commerciar importance of the place, 
that the mail matter distributed to the territory immediately tributary to 
Chicago is seven times greater than that distributed to the territory 
immediately tributary to St. Louis. 

The improvements that have characterized the city are as startling 
as the city itself. In 1831, Mark Beaubien established a ferry over the 
river, and put himself under bonds to carry all the citizens free for the 
privilege of charging strangers. Now there are twenty-four large brido-es 
and two tunnels. 

In 1833 the government expended $30,000 on the harbor. Then 
commenced that series of manoeuvevs with the river that has made it one 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 101 

of the world's curiosities. It used to wind around in the lower end of 
the town, and make its way rippling over the sand into the lake at the 
foot of Madison street. TJiey took it up and put it down Avhere it now 
is. It was a narrow stream, so narrow that even moderately small crafts 
had to go up through the willows and cat's tails to the point near Lake 
street bridge, and back up one of the branches to get room enough in 
which to turn around. 

In 1844 the quagmires in the streets were first pontooned by plank 
roads, which acted in wet weather as public squirt-guns. Keeping you 
out of the mud, they compromised by squirting the mud over you. The 
wooden-block pavements came to Chicago in 1857. In 1840 water was 
delivered by peddlers in carts or by hand. Then a twenty -five horse- 
power engine pushed it through hollow or bored logs along the streets 
till 1854, when it was introduced into the houses by new works. The 
first fire-engine was used in 1835, and the first steam fire-engine in 1859. 
Gas was utilized for lighting the city in 1850. The Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association was organized in 1858, and horse railroads carried them 
to their work in 1859. The museum was opened in 1863. The alarm 
telegraph adopted in 1864. The opera-house built iii 1865. The city 
grew from 560 acres in 1833 to 23,000 in 1869. In 1834, the taxes 
amounted to $48.90, and the trustees of the town borrowed $60 more for 
opening and improving streets. In 1835, the legislature authorized a loan 
of $2,000, and the treasurer and street commissioners resigned rather than 
plunge the town into such a gulf. 

Now the city embraces 36 square miles of territory, and has 30 miles 
of water front, besides the outside harbor of refuge, of 400 acres, inclosed 
by a crib sea-wall. One-third of the city has been raised up an average 
of eight feet, giving good pitch to the 263 miles of sewerage. The water 
of the city is above all competition. It is received through two tunnels 
extending to a crib in the lake two miles from shore. The closest analy- 
sis fails to detect any impurities, and, received 35 feet below the surface, 
it is always clear and cold. The first tunnel is five feet two inches in 
diameter and two miles long, and can deliver 50,000,000 of gallons per 
day. The second tunnel is seven feet in diameter and six miles long, 
running four miles under the city, and can deliver 100,000,000 of gal- 
lons per day. This water is distributed through 410 miles of water- 
mains. 

The three grand engineering exploits of the city are : First, lifting 
the city up on jack-screws, whole squares at a time, without interrupting 
the business, thus giving us good drainage ; second, running the tunnels 
under the lake, giving us the best water in the world ; and thii'd, the 
turning the current of the river in its own channel, delivering us from the 
old abominations, and making decency possible. They redound about 



102 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 

equally to the credit of the engineering, to the energy of the people, and 
to the health of the city. 

That which really constitutes the city, its indescribable spirit, its soul, 
the way it lights up in every feature in the hour of action, has not been 
touched. In meeting strangers, one is often surprised how some homely 
women marry so well. Their forms are bad, their gait uneven and awk- 
ward, their complexion is dull, their features are misshapen and mismatch- 
ed, and when we see them there is no beauty that we should desire them. 
But when once they are aroused on some subject, they put on new pro- 
portions. They light up into great power. The real person comes out 
from its unseemly ambush, and captures us at will. They have power. 
They have ability to cause things to come to pass. We no longer wonder 
why they are in such high demand. So it is with our city. 

There is no grand scenery except the two seas, one of water, the 
other of prairie. Nevertheless, there is a spirit about it, a push, a breadth, 
a power, that soon makes it a place never to be forsaken. One soon 
ceases to believe in impossibilities. Balaams are the only prophets that are 
disappointed. The bottom that has been on the point of falling out has 
been there so long that it has grown fast. It can not fall out. It has all 
the capital of the world itching to get inside the corporation. 

The two great laws that govern the growth and size of cities are, 
first, the amount of territory for which they are the distributing and 
receiving points ; second, the number of medium or moderate dealers that 
do this distributing. Monopolists build up themselves, not the cities. 
They neither eat, wear, nor live in proportion to their business. Both 
these laws help Chicago. 

The tide of trade is eastward — not up or down the map, but across 
the maj). The lake runs up a wingdam for 500 miles to gather in the 
business. Commerce can not ferry up there for seven months in the year, 
and the facilities for seven months can do the work for twelve. Then the 
great region west of us is nearly all good, productive land. Dropping 
south into the trail of St. Louis, you fall into vast deserts and rocky dis- 
tricts, useful in holding the world together. St. Louis and Cincinnati, 
instead of rivaling and hurting Chicago, are her greatest sureties of 
dominion. They are far enough away to give sea-room, — farther off than 
Paris is from London, — and yet they are near enough to prevent the 
springing up of any other great city between them. 

St. Louis will be helped by the opening of the Mississippi, but also 
hurt. That will put New Orleans on her feet, and with a railroad running 
over into Texas and so West, she will tap the streams that now crawl up 
the Texas and Missouri road. The current is East, not North, and a sea- 
port at New Orleans can not permanently help St. Louis. 

Chicago is in the field almost alone, to handle the wealth of one- 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 103 

fourth of the territoiy of this great republic. This strip of seacoast 
divides its margins between Portland, Boston, New York, PhiladeTphia, 
Baltimore and Savannah, or some other great port to be created fi ' the 
South in the next decade. But Cliicago has a dozen empires casting their 
treasures into her lap. On a bed of coal that can run all the machinery 
of the world for 500 centuries ; in a garden that can feed the race by the 
thousand years; at the head of the lakes that give her a temperature as a 
summer resort equaled by no great city in the land ; with a climate that 
insures the health of her citizens ; surrounded by all the great deposits 
of natural wealth in mines aud forests and herds, Chicago is the wonder 
of to-day, and will be the city of the future. 

MASSACRE AT FORT DEARBORN. 

During the war of 1812, Fort Dearborn became the theater of stirring 
events. The garrison consisted of fifty-four men under command of 
Captain Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant Helm (son-in-law of Mrs. 
Kinzie) and Ensign Ronan. Dr. Voorhees was surgeon. The only resi- 
dents at the post at that time were the wives of Captain Heald and Lieu- 
tenant Helm, and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and 
a few Canadian voyageurs^ with their wives and children. The soldiers 
and Mr. Kinzie were on most friendly terms with the Pottawattamies 
and Winnebagos, the principal tribes around them, but they could not 
win them from their attachment to the British. 

One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing on his violin and 
his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing 
into the house, pale with terror, and exclaiming: "The Indians! the 
Indians!" "What? Where?" eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. "Up 
at Lee's, killing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, 
when the alarm was given, was attending Mrs. Barnes (just confined) 
living not far off. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river and took 
refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Barnes and her infant not a day 
old were safely conveyed. The rest of the inhabitants took shelter in the 
fort. This alarm was caused by a scalping party of Winnebagos, who 
hovered about the fort several days, when they disappeared, and for several 
weeks the inhabitants were undisturbed. 

On the 7th of August, 1812, General Hull, at Detroit, sent orders to 
Captain Heald to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and to distribute all the United 
States property to the Indians in the neighborhood — a most insane order. 
The Pottawattamie chief, who brought the dispatch, had more wisdom 
than the commanding general. He advised Captain Heald not to make 
the distribution. Said he : " Leave the fort and stores as they are, and 
let the Indians make distribution for themselves ; and while they are 
engaged in the business, the white people may escape to Fort Wayne." 




-XI 






HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 105 

Captain Heald held a council with the Indians on the afternoon of 
the 12th, in which his officers refused to join, for they had been informed 
that treachery was designed — that the Indians intended to murder the 
white people in the council, and then destroy those in the fort. Captain 
Heald, however, took the precaution to open a port-hole displaying a 
cannon pointing directly upon the council, and by that means saved 
his life. 

Mr. Kinzie, who knew the Indians well, begged Captain Heald not 
to confide in their promises, nor distribute the arms and munitions amono" 
them, for it would only put power into their hands to destroy the whites. 
Acting upon this advice, Heald resolved to withhold the munitions of 
war ; and on the night of the 13th, after the distribution of the other 
property had been made, the powder, ball and liquors were thrown into 
the river, the muskets broken up and destroyed. 

Black Partridge, a friendly chief, came to Captain Heald, and said : 
" Linden birds have been singing in my ears to-day: be careful on the 
march you are going to take." On that dark night vigilant Indians had 
crept near the fort and discovered the destruction of their promised booty 
going on within. The next morning the powder was seen floating on the 
surface of the river. The savages were exasperated and made loud com- 
plaints and threats. 

On the following day when preparations were making to leave the 
fort, and all the inmates were deeply impressed with a sense of impend- 
ing danger, Capt. Wells, an uncle of Mrs. Heald, was discovered upon 
the Indian trail among the sand-hills on the borders of the lake, not far 
distant, with a band of mounted Miamis, of whose tribe he was chief, 
having been adopted by the famous Miami warrior, Little Turtle. When 
news of Hull's surrender reached Fort Wayne, he had started with this 
force to assist Heald in defending Fort Dearborn. He was too late. 
Every means for its defense had been destroyed the night before, and 
arrangements were made for leaving the fort on the morning of the 15th. 

It was a warm bright morning in the middle of August. Indications 
were positive that the savages intended to murder the white people ; and 
when they moved out of the southern gate of the fort, the march was 
like a funeral procession. The band, feeling the solemnity of the occa- 
sion, struck up the Dead March in Saul. 

Capt. Wells, who had blackened his face with gun-powder in token 
of his fate, took the lead with his band of Miamis, followed by Capt. 
Heald, with his wife by his side on horseback. Mr. Kinzie hoped by his 
personal influence to avert the impending blow, and therefore accompanied 
them, leaving his family in a boat in charge of a friendly Indian, to be 
taken to his trading station at the site of Niles, Michigan, in the event of 
his death. 



106 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 




HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 107 

The procession moved slowly along the lake shore till they reached 
the sand-hills between the prairie and the beach, when the Pottawattamie 
escort, under the leadership of Blackbird, filed to the right, placing those 
hills between thera and the white people. Wells, with his Miamis, had 
kept in the advance. They suddenly came rushing back. Wells exclaim- 
ing, " They are about to attack us ; form instantly." These words were 
quickly followed by a storm of bullets, which came whistling over the 
little hills which the treacherous savages had made the covert for their 
murderous attack. The white troops charged upon the Indians, drove 
them back to the j)rairie, and then the battle was waged between fifty- 
four soldiers, twelve civilians and tliree or four women (the cowardly 
Miamis having fled at the outset) against five hundred Indian warriors. 
The white people, hopeless, resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible. 
Ensign Ronan wielded his weapon vigorously, even after falling upon his 
knees weak from the loss of blood. Capt. Wells, who was by the side of 
his niece, Mrs. Heald, when the conflict began, behaved with the greatest 
coolness and courage. He said to her, " We have not the slightest chance 
for life. We must part to meet no more in this world. God bless you." 
And then he dashed forward. Seeing a young warrior, painted like a 
demon, climb into a wagon in which were twelve children, and tomahawk 
them all, he cried out, unmindful of his personal danger, " If that is your 
game, butchering women and children, I will kill too." He spurred his 
horse towards the Indian camp, where they had left their squaws and 
papooses, hotly pursued by swift-footed young warriors, who sent bullets 
whistling after him. One of these killed his horse and wounded him 
severely in the leg. With a yell the young braves rushed to make him 
their prisoner and reserve him for torture. He resolved not to be made 
a captive, and by the use of the most provoking epithets tried to induce 
them to kill him instantly. He called a fiery young chief a squaiv, when 
the enraged warrior killed Wells instantly with his tomahawk, jumped 
upon his body, cut out his heart, and ate a portion of the warm morsel 
with savao^e delight ! 

In this fearful combat women bore a conspicuous part. Mrs. Heald 
was an excellent equestrian and an expert in the use of the rifle. She 
fought the savages bravel}^ receiving several severe wounds. Though 
faint from the loss of blood, she managed to keep her saddle. A savage 
raised his tomahawk to kill her, when she looked him full in tlie face, 
and with a sweet smile and in a gentle voice said, in his own language, 
" Surely you Avill not kill a squaw ! " The arm of the savage fell, and 
the life of the heroic woman was saved. 

Mrs. Helm, the step-daughter of Mr. Kinzie, had an encounter with 
a stout Indian, who attempted to tomahawk her. Springing to one side, 
she received the ulaocing blow on her shoulder, and at the same instaD* 



108 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 

seized the savage roimd the neck with her arms and endeavored to get 
hold of his scalping knife, which hung in a sheath at his breast. While 
she was thus struggling she was dragged from her antagonist by anc '^hei 
powerful Indian, who bore her, in spite of her struggles, to the margin 
of the lake and plunged her in. To her astonishment she was held by 
him so that she would not drown, and she soon perceived that she was 
in the hands of the friendly Black Partridge, who had saved her life. 

Tlie wife of Sergeant Holt, a large and powerful woman, behaved as 
bravely as an Amazon. She rode a fine, high-spirited horse, which the 
Indians coveted, and several of them attacked her with the butts of their 
guns, for the purpose of dismounting her ; but she used the sword which 
she had snatched from her disabled husband so skillfully that she foiled 
them ; and, suddenly wheeling her horse, she dashed over the prairie, 
followed by the savages shouting, " The brave woman ! the brave woman ! 
Don't hurt her ! "' They finally overtook her, and while she was fighting 
them in front, a powerful savage came up behind her, seized her by the 
neck and dragged her to the ground. Horse and woman were made 
captives. Mrs. Holt was a long time a captive among the Indians, but 
was afterwards ransomed. 

In tliis sharp conflict two-thirds of the white people were slain and 
wounded, and all their horses, baggage and provision were lost. Only 
twenty-eight straggling men now remained to fight five hundred Indians 
rendered furious b}^ the sight of blood. They succeeded in breaking 
through the ranks of the murderers and gaining a slight eminence on the 
prairie near the Oak Woods. The Indians did not pursue, but gathered 
on their flanks, while the chiefs held a consultation on the sand-hills, and 
showed signs of willingness to parley. It would have been madness on 
the part of the whites to renew the fight ; and so Capt. Heald went for- 
ward and met Blackbird on the open prairie, where terms of surrender 
were soon agreed upon. It was arranged that the white people should 
give up their arms to Blackbird, and that the survivors should become 
prisoners of war, to be exchanged for ransoms as soon as practicable. 
With this understanding captives and captors started for the Indian 
camp near the fort, to Avhich Mrs. Helm had been taken bleeding and 
suffering by Black Partridge, and had met her step-father and learned 
that her husband was safe. 

A new scene of horror was now opened at the Indian camp. The 
wounded, not being included in the terms of surrender, as it was inter- 
preted by the Indians, and the British general. Proctor, having offered a 
liberal bounty for American scalps, delivered at Maiden, nearly all the 
wounded men were killed and scalped, and the price of the trophies was 
afterwards paid by the British government. 



THE STATE OF IOWA. 



GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. 

The State of Iowa has an outline figure nearly approaching that of a rec- 
tangular parallelogram, the northern and southern boundaries being nearly due 
east and west lines, and its eastern and western boundaries determined by 
southerly flowing rivers — the Mississippi on the east, and the Missouri, together 
with its tributary, the Big Sioux, on the west. The northern boundary is upon 
the parallel of forty-three degrees thirty minutes, and the southern is approxi- 
mately upon that of forty degrees and thirty-six minutes. The distance from 
the northern to the southern boundary, excluding the small prominent angle at 
the southeast corner, is a little more than two hundred miles. Owing to the 
irregularity of the river boundaries, however, the number of square miles does 
not reach that of the multiple of these numbers ; but according to a report of 
the Secretary of the Treasury to the United States Senate, March 12, 1863, 
the State of Iowa contains 35,228,200 acres, or 55,044 square miles. When it 
is understood that all this vast extent of surface, except that which is occupied 
by our rivers, lakes and peat beds of the northern counties, is susceptible of the 
highest cultivation, some idea may be formed of the immense agricultural 
resources of the State. Iowa is nearly as large as England, and twice as large 
as Scotland ; but when we consider the relative area of surface which may be 
made to yield to the wants of man, those countries of the Old AVorld will bear 
no comparison with Iowa. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

No complete topographical survey of the State of Iowa has yet been made. 
Therefore all the knowledge we have yet upon the subject has been obtained 
from incidental observations of geological corps, from barometrical observations 
by authority of the General Government, and levelings done by railroad en- 
gineer corps within the State. 

Taking into view the facts that the highest point in the State is but a little 
more than twelve hundred feet above the lowest point, that these two points are 
nearly three hundred miles apart, and that the Avhole State is traversed by 



110 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

gently flowing rivers, it will be seen that in reality the State of Iowa rests 
wholly within, and comprises a part of, a vast plain, with no mountain or hill 
ranares within its borders. 

A clearer idea of the great uniformity of the surface of the State may be 
obtained from a statement of the general slopes in feet per mile, from point to 
point, in straight lines across it : 

From the N. E. corner to the S. E. corner of the State 1 foot 1 inch per mile. 

From the N. E. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feet 5 inches per mile. 

From the N. W. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feetO inches per mile. 

From the N. W. corner to the S. W. corner of the State 2 feet inches per mile. 

From the S. W- corner to the highest ridge between the two 

great rivers (in Ringgold County) 4 feet 1 inch per mile 

From the dividing ridge in the S. E. corner of the State 5 feet 7 inches per mile. 

From the highest point in the State (near Spirit Lake) to the 
lowest point in the State (at the mouth of Des Moines 
River) 4 feet inches per mile. 

It -will be seen, therefore, that there is a good degree of propriety in regard- 
ing the whole State as a part of a great plain, the lowest point of which within 
its borders, the southeast corner of the State, is only 444 feet above the level of 
the sea. The average height of the whole State above the level of the sea is 
not far from eight hundred feet, although it is more than a thousand miles 
inland from the nearest sea coast. These remarks are, of course, to be under- 
stood as applying to the surface of the State as a whole. Whon we come to 
consider its surface feature in detail, we find a great diversity of surface by the 
formation of valleys out of the general level, which have been evolved by the 
action of streams during the unnumbered years of the terrace epoch. 

It is in the northeastern part of the State that the river valleys are deepest ; 
consequently the country there has the greatest diversity of surface, and its 
physical features are most strongly marked. 

DRAINAGE SYSTEM. 

The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers form the eastern and western bounda- 
ries of the State, and receive the eastern and western drainage of it. 

The eastern drainage system comprises not far from two-thirds of the en- 
tire surface of the State. The great watershed which divides these two systems 
is formed by the highest land between those rivers along the whole length of a 
line running southward from, a point on the northern boundary line of the State 
near Spirit Lake, in Dickinson County, to a nearly central point in the northern, 
part of Adair County. 

From the last named point, this highest ridge of land, between the two great 
rivers, continues southward, without change of character, through Ringgold 
County into the State of Missouri ; but southward from that point, in Adair 
County, it is no longer the great watershed. From that point, another and 
lower ridge bears off more nearly southeastward, through the counties of Madi- 
son, Clarke, Lucas and Appanoose, and becomes itself the great watershed. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Ill 

RIVERS. 

All streams that rise in Iowa rise upon the incoherent surface deposits, 
occupying at first only slight depressions in the surface, and scarcely percept- 
ible. These successively coalesce to form the streams. 

The drift and bluff deposits are both so thick in Iowa that its streams not 
only rise upon their surface, but they also reach considerable depth into these 
deposits alone, in some cases to a depth of nearly two hundred feet from the 
general prairie level. 

The majority of streams that constitute the western system of Iowa drainage 
run, either along the whole or a part of their course, upon that peculir deposit 
known as bluff deposit. Their banks are often, even of the small streams, 
from five to ten feet in height, quite perpendicular, so that they make the 
streams almost everywhere unfordable, and a great impediment to travel across 
the open country where there are no bridges. 

The material of this deposit is of a slightly yellowish ash color, except 
where darkened by decaying vegetation, very fine and silicious, but not sandy, 
not very cohesive, and not at all plastic. It forms excellent soil, and does not 
bake or crack in drying, except limy concretions, which are generally dis- 
tributed throughout the mass, in shape and size resembling pebbles ; not a 
stone or pebble can be found in the whole deposit. It was called " silicious 
marl" by Dr. Owen, in his geological report to the General Government, and 
its origin referred to an accumulation of sediment in an ancient lake, which 
was afterward drained, when its sediment became dry land. Prof. Swallaw 
gives it the name of "bluff," which is here adopted; the term Lacustral would 
have been better. The peculiar properties of this deposit are that it will stand 
securely with a precipitous front two hundred feet high, and yet is easily 
excavated with a spade. Wells dug in it require only to be walled to a point just 
above the water line. Yet, compact as it is, it is very porous, so that water 
which falls on its surface does not remain, but percolates through it; neither 
does it accumulate within its mass, as it does upon the surface of and within, 
the drift and the stratified formations. 

The bluff deposit is known to occupy a region through which the Missouri 
runs almost centrally, and measures, as far as is known, more than two hun- 
dred miles in length and nearly one hundred miles in width. The thickest 
part yet known in Iowa is in Fremont County, where it reaches two hundred 
feet. The boundai-ies of this deposit in Iowa are nearly as follows : Com- 
mencing at the southeast corner of Fremont County, follow up the watershed 
between the East Nislinabotany and the West Tarkio Rivers to the southern 
boundary of Cass County ; thence to the center of Audubon County ; thence 
to Tip Top Station, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway ; thence by a 
broad curve westward to the northwest corner of Plymouth County. 

This deposit is composed of fine sedimentary particles, similar to that 
which the Missouri River now deposits from its waters, and is the same which 



112 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

that river did deposit in a broad depression in the surface of the drift that 
formed a lake-like expansion of that river in the earliest period of the history 
of its valley. That lake, as shown by its deposit, Avhich now remains, was 
about one hundred miles wide and more than twice as long. The water of the 
river was muddy then, as now, and the broad lake became filled with the sedi- 
ment which the river brought down, before its valley had enough in the lower 
portion of its course to drain it. After the lake became filled with the sedi- 
ment, the valley below became deepened by the constant erosive action of the 
waters, to a depth of more than sufficient to have drained the lake of its first 
waters ; but the only effect then was to cause it to cut its valley out of the de- 
posits its own muddy waters had formed. Thus along the valley of that river, 
so far as it forms the western boundary of Iowa, the bluffs which border it are 
composed of that sediment known as bluff deposit, forming a distinct border 
along the broad, level flood plain, the width of which varies from five to fifteen 
miles, while the original sedimentary deposit stretches far inland. 

All the rivers of the western system of drainage, except the Missouri itself, 
are quite incomplete as rivers, in consequence of their being really only 
branches of other larger tributaries of that great river , or, if they empty into 
the Missouri direct, they have yet all the usual characteristics of Iowa rivers, 
from their sources to their mouths. 

Cliariton and Grand Rivers both rise and run for the first twenty-five miles 
of their courses upon the drift deposit alone. The first strata that are exposed 
by the deepening valleys of both these streams belong to the upper coal meas- 
ures, and they both continue upon the same formation until they make their 
exit from the State (the former in Appanoose County, the latter in Ringgold 
County), near the boundary of which they have passed nearly or quite through 
the whole of that formation to the middle coal measures. Their valleys gradu- 
ally deepen from their upper portions downward, so that within fifteen or twenty 
miles they have reached a depth of near a hundred and fifty feet below the gen- 
eral level of the adjacent high land. When the rivers have cut their valleys 
down through the series of limestone strata, they reach those of a clayey com- 
position. Upon these they widen their valleys and make broad flood plains 
(commonly termed "bottoms "), the soil of which is stiff and clayey, except 
where modified by sandy washings. 

A considerable breadth of woodland occupies the bottoms and valley sides 
along a great part of their length ; but their upper branches and tributaries aie 
mostly prairie streams. 

Platte River. — This river belongs mainly to Missouri. Its upper branches 
pass through Ringgold County, and, with the west fork of the Grand River, 
drain a large region of country. 

Here the drift deposit reaches its maximum thickness on an east and west 
line across the State, and the valleys are eroded in some instances to a depth of 
two hundred feet, apparently, through this deposit alone. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 113- 

The term " drift deposit" applies to the soil and sub-soil of the greater part 
of the State, and in it alone many of our wells are dug and our forests take 
root. It rests upon the stratified rocks. It is composed of clay, sand, gravel 
aud boulders, promiscuously intermixed, without stratification, varying in char- 
acter in different parts of the State. 

The proportion of lime in the drift of Iowa is so great that the water of all 
our wells and springs is too " hard " for washing purposes ; and the same sub- 
stance is so prevalent in the drift clays that they are always found to have suffi- 
cient flux when used for the manufacture of brick. 

One Hundred and Two River is represented in Taylor County, the valleys 
of which have the same general character of those just described. The country 
around and between the east and west forks of this stream is almost entirely 
prairie. 

Nodaway River. — This stream is represented by east, middle and west 
branches. The two former rise in Adair County, the latter in Cass County. 
These rivers and valleys are fine examples of the small rivers and valleys of 
Southern Iowa. They have the general character of drift valleys, and with 
beautiful undulating and sloping sides. The Nodaways drain one of the finest 
agricultural regions in the State, the soil of which is tillable almost to their very 
banks. The banks and the adjacent narrow flood plains are almost everywhere 
composed of a rich, deep, dark loam. 

Nishnahotayiy River. — This river is represented by east and west branches, 
the former having its source in Anderson County, the latter in Shelby County. 
Both these branches, from their source to their confluence — and also the main 
stream, from thence to the point where it enters the great flood plain of the 
Missouri — run through a region the surface of which is occupied by the bluff 
deposit. The West Nishnabotany is probably without any valuable mill sites. 
In the western part of Cass County, the East Nishnabotany loses its identity 
by becoming abruptly divided up into five or six different creeks. A few 
good mill sites occur here on this stream. None, however, that are thought 
reliable exist on either of these rivers, or on the main stream below the 
confluence, except, perhaps, one or two in Montgomery County. The 
valleys of the two branches, and the intervening upland, possess remarkable 
fertility. 

Boyer River. — Until it enters the flood plain of the Missouri, the Boyer 
runs almost, if not quite, its entire course through the region occupied by the 
bluff deposit, and has cut its valley entirely through it along most of its pas- 
sage. The only rocks exposed are the upper coal measures, near Reed's mill, in 
Harrison County. The exposures are slight, and are the most northerly now 
known in Iowa. The valley of this river has usually gently sloping sides, and an 
ndistinctly defined flood plain. Along the lower half of its course the adjacent 
upland presents a surface of the billowy character, peculiar to the bluff" deposit. 
The source of this river is in Sac County. 



114 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Soldier River. — The east and middle bi'anches of this stream have tTieir 
source in Crawford County, and the west branch in Ida County. The whole 
course of this river is through the bluflf deposit. It has no exposure of strata 
along its course. 

Little Sioux River. — Under this head are included both the main and west 
branches of that stream, together with the Maple, which is one of its branches. 
The west branch and the Maple are so similar to the Soldier River that thej 
need no separate description. The main stream has its boundary near the 
northern boundary of the State, and runs most of its course upon drift deposit 
alone, entering the region of the bluif deposit in the southern part of Cherokee 
County. The two principal upper branches, near their source in Dickinson 
and Osceola .Counties, are small prairie creeks, with indistinct valleys. On 
entering Clay County, the valley deepens, and at their confluence has a depth 
of one hundred feet, which still further increases until along the boundary line 
between Clay and Buena Vista Counties, it reaches a depth of two hundred 
feet. Just as the valley enters Cherokee County, it turns to the southward and 
becomes much widened, with its sides gently sloping to the uplands. When the 
valley enters the region of the bluff deposit, it assumes the billowy appearance. 
No exposures of strata of any kind have been found in the valley of the Little 
Sioux or any of its branches. 

Floyd River. — This river rises upon the drift in O'Brien County, and flow- 
ing southward enters the region of the bluff" deposit a little north of the center 
of Plymouth County. Almost from its source to its mouth it is a prairie stream, 
with slightly sloping valley sides, which blend gradually with the uplands. A 
single slight exposure of sandstone of cretaceous age occurs in the valley near 
Sioux City, and which is the only known exposure of rock of any kind along 
its whole length. Near this exposure is a mill site, but farther up the stream 
it is not valuable for such purposes. 

Rock River. — This stream passes through Lyon and Sioux Counties. It 
■was evidently so named from the fact that considerable exposures of the red 
Sioux quartzite occur along the main branches of the stream in Minnesota, a 
few miles north of our State boundary. Within this State the main stream and 
its branches are drift streams, and strata are exposed. The beds and banks of 
the streams are usually sandy and gravelly, with occasional boulders intermixed. 

Big Sioux River. — The valley of this river, from the northwest corner of 
the State to its mouth, possesses much the same character as all the streams of 
the surface deposits. At Sioux Falls, a few miles above the northwest corner 
of the State, the stream meets with remarkable obstructions from the presence 
of Sioux quartzite, which outcrops directly across the stream, and causes a fall 
of about sixty feet within a distance of half a mile, producing a series of cas- 
cades. For the first twenty-five miles above its mouth, the valley is very broad, 
with a broad, flat flood plain, with gentle slopes occasionally showing indistinctly 
defined terraces. These terraces and valley bottoms constitute some of the finest 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 115 

agricultural land of the region. On the Iowa side of the valley the upland 
presents abrupt bluffs, steep as the materials of which they are composed will 
stand, and from one hundred to nearly two hundred feet high above the stream. 
At rare intervals, about fifteen miles from its mouth, the cretaceous strata are 
found exposed in the face of the bluffs of the Iowa side. No other strata are 
exposed along that part of the valley which borders our State, with the single 
exception of Sioux quartzite at its extreme northwestern corner. Some good mill 
sites may be secured along that portion of this river which borders Lyon County, 
but below this the fall will probably be found insufficient and the location for 
dams insecure. 

Missouri River. — This is one of the muddiest streams on the globe, and its 
waters are known to be very turbid far toward its source. The chief pecul- 
iarity of this river is its broad flood plains, and its adjacent bluff deposits. 
Much the greater part of the flood plain of this river is upon the Iowa side, and 
continuous from the south boundary line of the State to Sioux City, a distance 
of more than one hundred miles in length, varying from three to five miles in 
width. This alluvial plain is estimated to contain more than half a million acres 
of land within the State, upward of four hundred thousand of which are now 
tillable. 

The rivers of the eastern system of drainage have quite a different character 
from those of the western, system. They are larger, longer and have their val- 
leys modified to a much greater extent by the underlying strata. For the lat- 
ter reason, water-power is much more abundant upon them than upon the 
streams of the western system. 

Des 3Ioines River. — This river has its source in Minnesota, but it enters 
Iowa before it has attained any size, and flows almost centrally through it from 
northwest to southeast, emptying into the Mississippi at the extreme southeast- 
ern corner of the State. It drains a greater area than any river within the 
State. The upper portion of it is divided into two branches known as the east 
and west forks. These unite in Humboldt County. The valleys of these 
branches above their confluence are drift- valleys, except a few small exposures 
of subcarboniferous limestone about five miles above their confluence. These 
exposures produce several small mill-sites. The valleys vary from a few hun- 
dred yards to half a mile in width, and are the finest agricultural lands. In the 
northern part of Webster County, the character of the main valley is modified 
by the presence of ledges and low cliffs of the subcarboniferous limestone and 
gypsum. From a point a little below Fort Dodge to near Amsterdam, in Ma- 
rion County, the river runs all the way through and upon the lower coal-meas 
ure strata. Along this part of its course the flood-plain varies from an eighth 
to half a mile or more in width. From Amsterdam to Ottumwa the subcarbon- 
iferous limestone appears at intervals in the valley sides. Near Ottumwa, the sub- 
carboniferous rocks pass beneath the liver again, bringing down the coal-measure 
strata into its bed ; but they rise again from it in the extreme northwestern part 



116 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

of Van Buren County, and subcarboniferous strata resume and keep their place 
along the valley to the north of the river. From Fort Dodge to the northern 
part of Lee County, the strata of the lower coal measures are present in the 
valley. Its flood plain is frequently sandy, from the debris of the sandstone 
and sandy shales of the coal measures produced by their removal in the process 
of the formation of the valley. 

The principal tributaries of the Des Moines are upon the western side. 
These are the Raccoon and the three rivers, viz.: South, Middle and North Riv- 
ers. The three latter have their source in the region occupied by the upper 
coal-measure limestone formation, flow eastward over the middle coal measures, 
and enter the valley of the Des Moines upon the lower coal measures. These 
streams, especially South and Middle Rivers, are frequently bordered by high, 
rocky cliffs. Raccoon River has its source upon the heavy surface deposits of 
the middle region of Western Iowa, and along the greater part of its course it 
has excavated its valley out those deposits and the middle coal measures alone. 
The valley of the Des Moines and its branches are destined to become the seat 
of extensive manufactures in consequence of the numerous mill sites of immense 
power, and the fact that the main valley traverses the entire length of the Iowa 
coal fields. 

Skunk River. — This river has its source in Hamilton County, and runs 
almost its entire course upon the border of the outcrop of the lower coal meas- 
ures, or, more properly speaking, upon the subcarboniferous limestone, just where 
it begins to pass beneath the coal measures by its southerly and westerly dip. 
Its general course is southeast. From the western part of Henry County, up 
as far as Story County, the broad, flat flood plain is covered with a rich deep 
clay soil, which, in time of long-continued rains and overflows of the river, has 
made the valley of Skunk River a terror to travelers from the earliest settle- 
ment of the country. There are some excellent mill sites on the lower half of 
this river, but they are not so numerous or valuable as on other rivers of the 
eastern system. 

Iowa River. — This river rises in Hancock County, in the midst of a broad, 
slightly undulating drift region. The first rock exposure is that of subcarbon- 
iferous limestone, in the southwestern corner of Franklin County. It enters 
the region of the Devonian strata near the southwestern corner of Benton 
County, and in this it continues to its confluence with the Cedar in Louisa 
County. Below the junction with the Cedar, and for some miles above that 
point, its valley is broad, and especially on the northern side, with a well 
marked flood plain. Its borders gradually blend with the uplands as they slope 
away m the distance from the river. The Iowa furnishes numerous and valua- 
ble mill sites. 

Cedar River. — This stream is usually understood to be a branch of the 
Iowa, but it ought, really, to be regarded as the main stream. It rises by 
numerous branches in the northern part of the State, and flows the entire length 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 117 

of the State, through the region occupied by the Devonian strata and along the 
trend occupied by that formation. 

The valley of this river, in the upper part of its course, is narrow, and the 
sides slope so gently as to scarcely show Avhere the lowlands end and the up- 
lands begin. BeloAV the confluence with the Shell Rock, the flood plain is more 
distinctly marked and the valley broad and shallow. The valley of the Cedar 
is one of the finest regions in the State, and both the main stream and its 
branches afford abundant and reliable mill sites. 

Wapsipinnicon River. — This river has its source near the source of the 
Cedar, and runs parallel and near it almost its entire course, the upper half 
upon the same formation — the Devonian. In the northeastern part of Linn 
County, it enters the region of the Niagara limestone, upon which it continues 
to the Mississippi. It is one hundred miles long, and yet the area of its drain- 
age is only from twelve to twenty miles in width. Hence, its numerous mill 
sites are unusually secure. 

Turkey River. — This river and the Upper Iowa are, in many respects, un- 
like other Iowa rivers. The diff'erence is due to the great depth they have 
eroded their valleys and the different character of the material through which 
they have eroded. Turkey River rises in Howard County, and in Winnesheik 
County, a few miles from its source, its valley has attained a depth of more than 
two hundred feet, and in Fayette and Clayton Counties its depth is increased to 
three and four hundred feet. The summit of the uplands, bordering nearly the 
whole length of the valley, is capped by the Maquoketa shales. These shales 
are underlaid by the Galena limestone, between two and three hundred feet 
thick. The valley has been eroded through these, and runs upon the Trenton 
limestone. Thus, all the formations along and within this valley are Lower 
Silurian. The valley is usually narrow, and without a well-marked flood plain. 
Water power is abundant, but in most places inaccessible. 

Upper Iowa River. — This river rises in Minnesota, just beyond the north- 
ern boundary line, and enters our State in Howard County before it has attained 
any considerable size. Its course is nearly eastward until it reaches the Mis- 
sissippi. It rises in the region of the Devonian rocks, and flows across the out- 
crops, respectively, of the Niagara, Galena and Trenton limestone, the lower 
magnesian limestone and Potsdam sandstone, into and through all of which, 
except the last, it has cut its valley, which is the deepest of any in Iowa. The 
valley sides are, almost everywhere, high and steep, and cliffs of lower magne- 
sian and Trenton limestone give them a wild and rugged aspect. In the lower 
part of the valley, the flood plain reaches a width sufficient for the location of 
small farms, but usually it is too narrow for such purposes. On the higher 
surface, however, as soon as you leave the valley you come immediately upon a 
cultivated country. This stream has the greatest slope per mile of any in Iowa, 
consequently it furnishes immense water power. In some places, where creeks 
come into it, the valley wiilens and affords good locations for farms. The town 



118 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

of Decorah, in Winnesheik County, is located in one of these spots, which 
makes it a lovely location ; and the power of the river and the small spring 
streams around it offer fine facilities for manufacturing. This river and its 
tributaries are the only trout streams in Iowa. 

Mississippi River. — This river may be described, in general terms, as a broad 
canal cut out of the general level of the country through which the river flows. 
It is bordered by abrupt hills or bluffs. The bottom of the valley ranges from 
one to eight miles in width. The whole space between the bluffs is occupied by 
the river and its bottom, or flood plain only, if we except the occasional terraces 
or remains of ancient flood plains, which are not now reached by the highest 
floods of the river. The river itself is from half a mile to nearly a mile in 
width. There are but four points along the whole length of the State where the 
bluffs approach the stream on both sides. The Lower Silurian formations com- 
pose the bluffs in the northern part of the State, but they gradually disappear 
by a southerly dip, and the bluffs are continued successively by the Upper 
Silurian, Devonian, and subcarboniferous rocks, which are reached near the 
southeastern corner of the State. 

Considered in their relation to the present general surface of the state, the 
relative ages of the river valley of Iowa date back only to the close of the 
glacial epoch ; but that the Mississippi, and all the rivers of Northeastern Iowa, 
if no others, had at least a large part of the rocky portions of their valleys 
eroded by pre-glacial, or perhaps even by palaeozoic rivers, can scarcely be 
doubted. 

LAKES. 

The lakes of Iowa may be properly divided into two distinct classes. The 
first may be called drift lakes., having had their origin in the depressions left 
in the surface of the drift at the close of the glacial epoch, and have rested upon 
the undisturbed surface of the drift deposit ever since the glaciers disappeared. 
The others may be properly ierxaQdi fluvatile or alluviallakes, because they have 
had their origin by the action of rivers while cutting their own valleys out from 
the surface of the drift as it existed at the close of the glacial epoch, and are now 
found resting upon the alluvium, as the others rest upon the drift. By the term 
alluvium is meant the deposit which has accumulated in the valleys of rivers by 
the action of their own currents. It is largely composed of sand and other 
coarse material, and upon that deposit are some of tlie best and most productive 
soils in the State. It is this deposit which form the flood plains and deltas of 
our rivers, as well as the terraces of their valleys. 

The regions to which the drift lakes are principally confined are near the 
head waters of the principal streams of the State. We consequently find them 
in those regions which lie between the Cedar and Des Moines Rivers, and the 
Des Moines and Little Sioux. No drift lakes are found in Southern Iowa. 
The largest of the lakes to be found in the State are Spirit and Okoboji, in 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 119 

Dickinson County ; Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo County ; and Storm Lake, in 
Bunea Yista County. 

Spirit Lake. — The width and length of this lake are about equal , and it 
contains about twelve square miles of surface, its northern border resting directly 
on the boundary of the State. It lies almost directly upon the great watershed. 
Its shores are mostly gravelly, and the country about it fertile. 

Okohoji Lake. — This body of water lies directly south of Spirit Lake, and 
has somewhat the shape of a horse-shoe, with its eastern projection within a few 
rods of Spirit Lake, where it receives the outlet of the latter. Okoboji Lake 
extends about five miles southward from Spirit Lake, thence about the same 
distance westward, and then bends northward about as far as the eastern projec- 
tion. The eastern portion is narrow, but the western is larger, and in some 
places a hundred feet deep. The surroundings of this and Spirit Lake are very 
pleasant. Fish are abundant in them, and they are the resort of myriads of 
water fowl. 

Clear Lake. — This lake is situated in Cerro Gordo County, upon the 
watershed between the Iowa and Cedar Rivers. It is about five miles long, 
and two or three miles wide, and has a maximum depth of only fifteen 
feet. Its shores and the country around it are like that of Spirit Lake. 

Storm Lake. — This body of water rests upon the great water shed in Buena 
Vista County. It is a clear, beautiful sheet of water, containing a surface area 
of between four and five square miles. 

The outlets of all these drift-lakes are dry during a portion of the year, ex- 
cept Okoboji. 

Walled Lakes. — Along the water sheds of Northern Iowa great numbers of 
small lakes exist, varying from half a mile to a mile in diameter. One of the lakes 
in Wright County, and another in Sac, have each received the name of " Walled 
Lake," on account of the existence of embankments on their borders, which are 
supposed to be the work of ancient inhabitants. These embankments are from 
two to ten feet in height, and from five to thirty feet across. They are the 
result of natural causes alone, being referable to the periodic action of ice, aided, 
to some extent, by the force of the waves. These lakes are very shallow, and 
in winter freeze to the bottom, so that but little unfrozen water remains in the 
middle. The ice freezes fast to everything upon the bottom, and the expansive 
power of the water in freezing acts in all directions from the center to the cir- 
cumference, and whatever was on the bottom of the lake has been thus carried 
to the shore, and this has been going on from year to year, from century to 
century, forming the emba.nkments which have caused so much wonder. 

SPRINGS. 

Springs issue from all formations, and from the sides of almost every vallev, 
but they are more numerous, and assume proportions which give rise to the 
name of sink-holes, along the upland borders of the Upp6r Iowa River, ov,'ing 



120 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

to the peculiar fissured and laminated character and great thickness of the strata 
of the age of the Trenton limestone which underlies the whole region of the 
valley of that stream. 

No mineral springs, properly so called, have yet been discovered in Iowa, 
though the water of several artesian wells is frequently found charged with 
soluble mineral substances. 

ORIGIN OF THE PRAIRIES. 

It is estimated that seven-eighths of the surface of the State was prairie 
when first settled. They are not confined to level surfaces, nor to any partic- 
ular variety of soil, for within the State they rest upon all formations, from 
those of the Azoic to those of the Cretaceous age, inclusive. Whatever may 
have been their origin, their present existence in Iowa is not due to the influ- 
ence of climate, nor the soil, nor any of the underlying formations. The real 
cause is the prevalence of the annual fires. If these had been prevented fifty 
years ago, Iowa would now be a timbered country. The encroachment of forest 
trees upon prairie farms as soon as the bordering woodland is protected from 
the annual prairie fires, is well known to farmers throughout the State. 

The soil of Iowa is justly famous for its fertility, and there is probably no 
equal area of the earth's surfiice that contains so little untillable land, or whose 
soil has so high an average of fertility. Ninety-five per cent, of its surface is 
tillable land. 

GEOLOGY. 

The soil of Iowa may be separated into three general divisions, which not 
only possess different physical characters, but also differ in the mode of their 
origin. These are drift, bluff and alluvial, and belong respectively to the 
deposits bearing the same names. The drift occupies a much larger part of the 
surface of the State than both the others. The bluff has the next greatest area 
of surface, and the alluvial least. 

All soil is disintegrated rock. Tlie drift deposit of Iowa was derived, to a 
considerable extent, from the rocks of Minnesota ; but the greater part of Iowa 
drift was derived from its own rocks, much of which has been transported but a 
short distance. In general terms the constant component element of the drift 
soil is that portion Avhich was transported from the north, while the inconstant 
elements are those portions which were derived from the adjacent or underlying 
strata. For example, in Western Iowa, wherever that cretaceous formation 
known as the Nishnabotany sandstone exists, the soil contains more sand than 
elsewhere. The same may be said of the soil of some parts of the State occu- 
pied by the lower coal measures, the sandstones and sandy shales of that forma- 
tion furnishing the sand. 

In Northern and Northwestern Iowa, the drift contains more sand and 
gravel than elsewhere. This sand and gravel was, doubtless, derived from the 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA 



121 



cretaceous rocks that now do, or formerly did, exist there, and also in part 
from the conglomerate and pudding-stone beds of the Sioux quartzite. 

In Southern Iowa, the soil is frequently stiff and clayey. This preponder- 
ating clay is doubtless derived from the clayey and shaly beds which alternate 
with the limestones of that region. 

The bluff soil is that which rests upon, and constitutes a part of, the bluff 
deposit. It is found only in the western part of the State, and adjacent to the 
Missouri River. Although it contains less than one per cent, of clay in its 
composition, it is in no respect inferior to the best drift soil. 

The alluvial soil is that of the flood plains of the river valleys, or bottom 
lands. That which is periodically flooded by the rivers is of little value for 
agricultural purposes ; but a large part of it is entirely above the reach of the 
highest floods, and is very productive. 

The stratified rocks of Iowa range from the Azoic to the Mesozoic, inclu- 
sive ; but the greater portion of the surface of the State is occupied by those 
of the Palaeozoic age. The table below will show each of these formations in 
their order : 



SYSTEMS. 

AGES. 


GROaPS. 

PERIODS. 


FORMATIONS. 

EPOCHS. 


THICKNESS. 

IN FEET. 




f Post Tertiary 

( Lower Cretaceous. ■! 

Coal Measures. -| 

Subcarboniferous. J 

I [ 

^amilfon 

'Niagara 

'Cincinnati 

Trenton. -j 

Primordial. -1 
luronian 


Drift 


10 to 200 


Cretaceous 


Inocerumous bed 


50 




Wbodbvi'i/ Sandstone and Shales 


130 




N^ishnabotany Sandstone 


100 




Upper Coal Measures 


200 




Middle Coal Measures 


200 




Lower Coal Measures 


200 


Carboniferous 


St. Louis Limestone 


75 




Keokuk Limestone 

Burlington Limestone 


90 
196 




Kinderhook beds 


175 


Devonian 




200 


Upper Silurian 


Niagara Limestone 


350 




Maquoketa Shales 


80 




Galena Limestone 


250 




Trenton Limestone 


200 


Lower Silurian 


St. Peter's Sandstone 


80 




Lower Magnesian Limestone 


250 




Potsdam Sandstone 


300 


Azoic 


Sioux Quartzite 


50 



THE AZOIC SYSTEM. 

The Sioux quartzite is found exposed in natural ledges only upon a few 
acres in the extreme northwest corner of the State, upon the banks of the Big 
Sioux River, for which rea.son the specific name of Sioux Quartzite has been 
given them. It is an intensely hard rock, breaks in splintery fracture, and a 
color varying, in different localities, from a light to deep red. The process of 
metamorphism has been so complete throughout the whole formation that the 
rock is almost everywhere of uniform texture. The dip is four or five degrees 
to the northward, and the trend of the outcrop is eastward and westward. This 



122 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

rock may be quarried in a few rare cases, but usually it cannot be secured in 
dry forms except that into which it naturally cracks, and the tendency is to 
angular pieces. It is absolutely indestructible. 

LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. 

PKIMORDIAL GROUP. 

Potsdam Sandstone. — This formation is exposed only in a small portion of 
the northeastern portion of the State. It is only to be seen in the bases of the 
bluffs and steep valley sides which border the river there. It may be seen 
underlying the lower magnesian limestone, St. Peter s sandstone and Trenton 
limestone, in their regular order, along the bluffs of the Mississippi from the 
northern boundary of the State as far south as Guttenburg, along the Upper 
Iowa for a distance of about twenty miles from its mouth, and along a few of 
the streams which empty into the Mississippi in Allamakee County. 

It is nearly valueless for economic purposes. 

No fossils have been discovered in this formation in Iowa. 

Lower Magnesium Limestone. — This formation has but little greater geo- 
graphical extent in Iowa than the Potsdam sandstone. It lacks a uniformity 
of texture and stratification, owing to which it is not generally valuable for 
building purposes. 

The only fossils found in this formation in Iowa are a few traces of crinoids^ 
near McGregor. 

St. Peter s Sandstone. — This formation is remarkably uniform in thickness 
throughout its known geographical extent ; and it is evident it occupies a large 
portion of the northern half of Allamakee County, immediately beneath the 
drift. 

TKENTON GROUP. 

Trenton Limestone. — With the exception of this, all the limestones of both 
Upper and Lower Silurian age in Iowa are magnesian limestones — nearly pure 
dolomites. This formation occupies large portions of Winnesheik and Alla- 
makee Counties and a portion of Clayton. The greater part of it is useless for 
economic purposes, yet there are in some places compact and evenly bedded 
layers, which afford fine material for window caps and sills. 

In this formation, fossils are abundant, so much so that, in some places, the 
rock is made up of a mass of shells, corals and fragments of tribolites, cemented 
by calcareous material into a solid rock. Some of these fossils are new to 
science and peculiar to Iowa. 

The Galena Limestone. — This is the upper formation of the Trenton group* 
It seldom exceeds twelve miles in width, although it is fully one hundred and 
fifty miles long. The outcrop traverses portions of the counties of Howard, 
Winnesheik, Allamakee, Fayette, Clayton, Dubuque and Jackson. It exhibits 
its greatest development in Dubuque County. It is nearly a pure dolomite, 
with a slight admixture of silicious matter. It is usually unfit for dressing, 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 123 

though sometimes near the top of the bed good blocks for dressing are found. 
This 'formation is the source of the lead ore of the Dubuque lead mines. The 
lead region proper is confined to an area of about fifteen miles square in the 
vicinity of Dubuque. The ore occurs in vertical fissures, which traverse the 
rock at regular intervals from east to west ; some is found in those which have 
a north and south direction. The ore is mostly that known as Galena, or sul- 
phuret of lead, very small quantities only of the carbonate being found with it. 

CINCINNATI GROUP. 

Maquoketa Shales. — The surface occupied by this formation is singularly 
long and narrow, seldom reaching more than a mile or two in width, but more 
than a hundred miles in length. Its most southerly exposure is in the bluffs of 
the Mississippi near Bellevue, in Jackson County, and the most northerly yet 
recognized is in the western part of Winnesheik County. The whole formation 
is largely composed of bluish and brownish shales, sometimes slightly arena- 
ceous, sometimes calcareous, which weather into a tenacious clay upon the sur- 
face, and the soil derived from it is usually stiff and clayey. Its economic 
value is very slight. 

Several species of fossils which characterize the Cincinnati group are found 
in the Maquoketa shales ; but they contain a larger number that have been 
found anywhere else than in these shales in Iowa, and their distinct faunal char- 
acteristics seem to warrant the separation of the Maquoketa shales as a distinct 
formation from any others of the group. 

UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM. 

NIAGARA G^OUP. 

Niagara Limestone. — The area occupied by the Niagara limestone is nearly^ 
one hundred and sixty miles long from north to south, and forty and fifty miles 
wide. 

This formation is entirely a magnesian limestone, with in some places a con- 
siderable proportion of silicious matter in the form of chert or coarse flint. A 
large part of it is evenly bedded, and probably affords the best and greatest 
amount of quarry rock in the State. The quarries at Anamosa, LeClaire and 
Farley are all opened in this formation. 

DEVONIAN SYSTEM. 

HAMILTON GROUP. 

Hamilton Limestone. — The area of surface occupied by the Hamilton lime- 
stone and shales is fully as great as those by all the formations of both Upper 
and Lower Silurian age in the StatCj It is nearly two hundred miles long and 
from forty to fifty miles broad. The general trend is northwestward and south- 
eastwsMrd. 

Although a large part of the material of this formation is practically quite 
"Worthless, yet other portions are valuable for economic purposes ; and having a 



124 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

large geographical extent in the State, is one of the most important formations, 
in a practical point of view. At Waverly, Bremer County, its value for the 
production of hydraulic lime has been practically demonstrated. The heavier 
and more uniform magnesian beds furnish material for bridge piers and other 
material requiring strength and durability. 

All the Devonian strata of Iowa evidently belong to a single epoch, and re- 
ferable to the Hamilton, as recognized by New York geologists. 

The most conspicuous and characteristic fossils of this formation are bra- 
chiopod, mollusks and corals. The coral Acervularia Davidson! occurs near 
Iowa City, and is known as " Iowa City Marble," and " bird's-eye marble." 

CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 

Of the three groups of formations that constitute the carboniferous system, 
viz., the subcarboniferous, coal measures and permian, only the first two are 
found in Iowa. 

SUBCARBONIFEROUS GROUP. 

The area of the surface occupied by this group is very large. Its eastern 
border passes from the northeastern part of Winnebago County, with consider- 
able directness in a southeasterly direction to the northern part of Washington 
County. Here it makes a broad and direct bend nearly eastward, striking 
the Mississippi River at Muscatine. The southern and western boundary is to 
a considerable extent the same as that which separates it from the coal field. 
From the southern part of Pocahontas County it passes southeast to Fort Dodge, 
thence to Webster City, thence to a point three or four miles northeast of El- 
dora, in Hardin County, thence southward to the middle of the north line of 
Jasper County, thence southeastward to Sigourney, in Keokuk County, thenoe 
to the northeastern corner of Jefferson County, thence sweeping a few miles 
eastward to the southeast corner of Van Buren County. Its area is nearly two 
hundred and fifty miles long, and from twenty to fifty miles wide. 

The Kinderhook Beds. — The most southerly exposure of these beds is near 
the mouth of Skunk River, in Des Moines County. The most northerly now 
known is in the eastern part of Pocahontas County, more than two hundred 
miles distant. The principal exposures of this formation are along the bluffs 
which border the Mississippi and Skunk Rivers, where they form the eastern 
and northern boundary of Des Moines County, along English River, in Wash- 
ington County ; along the Iowa River, in Tama, Marshall, Hamlin and Frank- 
lin Counties ; and along the Des Moines River, in Humboldt County. 

The economic value of this formation is very considerable, particularly in 
the northern portion of the region it occupies. In Pocahontas and Humboldt 
Counties it is almost invaluable, as no other stone except a few boulders are 
found here. At Iowa Falls the lower division is very good for building pur- 
poses. In Marshall County all the limestone to be obtained comes from this 
formation, and the quarries near LeGrand are very valuable. At this point 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 125 

some of the layers are finely veined with peroxide of iron, and are wrought into 
ornamental and useful objects. 

In Tama County, the oolitic member is well exposed, where it is manufac- 
tured into lime. It is not valuable for building, as upon exposure to atmosphere 
and frost, it crumbles to pieces. 

The remains of fishes are the only fossils yet discovered in this formation 
that can be referred to the sub- kingdom vertebrata ; and so far as yet recog- 
nized, they all belong to the order selachians. 

Of ARTICULATES, only two species have been recognized, both of which 
Iselong to the genus j) hill ipsia. 

The sub-kingdom mollusca is largely represented. 

The EADIATA are represented by a few crinoids, usually found in a very im- 
perfect condition. The sub-kingdom is also represented by corals. 

The prominent feature in the life of this epoch was molluscan ; so much so 
in fact as to overshadow all other branches of the animal kingdom. The j^re- 
vailing classes are : lamellihranchiates, in the more arenaceous portions; and 
brachiopods, in the more calcareous portions. 

No remains of vegetation have been detected in any of the strata of this 
formation. 

The Burlington Limestone. — This formation consists of two distinct calca- 
reous divisions, which are separated by a series of silicious beds. Both divi- 
sions are eminently crinoidal. 

Tlie southerly dip of the Iowa rocks carries the Burlington limestone down, 
so that it is seen for the last time in this State in the valley of Skunk River, 
near the southern boundary of Des Moines County. The most northerly point 
at which it has been recognized is in the northern part of Washington County. 
It probably exists as far north as Marshall County. 

This formation affords much valuable material for economic purposes. The 
upper division furnishes excellent common quarry rock. 

The great abundance and variety of its fossils — crinoids — now known to be 
more tlian three hundred, have justly attracted the attention of geologists in all 
parts of the world. 

Tlie only remains of vertebrates discovered in this formation are those of 
fishes, and consist of teeth and spines ; bone of bony fishes, like those most 
common at the present day, are found in these rocks. On Buffington Creek, in 
Louisa County, is a stratum in an exposure so fully charged with these remains 
that it might with propriety be called bone breccia. 

Remains of articulates are rare in this formation. So fiir as yet discovered, 
they are confined to two species of tribolites of the genus pldllipsia. 

Fossil shells are very common. 

The two lowest classes of the sub-kingdom radiata are represented in the 
genera zaphrentis, amplexus and syringapora, while the highest class — echino- 
derms — are found in most extraordinary profusion. 



126 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 

The Keokuk Limestone. — It is only in the four counties of Lee, Van 
Buren, Henry and Des Moines that this formation is to be seen. 

In some localities the upper silicious portion of this formation is known as 
the Geode bed. It is not recognizable in the northern portion of the formation,, 
nor in connection with it where it is exposed, about eighty miles below Keokuk. 

The geodes of the Geode bed are more or less spherical masses of silex, 
usually hollow and lined with crystals of quartz. The outer crust is rough and 
unsightly, but the crystals which stud the interior are often very beautiful. 
They vary in size from the size of a walnut to a foot in diameter. 

The economic value of this formation is very great. Large quantities of its 
stone have been used in the finest structures in the State, among which are the 
post offices at Dubuque and Des Moines. The principal quarries are along the 
banks of the Mississippi, from Keokuk to Nauvoo. 

The only vertebrate fossils found in the formation are fishes, all belonging 
to the order selachians, some of which indicate that their owners reached a. 
length of twenty-five or thirty feet. 

Of the articulates, only two species of the genus phillipsia have been found 
in this formation. 

Of the mollusks, no cephalopods have yet been recognized in this formation in 
this State ; gasteropods are rare ; brachiopods and polyzoans are quite abundant. 

Of radiates, corals of genera zaphrentes, amplexus and aulopera are found^ 
but crinoids are most abundant. 

Of the low forms of animal life, the protozoans, a small fossil related to the 
sponges, is found in this formation in small numbers. 

The St. Louis Limestone. — This is the uppermost of the subcarboniferous 
group in Iowa. The superficial area it occupies is comparatively small, because 
it consists of long, narrow strips, yet its exten^, is very great. It is first seen 
resting on the geode division of the Keokuk limestone, near Keokuk. Pro- 
ceeding northward, it forms a narrow border along the edge of the coal fields 
in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, Washington, Keokuk and Mahaska 
Counties. It is then lost sight of until it appears again in the banks of Boone 
River, where it again passes out of view under the coal measures until it is 
next seen in the banks of the Des Moines, near Fort Dodge. As it exists in 
Iowa, it consists of three tolerably distinct subdivisions — the magnesian, arena- 
ceous and calcareous. 

The upper division furnishes excellent material for quicklime, and when 
quarries are well opened, as in the northwestern part of Van Buren County, 
large blocks are obtained. The sandstone, or middle division, is of little 
economic value. The lower or magnesian division furnishes a valuable 
and durable stone, exposures of which are found on Lick Creek, in Van Buren 
County, and on Long Creek, seven miles west of Burlington. 

Of the fossils of this formation, the vertebrates are represented only by the 
remains of fish, belonging to the two orders, selachians and ganoids. The 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 127 

articulates are represented by one species of the trilobite, genus pMUipsia, and 
two ostracoid, genera, cythre and beyricia. The mollusks distinguish this 
formation more than any other branch of the animal kingdom. Radiates are 
exceedingly rare, showing a marked contrast between this formation and the 
two preceding it. 

The rocks of the subcarboniferous period have in other countries, and in 
other parts of our own country, furnished valuable minerals, and even coal, but 
in Iowa the economic value is confined to its stone alone. 

The Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks of Iowa are largely 
composed of limestone. Magnesia also enters largely into the subcarbon- 
iferous group. With the completion of the St. Louis limestone, the 
production of the magnesian limestone seems to have ceased among the rocks of 
Iowa. 

Although the Devonian age has been called the age of fishes, yet so far as 
Iowa is concerned, the rocks of no period can compare with the subcarbon- 
iferous in the abundance and variety of the fish remains, and, for this reason, 
the Burlington and Keokuk limestones will in the future become more 
famous among geologists, perhaps, than any other formations in North 
America. 

It will be seen that the Chester limestone is omitted from the subcarbon- 
iferous group, and which completes the full geological series. It is probable 
the ijvhole surface of Iowa was above the sea during the time of the 
formation of the Chester limestone to the southward about one hundred 
miles. 

At the close of the epoch of the Chester limestone, the shallow seas in 
which the lower coal measures were formed again occupied the land, extending 
almost as far north as that sea had done in which the Kinderhook beds were 
formed, and to the northeastward its deposits extended beyond the subcarbon- 
iferous groups, outlines of which are found upon the next, or Devonian rock. 

THE COAL-MEASURE GROUP. 

The coal-measure group of Iowa is properly divided into three formations, 
viz., the lower, middle and upper coal measures, each having a vertical thick- 
ness of about two hundred feet. 

A line drawn upon the map of Iowa as follows, will represent the eastern 
and northern boundaries of the coal fields of the State : Commencinof at the 
southeast corner of Van Buren County, carry the line to the northeast corner 
of Jefferson County by a slight easterly curve through the western portions of 
Lee and Henry Counties. Produce this line until it reaches a point six or 
eight miles northward from the one last named, and then carry it northwest- 
ward, keeping it at about the same distance to the northward of Skunk River 
and its north branch that it had at first, until it reaches the southern boundary 
of Marshall County, a little west of its center. Then carry it to a point 



128 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

three or four miles northeast from Eldora, in Hardin County ; thence west- 
ward to a point a little north of Webster City, in Hamilton County ; and 
thence further westward to a point a little north of Fort Dodge, in Webster 
County. 

Loiver Coal Measures. — In consequence of the recedence to the southward 
of the borders of the middle and upper coal measures, the lower coal measures 
alone exist to the eastward and northward of Des Moines River. They also 
occupy a large area westward and southward of that river, but their southerly 
dip passes them below the middle coal measures at no great distance from the 
river. 

No other formation in the Avhole State possesses the economic value of the 
lower coal measures. The clay that underlies almost every bed of coal furnishes 
a large amount of material for potters' use. The sandstone of these measures 
is usually soft and unfit, but in some places, as near Red Rock, in Marion 
County, blocks of large dimensions are obtained which make good building 
material, samples of which can be seen in the State Arsenal, at Des Moines. 
On the whole, that portion of the State occupied by the lower coal measures, 
is not well supplied with stone. 

But few fossils have been found in any of the strata of the lower coal meas- 
ures, but such animal remains as have been found are without exception of 
marine origin. 

Of fossil plants found in these measures, all probably belong to the -class 
acrogens. Specimens of calamites, and several species of ferns, are found in 
all of the coal measures, but the genus lepidodendroti seems not to have existed 
later than the epoch of the middle coal measures. 

Middle Coal Measures. — This formation within the State of Iowa occupies 
a narrow belt of territory in the southern central portion of the State, embrac- 
ing a superficial area of about fourteen hundred square miles. The counties 
more or less underlaid by this formation are Guthrie, Dallas, Polk, Madison, 
Warren, Clarke, Lucas, INIonroe, Wayne and Appanoose. 

This formation is composed of alternating beds of clay, sandstone and lime- 
stone, the clays or shales constituting the bulk of the formation, the limestone 
occurring in their bands, the lithological peculiarities of which offer many con- 
trasts to the limestones of the upper and lower coal measures. The formation 
is also characterized by regular wave-like undulations, with a parallelism which 
indicates a widespread disturbance, though no dislocation of the strata have 
been discovered. 

Generally speaking, few species of fossils occur in these beds. Some of the 
shales and sandstone have afforded a few imperfectly preserved land plants — 
three or four species of ferns, belonging to the genera. Some of the carbonif- 
erous shales afford beautiful specimens of what appear to have been sea-weeds. 
Radiates are represented by corals. The mollusks are most numerously repre- 
sented. Trilohites and ostracoids are the onlv remains known of articulates. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 129 

Vertebrates are only known by the remains of salachians, or sharks, and 
ganoids. 

Upper Coal Measures. — The area occupied by this formation in Iowa is 
very great, comprising thirteen whole counties, in the southwestern part of the 
State. It adjoins by its northern and eastern boundaries the area occupied by 
the middle coal measures. 

The prominent lithological features of this formation are its limestones, yet 
it contains a considerabl _' proportion of shales and sandstones. Although it is 
known by the name of upper coal measures, it contains but a single bed of coal, 
and that only about twenty inches in maximum thickness. 

The limestone exposed in this formation furnishes good material for building 
as in Madison and Fremont Counties. The sandstones are quite worthless. No 
beds of clay for potter's use are found in the whole formation. 

The fossils in this formation are much more numerous than in either the 
middle or lower coal measures. The vertebrates are represented by the fishes 
of the orders selachians and ganoids. The articulates are represented by the 
trilobites and ostracoids. Mollusks are represented by the classes cephalapoda, 
gasteropoda, lamelli, branchiata, brachiapoda and polyzoa. Radiates are more 
numerous than in the lower and middle coal measures. Protogoans are repre- 
sented in the greatest abundance, some layers of limestone being almost entirely 
composed of their small fusiform shells. 

CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. 

There being no rocks, in Iowa, of permian, triassic or Jurassic age, the 
next strata in the geological series are of the cretaceous age. They are found 
in the western half of the State, and do not dip, as do all the other formations 
upon which they rest, to the southward and westward, but have a general dip 
of their own to the north of westward, which, however, is very slight. 
Although the actual exposures of cretaceous rocks are few in Iowa, there is 
reason to believe that nearly all the western half of the State was originally 
occupied by them ; but being very friable, they have beer^ removed by denuda- 
tion, which has taken place at two separate periods. The first period was 
during its elevation from the cretaceous sea, and during the long tertiary age 
that passed between the time of that elevation and the commencement of the 
glacial epoch. The second period was during the glacial epoch, when the ice 
produced their entire removal over considerable areas. 

It is difl5cult to indicate the exact boundaries of these rocks ; the following 
will approximate the outlines of the area : 

From the northeast corner to the southwest corner of Kossuth County ; 
thence to the southeast corner of Guthrie County; thence to the southeast 
cornex of Cass County ; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Mont- 
gomery County ; thence to the middle of the north boundary of Pottawattamie 
County ; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Woodbury County ; 



1.30 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

thence to Sergeant's bluffs ; up the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers to the 
northwest corner of the State ; eastward along the State line to the place of 
beginning. 

All the cretaceous rocks in Iowa are a part of the same deposits farther up 
the Missouri River, and in reality form their eastern boundary. 

Nishnahotany Sandstone. — This rock has the most easterly and southerly 
extent of the cretaceous deposits of Iowa, reaching the southeastern part of 
Guthrie County and the southern part of Montgomery County. To the north- 
ward, it passes beneath the Woodbury sandstones and shales, the latter passing 
beneath the inoceramus, or chalky, beds. This sandstone is, with few excep- 
tions, almost valueless for economic purposes. 

The only fossils found in this formation are a few fragments of angiosper- 
mous leaves. 

Woodbury Sandstones and Shales. — These strata rest upon the Nishna- 
hotany sandstone, and have not been observed outside of Woodbury County, 
hence their name. Their principal exposure is at Sergeant's Bluffs, seven 
miles below Sioux City. 

This rock has no value except for purposes of common masonry. 

Fossil remains are rare. Detached scales of a lepidoginoid species have 
been detected, but no other vertebrate remains. Of remains of vegetation, 
leaves of salix meekii and sassafras cretaceum have been occasionally found. 

Inoceramus Beds. — These beds rest upon the Woodbury sandstones and 
shales. They have not been observed in Iowa, except in the bluffs which 
border the Big Sioux River in Woodbury and Plymouth Counties. They are 
composed almost entirely of calcareous material, the upper portion of which is 
extensively used for lime. No building material is to be obtained from these 
beds ; and the only value they possess, except lime, are the marls, which at 
some time may be useful on the soil of the adjacent region. 

The only vertebrate remains found in the cretaceous rocks are the fishes. 
Tbose in the inoceramus beds of Iowa are two species of squoloid selachians, 
or cestratront, and three genera of teliosts. Molluscan remains are rare. 

PEAT. 

Extensive beds of peat exist in Northern Middle Iowa, which, it is esti- 
mated, contain the following areas : 

Counties. Acres. 

Cerro Gordo 1,500 

Worth 2,000 

Winnebago 2,000 

Hancock 1,500 

Wright 500 

Kossuth 700 

Dickinson 80 

Several other counties contain peat beds, but the character of the peat is 
inferior to that in the northern part of the State. The character of the peat 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 131 

named is equal to that of Ireland. The beds are of an average depth of four 
feet. It is estimated that each acre of these beds will furnish two hundred and 
fifty tons of dry fuel for each foot in depth. At present, owing to the sparse- 
ness of the population, this peat is not utilized ; but, owing to its great distance 
from the coal fields and the absence of timber, the time is coming when their 
value will be realized, and the fact demonstrated that Nature has abundantly 
compensated the deficiency of other fuel. 

GYPSUM. 

The only deposits of the sulphates of the alkaline earths of any economic 
value in Iowa are those of gypsum at and in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, in 
Webster County. All others are small and unimportant. The deposit occupies 
a nearly central position in Webster County, the Des Moines River running 
nearly centrally through it, along the valley sides of which the gypsum is seen 
in the form of ordinary rock cliff and ledges, and also occurring abundantly in 
similar positions along both sides of the valleys of the smaller streams and of 
the numerous ravines coming into the river valley. 

The most northerly known limit of the deposit is at a point near the mouth 
of Lizard Creek, a tributary of the Des Moines River, and almost adjoining 
the tOAvn of Fort Dodge. The most southerly point at which it has been 
found exposed is about six miles, by way of the river, from this northerly point 
before mentioned. Our knowledge of the width of the area occupied by it is 
limited by the exposures seen in the valleys of the small streams and in the 
ravines which come into the valley within the distance mentioned. As one goes 
up these ravines and minor valleys, the gypsum becomes lost beneath the over- 
lying drift. There can be no doubt that the different parts of this deposit, now 
disconnected by the valleys and ravines having been cut through it, were orig- 
inally connected as a continuous deposit, and there seems to be as little reason 
to doubt that the gypsum still extends to considerable distance on each side of 
the valley of the river beneath the drift which covers the region to a depth of 
from twenty to sixty feet. 

The country round about this region has the prairie surface approximating 
a general level which is so characteristic of the greater part of the State, and 
which exists irrespective of the character or geological age of the strata beneath, 
mainly because the drift is so deep and uniformly distributed that it frequently 
almost alone gives character to the surface. The valley sides of the Des Moines 
River, in the* vicinity of Fort Dodge, are somewhat abrupt, having a depth there 
from the general level of tlie upland of about one hundred and seventy feet, 
and consequently presents somewhat bold and interesting features in the land- 
scape. 

As one walks up and down the creeks and ravines which come into the 
valley of the Des Moines River there, he sees the gypsum exposed on 
either side of them, jutting out from beneath the drift in the form of 



132 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

ledges and bold quarry fronts, having almost the exact appearance of 
ordinary limestone exposures, so horizontal and regular are its lines of 
stratification, and so similar in color is it to some varieties of that rock. The 
principal quarries now opened are on Two Mile Creek, a couple of miles below 
Fort Dodge. 

The reader will please bear in mind that the gypsum of this remarkable 
deposit does not occur in "heaps" or " nests," as it does in most deposits of 
gypsum in the States farther eastward, but that it exists here in the form of a 
regularly stratified, continuous formation, as uniform in texture, color and 
quality throughout the whole region, and from top to bottom of the deposit 
as the granite of the Quincy quarries is. Its color is a uniform gray, result- 
ing from alternating fine horizontal lines of nearly white, with similar lines 
of darker shade. The gypsum of the white lines is almost entirely pure, the 
darker lines containing the impurity. This is at intervals barely sufficient in 
amount to cause the separation of the mass upon those lines into beds or layers, 
thus facilitating the quarrying of it into desired shapes. These bedding sur- 
faces have occasionally a clayey feeling to the touch, but there is nowhere any 
intercalation of clay or other foreign substance in a separate form. The deposit 
is known to reach a thickness of thirty feet at the quarries referred to, but 
although it will probably be found to exceed this thickness at some other points, 
at the natural exposures, it is seldom seen to be more than from ten to twenty 
feet thick. 

Since the drift is usually seen to rest directly upon the gypsum, with noth- 
ing intervening, except at a few points where traces appear of an overlying bed 
of clayey material without doubt of the same age as the gypsum, the latter 
probably lost something of its thickness by mechanical erosion during the 
glacial epoch ; and it has, doubtless, also suffered some diminution of thickness 
since then by solution in the waters which constantly percolate through the 
drift from the surface. The drift of this region being somewhat clayey, partic- 
ulary in its lower part, it has doubtless served in some degree as a protection 
against the diminution of the gypsum by solution in consequence of its partial 
imperviousness to water. If the gypsum had been covered by a deposit of sand 
instead of the drift clays, it would have no doubt long since disappeared by 
being dissolved in the water that would have constantly reached it from the sur- 
face. Water merely resting upon it would not dissolve it away to any extent, 
but it rapidly disappears under the action of running water. Where little rills 
of water at the time of every rain run over the face of an unused quarry, from 
the surface above it, deep grooves are thereby cut into it, giving it somewhat the 
appearance of melting ice around a waterfall. The fact that gypsum is now 
suffering a constant, but, of course, very slight, diminution, is apparent in the 
fact the springs of the region contain more or less of it in solution in their 
waters. An analysis of water from one of these springs will be found in Prof. 
Emery's report. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 133 

Besides the clayey beds that are sometimes seen to rest upon the gypsum, 
there are occasionally others seen beneath them that are also of the same 
age, and not of the age of the coal-measure strata upon which they rest. 

Age of the Gyj)sum Deposit. — In neither the gypsum nor the associated 
clays has any trace of any fossil remains been found, nor has any other indica- 
tion of its geological age been observed, except that which is afforded by its 
stratigraphical relations ; and the most that can be said with certainty is that it 
is newer than the coal measures, and older than the drift. The indications 
afforded by the stratigraphical relations of the gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge 
are, however, of considerable value. 

As already shown, it rests in that region directly and unconformably upon 
the lower coal measures ; but going southward from there, the whole series of 
coal-measure strata from the top of the subcarboniferous group to the upper 
coal measures, inclusive, can be traced without break or unconformability. 
The strata of the latter also may be traced in the same manner up into the 
Permian rocks of Kansas; and through this long series, there is no place or 
horizon which suggests that the gypsum deposit might belong there. 

Again, no Tertiary deposits are known to exist within or near the borders 
of Iowa to suggest that the gypsum might be of that age ; nor are any of the 
palaeozoic strata newer than the subcarboniferous unconformable upon each 
other as the other gypsum is unconformable upon the strata beneath it. It 
therefore seems, in a measure, conclusive, that the gypsum is of Mesozoic age, 
perhaps older than the Cretaceous. 

Litliological Origin. — As little can be said with certainty concerning the 
lithological origin of this deposit as can be said concerning its geological age, 
for it seems to present itself in this relation, as in the former one, as an isolated 
fact. None of the associated strata show any traces of a double decomposition 
of pre-existing materials, such as some have supposed all deposits of gypsum to 
have resulted from. No considerable quantities of oxide of iron nor any trace 
of native sulphur have been found in connection with it ; nor has any salt been 
found in the waters of the region. These substances are common in association 
with other gypsum deposits, and are regarded by some persons as indicative of 
the method of or resulting from their origin as such. Throughout the whole 
region, the Fort Dodge gypsum has the exact appearance of a sedimentary 
deposit. It is arranged in layers like the regular layers of limestone, and the 
whole mass, from top to bottom, is traced with fine horizontal lamintc of alter- 
nating white and gray gypsum, parallel with the bedding surfaces of the layers, 
but the whole so intimately blended as to form a solid mass. The darker lines 
contain almost all the impurity there is in the gypsum, and that impurity is 
evidently sedimentary in its character. Frci these facts, and also from the 
further one that no trace of fossil remains has been detected in the gypsum, it 
seems not unreasonable to entertain the opinion that the gypsum of Fort Dorlge 
originated as a chemical precipitation in comparatively still waters whicli were 



134 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

saturated with sulphate of lime and destitute of life ; its stratification and 
impurities being deposited at the same time as clayey impurities which had been 
held suspended in the same waters. 

Physical Properties. — Much has already been said of the physical proper- 
ties or character of this gypsum, but as it is so different in some respects from 
that of other deposits, there are yet other matters worthy of mention in connec- 
tion with those. According to the results of a complete and exhaustive anal- 
ysis by Prof. Emery, the ordinary gray gypsum contains only about eight per 
cent, of impurity ; and it is possible that the average impurity for the whole 
deposit will not exceed that proportion, so uniform in quality is it from to top 
to bottom and from one end of the region to the other. 

When it is remembered that plaster for agricultural purposes is sometimes 
prepared from gypsum that contains as much as thirty per cent, of impurity, it 
will be seen that ours is a very superior article for such purposes. The impu- 
rities are also of such a character that they do not in anyway interfere with its 
value for use in the arts. Although the gypsum rock has a gray color, it 
becomes quite white by grinding, and still whiter by the calcining process nec- 
essary in the preparation of plaster of Paris. These tests have all been practi- 
cally made in the rooms of the Geological Survey, and the quality of the plaster 
of Paris still further tested by actual use and experiment. No hesitation, 
therefore, is felt in stating that the Fort Dodge gypsum is of as good a quality 
as any in the country, even for the finest uses. 

In view of the bounteousness of the primitive fertility of our Iowa soils, 
many persons forget that a time may come when Nature will refuse to respond 
so generously to our demand as she does now, without an adequate return. 
Such are apt to say that this vast deposit of gypsum is valueless to our com- 
monwealth, except to the small extent that it may be used in the arts. This 
is undoubtedly a short-sighted view of the subject, for the time is even now 
rapidly passing away when a man may purchase a new farm for less money 
than he can re-fertilize and restore the partially wasted primitive fertility of the 
one he now occupies. There are farms even now in a large part of the older 
settled portions of the State that would be greatly benefited by the proper 
application of plaster, and such areas will continue to increase until it will be 
difiicult to estimate the value of the deposit of gypsum at Fort Dodge. It 
should be remembered, also, that the inhabitants of an extent of country 
adjoining our State more than three times as great as its own area will find it 
more convenient to obtain their supplies from Fort Dodge than from any other 
source. 

For want of direct railroad communication between this region and other 
parts of the State, the only use yet made of the gypsum by the inhabitants is 
for the purposes of ordinary building stone. It is so compact that it is found 
to be comparatively unaffected by the frost, and its ordinary situation in walls 
of houses is such that it is iirotected from the dissolving action of water, which 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 135 

can at most reach it only from occasional rains, and the effect of these is too 
slight to be perceived after the lapse of several years. 

One of the citizens of Fort Dodge, Hon. John F. Duncombe, built a large, 
fine residence of it. in 1861, the walls of which appear as unaffected by 
exposure and as beautiful as they were when first erected. It has been so long 
and successfully used for building stone by the inhabitants that they now prefer 
it to the limestone of good quality, which also exists in the immediate vicinity. 
This preference is due to the cheapness of the gypsum, as compared with the 
stone. The cheapness of the former is largely due to the facility with which it 
is quarried and wrought. Several other houses have been constructed of it in 
Fort Dodge, including the depot building of the Dubuque & Sioux City Rail- 
road. The company have also constructed a large culvert of the same material 
to span a creek near the town, limestone only being used for the lower courses, 
which come in contact with the water. It is a fine arch, each stone of gypsum 
being nicely hewn, and it will doubtless prove a very durable one. Many of 
the sidewalks in the town are made of the slabs or flags of gypsum which occur 
in some of the quarries in the form of thin layers. They are more durable 
than their softness would lead one to suppose. They also possess an advantage 
over stone in not becoming slippery Avhen worn. 

The method adopted in quarrying and dressing the blocks of gypsum is 
peculiar, and quite unlike that adopted in similar treatment of ordinary stone. 
Taking a stout auger-bit of an ordinary brace, such as is used by carpenters, 
and filing the cutting parts of it into a peculiar form, the quarryman bores his 
holes into the gypsum quarry for blasting, in the same manner and with as 
great facility as a carpenter would bore hard wood. The pieces being loosened 
by blasting, they are broken up with sledges into convenient sizes, or hewn 
into the desired shapes by means of hatchets or ordinary chopping axes, or cut 
by means of ordinary wood-saws. So little grit does the gypsum contain that 
these tools, made for working wood, are found to be better adapted for working 
the former substance than those tools are which are universally used for work- 
ing stone. 

MINOR DEPOSITS OF SULPHATE OF LIME. 

Besides the great gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge, sulphate of lime in the 
various forms of fibrous gypsum, selenite, and small, amorphous masses, has 
also been discovered in various formations in different parts of the State, includ- 
ing the coal -measure shales near Fort Dodge, where it exists in small quanti- 
ties, quite independently of the great gypsum deposit there. The quantity of 
gypsum in these minor deposits is always too small to be of any practical value, 
and frequently minute. They usually occur in shales and shaly clays, asso^ 
ciated with strata that contain more or less sulphuret of iron (iron pyrites). 
Gypsum has thus been detected in the coal measures, the St. Louis limestone, 
the cretaceous strata, and also in the lead caves of Dubuque. In most of these 
cases it is evidently the result of double decomposition of iron pyrites and car- 



136 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

bonate of lime, previously existing there ; in which cases the gypsum is of course 
not an original deposit as the great one at Fort Dodge is supposed to be. 

The existence of these comparatively minute quantities of gypsum in the 
shales of the coal measures and the subcarboniferous limestone which are exposed 
within the region of and occupy a stratigraphical position beneath the great 
gypsum deposits, suggests the possibility that the former may have originated as 
a precipitate from percolating waters, holding gypsum in solution which they 
had derived from that deposit in passing over or through it. Since, however, 
the same substance is found in similar smill quantities and under similar con- 
ditions in regions where they could have had no possible connection with that 
deposit, it is believed that none of those mentioned have necessarily originated 
from it, not even those that are found in close proximity to it. 

The gypsum found in the lead caves is usually in the form of efflorescent 
fibers, and is always in small quantity. In the lower coal-measure shale near 
Fort Dodge, a small mass was found in the form of an intercalated layer, which 
had a distinct fibrous structure, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of 
the layer. The same mass had also distinct, horizontal planes of cleavage at 
right angles with the perpendicular fibers. Thus, being more or less transpa- 
rent, the mass combined the characters of both fibrous gypsum and selenite. 
No anhydrous sulphate of lime [anhydrite) has been found in connection with 
the great gypsum deposit, nor elsewhere in Iowa, so far as yet known. j* | 

1 

SULPHATE OF STRONTIA. k 

(^Celes'inc) , 

The only locality at which this interesting mineral has yet been found in ■ 
Iowa, or, so far as is known, in the great valley of the Mississippi, is at Fort 
Dodge. It occurs there in very small quantity in both the shales of the lower 
coal measures and in the clays that overlie the gypsum deposit, and which are 
regarded as of the same age with it. The first is just below the city, near Rees' 
coal bank, and occurs as a layer intercalated among the coal measure shales, 
amounting in quantity to only a few hundred pounds' weight. The mineral is 
fibrous and crystalline, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. 
Breaking also with more or less distinct horizontal planes of cleavage, it resem- 
bles, in physical character, the layer of fibro-crystalline gypsum before men- 
tioned. Its color is light blue, is transparent and shows crystaline facets upon 
both the upper and under surfaces of the layer ; those of the upper surface 
being smallest and most numerous. It breaks up readily into small masses 
along the lines of the perpendicular fibers or columns. The layer is probably 
not more than a rod in extent in any direction and about three inches in maxi- 
mum thickness. Apparent lines of stratification occur in it, corresponding with 
those of the shales which imbed it. 

The other deposit was still smaller in amount, and occurred as a mass of 
crystals imbedded in the clays that overlie the gypsum at Cummins' quarry in 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 137 

the valley of Soldier Creek, upon the north side of the town. The mineral is 
in this case nearly colorless, and but for the form of the separate crystals would 
closely resemble masses of impure salt. The crystals are so closely aggregated 
that they enclose but little impurity in the mass, but in almost all cases their 
fundamental forms are obscured. This mineral has almost no real practical 
value, and its occurrence, as described, is interesting only as a mineralogical 
fact. J 

SULPHATE OF BARYTA. 

[Baryks, Heavy Spar.) 

This mineral has been found only in minute quantities in Iowa. It has 
been detected in the coal-measure shales of Decatur, Madison and Marion 
Counties, the Devonian limestone of Johnson and Bremer Counties and in the 
lead caves of Dubuque. In all these cases, it is in the form of crystals or small 
crystalline masses. 

SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA. 

[Epsomite.) 

Epsomite, or native epsom salts, having been discovered near Burlington, 
•we have thus recognized in Iowa all the sulphates of the alkaline earths of 
natural origin ; all of them, except the sulphate of lime, being in very small 
quantity. Even if the sulphate of magnesia were produced in nature, in large 
quantities, it is so very soluble that it can accumulate only in such positions as 
afford it complete shelter from the rains or running water The epsomite 
mentioned was found beneath the overhanging cliff of Burlington limestone, 
near Starr's mill, which are represented in the sketch upon another page, illus- 
trating the subcarboniferous rocks. It occurs in the form of efflorescent encrus- 
tations upon the surface of stones and in similar small fragile masses among the 
fine debris that has fallen down beneath the overhanging cliff. The projection 
of the cliff over the perpendicular face of the strata beneath amounts to near 
twenty feet at the point where epsomite was found. Consequently the rains 
never reach far beneath it from any quarter. The rock upon which the epsom- 
ite accumulates is an impure limestone, containing also some carbonate of mag- 
nesia, together with a small proportion of iron pyrites in a finely divided con- 
dition. It is doubtless by double decomposition of these that the epsomite re- 
sults. By experiments with this native salt in the office of the Survey, a fine 
article of epsom salts was produced, but the quantity that might be annually 
obtained there would amount to only a few pounds, and of course is of no prac- 
tical value whatever, on account of its cheapness in the market. 

CLIMATOLOGY. 

No extended record of the climatology of Iowa has been made, yet much of 
great value may be learned from observations made at a single point. Prof. T. 
S. Parvin, of the State University, has recorded observations made from 1839 
to the present time. Previous to 1860, these observations were made at Mus- 



138 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



catine. Since that date, they were made in Iowa City. The result is that the 
atmospheric conditions of the climate of Iowa are in the highest degree favor- 
able to health. 

The highest temperature here occurs in August, while July is the hottest 
month in the year by two degrees, and January the coldest by three degrees. 

The mean temperature of April and October most nearly corresponds to the 
mean temperature of the year, as well as their seasons of Spring and Fall, 
while that of Summer and Winter is best represented in that of August and 
December. 

The period of greatest heat ranges from June 22d to August 31st ; the next 
mean time being July 27th. The lowest temperature extends from December 
16th to February 15th, the average being January 20th — the range in each 
case being two full months. 

The climate of Iowa embraces the range of that of New York, Pennsyl- 
vania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. The seasons are not characterized by the 
frequent and sudden changes so common in the latitudes further south. The 
temperature of the Winters is somewhat lower than States eastward, but of other 
seasons it is higher. The atmosphere is dry and invigorating. The surface of 
the State being free at all seasons of the year from stagnant water, with good 
breezes at nearly all seasons, the miasmatic and pulmonary diseases are 
unknown. Mortuary statistics show this to be one of the most healthful States 
in the Union, being one death to every ninety-four persons. The Spring, 
Summer and Fall months are delightful ; indeed, the glory of Iowa is her 
Autumn, and nothing can transcend the splendor of her Indian Summer, which 
lasts for weeks, and finally blends, almost imperceptibly, into Winter. 




HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. 

Iowa, in the symbolical and expressive language of the aboriginal inhab- 
itants, is said to signify " The Beautiful Land," and was applied to this 
magnificent and fruitful region by its ancient owners, to express their apprecia- 
tion of its superiority of climate, soil and location. Prior to 1803, the Mississippi 
River was the extreme western boundary of the United States. All the great 
empire lying west of the " Father of Waters," from the Gulf of Mexico on the 
south to British America on the north, and westward to the Pacific Ocean, was 
a Spanish province. A brief historical sketch of the discovery and occupation 
of this grand empire by the Spanish and French governments will be a fitting 
introduction to the history of the young and thriving State of Iowa, which, 
until the commencement of the present century, was a part of the Spanish 
possessions in America. 

Early in the Spring of 1542, fifty years after Columbus discovered the New 
World, and one hundred and thirty years before the French missionaries discov- 
ered its upper waters, Ferdinand De Soto discovered the mouth of the Mississippi 
River at the mouth of the Washita. After the sudden death of De Soto, in 
May of the same year, his followers built a small vessel, and in July, 1543, 
descended the great river to the Gulf of Mexico. 

In accordance with the usage of nations, under which title to the soil was 
claimed by right of discovery, Spain, having conquered Florida and discovered 
the Mississippi, claimed all the territory bordering on that river and the Gulf of 
Mexico. But it was also held by the European nations that, while discovery 
gave title, that title must be perfected by actual possession and occupation. 
Although Spain claimed the territory by right of first discovery, she made no 
eifort to occupy it; by no permanent settlement had she perfected and held her 
title, and therefore had forfeited it when, at a later period, the Lower Mississippi 
Valley was re-discovered and occupied by France. 

The unparalleled labors of the zealous Frc nc't Jesuits of Canada in penetrating 
the unknown region of the West, commencing in 1611, form a history of no ordi- 
nary interest, but have no particular connection with the scope of the present 
work, until in the Fall of 1665. Pierre Claude Allouez, who had entered Lake 
Superior in September, and sailed along the southern coast in search of copper, 
had arrived at the great village of the Chippewas at Chegoincegon. Here a 
grand council of some ten or twelve of tlie principal Indian nations was held. 
The Pottawatomios of Lake Michigan, the Sacs and Foxes of the West, the 
Hurons from the North, the Illinois from the South, and the Sionx from the 
land of the prairie and wild rice, were all assembled there. The Illinois told 



140 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

the story of their ancient glory and about the noble river on the banks of whicli 
they dwelt. The Sioux also told their white brother of the same great river, 
and Allouez promised to the assembled tribes the protection of the French 
nation against all their enemies, native or foreign. 

The purpose of discovering the great river about which the Indian na- 
tions had given such glowing accounts appears to have originated with Mar- 
quette, in 1069. In the year previous, he and Claude Dablon had established 
the Mission of St. Mary's, the oldest white settlement within the present limits 
of the State of Michigan. Marquette was delayed in the execution of his great 
undertaking, and spent the interval in studying the language and habits of the 
Illinois Indians, among whom he expected to travel. 

About this time, the French Government had determined to extend the do- 
minion of France to the extreme western borders of Canada. Nicholas Perrot 
was sent as the agent of the government, to propose a grand council of the 
Indian nations, at St. Mary's. 

When Perrot reached Green Bay, he extended the invitation far and near ; 
and, escorted by Pottawatomies, repaired on a mission of peace and friend- 
ship to the Miamis, who occupied the region about the present location of 
Chicago. 

In May, 1671, a great council of Indians gathered at the Falls of St. 
Mary, from all parts of the Northwest, from the head waters of the St. Law- 
I'ence, from the valley of the Mississippi and from the Red River of the North. 
Perrot met with them, and after grave consultation, formally announced to the 
assembled nations that their good French Father felt an abiding interest in their 
welfare, and had placed them all under the powerful protection of the French 
Government. 

Marquette, during that same year, had gathered at Point St. Ignace the 
remn ants of one branch of the Hurons. This station, for a long series of 
years, was considered the key to the unknown West. 

The time was now auspicious for the consummation of Marquette's grand 
project. The successful termination of Perrot's mission, and the general friend- 
liness of the native tribes, rendered the contemplated expedition much less per- 
ilous. But it was not until 1673 that the intrepid and enthusiastic priest was 
finally ready to depart on his daring and perilous journey to lands never trod by 
white men. 

The Indians, who had gathered in large numbers to witness his departure, 
were astounded at the boldness of the proposed undertaking, and tried to dis- 
courage him, representing that the Indians of the Mississippi A^alley were cruel 
and bloodthirsty, and would resent the intrusion of strangers upon their domain. 
The great river itself, they said, was the abode of terrible monsters, who could 
swallow both canoes and men. 

But Marquette was not to be diverted from his purpose by these fearful re- 
ports. He assured his dusky friends that he was ready to make any sacrifice, 
even to lay down his life for the sacred cause in which he was engaged. He 
prayed with them ; and having implored the blessing of God upon his undertak- 
ing, on the 13th day of May, 1673, with Joliet and five Canadian-French voy- 
ageurs, or boatmen, he left the mission on his daring journey. Ascending 
Green Bay and Fox River, these bold and enthusiastic pioneers of religion and 
discovery proceeded until they reached a Miami and Kickapoo village, where 
Marquette was delighted to find " a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the 
town, ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which 
these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank Him for 



I 



I 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 141 

the pity He had bestowed on them during the Winter, in having given them 
abundant chase." 

This was the extreme point beyond which the explorations of the French 
missionaries had not then extended. Here Marquette was instructed by his 
Indian hosts in the secret of a root that cures the bite of the venomous rattle- 
snake, drank mineral water with them and was entertained with generous hos- 
pitality. He called together the principal men of the village, and informed 
them that his companion, Joliet, had been sent by the French Governor of Can- 
ada to discover new countries, to be added to the dominion of France ; but that 
he, himself, had been sent by the Most High God, to carry the glorious religion 
of the Cross ; and assured his wondering hearers that on this mission he had 
no fear of death, to which he knew he would be exposed on his perilous journeys. 

Obtaining the services of two Miami guides, to conduct his little band to the 
Wisconsin River, he left the hospitable Indians on the 10th of June. Conduct- 
ing them across the portage, their Indian guides returned to their village, and 
the little party descended the Wisconsin, to the great river which had so long 
been so anxiously looked for, and boldly floated down its unknown waters. 

On the 25th of June, the explorers discovered indications of Indians on the 
"west bank of the river and land d a little above the mouth of the river now 
known as Des Moines, and for the first time Europeans trod the soil of Iowa. 
Leaving the Canadians to guard the canoes, Marquette and Joliet boldly fol- 
lowed the trail into the interior for fourteen miles (some authorities say six), to 
an Indian village situate on the banks of a river, and discovered two other vil- 
lages, on the rising ground about half a league distant. Their visit, while it 
created much astonishment, did not seem to be entirely unexpected, for there 
was a tradition or prophecy among the Indians that white visitors were to come 
to them. Tliey were, therefore, received with great respect and hospitality, and 
Avere cordially tendered the calumet or pipe of peace. They were inforajed that 
this band was a part of the Illini nation and that their village was called Mon- 
in-gou-ma or Moingona, which was the name of the river on which it stood. 
This, from its similarity of sound, Marquette corrupted into Des Moines 
(Monk's River), its present name. 

Here the voyagers remained six days, learning much of the manners and 
■customs of their new friends. The new religion they boldly preached and the 
authority of the King of France they proclaimed were received without hos- 
tility or remonstrance by their savage entertainers. On their departure, they 
were accompanied to their canoes by the chiefs and hundreds of warriors. 
Marquette received from them the sacred calumet, the emblem of peace and 
safeguard among the nations, and re-embarked for the rest of his journey. 

It is needless to follow him further, as his explorations beyond his discovery 
of Iowa more properly belong to the history of another State. 

In 1682, La Salle descended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and in 
the iiame of the King of France, took formal possession of all the immense 
region watered by the great river and its tributaries from its source to its mouth, 
and named it Louisiana, in honor of his master, Louis XIA"". The river he 
called " Colbert," after the French Minister, and at its mouth erected a column 
and a cross bearing the inscription, in the French language, 

" Louis the Great, King of France and Navarre, 
Reigning April 9th, 1682." 

At the close of the seventeenth century, France claimed, by right of dis- 
covery and occupancy, the whole valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries, 
including Texas, as far as the Rio del Norte. 



142 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA, 

The province of Louisiana stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the sources 
of the Tennessee, the Kanawha, the Allegheny and the Monongahela on the 
east, and the Missouri and the other great tributaries of the Father of Waters 
on the west. Says Bancroft, " France had obtained, under Providence, the 
guardianship of this immense district of country, not, as it proved, for her own 
benefit, but rather as a trustee for the infant nation by which it was one day to 
be inherited." 

By the treaty of Utrecht, France ceded to England her possessions 
in Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. France still retained 
Louisiana ; but the province had so far failed to meet the expectations of the 
crown and the people that a change in the government and policy of the country 
was deemed indispensable. Accordingly, in 1711, the province was placed in 
the hands of a Governor General, with headquarters at Mobile. This govern- 
ment was of brief duration, and in 1712 a charter was granted to Anthony 
Crozat, a wealthy merchant of Paris, giving him the entire control and mo- 
nopoly of all the trade and resources of Louisiana. But this scheme also failed. 
Crozat met with no success in his commercial operations ; every Spanish harbor 
on the Gulf was closed against his vessels; the occupation of Louisiana was 
deemed an encroachment on Spanish territory ; Spain was jealous of the am- 
bition of France. 

Failing in his efforts to open the ports of the district, Crozat "sought tO' 
develop the internal resources of Louisiana, by causing trading posts to be 
opened, and explorations to be made to its remotest borders. But he 
actually accomplished nothing for the advancement of the colony. The only 
prosperity which it ever possessed grew out of the enterprise of humble indi- 
viduals, who had succeeded in instituting a little barter bjtwe^n themselves 
and the natives, and a petty trade with neighboring European settlements. 
After a persevering effort of nearly five years, he surrendered his charter in 
August, 1717." 

Immediately following the surrender of his charter by Crozat, another and 
more magnificent scheme was inaugurated. The national government of France 
was deeply involved in debt ; the colonies were nearly bankrupt, and John Law 
appeared on the scene with his famous Mississippi Company, as the Louisiana 
branch of the Bank of France. The charter granted to this company gave it a 
legal existence of twenty-five years, and conferred upon it more extensive powers 
and privileges than had been granted to Crozat. It invested the new company 
with the exclusive privilege of the entire commerce of Louisiana, and of New 
France, and with authority to enforce their rights. The Company was author- 
ized to monopolize all the trade in the country ; to make treaties with the 
Indians ; to declare and prosecute war ; to grant lands, erect forts, open mines 
of precious metals, levy taxes, nominate civil officers, commission those of the 
army, and to appoint and remove judges, to cast cannon, and build and equip 
ships of war. All this was to be done with the paper currency of John Laws 
Bank of France. He had succeeded in getting His Majesty the French King 
to adopt and sanction his scheme of financial operations both in France and in 
the colonies, and probably there never was such a huge financial bubble ever 
blown by a visionary theorist. Still, such was the condition of France that it 
was accepted as a national deliverance, and Law became the most powerful man 
in France. He became a Catholic, and was appointed Comptroller General of 
Finance. 

Among the first operations of the Company was to send eight hundred 
emigrants to Louisiana, who arrived at Dauphine Island in 1718. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 143 

In 1719, Philipe Francis Renault arrived in Illinois with two hundred 
miners and artisans. The war between France and Spain at this time rendered 
it extremely probable that the Mississippi Valley might become the theater of 
Spanish hostilities against the French settlements ; to prevent this, as well as to 
extend French claims, a chain of forts was begun, to keep open the connection 
between the mouth and the sources of the Mississippi. Fort Orleans, high up 
the Mississippi River, was erected as an outpost in 1720. 

The Mississippi scheme was at the zenith of its power and glory in January, 
1720, but the gigantic bubble collapsed more suddenly than it had been inflated, 
and tlie Company was declared hopelessly bankrupt in May following. France 
was impoverished by it, both private and public credit were overthrown, capi- 
talists suddenly found themselves paupers, and labor was left without employ- 
ment. The effect on the colony of Louisiana was disastrous. 

While this was going on in Lower Louisiana, the region about the lakes was 
the theater of Indian hostilities, rendering the passage from Canada to Louisiana 
extremely dangerous for many years. The English had not only extended their 
Indian trade into the vicinity of the French settlements, but through their 
friends, the Iroquois, had gained a marked ascendancy over the Foxes, a fierce 
and powerful tribe, of Iroquois descent, whom they incited to hostilities against 
the French. The Foxes began their hostilities with the siege of Detroit in 
1712, a siege which they continued for nineteen consecutive days, and although 
the expedition resulted in diminishing their numbers and humbling their pride, 
yet it was not until after several successive campaigns, embodying the best 
military resources of New France, had been directed against them, that were 
finally defeated at the great battles of Butte des Morts, and on the Wisconsin 
River, and driven Avest in 174G. 

The Company, having found that the cost of defending Louisiana exceeded 
the returns from its commerce, solicited leave to surrender the Mississippi 
wilderness to the home government. Accordingly, on the 10th of April, 1732, 
the jurisdiction and control over the commerce reverted to the crown of France. 
The Company had held possession of Louisiana fourteen years. In 1735, Bien- 
ville returned to assume command for the King. 

A glance at a few of the old French settlements will show the progress made 
in portions of Louisiana during the early part of the eighteenth century. As 
early as 1705, traders and hunters had penetrated the fertile regions of the 
Wabash, and from this region, at that early date, fifteen thousand hides and 
skins had been collected and sent to Mobile for the European market. 

In the year 1716, the French population on the Wabash kept up a lucrative 
commerce with Mobile by means of traders and voyageurs. The Ohio River 
was comparatively unknown. 

In 1746, agriculture on the W^abash had attained to greater prosperity than 
in any of the French settlements besides, and in that year six hundred barrels 
of flour were manufactured and shipped to New Orleans, together with consider- 
able quantities of hides, peltry, tallow and beeswax. 

In the Illinois country, also, considerable settlements had been made, so that, 
in 1730, they embraced one hundred and forty French families, about six 
hundred "converted Indians," and many traders and voyageurs. 

In 1753, the first actual conflict arose between Louisiana and the Atlantic 
colonies. From the earliest advent of the Jesuit fathers, up to the period of 
which we speak, the great ambition of tlie French had been, not alone to preserve 
their possessions in the W^est, but by every possible means to prevent the 
slightest attempt of the English, east of the mountains, to extend their settle- 



144 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

ments toward the Mississippi. France was resolved on retaining possession of 
the great territory which her missionaries had discovered and revealed to the 
world. French commandants had avowed their purpose of seizing every 
Englishman within the Ohio Valley. 

The colonies of Pennsylvania, New York and Virginia were most affected by 
the encroachments of France in the extension of her dominion, and particularly 
in the great scheme of uniting Canada with Louisiana. To carry out this- 
purpose, the French had taken possession of a tract of country claimed by Vir- 
ginia, and had commenced a line of forts extending from the lakes to the Ohio 
River. Virginia was not only alive to her own interests, but attentive to the 
vast importance of an immediate and effectual resistance on the part of all 
the English colonies to the actual and contemplated encroachments of the 
French. 

In 17C3, Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, sent George Washington, then a 
young man just twenty-one, to demand of the French commandant " a reason 
for invading British dominions while a solid peace subsisted." Washington met 
the French commandant, Gardeur de St. Pierre, on the head waters of the 
Alleghany, and having communicated to him the object of his journey, received 
the insolent answer that the French would not discuss the matter of right, but 
would make prisoners of every Englishman found trading on the Ohio and its 
waters. The country, he said, belonged to the French, by virtue of the dis- 
coveries of La Salle, and they would not withdraw from it. 

In January, 1754, Washington returned to Virginia, and made his report to 
the Governor and Council. Forces were at once raised, and Washington, as 
Lieutenant Colonel, was dispatched at the head of a hundred and fifty men, to 
the forks of the Ohio, with orders to "finish the fort already begun there by the 
Ohio Company, and to make prisoners, kill or destroy all who interrupted the 
English settlements." 

On his march through the forests of Western Pennsylvania, Washington^ 
through the aid of friendly Indians, discovered the French concealed among the 
rocks, and as they ran to seize their arms, ordered his men to fire upon them, at 
the same time, with his own musket, setting the example. An action lasting 
about a quarter of an hour ensued ; ten of the Frenchmen were killed, among 
them Jumonville, the commander of the party, and twenty-one were made pris- 
oners. The dead were scalped by the Indians, and the chief, bearing a toma- 
hawk and a scalp, visited all the tribes of the Miamis, urging them to join the 
Six Nations and the English against the French. The French, however, were 
soon re-enforced, and Col. Washington was compelled to return to Fort 
Necessity. Here, on the 3d day of July, De Villiers invested the fort with 
600 French troops and 100 Indians. On the 4th, Washington accepted 
terms of capitulation, and the English garrison withdrew from the valley of 
the Ohio. 

This attack of Washington upon Jumonville aroused the indignation of 
France, and war was formally declared in May, 1756, and the " French and 
Indian War" devastated the colonies for several years. Montreal, Detroit 
and all Canada were surrendered to the English, and on the 10th of February, 
1763, by the treaty of Paris — which had been signed, though not formally ratified 
by the respective governments, on the 3dof November, 1762 — France relinquished 
to Great Britian all that portion of the province of Louisiana lying on the east 
side of the Mississippi, except the island and town of New Orleans. On the 
same day that the treaty of Paris was signed, France, by a secret treaty, ceded 
to Spain all her possessions on the west side of the Mississippi, including the 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 145 

whole country to the head waters of the Great River, and west to the Rocky 
Mountains, and the jurisdiction of France in America, which had lasted nearly 
a century, was ended. 

At the close of the Revolutionary war, by the treaty of peace between Great 
Britain and the United States, the English Government ceded to the latter 
all the territory on the east side of the Mississippi River and north of the thirty- 
first parallel of north latitude. At the same time, Great Britain ceded to 
Spain all the Floridas, comprising all the territory east of the Mississippi and 
south of the southern limits of the United States. 

At this time, therefore, the present State of Iowa was a part of the Spanish 
possessions in North America, as all the territory west of the Mississippi River 
was under the dominion of Spain. That government also possessed all the 
territory of the Floridas east of the great river and south of the thirty-first 
parallel of north latitude. The Mississippi, therefore, so essential to the pros- 
perity of the western portion of the United States, for the last three hundred 
miles of its course flowed wholly within the Spanish dominions, and that govern- 
ment claimed the exclusive right to use and control it below the southern boun- 
dary of the United States. 

The free navigation of the Mississippi was a very important question during 
all the time that Louisiana remained a dependency of the Spanish Crown, and 
as the final settlement intimately affected the status of the then future State 
of Iowa, it will be interesting to trace its progress. 

The people of the United States occupied and exercised jurisdiction over 
the entire eastern valley of the Mississippi, embracing all the country drained 
by its eastern tributaries ; they had a natural right, according to the accepted in- 
ternational law, to follow these rivers to the sea, and to the use of the Missis- 
sippi River accordingly, as the great natural channel of commerce. The river 
was not only necessary but absolutely indispensable to the prosperity and growth 
of the western settlements then rapidly rising into commercial and political 
importance. They were situated in the heart of the great valley, and with 
wonderfully expansive energies and accumulating resources, it was very evident 
that no power on earth could deprive them of the free use of the river below 
them, only while their numbers were insuflficient to enable them to maintain 
their right by force. Inevitably, therefore, immediately after the ratification of 
the treaty of 1783, the Western people began to demand the free navigation 
of the Mississippi — not as a favor, but as a right. In 1786, both banks of 
the river, below the mouth of the Ohio, were occupied by Spain, and military 
posts on the east bank enforced her power to exact heavy duties on all im- 
ports by way of the river for the Ohio region. Every boat descending the 
river was forced to land and submit to the arbitrary revenue exactions of the 
Spanish authorities. Under the administration of Governor Miro, these rigor- 
ous exactions were somewhat relaxed from 1787 to 1790 ; but Spain held it as 
her right to make them. Taking advantage of the claim of the American people, 
that the Mississippi should be opened to them, in 1791, the Spanish Govern- 
ment concocted a scheme for the dismembership of the Union. The plan was 
to induce the Western people to separate from the Eastern States by liberal land 
grants and extraordinary commercial privileges. 

Spanish emissaries, among the people of Ohio and Kentucky, informed them 
that the Spanish Government would grant them favorable commercial privileges^ 
provided they Avould secede from the Federal Government east of the mountains. 
The Spanish Minister to the United States plainly declared to his confidential 
correspondent that, unless the Western people would declare their independence 



146 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

and refuse to remain in the Union, Spain was determined never to grant the 
free navigation of the Mississippi. 

By the treaty of Madrid, October 20, 1795, however, Spain formally stip- 
ulated that the Mississippi River, from its source to the Gulf, for its entire width, 
should be free to American trade and commerce, and that the people of the 
United States should be permitted, for three years, to use the port of New 
■Orleans as a port of deposit for their merchandise and produce, duty free. 

In November, 1801, the United States Government received, through Rufus 
King, its Minister at the Court of St. James, a copy of the treaty between Spain 
and -France, signed at Madrid March 21, 1801, by which the cession of Loui- 
siana to France, made the previous Autumn, was confirmed. 

The change oifered a favorable opportunity to secure the just rights of the 
United States, in relation to the free navigation of the Mississippi, and ended 
the attempt to dismember the Union by an effort to secure an independent 
government west of the Alleghany Mountains. On the 7th of January, 1803, 
the American House of Representatives adopted a resolution declaring their 
" unalterable determination to maintain the boundaries and the rights of navi- 
gation and commerce through the River Mississippi, as established by existing 
treaties." 

In the same month. President Jefferson nominated and the Senate confirmed 
Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe as Envoys Plenipotentiary to the 
Court of France, and Charles Pinckney and James Monroe to the Court of 
Spain, with plenary powers to negotiate treaties to effect the object enunciated 
by the popular branch of the National Legislature. These envoys were in- 
structed to secure, if possible, the cession of Florida and New Orleans, but it 
does not appear that Mr. Jefferson and his Cabinet had any idea of purchasing 
that part of Louisiana lying on^the tvest side of the Mississippi. In fact, on 
the 2d of March following, the instructions were sent to our Ministers, contain- 
ing a plan which expressly left to France "all her territory on the west side of 
the Mississippi." Had these instructions been followed, it might have been that 
there would not have been any State of Iowa or any other member of the glori- 
ous Union of States west of the " Father of Waters." 

In obedience to his instructions, however, Mr. Livingston broached this 
plan to M. Talleyrand, Napoleon's Prime Minister, when that courtly diplo- 
matist quietly suggested to the American Minister that France might be willing 
to cede the tvJwle French domain in North America to the United States, and 
asked how much the Federal Government would be willing to give for it. Liv- 
ingston intimated that twenty millions of francs might be a fair price. Talley- 
rand thought that not enough, but asked the Americans to " think of it." A 
few days later, Napoleon, in an interview with Mr. Livingston, in effect informed 
the American Envoy that he had secured Louisiana in a contract with Spain 
for the purpose of turning it over to the United States for a mere nominal sum. 
He had been compelled to provide for the safety of that province by the treaty, 
and he was " anxious to give the United States a magnificent bargain for a 
mere trifle." The price proposed Avas one hundred and twenty-five million 
francs. This was subsequently modified to fifteen million dollars, and on this 
basis a treaty was negotiated, and was signed on the 30th day of April, 1803. 

This treaty Avas ratified by the Federal Government, and by act of Congress, 
approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United States was authorized 
to take possession of the territory and provide for it a temporary government. 
Accordingly, on the 20th day of December following, on behalf of the Presi- 
dent, Gov. Clairborne and Gen. Wilkinson took possession of the Louisiana 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lOAVA. 147 - 

purchase, and raised the American flag over the newly acquired domain, at New 
Orleans. Spain, although it had by treaty ceded the province to France in 
1801, still held quasi possession, and at first objected to the transfer, but with- 
drew her opposition early in 1804. 

By this treaty, thus successfully consummated, and the peaceable withdrawal 
of Spain, the then infant nation of the New World extended its dominion west 
of the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, and north from the Gulf of Mexico to 
British America. 

If the original design of Jefferson's administration had been accomplished, 
the United States would have acquired only that portion of the French territory 
lying east of the Mississippi River, and while the American people would thus 
liave acquired the free navigation of that great river, all of the vast and fertile 
empire on the west, so rich in its agricultural and inexhaustible mineral 
resources, would have remained under the dominion of a foreign power. To 
Napoleon's desire to sell the whole of his North American possessions, and Liv- 
ingston's act transcending his instructions, which was acquiesced in after it was 
done, does Iowa owe her position as a part of the United States by the 
Louisiana purchase. 

By authority of an act of Congress, approved March 26, 1804, the newly 
acquired territory was, on the 1st day of October following, divided : that part 
lying south of the 33d parallel of north latitude was called the Territory of 
Orleans, and all north of that parallel the District of Louisiana, which was placed 
under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory, until July 4, 1805, when 
it was organized, with territorial government of its own, and so remained until 
1812, when the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana, and the 
name of the Territory of Louisiana was changed to Missouri. On the 4th of 
July, 1814, that part of Missouri Territory comprising the present State of 
Arkansas, and the country to the westward, was organized into the Arkansas 
Territory. 

On the 2d of March, 1821, the State of Missouri, being a part of the Terri- 
tory of that name, was admitted to the Union. June 28, 1834, the territory 
west of the Mississippi River and north of Missouri was made a part of the 
Territory of Michigan ; but two years later, on the 4th of July, 1836, Wiscon- 
sin Territory was erected, embracing within its limits the present States of 
Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. 

By act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838, the 

TERRITORY OF IOWA 

was erected, comprising, in addition to the present State, much the larger part 
of Minnesota, and extending north to the boundary of the British Possessions. 

THE ORIGINAL OWNERS. 

Having traced the early history of the great empire lying west of the Mis- 
sissippi, of which the State of Iowa constitutes a part, from the earliest dis- 
covery to the organization of the Territory of Iowa, it becomes necessary to 
give some history of 

THE INDIANS OF IOWA. 

According to the policy of the European nations, possession perfected title 
to any territory. We have seen that the country west of the Mississippi was first 
discovered by the Spaniards, but afterward, was visited and occupied by the 
French. It was ceded by France to Spain, and by Spain back to France again, 



148 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

and then "was purchased and occupied by the United States. During all that 
time, it does not appear to have entered into the heads or hearts of the high 
contracting parties that the country they bought, sold and gave away was in 
the possession of a race of men who, although savage, owned the vast domain 
before Columbus first crossed the Atlantic, Having purchased the territory, 
the United States found it still in the possession of its original owners, who had 
never been dispossessed ; and it became necessary to purchase again what had 
already been bought before, or forcibly eject the occupants; therefore, the his- 
tory of the Indian nations who occupied Iowa prior to and during its early set- 
tlement by the Avhites, becomes an important chapter in the history of the State, 
that cannot be omitted. 

For more than one hundred years after Marquette and Joliet trod the virgin 
soil of Iowa, not a single settlement had been made or attempted ; not even a 
trading post had been established. The whole country remained in the undis- 
puted possession of the native tribes, who roamed at will over her beautiful and 
fertile prairies, hunted in her woods, fished in her streams, *and often poured out 
their life-blood in obstinately contested contests for supremacy. That this State 
so aptly styled "The Beautiful Land," had been the theater of numerous, 
fierce and bloody struggles between rival nations, for possession of the favored 
region, long before its settlement by civilized man, there is no room for doubt. 
In these savage wars, the weaker party, whether aggressive or defensive, was 
either exterminated or driven from their ancient hunting grounds. 

In 1673, when Marquette discovered Iowa, the Ulini were a very powerful 
people, occupying a large portion of the State ; but when the country was again 
visited by the whites, not a remnant of that once powerful tribe remained on 
the west side of the Mississippi, and Iowa was principally in the possession of 
the Sacs and Foxes, a warlike tribe which, originally two distinct nations, 
residing in New York and on the waters of the St. Lawrence, had gradually 
fought their way Avestward, and united, probably, after the Foxes had been driven 
out of the Fox River country, in 1846, and crossed the Mississippi. The death 
of Pontiac, a famous Sac chieftain, was made the pretext for war against the 
mini, and a fierce and bloody struggle ensued, which continued until the Illinois 
were nearly destroyed and their hunting grounds possessed by their victorious 
foes. The lowas also occupied a portion of the State for a time, in common 
with the Sacs, but they, too, were nearly destroyed by the Sacs and Foxes, and, 
in "The Beautiful Land," these natives met their equally warlike foes, the 
ISIorthern Sioux, with whom they maintained a constant warfare for the posses- 
sion of the country for many years. 

When the United States came in possession of the great valley of the Mis- 
sissippi, by the Louisiana purchase, the Sacs and Foxes and lowas possessed 
the entire territory now comprising the State of Iowa. The Sacs and Foxes, 
also, occupied the most of the State of Illinois. 

The Sacs had four principal villages, where most of them resided, viz. : 
Their largest and most important town — if an Indian village may be called 
such — and from which emanated most of the obstacles and difficulties encoun- 
tered by the Government in the extinguishment of Indian titles to land in this 
region, was on Bock River, near Rock Island ; another was on the east bank of 
the Mississippi, near the mouth of Henderson River ; the third was at the 
head of the Des Moines Rapids, near the present site of Montrose, and the fourth 
was near the mouth of the LTpper Iowa. 

The Foxes had three principal villages, viz. : One on the west side of the 
Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of Rock River ; another about twelve 



HISTORY OF TTTE STATE OF IOWA. 149 

miles from the river, in the rear of the Dubuque lead mines, and the third on 
Turkey River. ' 

The loAvas, at one time identified with the Sacs, of Rock River, had with- 
drawn from them and become a separate tribe. Their principal village was on 
the Des Moines River, in Van Buren County, on the site where lowaville now 
stands. Here the last great battle between the Sacs and Foxes and the lowas 
was fought, in which Black Hawk, then a young man, commanded one division 
of the attacking forces. The following account of the battle has been given : 

'•Contrary to long established custom of Indian attack, this battle was commenced in the day 
time, the attending circumstances justifying tins departure from the well settled usages of Indian 
warfare. The battle field was a level river bottom, about four miles in lecgth, and two miles 
wide near the middle, narrowing to a point at either end. The main area of this bottom rises 
perhaps twenty feet above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom along the shore, covered 
with trees that belted the prairie on the river side with a thick forest, and the immediate bank of 
the river was fringed with a dense growth of willows. Near the lower end of this prairie, near 
the river bank, was situated the Iowa village. About two miles above it and near the middle of 
the prairie is a mound, covered at the time with a tuft of small trees and underbrush growing on 
its summit. In the rear of this little elevation or mound lay a belt of wet prairie, covered, at that 
time, with a dense growth of rank, coarse grass. Bordering this wet prairie on the north, the 
country rises abruptly into elevated broken river blulfs, covered with a heavy forest for many 
miles in extent, and in places thickly clustered with undergrowth, affording a convenient shelter 
for the steal! hy approach of the foe. 

" Through this forest the Sac and Fox war party made their way in the night and secreted 
themselves in the tall grass spoken of above, intending to remain in ambush during the day and 
make such observations as this near proximity to their intended victim might aflbrd, to aid them 
in their contemplated attack on the town during the following night. From this situation their 
spies cculd take a full survey of the village, and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by 
which means they were soon convinced that the lowas had no suspicion of their presence. 

" Atthefootof the mound above mentioned, the lowas had their race course, where they diverted 
themselves with the excitement of horse racing, and schooled their young warriors in cavalry 
evolutions. In these exercises mock battles were fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and 
defense carefully inculcated, by which meansaskill in horsemanship was acquired rarely excelled. 
Unfortunately for them this day was selected for their equestrian sports, and wholly uncon- 
scious of the proximity of their foes, the warriors repaired to the race ground, leaving most of 
their arms in the village and their old men and women and children unprotected. 

" Pash-a-po-po, who was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes, perceived at once the 
advantage this state of things alforded for a complete surprise of his now doomed victims, and 
ordered Black Hawk to file off with his young warriors through the tall grass and gain the cover 
of the timber along the river bank, and with the utmost speed reach the village and commence 
the battle, while he remained with his division in the ambush to make a simultaneous as-ault on 
the unarmed men whose attention was engrossed with the excitement of the races. T.e pi m 
was skillfully laid and most dexterously executed. Black Hawk with his forces reaihel the 
village undiscovered, and made a furious onslaught upon the defenseless inhabiiants, by firino' 
one general volley into their midst, and completing the slaughter with the tomahawk and scalp- 
ing knife, aided by the devouring flames with which they enveloped the village as suoj as the 
fire brand could be spread from lodge to lodge. 

" On the instant ot the report of fire arms at the village the forces under Pash-i-popo 
leaped from their couchant position in the grass and sprang tiger-like upon the astonished and 
unarme I lowas in the midst of their racing sports. The fir^t impulse of the latter naiu rally led 
them to mike the utmost speed toward their arms in the village, and protect if possble their 
wives and ch.l Iren from the attack of their merciless assailants. The distance from the pl.;cj of 
attack on the prairie was two miles, and a great number fell in tlieir flight by the bull'is and 
tomahawks of their enemies, who pressed them closely with a running fire the whole way. and 
the survivors only reacheil their town in time to witness the horrors of its destructi^in. Their 
whole vilhige was in fl.^mi^s, and the de.irest objects of their lives lay in slauglit'r d lieaps 
amidst the devouring clem nf , an 1 tho agonizing groans of tlic dying, mingled with Ih ; exu tino- 
shouts of the victorious foe, fille I their hearts with maddening despair. Their wives an 1 chiulrea 
who had been spared the general massacre were prisoners, and together vvitli their arms were in 
the hands of the victors ; and all that could now be done was to draw off' their shutcre I and 
defenseless forces, and save as many lives as possible by a retreat acmss the Des Moiiie< River, 
which they effected in the best possible manner, and took a position among the Soap Creek 
Hills." 

The Sacs and Foxes, prior to the settlement of their village on Rock River, 
had a fierce conflict with the Winnebagoes, subdued them and took nossession 



150 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

of their lands. Their village on Rock River, at one time, contained upward of 
sixty lodges, and was among the largest Indian villages on the continent. In 
1825, the Secretary of War estnnated the entire number of the Sacs and Foxes 
at 4,600 souls. Their village was situated in the immediate vicinity of the 
upper rapids of the Mississippi, where the beautiful and flourishing towns of 
Rock Island and Davenport are now situated. The beautiful scenery of the 
island, the extensive prairies, dotted over with groves ; the picturesque bluffs 
along the river banks, the rich and fertile soil, producing large crops of corn, 
squash and other vegetables, with little labor ; the abundance of wild fruit, 
game, fish, and almost everything calculated to make it a delightful spot for an 
Indian village, which was found there, had made this place a favorite home of 
the Sacs, and secured for it the strong attachment and veneration of the whole 
nation. 

North of the hunting grounds of the Sacs and Foxes, were those of the 
Sioux, a tierce and warlike nation, who ofcen disputed possession with their 
rivals in savage and bloody warfare. The possessions of these tribes were 
mostly located in Minnesota, but extended over a portion of Northern and 
Western Iowa to the Missouri River. Their descent from the north upon the 
hunting grounds of Iowa frequently brought them into collision with the Sacs 
and Foxes ; and after many a conflict and bloody struggle, n, boundary line was 
established between them by the Government of the United States, in a treaty 
held at Prairie du Chien, in 1825. But this, instead of settling the difficulties, 
caused them to quarrel all the more, in consequence of alleged trespasses upon 
each other's side of the line. These contests were kept up and became so unre- 
lenting that, in 1830, Government bought of the respective tribes of the Sacs 
and Foxes, and the Sioux, a strip of land twenty miles in width, on both sides 
of the line, and thus throwing them forty miles apart by creating between them 
a "neutral ground," commanded them to cease their hostilities. Both the 
Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, however, were allowed to fish and hunt on this 
ground unmolested, provided they did not interfere with each other on United 
States territory. The Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux were deadly enemies, and 
neither let an opportunity to punish the other pass unimproved. 

In April, 1852, a fight occurred between the Musquaka band of Sacs and 
Foxes and a band of Sioux, about six miles above Algona, in Kossuth County, 
on the west side of the Des Moines River. The Sacs and Foxes were under 
the leadership of Ko-ko-wah, a subordinate chief, and had gone up from their 
home in Tama County, by way of Clear Lake, to what was then the "neutral 
ground." At Clear Lake, Ko-ko-wah was informed that a party of Sioux were 
encamped on the west side of the East Fork of the Des Moines, and he deter- 
mined to attack them. With sixty of his Avarriors, he started and arrived at a 
point on the east side of the river, about a mile above the Sioux encampment, 
in the night, and concealed themselves in a grove, where they were able to dis- 
cover the position and strength of their hereditary foes. The next morning, 
after many of the Sioux braves had left their camp on hunting tours, the vin- 
dictive Sacs and Foxes crossed the river and suddenly attacked the camp. The 
conflict was desperate for a short time, but the advantage was with the assail- 
ants, and the Sioux were routed. Sixteen of them, including some of their 
women and children, were killed, and a boy 14 years old was captured. One 
of the Musquakas was shot in the breast by a squaw as they were rushing into 
the Sioux's camp. He started to run away, when the same brave squaw shot 
him through the body, at a distance of twenty rods, and he fell dead. Three 
other Sac braves we/e killed. But few of the Sioux escaped. The victorious 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 151 

party hurriedly buried their own dead, leaving the dead Sioux above ground, 
and made their way home, with their captive, with all possible expedition. 

pike's expedition. 

Very soon after the acquisition of Louisiana, the United States Government 
adopted measures for the exploration of the new territory, having in view the 
conciliation of the numerous tribes of Indians by whom it was possessad, and, 
also, the selection of proper sites for the establishment of military posts and 
trading stations. The Army of the West, Gen. James Wilkinson commanding, 
had its headquarters at St. Louis. From this post. Captains Lewis and Clark, 
with a sufficient force, were detailed to explore the unknown sources of the 
Missouri, and Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike to ascend to the head waters of the Mis- 
sissippi. Lieut. Pike, with one Sergeant, two Corporals and seventeen privates, 
left the military camp, near St. Louis, in a keel-boat, with four months' rations, 
on the 9th day of August, 1805. On the 20th of the same month, the expe- 
dition arrived within the present limits of Iowa, at the foot of the Des Moines 
Rapids, where Pike met William Ewing, who- had just been appointed Indian 
Agent at this point, a French interpreter and four chiefs and fifteen Sac and 
Fox warriors. 

At the head of the Rapids, where Montrose is now situated, Pike held a 
council with the Indians, in which he addressed them substantially as follows : 
" Your great Father, the President of the United States, wished to be more 
intimately acquainted with the situation and wants of the different nations of 
red people in our newly acquired territory of Louisiana, and has ordered the 
General to send a number of his warriors in diffisrent directions to take them by 
the hand and make such inquiries as might afford the satisfaction required." 
At the close of the council he presented the red men with some knives, whisky 
and tobacco. 

Pursuing his way up the river, he arrived, on the 23d of August, at what is 
supposed, from his description, to be the site of the present city of Burlington, 
which he selected as the location of a military post. He describes the place as 
being " on a hill, about forty miles above the River de Moyne Rapids, on the 
west side of the river, in latitude about 41° 21' north. The channel of the 
river runs on that shore; the hill in front is about sixty feet perpendicular; 
nearly level on top ; four hundred yards in the rear is a small prairie fit for 
gardening, and immediately under the hill is a limestone spring, sufficient for 
the consumption of a whole regiment." In addition to this description, which 
corresponds to Burlington, the spot is laid down on his map at a bend in the 
river, a short distance below tbe mouth of the Henderson, which pours its waters 
into the Mississippi from Illinois. The fort was built at Fort Madison, but from 
the distance, latitude, description and map furnished by Pike, it could not have 
been the place selected by him, while all the circumstances corroborate the 
opinion that the place he selected was the spot where Burlington is now located, 
called by the early voyagers on the Mississippi, "Flint Hills." 

On the 24th, with one of his men, he went on shore on a hunting expedition, 
and following a stream which they supposed to be a part of the Mississippi, they 
were led away from their course. Owing to the intense heat and tall grass, his 
two favorite dogs, which he had taken with him, became exhausted and he left 
them on the prairie, supposing that they would follow him as soon as they 
should get rested, and went on to overtake his boat. Reaching the river, he 
waited some time for his canine friends, but they did not come, and as he deemed 
it inexpedient to detain the boat longer, two of his men volunteered to go in pur- 



152 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

suit of them, and he continued on his way up the river, expecting that the two 
men woukl soon overtake him. They lost their way, however, and for six days 
were without food, except a few morsels gathered from the stream, and might 
have perished, had they not accidentally met a trader from St. Louis, who in- 
duced two Indians to take them up the river, and they overtook the boat at 
Dubuque. 

At Dubuque, Pike was cordially received by Julien Dubuque, a Frenchman, 
who held a mining claim under a grant from Spain. Dubuque had an old field 
piece and fired a salute in honor of the advent of the first Americans who had 
visited that part of the Territory. Dubuque, however, was not disposed to pub- 
lish the wealth of his mines, and the young and evidently inquisitive officer 
obtained but little information from him. 

After leaving this place. Pike pursued his way up the river, but as he passed 
beyond the limits of the present State of Iowa, a detailed history of his explo- 
rations on the upper waters of the Mississippi more properly belongs to the his- 
tory of another State. 

It is sufficient to say that on the site of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, at the 
mouth of the Minnesota River, Pike held a council with the Sioux, September 
23, and obtained from them a grant of one hundred thousand acres of land. 
On the 8th of January, 1806, Pike arrived at a trading post belonging to the 
Northwest Company, on Lake De Sable, in latitude 47°. At this time the 
then powerful Northwest Company carried on their immense operations from 
Hudson's Bay to the St. Lawrence ; up that river on both sides, along the great 
lakes to the head of Lake Superior, thence to the sources of the Red River of 
the north and west, to the Rocky Mountains, embracing within the scope of 
their operations the entire Territory of Iowa. After successfully accomplishing 
his mission, and performing a valuable service to Iowa and the whole Northwest, 
Pike returned to St. Louis, arriving there on the 30th of April, 1806. 

INDIAN AVARS. 

The Territoiy of Iowa, although it had been purchased by the United States, 
and was ostensibly in the possession of the Government, was still occupied by 
the Indians, who claimed title to the soil by right of ownership and possession. 
Before it could be open to settlement by the whites, it was indispensable that 
the Indian title should be extinguished and the original owners removed. The 
accomplishment of this purpose required the expenditure of lavge suras of 
money and blood, and for a long series of years the frontier was disturbed by 
Indian wars, terminated repeatedly by treaty, only to be renewed by some act 
of oppression on the part of the whites or some violation of treaty stipulation. 

As previously shown, at the time when the United States assumed the con- 
trol of the country by virtue of the Louisiana purchase, nearly the whole State 
was in possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a powerful and warlike nation, Avho 
were not disposed to submit without a struggle to what they considered the 
encroachments of the pale fiices. 

Amono; the most noted chiefs, and one whose restlessness and hatred of the 
Americans occasioned more trouble to the Government than any other of his 
tribe, was Black Hawk, who was born at the Sac village, on Rock River, in 
1767. He was simply the chief of his own band of Sac warriors, but by his 
energy and ambition he became the leading spirit of the united nation of Sacs 
and Foxes, and one of the prominent figures in the history of the country from 
1804 until his death. In early manhood he attained some distinction as a 
fighting chief, having led campaigns against the Osages, and other neighboring 



I 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lOAVA. 153 

tribes. About the beginning of the present century he began to appear prom- 
inent in aifairs on the Mississippi. Some historians have added to the statement 
that " it does not appear that he was ever a great general, or possessed any of 
the qualifications of a successful leader." If this was so, his life was a marvel. 
How any man Avho had none of the qualifications of a leader became so prom- 
inent as such, as he did, indicates either that he had some ability, or that his 
cotemporaries, both Indian and Anglo-Saxon, had less than he. He is said 
to have been the " victim of a narrow prejudice and bitter ill-will against the 
Americans," but the impartial historian must admit that if he was the enemy 
of theAmericans, it was certainly not without some reason. 

It will be remembered that Spain did not give up possession of the country 
to France on its cession to the latter power, in 1801, but retained possession of 
it, and, by the authority of France, transferred it to the United States, in 1804. 
Black Hawk and his band were in St. Louis at the time, and were invited to be 
present and witness the ceremonies of the transfer, but he refused the invitation, 
and it is but just to say that this refusal was caused probably more from 
regret that the Indians were to be transferred from the jurisdiction of the 
Spanish authorities than from any special hatred toward the Americans. In 
his life he says : " I found many sad and gloomy faces because the United 
States were about to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the 
Americans came, I took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father. 
The Americans came to see him also. Seeing them approach, Ave passed out 
of one door as they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for 
our village, on Rock River, not liking the change any more than our friends 
appeared to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, Ave gave the news that 
strange people had arrived at St. Louis, and that we should never see our 
Spanish father again. The information made all our people sorry." 

On the 3d day of November, 1804, a treaty was concluded between William 
Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, on behalf of the United 
States, and five chiefs of the Sac and Fox nation, by which the latter, in con- 
sideration of tAvo thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollar^' Avorth of goods 
then delivered, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars to be paid in 
goods at just cost, ceded to the United States all that land on the east side of 
the Mississppi, extending from a point opposite the Jefferson, in Missouri, to 
the Wisconsin River, embracing an area of over fifty-one millions of acres. 

To this treaty Black Hawk ahvays objected and always refused to consider 
it binding upon his people. He asserted that the chiefs or braves who made it 
had no authority to relinquish the title of the nation to any of the lands they 
held or occupied ; and, moreover, that they had been sent to St. Louis on quite 
a different errand, namely, to get one of their people released, who had been 
imprisoned at St. Louis for killing a Avhite man. 

The year folloAving this treaty (1805), Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike came up 
the river for the purpose of holding friendly councils Avith the Indians and select- 
ing sites for forts Avithin the territory recently acquired from France by the 
United States. Lieutenant Pike seems to have been the first American Avhom 
Black IlaAvk ever met or had a personal intcrvicAv Avith ; and he Avas very much 
prepossessed in Pikes favor. He gives the following account of his visit to 
Rock Island : 

" A boat came up the river Avith a young American chief and a small party 
of soldiers. We heaixl of them soon after they passed Salt River. Some of our 
young braves Avatchcd them every day, to sec Avhat sort of people he had on 
board. The boat at length arrived at Rock River, and the young chief came on 



154 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA, 

shore with his interpreter, and made a speech and gave us some presents. Wjj 
in turn presented them with meat and such other provisions as we had to spare. 
We Avere ay ell pleased with the young chief. He gave us good advice, and said 
our American father would treat us well." 

The events which soon followed Pike's expedition were the erection of Fort 
Edwards, at what is now Warsaw, Illinois, and Fort Madison, on the site of the 
present town of that name, the latter being the first fort erected in Iowa. These 
movements occasioned great uneasiness among the Indians. When Avork was 
commenced on Fort Edwards, a delegation from their nation, headed by some of 
their chiefs, Avent down to see Avhat the Americans AA'cre doing, and had an in- 
terview Avith the commander ; after Avliich they returned home apparently satis- 
fied. In like manner, Avhen Fort Madison Avas being erected, they sent down 
another delegation from a council of the nation held at Rock River. Accord- 
mg to Black HaAvk's account, the American chief told them that he Avas build- 
ing a house for a trader Avho Avas coming to sell them goods cheap, and that the 
soldiers Avere coming to keep him company — a statement Avhich Black Hawk 
says they distrusted at the time, believing that the fort Avas an encroachment 
upon their rights, and designed to aid in getting their lands away from them. 

It has been held by good American authorities, that the erection of Fort 
Madison at the point Avhere it was located was a violation of the treaty of 1804. 
By the eleventh article of that treaty, the United States had a right to build a 
fort near the mouth of the Wisconsin River ; by article six they had bound 
themselves " that if any citizen of the United States or any other Avhite persons 
should form a settlement upon their lands, such intruders should forthAvith be 
removed." Probably the authorities of the United States did not regard the 
establishment of military posts as coming properly within the meaning of the 
term "settlement," as used in the treaty. At all events, they erected Fort 
Madison Avithin tlie territory reserved to the Indians, Avho became very indig- 
nant. Not long after the fort Avas built, a jiarty led by Black HaAvk attempted 
its destruction. They sent spies to Avatch the movements of the garrison, who 
ascertained that the soldiers Avere in the habit of marching out of the fort every 
morning and evening for parade, and the plan of the party Avas to conceal them- 
selves near the fort, and attack and surprise them Avhen they Avere outside. On 
the morning of the proposed day of attack, five soldiers came out and Avere fired 
upon by the Indians, two of them being killed. The Indians were too hasty in 
their movement, for the regular drill had not yet commenced. IIoAvever, they 
kept up the attack for several days, attempting the old Fox strategy of setting 
fire to the fort Avith blazing arrows ; but finding their efforts unavailing, they 
soon gave up and returned to Rock River. 

When Avar Avas declared betAveen the United States and Great Britain, m 
1812, Black IlaAvk and his band allied themselves Avitli the British, })artly 
because he Avas dazzled by their specious promises, and more probably because 
they had been deceived by the Americans. Black IlaAvk himself declared that 
they were "forced into the war by being deceived." He narrates the circum- 
stances as follows : " Several of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and 
Foxes were called upon to go to Washington to see their Great Father. On 
their return, they related what had been said and done. They said the Great 
Father Avished them, in the event of a Avar taking place Avith England, not to 
interfere on either side, but to remain neutral. lie did not Avant our help, but 
wished us to hunt and support our families, and live in peace. He said that 
British traders would not be permitted to come on the Mississippi to furnish us 
Avith goods, but that Ave should be supplied Avith an American trader. Our 



> 



I 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 155 

chiefs then told him that the British traders always gave them credit in the 
Fall for guns, powder and goods, to enable us to hunt and clothe our families. 
He repeated that the traders at Fort Madison would have plenty of goods ; 
that we should go there in the Fall and he would supply us on credit, as the 
British traders had done." 

Black Hawk seems to have accepted of this proposition, and he and his 
people were very much pleased. Acting in good faith, they fitted out for their 
Winter's hunt, and went to Fort Madison in high spirits to receive from the 
trader their outfit of supplies. But, after waiting some time, they were told by 
the trader that he would not trust them. It was in vain that they pleaded the 
promise of their great father at Washington. The trader was inexorable ; and, 
disappointed and crestfallen, they turned sadly toward their own village. ''Few 
of us," says Black Hawk, "slept that night; all was gloom and discontent. In 
the morning, a canoe was seen ascending the river ; it soon arrived, bearing an 
express, Avho brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Rock 
Island with two boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come up imme- 
diately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of presents. The 
express presented us with tobacco, pipes and wampum. The news ran through 
our camp like fire on a prairie. Our lodges were soon taken down, and all 
started for Rock Island. Here ended all hopes of our remaining at peace, 
having been forced into the Avar by being deceived." 

He joined the British, who flattered him, styled him " Gen. Black Hawk," 
decked him with medals, excited his jealousies against the Americans, and 
armed his band ; but he met with defeat and disappointment, and soon aban- 
doned the service and came home. 

With all his skill and courage. Black Hawk was unable to lead all the Sacs 
and Foxes into hostilities to the United States. A portion of them, at the head 
of whom was Keokuk ("the Watchful Fox"), were disposed to abide by the 
treaty of 1804, and to cultivate friendly relations with the American people. 
Therefore, when Black Hawk and his band joined the fortunes of Great 
Britain, the rest of the nation remained neutral, and, for protection, organized, 
with Keokuk for their chief. This divided the nation into the " War and the 
Peace party." 

Black Hawk says he was informed, after he had gone to the war, that the 
nation, which had been reduced to so small a body of fighting men, were unable 
to defend themselves in case the Americans should attack them, and havnio; all 
tlie old men and women and children belonging to the warriors who had joined 
the British on their hands to provide for, a council was held, and it was agreed 
that Quash-qua-me (the Lance) and other chiefs, together with the old men, 
women and children, and such others as chose to accompany them, should go to 
St. Louis and place themselves under the American chief stationed there. 
They accordingly went down, and were received as the "friendly band" of the 
Sacs and Foxes, and were provided for and sent up the Missouri River. On 
Black Hawk's return from the British army, he says Keokuk was introduced 
to him as the war chief of the braves then in the village. He inquired how he 
had become chief, and was informed that their spies had seen a large armed 
force going toward Peoria, and fears were entertained of an attack upon the 
village ; whereupon a council was held, which concluded to leave the village 
and cross over to the west side of the Mississippi. Keokuk had been standing 
at the door of the lodge where the council was held, not being allowed to enter 
on account of never having killed an enemy, where he remained until Wa-co-me 
came out. Keokuk asked permission to speak in the council, which Wa-co-me 



156 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

obtained for him. Keokuk then addressed the chiefs ; he remonstrated against 
the desertion of their village, their own homes and the graves of their fathers, 
and oftered to defend the village. The council consented that he should be 
their war chief. He marshaled his braves, sent out spies, and advanced on the 
trail leading to Peoria, but returned without seeing the enemy. The Americans 
did not disturb the village, and all were satisfied with the appointment of 
Keokuk. 

Keokuk, like Black Hawk, was a descendant of the Sac branch of the 
nation, and Avas born on Rock River, in 1780. He was of a pacific disposition, 
but possessed the elements of true courage, and could fight, when occasion 
required, with a cool judgment and heroic energy. In his first battle, he en- 
countered and killed a Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors, and he 
was honored with a public feast by his tribe in commemoration of the event. 

Keokuk has been described as an orator, entitled to rank with the most 
gifted of his race. In person, he was tall and of portly beai-ing ; in his public 
speeches, he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures ; he spoke 
rapidly, but his enunciation was clear, distinct and forcible ; he culled his fig- 
ures from the stores of nature and based his arguments on skillful logic. Un- 
fortunately for the reputation of Keokuk, as an orator among white people, he 
was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- 
ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpreters were unac- 
quainted with the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious hindrance 
to his fame, Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labershure, who had 
received a rudimental education in the French and English languages, until the 
latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian of his 
career among the white people, he was compelled to submit his speeclies for 
translation to uneducated men, whose rancre of thought fell below the flin;hts of 
a gifted mind, and the fine imagery drawn from nature was beyond their power 
of reproduction. He had sufficient knowledge of the English language to make 
him sensible of this bad rendering of his thoughts, and often a feeling of morti- 
fication at the bungling eff'orts was depicted on his countenance while speaking. 
The proper place to form a correct estimate of his ability as an orator was in 
the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to those who under- 
stood his language, and witness the electrical effect of his eloquence upon his 
audience. 

Keokuk seems to have possessed a more sober judgment, and to have had a 
more intelligent view of the great strength and resources of the United States, 
than liis noted and restless cotemporary. Black Hawk. He knew from the first 
that the reckless war which Black Hawk and his band had determined to carry on 
could result in nothing but defeat and disaster, and used every argument against 
it. The large number of warriors whom he had dissuaded from following Black 
Hawk became, however, greatly excited with the war spirit after Stillman's 
defeat, and but for the signal tact displayed by Keokuk on that occasion, would 
have forced him to submit to their wishes in joining the rest of the warriors in 
the field. A Avar-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be 
moved with the current of the rising storm. When the dance was over, he 
called the council to prepare for Avar. He made a speech, in Avhich he admitted 
the justice of their complaints against the Americans. To seek redress was a 
noble aspiration of their nature. The blood of their brethren had been shed by 
the Avhite man, and the spirits of their braves, slain in battle, called loudly for 
vengeance. "I am your chief," he said, " and it is my duty to lead you to bat- 
tle, if, after fully considering the matter, you are determined to go. But before 



I 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 157 

you decide on taking this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of 
success." He then portrayed to them the great power of the United States, 
against Avhom they would have to contend, that their chance of success was 
utterly hopeless. " But," said he, " if you do determine to go upon the war- 
path, I will agree to lead you, on one condition, viz.: that before we go, we will 
kill all our old men and our Avives and children, to save them from a lingering 
deatli of starvation, and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on 
the other side of tlie Mississippi." 

This Avas a strong but truthful picture of the prospect before them, and was 
presented in sucli a forcible light as to cool their ardor, and cause them to aban- 
don the rash undertaking. 

But during the war of 1832, it is now considered certain that small bands of 
Indians, from the west side of the Mississippi, made incursions into the white 
settlements, in the lead mining region, and committed some murders and dep- 
redations. 

When peace Avas declared betAveen the United States and England, Black 
HaAvk Avas required to make peace Avith the former, and entered into a treaty 
at Portage des Sioux, September 14, 1815, but did not "touch the goose-quill 
to it until May 13, 1816, Avhen he smoked the pipe of peace with the great 
Avhite chief," at St. Louis. This treaty Avas a rencAval of the treaty of 1804, 
but Black Hawk declared he had been deceived ; that he did not knoAV that by 
signing the treaty he Avas giving aAvay his village. This Aveighed upon his mind, 
already soured by previous disappointment and the irresistible encroachments ctf 
the Avhites ; and Avhen, a feAv years later, he and his people Avere driven from 
their possessions by the military, he determined to return to the home of his 
fathers. 

It is also to be remarked that, in 1816, by treaty Avith various tribes, the 
United States relinquished to the Indians all the lands lying north of a line 
drawn from the southernmost point of Lake Michigan west to the Mississippi, 
except a reservation five leagues square, on the Mississippi River, supposed then 
to be sufficient to include all the mineral lands on and adjacent to Fever River, 
and one league square at the mouth of the Wisconsin River. 

THE BLACK HAAVK WAR, 

The immediate cause of the Indian outbreak in 1830 was the occupation of 
Black HaAvk's village, on the Rock River, by the Avhites, during the absence of 
tbe chief and his braves on a hunting expedition, on the Avest side of the 
Mississippi. When tliey returned, they found their Avigwams occupied by white 
families, and their own women and children were slielterless on the banks of 
the river. The Indians Avere indignant, and determined to repossess their village 
at all hazards, and early in the Spring of 1831 recrossed the Mississippi and 
menacingly took possession of their OAvn cornfields and cabins. It may be well 
to remark here that it was expressly stipulated in the treaty of 1804, to Avhich 
they attributed all their troubles, that tlic Indians should not be obliged to 
leave their lands until they were sold by the United States, and it does not 
appear that they occupied any lands otiier than those owned by the Government. 
If this was true, the Indians had good cause for indignation and complaint. 
But the whites, driven out in turn by tlie returning Indians, became so clamorous 
against what they termed the encroachments of the natives, that Gov. Reynolds, of 
Illinois, ordered Gen Gaines to Rock Island Avith a military force to drive the 
Indians again from their homes to the Avcst side of the Mississippi. Black Hawk 
says he did not intend to be provoked into Avar by anything less than the blood of 



158 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

some of his own people ; in other words, that there would be no war unless it should 
be commenced by the pale faces. But it was said and probably thought by the mili- 
tary commanders along the frontier that the Indians intended to unite in a general 
war against the whites, from Rock River to the Mexican borders. But it does not 
appear that the hardy frontiersmen themselves had any fears, for their experi- 
ence had been that, when well treated, their Indian neighbors were not danger- 
ous. Black Hawk and his band had done no more than to attempt to repossess the 
the old homes of which they had been deprived in their absence. No blood 
had been shed. Black Hawk and his chiefs sent a flag of truce, and a new 
treaty was made, by which Black Hawk and his band agreed to remain forever 
on the Iowa side and never recross the river without the permission of the 
President or the Governor of Illinois. Whether the Indians clearly understood 
the terms of this treaty is uncertain. As was usual, the Indian traders had 
dictated terms on their behalf, and they had received a large amount of pro- 
visions, etc., from the Government, but it may well be doubted whether the 
Indians comprehended that they could never revisit the graves of their fathers 
without violating their treaty. They undoubtedly thought that they had agreed 
never to recross the Mississippi with hostile intent. However this may be, on 
the 6th day of April, 1832, Black Hawk and his entire band, with their women 
and children, again recrossed the Mississippi in plain view of the garrison of 
Fort Armstrong, and went up Rock River. Although this act was construed 
into an act of hostility by the military authorities, who declared that Black 
Hawk intended to recover his village, or the site where it stood, by force ; but 
it does not appear that he made any such attempt, nor did his apearance 
create any special alarm among the settlers. They knew that the Indians never 
went on the war path encumbered with the old men, their women and tiieir 
children. 

The Galeriian, printed in Galena, of May 2, 1832, says that Black Hawk 
was invited by the Prophet and had taken possession of a tract about forty 
miles up Rock River ; but that he did not remain there long, but commenced 
his march up Rock River. Capt. W. B. Green, who served in Capt. Stephen- 
son's company of mounted rangers, says that " Black Hawk and h^s band 
crossed the river with no hostile intent, but that his band had had bad luck in 
hunting during the previous Winter, were actually in a starving condition, and 
had come over to spend the Summer with a friendly tribe on the head waters of 
the Rock and Illinois Rivers, by invitation from their chief. Other old set- 
tlers, who all agree that Black Hawk had no idea of fighting, say that he came 
back to the west side expecting to negotiate another treaty, and get a new 
supply of provisions. The most reasonable explanation of this movement, which 
resulted so disastrously to Black Hawk and his starving people, is that, during 
the Fall and Winter of 1831—2, his people became deeply indebted to their 
favorite trader at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island). They had not been fortunate 
in hunting, and he was likely to lose heavily, as an Indian debt was outlawed 
in one year. If, therefore, the Indians could be induced to come over, and the 
fears of the military could be sufficiently aroused to pursue them, another treaty 
could be negotiated, and from the payments from the Government the shrewd 
trader could get his pay. Just a week after Black Hawk crossed the river, on 
the 13th of April, 1832, George Davenport wrote to Gen. Atkinson : " I am 
informed that the British band of Sac Indians are determined to make war on 
the frontier settlements. * * * From every information that I have 
received, I am of the opinion that the intention of the British band of Sac 
Indians is to commit depredations on the inhabitants of the frontier." And 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 159 

yet, from the 6th day of April until after Stillman's men commenced war by 
firing on a flag of truce from Black Hawk, no murders nor depredations were 
committed by the British band of Sac Indians. 

It is not the purpose of this sketch to detail the incidents of the Black 
Hawk war of 1832, as it pertains rather to the history of the State of Illinois. 
It is sufficient to say that, after the disgraceful affair at Stillman's Run, Black 
Hawk, concluding that the Avhites, refusing to treat with him, were determined 
to exterminate his people, determined to return to the Iowa side of the Missis- 
sippi. He could not return by the way he came, for the army was behind iiim, 
an army, too, that would sternly refuse to recognize the white flag of peace. 
His only course was to make his way northward and reach the Mississippi, if 
possible, before the troops coidd overtake him, and this he did; but, before he 
could get his women and children across the Wisconsin, he was overtaken, and a 
battle ensued. Here, again, he sued for peace, and, through his trusty Lieu- 
tenant, "the Prophet," the whites were plainly informed that the starving 
Indians did not wish to fight, but would return to the west si<le of the Missis- 
sippi, peaceably, if they could be permitted to do so. No attention was paid to 
this second effort to negotiate peace, and, as soon as supplies could be obtained, 
the pursuit was resumed, the flying Indians were overtaken again eight miles 
before they reached the mouth of the Bad Axe, and the slaughter (it should not 
be dignified by the name of battle) commenced. Here, overcome by starvation 
and the victorious whites, his band was scattered, on the 2d day of August, 
1832. Black HaAvk escaped, but was brought into camp at Prairie du Chien 
by three Winnebagoes. He was confined in Jefferson Barracks until the 
Spring of 1833, when he was sent to Washington, arriving there April 22. On 
the 26th of April, they were taken to Fortress Monroe, where they remained 
till the 4th of June, 1833, when orders Avere given for them to bo liberated and 
returned to their own country. By order of the President, he Avas brought 
back to Iowa through the principal Eastern cities. Crowds flocked to see him 
all along his route, and he Avas very much flattered by the attentions he 
received. He liA^ed among his people on the Iowa River till that reservation 
was sold, in 1836, when, Avith the rest of the Sacs and Foxes, he removed to 
the Des Moines Reservation, A\diere he remained till his death, Avhich occurred 
on the 3d of October, 1838. 



INDIAN PURCHASES, RESERVES AND TREATIES, 

At the close of the Black Hawk War, in 1832, a treaty was made at a 
council held on the Avest bank of the Mississippi, Avhere noAV stands the thriving 
city of Davenport, on grounds now occupied by the Chicago, Rock Island & 
Pacific Railroad Company, on the 21st day of September, 1832. At this 
council, the United States Avere represented by Gen. Winfield Scott and Gov. 
Reynolds, of Illinois. Keokuk, Pash-a-pa-ho and some thirty other chiefs and 
Avarriors of the Sac and Fox nation Avere present. By this treaty, the Sacs and 
Foxes ceded to the Uniled States a strip of land on the eastern border of Iowa 
fifty miles Avide, from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth of the 
Upper loAva River, containing about six million acres. The western line of the 
purchase was parallel with the Mississippi. In consideration of this cession, 
the United States Government stipulated to pay annually to the confederated 
tribes, for thirty consecutive years, twenty thousand dollars in specie, and to 
pay the debts of the Indians at Rock Island, Avliich had been accumulating for 



160 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

seventeen years and amounted to fifty thousand dollars, due to Davenport & 
Farnham, Indian traders. The Government also generously donated to the 
Sac and Fox women and children whose husbands and ftithers had fallen in the 
Black Hawk war, thirty-five beef cattle, twelve bushels of salt, thirty barrels of 
pork, fifty barrels of flour and six thousand bushels of corn. 

This territory is known as the "Black Hawk Purchase." Although it was 
not tlie first portion of Iowa ceded to the United States by the Sacs and Foxes, 
it was the first opened to actual settlement by the tide of emigration that flowed 
across the Mississippi as soon as the Indian title was extinguished. The treaty 
was ratified February 13, 1833, and took effect on the 1st of June following, 
when the Indians quietly removed from the ceded territory, and this fertile and 
beautiful region was opened to white settlers. 

By the terms of the treaty, out of the Black Hawk Purchase was reserved for 
the Sacs and Foxes 400 square miles of land situated on the Iowa River, and in- 
Icuding within its limits Keokuk's village, on the right bank of that river. This 
tract was known as " Keokuk's Reserve, ' and was occupied by the Indians until 
1836, wdien, by a treaty made in September between them and Gov. Dodge, of 
Wisconsin Territory, it was ceded to the United States. The council was held 
on the banks of the Mississippi, above Davenport, and was the largest assem- 
blage of the kind ever held by the Sacs and Foxes to treat for the sale of lands. 
About one thousand of their chiefs and braves were present, and Keokuk was 
their leading spirit and principal speaker on the occasion. By the terms of the 
treaty, the Sacs and Foxes were removed to another reservation on the Des 
Moines River, where an agency w^as established for them at what is now the 
town of Agency City. 

Besides the Keokuk Reserve, the Government gave out of the Black Hawk 
Purchase to Antoine Le Claire, interpreter, in fee simple, one section of land 
opposite Rock Island, and another at the head of the first rapids above the 
island, on the Iowa side. This was the first land title granted by the United 
States to an individual in Iowa. 

Soon after the rem.oval of the Sacs and Foxes to their new reservation 
on the Des Moines River, Gen. Joseph M. Street was transferred from the 
agency of the Winnebagoes, at Prairie du Chien, to establish an agency 
among them. A farm was selected, on wliich the necessary buildings were 
erected, including a comfortable farm house for the agent and his family, at 
the expense of the Indian Fund. A salaried agent was employed to superin- 
tend the farm and dispose of the crops. Two mills were erected, one on Soap 
Creek and the other on Sugar Creek. The latter was soon swept away by a 
flood, but the former remained and did good service for many years. Connected 
with the agency were Joseph Smart and John Goodell, interpreters. The 
latter was interpreter for Hard Fish's band. Three of the Indian chiefs, Keo- 
kuk, Wapello and Appanoose, had each a large field improved, the two former 
on the right bank of the Des Moines, back from the river, in Avhat is now 
" Keokuk's Prairie," and the latter on the present site of the city of Ottumwa. 
Among the traders connected with the agency were the Messrs. Ewing, from 
Ohio, and Phelps & Co., from Illinois, and also Mr. J. P. Eddy, who estab- 
lished his post at what is now the site of Eddyville. 

The Indians at this agency became idle and listless in the absence of tlieir 
natural and wonted excitements, and many of them plunged into dissipation. 
Keokuk himself became dissipated in the latter years of his life, and it has 
been reported that he died of delirium tremens after his removal with his 
tribe to Kansas. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 161 

In May, 1843, most of the Indians were removed up the Des Moines River, 
above the temporary line of Red Rock, having ceded the remnant of their 
lands in Iowa to the United States on the 21st of September, 1837, and on the 
11th of October, 1842. By the terms of the latter treaty, they held possession 
of the "New Purchase" till the Autumn of 1845, when the most of them 
were removed to their reservation in Kansas, the balance being removed in the 
Spring of 1846. 

1. Treaty 2nth the Sioux— Ma.de July 19, 1S\ 5; ratified December IG, 1815. This treaty 
was made at Portage des Sioux, between the Sioux of Minnesota and Upper Iowa and the United 
States, by William Clark and Ninian Edwards, Commissioners, and was merely a treaty of peace 
and friendship on the part of those Indians toward tl;ie United States at the close of the war of 
1812. 

2. Treaty with the Sics. — A similar treaty of peace was made at Portage des Sioux, between 
the United States and the Sacs, by William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste Choteau, on the 
loth of September, 1815, and ratified at the same date as the above. In this, the treaty of 1804 
was re-affirmed, and the Sacs here represented promised for themselves and their bands to keep 
entirely separate from the Sacs of Rock River, who, under Black Hawk, had joined the British, 
in the war just then closed. 

3. Treaty tcitk the Foxes.— A. separate treaty of peace was made with the Foxes at Portage 
des Sioux, by the same Commissioners, on the 14th of September, 1815, and ratified the same as 
the above, wherein the Foxes re-affirmed the treaty of St. Louis, of November 3, 1804, and 
agreed to deliver up all their prisoners to the officer in command at Fort Clark, now Peoria, 
Illinois. 

4. Treaty icith the loivas. — A treaty of peace and mutual good will was made between the 
United States and the Iowa tribe of Indians, at Portage des Sioux, by the same Commissioners 
as above, on the IGth of September, 1815, at the close of the war with Great Britain, and ratified 
at the same dale as the others. 

5. Treaty with the Sacs of Rock River — Made at St. Louis on the 13th of May, 1816, between 
the United States and the Sacs of Rock River, by the Commissioners, William Clark, Ninian 
Edwards and Auguste Choteau, and ratified December 30, 1816. In this treaty, that of 1804 
was re-established and confirmed by twenty-two chiefs and head men of the Sacs of Rock River, 
and Black Hawk himself attached to it his signature, or, as he said, " touched the goose quill." 

6. Treaty of 1S2A — On the 4th of August, 1824, a treaty was made between the United 
States and the Sacs and Foxes, in the city of Washington, by William Clark, Commissioner, 
wherein the Sac and Fox nation relinquished their title to all lands in Missouri and that portion 
of the southeast corner of Iowa known as the " Half-Breed Tract" was set off and reserved for 
the use of the half-breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding title in the same manner as In- 
dians. Ratified Januifry 18, 1825. 

7. Treaty of August 19, 1S25. — At this date a treaty was made by William Clark and Lewis 
Cass, at Prairie du Cliien, between the United States and the Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Me- 
nomonees, Winnebagoes and a portion of tlie Ottawas and Pottawatomies. In this treaty, in 
order to make peace between the contending tribes as to the limits of their respective hunting 
grounds in Iowa, it was agreed that the United States Government should run a boundary line 
between the Sioux, on the north, and the Sacs and Foxes, on the south, as follows : 

Commencing at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, on the west bank of the Mississippi, 
and ascending said Iowa River to its west fork ; thence up the fork to its source ; thence cross- 
ing the fork of Red Cedar River in a direct line to the second or upper fork of the Des iNloines 
River ; thence in a direct line to the lower fork of the Calumet River, and down that river to its 
junction with the Missouri River. 

8. Treaty of 1S30. — On the 15th of July, 1830, the confederate tribes of the Sacs and Foxes 
ceded to the United States a strip of country lying south of the above line, twenty miles in width, 
and extending along the line aforesaid fiom the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. The Sioux 
also, whose possessions were north of the line, ceded to the Government, in the same treaty, a 
like strip on the north side of the boundary. Thus the United States, at the ratification of this 
treaty, February 24, 1831, came into possession of a portion of Iowa forty miles wide, extend- 
ing along the Clark and Cass line of 1825, from tiie Mississippi to the Des Moines River. This 
territory was known as the " Neutral Ground," and the tribes on either side of the line were 
allowed to fish and hunt on it unmolested till it was made a Winnebago reservation, and the 
Winnebagoes were removed to it in 1841. 

9. Treaty tviih the S'jcs and Fuxrs and other Tribes. — At the same time of the above treaty re- 
specting the " Neutral Ground " (July 15, 18'!0), the Sacs and Foxes, Western Sioux, Omahas, 
lowas and Missouris ceded to the United States a portion of the western slope of Iowa, the l>oun- 
daries of which were defined as follows: Beginning at the upper fork of the Des Moines River, 
and passing the sources of the Little Sioux and Floyd Rivers, to the fork of the first creek that 
falls intj the Big Sioux, or Calumet, on ihe east side ; thence down said creek and the Calumet 



162 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

River to the Missouri River; thence clown said Missouri River to the Missouri State line above 
the Kansas ; thence along said line to the northwest corner of said State ; thence to the high lands 
between the waters foiling into the Missouri and Des Moines, passing to said high lands along 
the dividing ridge between the forks of the Grand River ; thence along said high lands or ridge 
separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, to a point opposite the source 
of the Boyer River, and thence in a direct line to the upper fork of the Des Moines, the place of 
beginning. 

It was understood that the lands ceded and relinquished by this treaty were to be assigned 
and allotted, under the direction of the President of the United States, to the tribes then living 
thereon, or to such other tribes as the President might locate thereon for hunting and other pur- 
poses. In consideration of three tracts of land ceded in this treaty, the United States agreed to 
pay to the Sacs three thousand dollars ; to the Foxes, three thousand dollars ; to the Sioux, 
two thousand dollars; to the Yankton and Santie bands of Sioux, three thousand dollars; to the 
Omahas, two thousand five hundred dollars ; and to the Ottoes and Missouris, two thousand five 
hundred dollars — to be paid annually for ten successive years. In addition to these annuities, 
the Government agreed to furnish some of the tribes with blacksmiths and agricultural imple- 
ments to the amount of two hundred dollars, at the expense of the United States, and to set apart 
three thousand dollars annually for the education of the children of these tribes. It does not 
appear that any fort was erected in this territory prior to the erection of Fort Atkinson on the 
Neutral Ground, in 1840-41. 

This treaty was made by William Clark, Superintendent of Indian affairs, and Col. Willoughby 
Morgan, of the United States First Infantry, and came into effect by proclamation, February 
24, 1831. 

10. Treaty with the Winnebagoes. — Made at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, September 15, 1832, 
by Gen. Winfield Scott and Hon. John Reynolds, Governor of Illinois. In this treaty the Win- 
nebagoes ceded to the United States all their land lying on the east side of the Mississippi, and 
in part consideration therefor the United States granted to the Winnebagoes, to be held as other 
Indian lands are held, that portion of Iowa known as the Neutral Ground. The exchange of the 
two tracts of country was to take place on or before the 1st day of June, 1833. In addition to 
the Neutral Ground, it was stipulated that the United Slates should give the Winnebagoes, begin- 
ning in September, 1833, and continuing for twenty-seven successive years, ten thousand dollars 
in specie, and establish a school among them, with a farm and garden, and provide other facili- 
ties for the education of their children, not to exceed in cost three thousand dollars a year, and 
to continue the same for twenty-seven successive years. Six agriculturists, twelve yoke of oxen 
and plows and oth^- farming tools were to be supplied by the Government. 

11. Treaty of 1S32 tvith the Sacs and Foxes. — Already mentioned as the Black Hawk purchase. 

12. Treaty of 1S36, with the Sacs and Foxes, ceding Keokuk's Reserve to the United States; 
for which the Government stipulated to pay thirty thousand dollars, and an annuity of ten thou- 
sand dollars for ten successive years, together with other sums and debts of the Indians to 
various parties. 

13. Treaty of 1837.— On the 21st of October, 1837, a treaty was made at the city of Wash- 
ington, between Carey A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and the confederate tribes of 
Sacs and Foxes, ratified February 21, 1838, wherein another slice of the soil of Iowa was obtained, 
described in the treaty as follows: "A tract of country containing 1,250,000 acres, lying west 
and adjoining the tract conveyed by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 
1832. It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession shall be the north- 
ern and southern points of said traict as fixed by the survey made under the authority of the 
United States, and that a line shall be drawn between them so as to intersect a line extended 
westwardly from the angle of said tract nearly opposite to Rock Island, as laid down in the above 
survey, so far as may be necessary to include the number of acres hereby ceded, which last 
mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five miles." 

This piece of land was twenty-five miles wide in the middle, and ran off to a point at both 
eads, lying directly back of the Black Hawk Purchase, and of the same length. 

14. Treaty of Relinquishment. — At the same date as the above treaty, in the city of Washing- 
ton, Carey A. Harris, Commissioner, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all their 
right and interest in the country lying south of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes 
and Sioux, as described in the treaty of August 19, 1825, and between the Mississippi and Mis- 
souri Rivers, the United States paying for the same one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. 
The Indians also gave up all claims and interests under the treaties previously made with them, 
for the satisfaction of which no appropriations had been made. 

15. Treaty of 1S42. — The last treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes October 11, 1842; 
ratified March 23, 1843. It was made at the Sac and Fox agency (Agency City), by John 
Chambers, Commissioner on behalf of the United States. In this treaty the Sac and Fox Indians 
" ceded to the United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any claim 
or title." By the terms rf this treaty they were to be removed from the country at the expira- 
tion of three years, and all who remained after that were to move at their own expense. Part 
of them were removed to Kansas in the Fall of 1845, and the rest the Spring following. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 163 



SPANISH GRANTS. 

While the territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was under Spanish 
rule as a part of its province of Louisiana, certain claims to and grants of land 
were made by the Spanish authorities, with which, in addition to the extinguishment 
of Indian titles, the United States had to deal. It is proper that these should 
be briefly reviewed. 

Dubuque. — On the 22d day of September, 1788, Julien Dubuque, a French- 
man, from Prairie du Chien, obtained from the Foxes a cession or lease of lands 
on the Mississippi River for mining purposes, on the site of the present city of 
Dubuque. Lead had been discovered here eight years before, in 1780, by the 
wife of Peosta Fox, a warrior, and Dubuque's claim embraced nearly all the lead 
bearing lands in that vicinity. He immediately took possession of his claim and 
commenced mining, at the same time making a settlement. The place became 
known as the "Spanish Miners," or, more commonly, "Dubuque's Lead 
Mines." 

In 1796, Dubuque filed a petition with Baron de Carondelet, the Spanish 
Governor of Louisiana, asking that the tract ceded to him by the Indians might 
be granted to him by patent from the Spanish Government. In this petition, 
Dubuque rather indefinitely set forth the boundaries of this claim as "about 
seven leagues along the Mississippi River, and three leagues in width from the 
river," intending to include, as is supposed, the river front between the Little 
Maquoketa and the Tete des Mertz Rivers, embracing more than twenty thou- 
sand acres. Carondelet granted the prayer of the petition, and the grant was 
subsequently confirmed by the Board of Land Commissioners of Louisiana. 

In October, 1804, Dubuque transferred the larger part of his claim to 
Auguste Choteau, of St. Louis, and on the 17th of May, 1805, he and Choteau 
jointly filed their claims with the Board of Commissioners. On the 20th of 
September, 1806, the Board decided in their favor, pronouncing the claim to be 
a regular Spanish grant, made and completed prior to the 1st day of October, 
1800, only one member, J. B. C. Lucas, dissenting. 

Dubuque died March 24, 1810. The Indians, understanding that the claim 
of Dubuque under their former act of cession was only a permit to occupy the 
tract and work the mines during his life, and that at his death they reverted to 
them, took possession and continued mining operations, and were sustained by 
the military authority of the United States, notwithstanding the deqision of the 
Commissioners. When the Black Hawk purchase was consummated, the Du- 
bu(iue claim thus held by the Indians was absorbed by the United States, as the 
Sacs and Foxes made no reservation of it in the treaty of 1832. 

The heirs of Choteau, however, were not disposed to relinquish their claim 
without a struggle. Late in 1832, they employed an agent to look after their ' 
interests, and authorized him to lease tlie right to dig lead on the lands. The 
miners who commenced work under this agent were compelled by the military to 
abandon their operations, and one of the claimants went to Galena to institute 
legal proceedings, but found no court of competent jurisdiction, although he did 
bring an action for the recovery of a quantity of lead dug at Dubufpie, for the 
purpose of testing the title. Being unable to identify the lead, however, he was 
non-suited. 

By act of Congress, approved July 2, 1836, the town of Dubuque was sur- 
veyed and platted. After lots hud been sold and occupied by the purchasers, 
Henry Choteau brought an action of ejectment against Patrick Malony, who 



164 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

held land in Dubuque under a patent from the United States, for the recovery 
of seven undivided eighth parts of the Dubuque claim, as purchased by Auguste 
Choteau in 1804. The case was tried in the District Court of the United States 
for the District of Iowa, and was decided adversely to the plaintiff. The case was 
carried to the Supreme Court of the United States on a writ of error, Avhen it 
Avas heard at the December term, 1853, and the decision of the lower court was 
affirmed, the court holding that the permit from Carondolet was merely a lease 
or permit to work the mines ; that Dubuque asked, and the Governor of Louisiana 
granted, nothing more than the " peaceable possession " of certain lands obtained 
from the Indians ; that Carondelet had no legal authority to make snch a grant 
as claimed, and that, even if he had, this Avas but an " inchoate and imperfect 
title." 

G-iard. — In 1795, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana granted to 
Basil Giard five thousand eight hundred and sixty acres of land, in what is now 
Clayton County, known as the "Giard Tract." He occupied the land during 
the time that Iowa passed from Spain to France, and from France to the United 
States, in consideration of which the Federal Government granted a patent of 
the same to Giard in his own right. His heirs sold the Avhole tract to James H. 
Lockwood and Thomas P. Burnett, of Prairie du Chien, for three hundred dollars. 

Honori. — March 30, 1799, Zenon Trudeau, Acting Lieutenant Governor of 
Upper Louisiana, granted to Louis Honori a tract of land on the site of the 
present town of Montrose, as follows : " It is permitted to Mr. Louis (Fresson) 
Henori, or Louis Honore Fesson, to establish himself at the head of the rapids 
of the River Des Moines, and his establishment once formed, notice of it shall be 
given to the Governor General, in order to obtain for him a commission of a space 
sufficient to give value to such establishment, and at the same time to render it 
useful to the commerce of the peltries of this country, to watch the Indians and 
keep them in the fidelity which they owe to His Majesty." 

Honori took immediate possession of his claim, which he retained until 1805. 
While trading with the natives, he became indebted to Joseph Robedoux, who 
obtained an execution on which the property was sold May 13, 1803, and was 
purchased by the creditor. In these proceedings the property was described as 
being " about six leagues above the River Des Moines." Robedoux died soon 
after he purchased the proprerty. Auguste Choteau, his "executor, disposed of 
the Honori tract to Thomas F. Reddeck, in April, 1805, up to which time 
Honori continued to occupy it. The grant, as made by the Spanish government, 
was a league square, but only one mile square was confirmed by the United 
States. After the half-breeds sold their lands, in which the Honori grant was 
included, various claimants resorted to litigation in attempts to invalidate the 
title of the Reddeck heirs, but it was finally confirmed by a decision of the 
Supreme Court of the United States in 1839, and is the oldest legal title to any 
land in the State of Iowa. 

THE HALF-BREED TRACT. 

Before any permanent settlement had been made in the Territory of Iowa, 
white adventurers, trappers and traders, many of whom were scattered along 
the Mississippi and its tributaries, as agents and employes of the American Fur 
Company, intermarried with the females of the Sac and Fox Indians, producing 
a race of half-breeds, whose number was never definitely ascertamed. There 
were some respectable and excellent people among them, children of men of 
some refinement and education. For instance : Dr. Muir, a gentleman educated 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 165 

at Edinburgh, Scotland, a surgeon in the United States Army, stationed at a 
military post located on the present site of Warsaw, married an Indian Avoman, 
and reared his family of three daughters in the city of Keokuk. Other exam- 
ples might be cited, but they are probably exceptions to the general rule, and 
the race is now nearly or quite extinct in Iowa. 

A treaty was made at Washington, August 4, 1824, between the Sacs and 
Foxes and the United States, by which that portion of Lee County was reserved 
to the half-breeds of those tribes, and which w^as afterward known as " The 
Half-Breed Tract." This reservation is the triangular piece of land, containing 
about 119,000 acres, lying between the Mississippi andDes Moines Rivers. It is 
bounded on the north by the prolongation of the northern line of Missouri. 
This line was intended to be a straight one, running due east, which would have 
caused it to strike the Mississippi River at or below Montrose ; but the surveyor who 
run it took no notice of the change in the variation of the needle as he proceeded 
eastward, and, in consequence, the line he run was bent, deviating more and more 
to the northward of a direct line as he approached the Mississippi, so that it 
struck that river at the loAver edge of the town of Fort Madison. " This errone- 
ous line," says Judge Mason, "has been acquiesced in as well in fixing the 
northern limit of the Ilalf-Breed Tract as in determining the northern boundary 
line of the State of Missouri." The line thus run included in the reservation 
a portion of the lower part of the city of Fort Madison, and all of the present 
townships of Van Buren, Charleston, Jefferson, Des Moines, Montrose and 
Jackson. 

Under the treaty of 1824, the half-breeds had the right to occupy the soil, 
but could not convey it, the reversion being reserved to the United States. But 
on the 30th day of January, 1834, by act of Congress, this reversionary right 
was relinquished, and the half-breeds acquired the lands in fee simple. This 
was no sooner done, than a horde of speculators rushed in to buy land of the 
half-breed owners, and,, in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or a few 
quarts of whisky was sufiicient for the purchase of large estates. There was 
a deal of sharp practice on both sides ; Indians would often claim ownership of 
land by virtue of being half-breeds, and had no difficulty in proving their mixed 
blood by the Indians, and they would then cheat the speculators by selling land 
to wliich they had no rightful title. On the other hand, speculators often 
claimed land in which they had no ownership. It was diamond cut diamond, 
until at last things became badly mixed. There were no authorized surveys, 
and no boundary lines to claims, and, as a natural result, numerous conflicts and 
quarrels ensued. 

To settle these difficulties, to decide the validity of claims or sell them for 
the benefit of the real owners, by act of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, 
approved January 16, 1838, Edward Johnstone, Thomas S. Wilson and David 
Brigham were appointed Commissioners, and clothed with power to effect these 
objects. The act provided that these Commissioners should be paid six dollars 
a day each. The commission entered upon its duties and continued until the 
next session of the Legislature, when the act creating it was repealed, invalidat- 
ing all that had been done and depriving tlie Connnissioners of their pay. The 
repealing act, howeve)', authorized the Commissioners to commence action against 
the oAvners of the Half-Breed Tract, to receive pay for their vserviccs, in the Dis- 
trict Court of Lee County. Two judgments were obtained, and on execution 
the whole of the tract was sold to Hugh T. Reid, the Slieriff executing the 
deed. Mr. Reid sold portions of it to various parties, but his own title was 
questioned and he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor of Reid 



166 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

and those holding under him were made by both District and Supreme Courts, 
but in December, 1850, these decisions were finally reversed by the Supreme 
Court of the United States in the case of Joseph Webster, plaintiff in error, vs. 
Hugh T. Reid, and the judgment titles failed. About nine years before the 
"judgment titles " were finally abrogated as above, another class of titles were 
brouo^ht into competition with them, and in the conflict between the two, the 
final decision was obtained. These were the titles based on the " decree of 
partition " issued by the United States District Court for the Territory of Iowa, 
on the 8th of May, 1841, and certified to by the Clerk on the 2d day of June of 
that year. Edward Johnstone and Hugh T. Reid, then law partners at Fort 
Madison, filed the petition for the decree in behalf of the St. Louis claimants of 
half-breed lands. Francis S. Key, author of the Star Spangled Banner, Avho 
was then attorney for the New York Land Company, which held heavy interests 
in these lands, took a leading part in the measure, and drew up the document in 
which it was presented to the court. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, pre- 
sided. The plan of partition divided the tract into one hundred and one shares 
and arranged that each claimant should draw his proportion by lot, and should 
abide the result, Avhatever it might be. The arrangement was entered into, the 
lots drawn, and the plat of the same filed in the Recorder's office, October (), 
1841. Upon this basis the titles to land in the Half-Breed Tract are now held. 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 

The first permanent settlement by the whites within the limits of Iowa was 
made by Julien Dubuque, in 1788, when, with a small party of miners, he set- 
tled on the site of the city that now bears his name, where he lived until his 
death, in 1810. Louis Ilonori settled on the site of the present town of Mon- 
trose, probably in 1799, and resided there until 1805, when his property passed 
into other hands. Of the Giard settlement, opposite Prairie du Chien, little is 
known, except that it was occupied by some parties prior to the commencement 
of the present century, and contained three cabins in 1805. Indian traders, 
although not strictly to be considered settlers, had established themselves at 
various points at an early date. A Mr. Johnson, agent of the American Fur 
Company, had a trading post below Burlington, where he carried on traffic with 
the Indians some time before the United States possessed the country. In 
1820, Le Moliese, a French trader, had a station at what is now Sandusky, six 
miles above Keokuk, in Lee County. In 1829, Dr. Isaac Gallaud made a set- 
tlement on the Lower Rapids, at what is now Nashville. 

The first settlement in Lee County was made in 1820, by Dr. Samuel C. 
Muir," a surgeon in the United States army, who had been stationed at Fort 
Edwards, now Warsaw, 111., and who built a cabin where the city of Keokuk 
now stands. Dr. Muir was a man of strict integrity and irreproachable char- 
acter. While stationed at a military post on the Upper Mississippi, he had 
married an Indian woman of the Fox nation. Of his marriage, the following 
romantic account is given : 

The post at which he was stationed was visited by a beautiful Indian maiden — whose native 
name, unfortunately, has not been preserved — who, in her dreams, had seen a white brave un- 
moor his canoe, paddle it across the river and come directly to her lodge. She felt assured, 
according to the superstitious belief of her race, that, in her dreams, she had seen her future 
husband, and had come to the fort to find him. Meeting Dr. Muir, she instantly recognized 
him as the hero of her dream, which, with childlike innocence and simplicity, she related lo 
him. Her dream was, indeed, prophetic. Charmed with Sophia's beauty, innocence and devo- 
tion, the doctor honorably married her; but after a while, the sneers and gibes of his brother 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 167 

officers — less honorable than he, perhaps — made him feel ashamed of his dark-skinned wife, and 
when his regiment was ordered down the river, to Bellefontaine, it is said he embraced the 
opportunity to rid liimself of her, and left her, never expecting to see her again, and little 
dreaming that she would have the courage to follow him. But, with her infant child, this in- 
trepid wife and mother started alone in her canoe, and, after many days of weary labor and a 
lonely journey of nine hundred miles, she, at last, reached him. She afterward remarked, when 
speaking of this toilsome journey down the river in search of her husband, " AVhen I got there 
I was all perished away — so thin ! " The doctor, touched by such unexampled devotion, took her 
to his heart, and ever after, until his death, treated her with marked respect. She always pre- 
sided at bistable with grace and dignity, but never abanddned her native style of dress. In 
1819-20, he was stationed at Fort Edward, but the senseless ridicule of some of his brother 
oflBcers on account of his Indian wife induced him to resign his commission. 

After building his cabin, as above stated, he leased his claim for a term of years to Otis 
Reynolds and John Culver, of St. Louis, and went to La Pointe, afterward Galena, where he 
practiced his profession for ten years, when he returned to Keokuk. His Indian wife bore to 
him four children — Louise (married at Keokuk, since dead), James, (drowned at Keokukj, Mary 
and Sophia. Dr. Muir died suddenly of cholera, in 1832, but left his property in such condition 
that it was soon wasted in vexatious litigation, and his brave and faithful wife, left friendless and 
penniless, became discouraged, and, with her children, disappeared, and, it is said, returned to 
her people on the Upper Missouri. 

Messrs. Reynolds & Culver, who had leased Dr. Muir's claim at Keokuk, 
subsequently employed as their agent Mr. Moses Stillwell, who arrived with 
liis family in 1828, and took possession of Muir's cabin. His brothers-in-law, 
Amos and Valencourt Van Ansdal, came with him and settled near. 

His daughter, Margaret Stillwell (afterward Mrs. Ford) was born in 1831, 
at the foot of the rapids, called by the Indians Puch-a-she-tuck, where Keokuk 
now stands. She was probably the first white American child born in Iowa. 

In 1831, Mr. Johnson, Agent of the American Fur Company, who had a 
station at the foot of the rapids, removed to another location, and, Dr. Muir 
having returned from Galena, he and Isaac R. Campbell took the place and 
buildings vacated by the Company and carried on trade with the Indians and 
half-breeds. Campbell, who had first visited and traveled through tlie southern 
part of Iowa, in 1821, was an enterprising settler, and besides trading with the 
natives carried on a farm and kept a tavern. 

Dr. Muir died of cholera in 1832. 

In 1830, James L. and Lucius H. Langworthy, brothers and natives of 
Vermont, visited the Territory for the purpose of working the lead mines at Du- 
buque. They had been engaged in lead mining at Galena, Illinois, the former 
from as early as 1824. The lead mines in the Dubuque region were an object 
of great interest to the miners about Galena, for they were known to be rich in 
lead ore. To explore these mines and to obtain permission to work them was 
therefore eminently desirable. 

In 1829, James L. Langworthy resolved to visit the Dubuque mines. Cross- 
ing the Mi.ssissip])i at a point now known as Dunleith, in a canoe, and SAvim- 
ming his horse by his side, he landed on the spot now known as Jones Street 
Levee. Before him spread out a beautiful prairie, on which the city of Du- 
buque now stands. Two miles south, at the mouth of Catfish Creek, was a vil- 
lage of Sacs and Foxes. Thither Mr. Langworthy proceeded, and was well re- 
ceived by the natives. He endeavored to obtain permission from tliem to mine 
in their hills, but this they refused. He, however, succeeded in gaining the con- 
fidence of the chief to such an extent as to be allowed to travel in the interior 
for three weeks and explore the country. He employed two young Indians as 
guides, and traversed in different directions the Avhole region lying between the 
Mafpioketa and Turkey Rivers. He returned to the village, secured the good 
will of the Indians, and, returning to Galena, formed plans for future opera- 
tions, to be executed as soon as circumstances would permit. 



168 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

In 1830, with his brother, Lucius H., and others, having obtained the con- 
sent of the Indians, Mr. Langworthy crossed the Mississippi and commenced 
mining in the vicinity around Dubuque. 

At this time, the lands were not in the actual possession of the United States. 
Although they had been purchased from France, the Indian title had not been 
extinguished, and these adventurous persons were beyond the limits of any State 
or Territorial government. The first settlers were therefore obliged to be their 
own law-makers, and to agree to such regulations as the exigencies of the case 
demanded. The first act resembling civil legislation within the limits of the 
present State of Iowa was done by the miners at this point, in June, 1830. They 
met on the bank of the river, by the side of an old cottonwood drift log, at 
what is now the Jones Street Levee, Dubuque, and elected a Committee, con- 
sisting of J. L. Langworthy, H. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales, 
and E. M. Wren. This may be called the first Legislature in Iowa, the mem- 
bers of which gathered around that old cottonwood log, and agreed to and re- 
ported the following, written by Mr. Langworthy, on a half sheet of coarse, un- 
ruled paper, the old log being the writing desk : 

We, a Committee having been chosen to draft certain rules and regulations (laws) by 
which we as miners will be governed, and having duly considered the subject, do unanimously 
agree that we will be governed by the regulations on the east side of the Mississippi River,* with 
the following exceptions, to wit : 

Article I. That each and every man shall hold 200 yards square of ground by working 
said ground one day in six. 

Article il. We further agree that there shall be chosen, by the majority of the miners 
present, a person who shall hold this article, and who shall grant letters of arbitration on appli- 
cation having been made, and that said letters of arbitration shall be obligatory on the parties so 
applying. 

The report was accepted by the miners present, Avho elected Dr. Jarote, in 
accordance with Article 2. Here, then, we have, in 1830, a primitive Legisla- 
ture elected by the people, the law drafted by it being submitted to the people 
for approval, and under it Dr. Jarote was elected first Governor within the 
limits of the present State of Iowa. And it is to be said that the laws thus 
enacted Avere as promptly obeyed, and the acts of the executive officer thus 
elected as duly respected, as any have been since. 

The miners who had thus erected an independent government of their own 
on the west side of the Mississippi River continued to work successfully for a 
long time, and the new settlement attracted considerable attention. But the 
west side of the Mississippi belonged to the Sac and Fox Indians, and the Gov- 
ernment, in order to preserve peace on the frontier, as Avell as to protect the 
Indians in their rights under the treaty, ordered the settlers not only to stop 
mining, but to remove from the Indian territory. They were simply intruders. 
The execution of this order was entrusted to Col. Zachary Taylor, then in com- 
mand of the military post at Prairie du Chien, Avho, early in July, sent an officer 
to the miners with orders to forbid settlement, and to command the miners to 
remove within ten days to the east side of the Mississippi, or they would be 
driven off by armed force. The miners, however, were reluctant about leaving 
the rich "leads " they had already discovered and opened, and were not dis- 
posed to obey the order to remove with any considerable degree of alacrity. In 
due time. Col. Taylor dispatched a detachment of troops to enforce his order. The 
miners, anticipating their arrival, had, excepting three, recrossed the river, and ■ 
from the east bank saw the troops land on the western shore. The three who 
had lingered a little too long were, hoAvever, permitted to make their escape 

* Establiahed by the Superintendent of U. S. Lead Mines at Fevor River. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 169 

unmolested. From this time, a military force was stationed at Dubuque to 
prevent the settlers from returning, until June, 1832. The Indians returned, 
and were encouaged to operate the rich mines opened by the late Avhite 
occupants. 

In June, 1832, the troops were ordered to the east side to assist in the 
annihilation of the very Indians whose rights they had been protecting on the 
west side. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war, and the negotia- 
tions of the treaty in September, 1832, by which the Sacs and Foxes ceded to 
the United States the tract known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," the set- 
tlers, supposing that now they had a right to re-enter the territory, returned 
and took possession of their claims, built cabins, erected furnaces and prepared 
large quantities of lead for market. Dubuque was becoming a noted place on 
the river, but the prospects of the hardy and enterprising settlers and miners 
were again ruthlessly interfered with by the Government, on the ground that 
the treaty with the Indians would not go into force until June 1, 1833, although 
they had withdrawn from the vicinity of the settlement. Col. Taylor was again 
ordered by the War Department to remove the miners, and in January, 1833, 
troops were again sent from Prairie du Chien to Dubuque for that purpose. 
This was a serious and perhaps unnecessary hardship imposed upon the settlers. 
They were compelled to abandon their cabins and homes in mid-winter. It 
must now be said, simply, that "red tape" should be respected. The purchase 
had been made, the treaty ratified, or was sure to be ; the Indians had retired, 
and, after the lapse of nearly fifty years, no very satisfactory reason for this 
rigorous action of the Government can be given. 

But the orders had been given, and there was no alternative but to obey. 
Many of the settlers recrossed the river, and did not return ; a few, however, 
removed to an island near the east bank of the river, built rude cabins of poles, 
in which to store their lead until Spring, when they could float the fruits of 
their labor to St. Louis for sale, and where they could remain until the treaty 
went into force, when they could return. Among these were James L. Lang- 
worthy, and his brother Lucius, who had on hand about three hundred thousand 
pounds of lead. 

Lieut. Covington, who had been placed in command at Dubuque by Col. 
Taylor, ordered some of the cabins of the settlers to be torn down, and wagons 
and other property to be destroyed. This wanton and inexcusable action on 
the part of a subordinate clothed with a little brief authority was sternly 
rebuked by Col. Taylor, and Covington was superseded by Lieut. George Wil- 
son, who pursued a just and friendly course with the pioneers, who were only 
waiting for the time when they could repossess their claims. 

June 1, 1833, the treaty formally went into effect, the troops were withdrawn, 
and the Langworthy brothers and a few others at once returned and resumed 
possession of their home claims and mineral prospects, and from this time the 
first permanent settlement of this portion of Iowa must date. Mr. John P. 
Sheldon Avas appointed Superintendent of the mines by the Government, and a 
system of permits to miners and licenses to smelters was adopted, similar to that 
which had been in operation at Galena, since 1825, under Lieut. Martin Thomas 
and Capt. Thomas C. Legate. Substantially the primitive law enacted by the 
miners assembled around that old cottonwood drift log in 1830 was adopted and 
enforced by the United States Government, except that miners were required to 
sell their mineral to licensed smelters and the smelter was required to give bonds 
for the payment of six per cent, of all load manufactured to the Government. 
This was the same rule adopted in the United States mines on Fever River in 



170 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Illinois, except that, until 1830, the Illinois miners were compelled to pay 10 
pe^r cent. tax. This tax upon the miners created much dissatisfaction among 
the miners on the ■west side as it had on the east side of the Mississippi. They 
thought they had suffered hardships and privations enough in opening the "way 
for civilization, Avithout being subjected to the imposition of an odious Govern- 
ment tax upon their means of subsistence, Avhen the Federal Government could 
better afford to aid than to extort from them. The measure soon became unpop- 
ular. It was difficult to collect the taxes, and the Avhole system was abolished 
in about ten years. 

During 1833, after the Indian title was fully extinguished, about five hun- 
dred people arrived at the mining district, about one hundred and fifty of them 
from Galena. 

In the same year, Mr. Langworthy assisted in building the first school house 
in Iowa, and thus was formed the nucleus of the now populous and thriving 
City of Dubuque. Mr. Langworthy lived to see the naked prairie on which he 
first landed become the site of a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, the small 
school house which he aided in constructing replaced- by three substantial edifices, 
wherein two thousand children were being trained, churches erected in every 
part of the city, and railroads connecting the wilderness which he first explored 
with all the eastern world. He died suddenly on the 13th of March, 1865, 
while on a trip over the Dubuque & Southwestern Railroad, at Monticello, 
and the evening train brought the news of his death and liis remains. 

Lucius H. Langworthy, his brother, was one of the most worthy, gifted and 
influential of the old settlers of this section of Iowa. He died, greatly lamented 
by many friends, in June, 1865. 

Tlie name Dubuque was given to the settlement by the miners at a meeting 
held in 1834. 

In 1832, Captain James White made a claim on the present site of Montrose. 
In 1834, a militai-y post was established at this point, and a garrison of cavalry 
was stationed here, under the command of Col. Stephen W. Kearney. The 
soldiers were removed from this post to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1837. 

During the same year, 1832, soon after the close of the Black Hawk War, 
Zachariah Hawkins, Benjamin Jennings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, 
Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams made claims at Fort 
Madison. In 1833, these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel 
Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next Summer, lots 
were sold. The town was subsequently re-surveyed and platted by the United 
States Government. 

At the close of the Black Hawk War. parties who had been impatiently 
looking across upon "Flint Hills," now Burlington, came over from Illinois 
and made claims The first was Samuel S. White, in the Fall of 1832, who 
erected a cabin on the site of the city of Burlington. About the same time, 
David Tothero made a claim on the prairie about three miles back from the 
river, at a place since known as thefaim of Judge Morgan. In the Winter of 
that year, they were driven off" by the military from Rock Island, as intruders 
upon the rights of the Indians, and White's cabin was burnt by the soldiers. 
He retired to Illinois, where he spent the Winter, and in the Summer, as soon 
as the Indian title was extinguished, returned and rebuilt his cabin. White 
was joined by his brother-in-law, Doolittle, and they laid out the original town 
of Burlington in 1834. 

All along the river borders of the Black Hawk Purchase settlers were flockmg 
into Iowa. Immediately after the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, in Septem- 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 171 

ber, 1832, Col. George Davenport made the first claim on the spot where the 
thriving city of Davenport now stands. As early as 1827, Col. Davenport had 
established a flatboat ferry, Avhich ran between the island and the main shore of 
Iowa, by which he carried on a trade with the Indians west of the Mississippi. 
In 1833, Capt. Benjamin W. Clark moved across from Illinois, and laid the 
foundation of the town of Buffalo, in Scott County, which was the first actual 
settlement within the limits of that county. Among other early settlers in this 
part of tlie Territory were Adrian H. Davenport, Col. John Sullivan, Mulli- 
gan and Franklin Easly, Capt. John Coleman, J. M. Camp, William White, 
H. W. Iliggins, Cornelius Harrold, Richard Harrison, E. H. Shepherd and 
Dr. E. S. Barrows. 

The first settlers of Davenport were Antoine LeClaire, Col. George Daven- 
port, Major Thomas Smith, Major William Gordon, Philip Hambough, Alexan- 
der W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and others. Of Antoine 
LeClaire, as the representative of the two races of men who at this time occu- 
pied Iowa, Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his admirable Centennial Address, says : 
" Antoine LeClaire was born at St. Joseph, Michigan, in 1797. His father 
was French, his mother a granddaughter of a Pottowatomie chief. In 1818, 
he acted as official interpreter to Col. Davenport, at Fort Armstrong (now Rock 
Island). He was well acquainted with a dozen Indian dialects, and was a man 
of strict integrity and great energy. In 1820, he married the granddaughter 
of a Sac cliief. The Sac and Fox Indians reserved for him and his wife two 
sections of land in the treaty of 1833, one at the town of LeClaire and one at 
Davenport. The Pottawatomies, in the treaty at Prairie du Chien, also 
reserved for him two sections of land, at the present site of Moline, 111. He 
received the appointment of Postmaster and Justice of the Peace in the Black 
Hawk Purchase, at an early day. In 1833, he bought for $100 a claim on the 
land upon which the original town of Davenport was surveyed and platted in 
1836. In 1836, LeClaire built the hotel, known since, with its valuable addi- 
tion, as the LeClaire House. He died September 25, 1861." 

In Clayton County, the first settlement was made in the Spring of 1832, 
on Turkey River, by Robert Hatfield and William W. Wayman. No further 
settlement was made in this part of the State till the beginning of 1836. 

In that portion now known as Muscatine County, settlements were made in 
1834, by Benjamin Nye, John Vanater and G. W. Kasey, who were the first 
settlers. E. E. Fay, William St. John, N. Fullington, H. Reece, Jona Petti- 
bone, R. P. Lowe, Stephen Whicher, Abijah Whiting, J. E. Fletcher, W. D. 
Abernethy and Alexis Smith were early settlers of Muscatine. 

During the Summer of 1835, William Bennett and his family, from Galena, 
built the first cabin within the present limits of Delaware County, in some 
timber since known as Eads' Grove. 

The first post office in Iowa was established at Dubuque in 1833. Milo H. 
Prentice was appointed Postmaster. 

The first Justice of the Peace was Antoine Le Claire, appointed in 1833, as 
" a very suitable person to adjust the difficulties between the white settlers and 
the Indians still remaining there." 

The first Methodist Society in the Territory was formed at Dubuque on 
the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class meeting was held June 1st of that 
year. 

The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834. 

The first mass of the Roman Catholic Church in the Territory was celebrated 
at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the Fall of 1833. 



172 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

The first school house in the Territory was erected by the Dubuque miners 
in 1833. 

The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the Summer 
of 1834. 

The first woman who came to this part of the Territory with a view to per- 
manent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the Fall of 1832. 

The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, 
in 1832. 

The first meeting house was built by the Methodist Episcopal Church, at 
Dubu(|ue, in 1834. 

The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued May 11th, 1836. 
John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and William C. Jones, printer. 

The pioneers of Iowa, as a class, were brave, hardy, intelligent and 
enterprising people. 

As early as 1824, a French trader named Hart had established a trading 
post, and built a cabin on the bluffs above the large spring now known as 
" Mynster Spring," within the limits of the present city of Council Bluffs, and 
had probably been there some time, as the post was known to the employes of 
the American Fur Company as Lacote de Hart, or " Hart's Bluff." In 1827, 
an agent of the American Fur Company, Francis Guittar, with others, encamped 
in the timber at the foot of the bluffs, about on the present location of Broad- 
way, and afterward settled there. In 1839, a block house was built on the 
bluff in the east part of the city. The Pottawatomie Indians occupied this part 
of the State until 1846-7, when they relinquished the territory and removed to 
Kansas. Billy Caldwell was then principal chief. There Avere no white settlers 
in that part of the State except Indian traders, until the arrival of the Mormons 
under the lead of Brigham Young. These people on their way westward halted 
for the Winter of 1846-7 on the west bank of the Missouri River, about five 
miles above Omaha, at a place now called Florence. Some of them ,had 
reached the eastern bank of the river the Spring before, in season to plant a 
crop. In the Spring of 1847, Young and a portion of the colony pursued their 
journey to Salt Lake, but a large portion of them returned to the Iowa side and 
settled mainly within the limits of Pottawattamie County. " The principal settle- 
ment of this strange community was at a place first called "Miller's Hollow," 
on Indian Creek, and afterward named Kanesville, in honor of Col. Kane, of 
Pennsylvania, who visited them soon afterward. The Mormon settlement 
extended over the county and into neighboring counties, wherever timber and 
water furnished desirable locations. Orson Hyde, priest, lawyer and editor, was 
installed as President of the Quorum of Twelve, and all that part of the State 
remained under Mormon control for several years. In 1846, they raised a bat- 
talion, numbering some five hundred men, for the Mexican war. In 1848, Hyde 
started a paper called the Frontier Cfuardian, at Kanesville. In 1849, after 
many of the faithful had left to join Brigham Young at Salt Lake, the Mormons 
in this section of Iowa numbered 6,552, and in 1850, 7,828, but they were not 
all within the limits of Pottawattamie County. This county was organized in 
1848, all the first officials being Mormons. In 1852, the order was promulgated 
that all the true believers should gather together at Salt Lake. Gentiles flocked 
in, and in a few years nearly all the first settlers were gone. 

May 9, 1843, Captain James Allen, with a small detachment of troops on 
board the steamer lone, arrived at the present site of the capital of the State, 
Des Moines. The lone was the first steamer to ascend the Des Moines River 
to this point. The troops and stores were landed at what is now the foot of 



i 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 173 

Court avenue, Des Moines, and Capt. Allen returned in the steamer to Fort 
Sanford to arrange for bringing up more soldiers and supplies. In due time 
they, too, arrived, and a fort was built near the mouth of Raccoon Fork, at its 
confluence with the Des Moines, and named Fort Des Moines. Soon after the 
arrival of the troops, a trading post was established on the east side of the river, 
by two noted Indian traders named Ewing, from Ohio. 

Among the first settlers in this part of Iowa were Benjamin Bryant, J. B, 
Scott, James Drake (gunsmith), John Sturtevant, Robert Kinzie, Alexander 
Turner, Peter Newcomer, and others. 

The Western States have been settled by many of the best and most enter- 
prising men of the older States, and a large immigration of the best blood of 
the Old World, who, removing to an arena of larger opportunities, in a more 
fertile soil and congenial climate, have developed a spirit and an energy 
peculiarly Western. In no country on the globe have enterprises of all kinds 
been pushed forward with such rapidity, or has there been such independence 
and freedom of competition. Among those who have pioneered the civiliza- 
tion of the West, and been the founders of great States, none have ranked 
higher in the scale of intelligence and moral worth than the pioneers of Iowa, 
who came to the territory when it was an Indian country, and through hardship, 
privation and suffering, laid the foundations of the populous and prosperous 
commonwealth which to-day dispenses its blessings to a million and a quarter 
of people. From her first settlement and from her first organization as a terri- 
tory to the present day, Iowa has had able men to manage her affairs, wise 
statesmen to shape her destiny and frame her laAvs, and intelligent and impartial 
jurists to administer justice to her citizens ; her bar, pulpit and press have been 
able and widely influential ; and in all the professions, arts, enterprises and 
industries which go to make up a great and prosperous commonw^ealth, she has 
taken and holds a front rank among her sister States of the West. 



TERRITORIAL HISTORY. 

By act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United 
States was authorized to take possession of the territory included in the 
Louisiana purchase, and provide for a temporary government. By another act 
of the same session, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired country was 
divided, October 1, 1804 into the Territory of Orleans, south of the thirty-tliird 
parallel of north latitude, and the district of Louisiana, which latter was placed 
under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory, 

In 1 805, the District of Louisiana was organized as a Territory with a gov- 
ernment of its own. In 1807, Iowa was included in the Territory of Illinois, 
and in 1812 in the Territory of Missouri. When Missouri was admitted as a 
State, March 2, 1821, "Iowa," says Hon. C. C. Nourse, "was left a political 
orphan," until by act of Congress, approved June 28, 1834, the Black Hawk 
purchase having been made, all the territory west of the Mississippi and north 
of the northern boundary of Missouri, was made a part of Michigan Territory. 
Lp to this time there had been no county or other organization in what is now 
the State of Iowa, although one or two Justices of the Peace had been appointed 
and a post office was established at Dubuque in 1833. In September, 1834, 
however, the Territorial Legislature of Michigan created two counties on the 
west side of the Mississippi River, viz. : Dubuque and Des Moines, separated 
by a line drawn westward from tlie foot of Rock Island. These counties were 



174 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

partially organized. John King was appointed Chief Justice of Dubuque 
County, and Isaac Leffler, of Burlington, of Des Moines County. Two 
Associate Justices, in each county, were appointed by the Governor. 

On the first Monday in October, 1835, Gen. George W. Jones, now a citi- 
zen of Dubuque, Avas elected a Delegate to Congress from this part of Michigan 
Territory. On the 20th of April, 1836, through the efforts of Gen. Jones, 
Congress passed a bill creating the Territory of Wisconsin, which went into 
operation, July 4, 1836, and Iowa was then included in 

THE TERRITORY OF WISCONSIN, 

of which Gen. Henry Dodge was appointed Governor; John S. Horner, Secre- 
tary of the Territory ; Charles Dunn, Chief Justice ; David Irwin and William 
C. Frazer, Associate Justices. 

September 9, 1836, Governor Dodge ordered the census of the new Territory 
to be taken. This census resulted in shoAving a population of 10,531 in the 
counties of Dubuque and Des Moines. Under the apportionment, these two 
counties were entitled to six members of the Council and thirteen of the House 
of Representatives. The Governor issued his proclamation for an election to be 
held on the first Monday of October, 1836, on which day the following members 
of the First Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin were elected from the two 
counties in the Black Hawk purchase : 

Dubuque County. — Council: John Fally, Thomas McKnight, Thomas Mc- 
Craney. House : Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlan, Peter Hill Engle, Patrick 
Quigley, Hosea T. Camp. 

Des Moines County. — Council: Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, 
Arthur B. Ingram. House: Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, 
John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds, David R. Chance. 

The first Legislature assembled at Belmont, in the present State of Wiscon- 
sin, on the 25th day of October, 1836, and was organized by electing Henry T. 
Baird President of the Council, and Peter Hill Engle, of Dubuque, Speaker of 
the House. It adjourned December 9, 1836. 

The second Legislature assembled at Burlington, November 10, 1837. 
Adjourned January 20, 1838. The third session was at Burlington; com- 
menced June 1st, and adjourned June 12, 1838. 

During the first session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, in 1836, 
the county of Des Moines was divided into Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Henry, 
Muscatine and Cook (the latter being subsequently changed to Scott) and defined 
their boundaries. During the second session, out of the territory embraced in 
Dubuque County, were created the counties of Dubuque, Clayton, Fayette, 
Delaware, Buchanan, Jackson, Jones, Linn, Clinton and Cedar, and their boun- 
daries defined, but the most of them were not organized until several years 
afterward, under the authority of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa. 

The question of a separate territorial organization for Iowa, which was then 
a part of Wisconsin Territory, began to be agitated early in the Autumn of 
1837. The wishes of the people found expression in a convention held at Bur- 
lington on the 1st of November, which memorialized Congress to organize a 
Territory west of the Mississippi, and to settle the boundary line between Wis- 
consin Territory and Missouri. The Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, then 
in session at Burlington, joined in the petition. Gen. George W. Jones, of 
Dubuque, then residing at Sinsinawa Mound, in what is now Wisconsin, was 
Delegate to Congress from W^isconsin Territory, and labored so earnestly and 
successfully, that " An act to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to estab- 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 175 

lish the Territorial Government of Iowa," was approved June 12, 1838, to take 
effect and be in force on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory embraced 
"all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mis- 
sissippi River, and west of a line drawn due north from the head water or 
sources of the Mississippi to the territorial line." The organic act provided 
for a Governor, whose term of office should be three years, and for a Secretary, 
Chief Justice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who shoukl 
serve four years, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the election, by the white 
male inhabitants, citizens of the United States, over twenty-one years of age, 
of a House of Representatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and a Council, 
to consist of thirteen members. It also appropriated $5,000 for a public library, 
and §20,000 for the erection of public buildings. 

President Yan Buren appointed Ex-Governor Robert Lucas, of Ohio, to be 
the first Governor of the new Territory. William B. Conway, of Pittsburgh, 
was appointed Secretary of the Territory ; Charles Mason, of Burlington, 
Chief Justice, and Tliomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of 
Pennsylvania, Associate Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; Mr. Van 
Allen, of New York, Attorney; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal; Au 
gustus C. Dodge, Register of the Land Office at Burlington, and Thomas Me- 
Knight, Receiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Mr. Van Allen, the District 
Attorney, died at Rockingham, soon after his appointment, and Col. Charles 
Weston Avas appointed to fill his vacancy. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, also 
died at Burlington, during the second session of the Legislature, and Jamai 
Clarke, editor of the G-azette, was appointed to succeed him. 

Immediately after his arrival, Governor Lucas issued a proclamation for thtj 
election of members of the first Territorial Legislature, to be held on the lOtL 
of September, dividing the Territory into election districts for that purpose, and 
appointing the 12th day of November for meeting of the Legislature to bo 
elected, at Burlington. 

The first Territorial Legislature was elected in September and assembled at 
Burlington on the 12th of November, and consisted of the following members: 

Council. — Jesse B. Brown, J. Keith, E. A. M. Swazey, Arthur Ingram, 
Robert Ralston, George Hepner, Jesse J. Payne, D. B. Hughes, James M. 
Clark, Charles Whittlesey, Jonathan W. Parker, Warner Lewis, StepheL. 
Hempstead. 

House. — William Patterson, Hawkins Taylor, Calvin J. Price, James 
Brierly, James Hall, Gideon S. Bailey, Samuel Parker, James W. Grimes, 
George Temple, Van B. Delashmutt, Thomas Blair, George H. Beeler,'* 
William G. Coop, William H. Wallace, Asbury B. Porter, John Frierson, 
William L. Toole, Levi Thornton, S. C. Hastings, Robert G. Roberts, Laurel 
Summers,t Jabez A. Burchard, Jr., Chauncey Swan, Andrew Bankson, Thomas 
Cox and Hardin Nowlin. 

Notwithstanding a large majority of the members of both branches of the 
Legislature were Democrats, yet Gen. Jesse B. Browne (Whig), of Lee County, 
was elected President of the Council, and Hon. William H. Wallace (Whig), of 
Henry County, Speaker of the House of Representatives — the former unani- 
mously and the latter with bus little opposition. At that time, national politics 

*Cynig S. JacobR, -who was elpctpd for T>cs JToinea County, was killpd in an unfortunate encounter at Burlington 
before the meeting ol'tlio Legislature, and Jlr. Bceler was clecteil to fill the vacancy. 

tSnmuel R, Murray was retuinuii an elected from Clinton County, but Lis seat was successfully contested by 
Burcliaid. 



176 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA, 

were little heeded by the people of the new Territory, but in 1840, during the 
Presidential campaign, party lines were strongly drawn. 

At the election in September, 1838, for members of the Legislature, a Con- 
gressional Delegate was also elected. There were four candidates, viz. : William 
W. Chapman and David Rohrer, of Des Moines County ; B. F. Wallace, of 
Henry County, and P. H. Engle, of Dubuque County. Chapman was elected, 
receiving a majority of thirty-six over Engle. 

The first session of the Iowa Territorial Legislature was a stormy and excit- 
ing one. By the organic law, the Governor was clothed with almost unlimited 
veto power. Governor Lucas seemed disposed to make free use of it, and the 
independent Hawkeyes could not quietly submit to arbitrary and absolute rule, 
and the result was an unpleasant controversy between the Executive and Legis- 
lative departments. Congress, however, by act approved March 3, 1839, 
amended the organic law by restricting the veto power of the Governor to the 
two-thirds rule, and took from him the power to appoint Sherifts and Magistrates. 

Among the first important matters demanding attention was the location of 
the seat of government and provision for the erection of public buildings, for 
which Congress had appropriated $20,000. Governor Lucas, in his message, 
had recommended the appointment of Commissioners, with a view to making a 
central location. The extent of the future State of Iowa was not known or 
thought of. Only on a strip of land fifty miles wide, bordering on the Missis- 
sippi River, was the Indian title extinguished, and a central location meant some 
central point in the Black Hawk Purchase. The friends of a central location 
supported the Governor's suggestion. The southern members were divided 
between Burlington and Mount Pleasant, but finally united on the latter as the 
proper location for the seat of government. The central and southern parties 
were very nearly equal, and, in consequence, much excitement prevailed. The 
central party at last triumphed, and on the 21st day of January, 1839, an act 
was passed, appointing Chauncey Swan, of Dubuque County ; John Ronalds, 
of Louisa County, and Robert Ralston, of Des Moines County, Commissioners, 
to select a site for a permanent seat of Government within the limits of John- 
son County. 

Johnson County had been created by act of the Territorial Legislature of 
Wisconsin, approved December 21, 1837, and organized by act passed at the 
special session at Burlington in June, 1838, the organization to date from July 
4th, following. Napoleon, on the Iowa River, a few miles below the future 
Iowa City, was designated as the county seat, temporarily. 

Then there existed good reason for locating the capital in the county. The 
Territory of Iowa was bounded on the north by the British Possessions ; east, by 
the Mississippi River to its source; thence by a line drawn due north to the 
northern boundary of the United States; south, by the State of Missouri, and west, 
by the Missouri and White Earth Rivers. But this immense territory was in un- 
disputed possession of the Indians, except a strip on the Mississippi, known as 
the Black Hawk Purchase. Johnson County was, from north to south, in the 
geographical center of this purchase, and as near the east and west geographical 
center of the future State of Iowa as could then be made, as the boundary line 
between the lands of the United States and the Indians, established by the 
treaty of October 21, 1837, was immediately west of the county limits. ^ 

The Commissioners, after selecting the site, were directed to lay out 640 
acres into a town, to be called Iowa City, and to proceed to sell lots and erect 
public buildings thereon, Congress having granted a section of land to be 
selected by the Territory for this purpose. The Commissioners met at Napo- 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 177 

leon, Johnson County, May 1, 1839, selected for a site Section 10, in Town- 
ship 79 North of Range 6 West of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and immedi- 
ately surveyed it and laid oft" the town. The first sale of lots took place August 
16, 1839. The site selected for the public buildings was a little west of the 
geographical center of the section, where a square of ten acres on the elevated 
grounds o\erlooking the river was reserved for the purpose. The capitol is 
located in the center of this square. The second Territorial Legislature, Avhich 
assembled in November, 1839, passed an act requiring the Commissioners to 
adopt such plan for the building that the aggregate cost when complete should 
not exceed $51,000, and if they had already adopted a plan involving a greater 
expenditure they were directed to abandon it. Plans for the building were designed 
and drawn by Mr. John F. Rague, of Springfield, 111., and on the 4th day of July, 
1840, the corner stone of the edifice was laid with appropriate cei'emonies. 
Samuel C. Trowbridge was Marshal of the day, and Gov. Lucas delivered the 
address on that occasion. 

When the Legislature assembled at Burlington in special session, July 13, 
1840, Gov. Lucas announced that on the 4th of that month he had visited Iowa 
City, and found the basement of the capitol nearly completed. A bill author- 
izing a loan of $20,000 for the building was passed, January 15, 1841, tlie 
unsold lots of Iowa City being the security oft"ered, but only $5,500 was 
obtained under the act. 

THE BOUNDARY QUESTION. 

The boundary line between the Territory of Iowa and the State of Missouri 
was a difiicult question to settle in 1838, in consequence of claims arising from 
taxes and titles, and at one time civil war was imminent. In defining the 
boundaries of the counties bordering on Missouri, the Iowa authorities had fixed 
a line that has since been established as the boundary between Iowa and Mis- 
souri. The Constitution of Missouri defined her northern boundary to be the 
parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the Des Moines River. 
The lower rapids of the Mississippi immediately above the mouth of the Des 
Moines River had always been known as the Des Moines Rapids, or " the 
rapids of the Des Moines River." The Missourians (evidently not well versed 
in history or geography) insisted on running the northern boundary line from 
the rapids in the Des Moines River, just below Keosauqua, thus taking li-om 
Iowa a strip of territory eight or ten miles wide. Assuming this as her 
northern boundary line, Missouri attempted to exercise jurisdiction over the 
disputed territory by assessing taxes, and sending her Sheriffs to collect them by 
distraining the personal property of the settlers. The lowans, however, were 
not disposed to submit, and the Missouri officials were arrested by the Sheriffs 
of Davis and Van Buren Counties and confined in jail. Gov, Boggs, of 
Missouri, called out his militia to enforce the claim and sustain the officers of 
Missouri. Gov. Lucas called out the militia of Iowa, and both parties made 
active preparations for war. In Iowa, about 1,200 men Avere enlisted, and 
500 were actually armed and encamped in A'an Buren County, ready to defend 
the integrity of the Territory. Subsequently, Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, 
Gen. Churchman, of Dubu(|ue, and Dr. Clark, of Fort Madison, were sent to 
Missouri as envoys plenipotentiary, to effect, if possible, a peaceable adjustment 
of the difficulty. Upon their arrival, they found that the County Commissioners 
of Clarke County, Missouri, had rescinded their order for the collection of the taxes, 
and that Gov. Boggs had despatched messengers to the Governor of Iowa proposing 



178 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

to submit an agreed case to the Supreme Court of the United States for the 
final settlement of the boundary question. This proposition was declined, but 
afterward Congress authorized a suit to settle the controversy, which was insti- 
tuted, and which resulted in a judgment for Iowa. Under this decision, 
William G. Miner, of Missouri, and Henry B. Hendershott were appointed 
Commissioners to survey and establish the boundary. Mr. Nourse remarks 
that " the expenses of the war on the part of Iowa were never paid, either by 
the United States or the Territorial Government. The patriots who furnished 
supplies to the troops had to bear the cost and charges of the struggle." 

The first legislative assembly laid the broad foundation of civil equality, on 
which has been constructed one of the most liberal governments in the Union. 
Its first act was to recognize the equality of woman with man before the law by 
providing that " no action commenced by a single woman, who intermarries 
during the pendency thereof, shall abate on account of such marriage." This prin- 
ciple has been adopted by all subsequent legislation in Iowa, and to-day woman 
has full and equal civil rights with man, except only the right of the ballot. 

Religious toleration was also secured to all, personal liberty strictly guarded, 
the rights and privileges of citizenship extended to all white persons, and the 
purity of elections secured by heavy penalties against bribery and corruption. 
The judiciary power was vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, Probate 
Court, and Justices of the Peace. Real estate was made divisible by will, and 
intestate property divided equitably among heirs. IMurder was made punishable 
by death, and proportionate penalties fixed for lesser crimes. A system of free 
schools, open for every class of white citizens, was established. Provision was 
made for a system of roads and highways. Thus under the territorial organi- 
zation, the country began to emerge from a savage wilderness, and take on the 
forms of civil government. 

By act of Congress of June 12, 1838, the lands which had been purchased 
of the Indians Avere brought into market, and land offices opened in Dubuque 
and Burlington. Congress provided for military roads and bridges, which 
greatly aided the settlers, who were now coming in by thousands, to make their 
homes on the fertile prairies of Iowa — " the Beautiful Land." The fame of the 
country had spread far and wide ; even before the Indiiin title was extinguished, 
many were crowding the borders, impatient to cross over and stake out their 
claims on the choicest spots they could find in the new Territory. As 
soon as the country was open for settlement, the borders, the Black Hawk 
Purchase, all along the Mississipi, and up the principal rivers and streams, and 
out over the broad and rolling prairies, began to be thronged with eager land 
hunters and immigrants, seeking homes in Iowa. It was a sight to delight the 
eyes of all comers from every land — its noble streams, beautiful and picturesque 
hills and valleys, broad and fertile prairies extending as far as the eye could 
reach, with a soil surpassing in richness anything which they had ever seen. It 
is not to be wondered at that immigration into Iowa was rapid, and that within 
less than a decade from the organization of the Territory, it contained a hundred 
and fifty thousand people. 

As rapidly as the Indian titles were extinguished and the original owners 
removed, the resistless tide of emigration flowed westward. The following extract 
from Judge Nourse's Centennial Address shows how the immigrants gathered 
on the Indian boundary, ready for the removal of the barrier : 

In obedience to our progressive and aggressive spirit, the Government of the United States 
made another treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians, on the 11th day of August, 1842, for the 
remaining portion of their land in Iowa. The treaty provided that the Indians should retain 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 179 

possession of all the lands thus ceded until May 1, 1843, and should occupy that portion of the 
•ceded territory west of a line running; north and south through Kedrock, until October 11, 1845. 
These tribes, at this time, had their principal village at Ot-tum-wa-no, now called Ottumwa. As 
soon as it became known that the treaty had been concluded, there was a rush of immigration to 
Iowa, and a great number of temporary settlements were made near tlie Indian boundary, wait- 
ing for the 1st day of May. As the day appi-oached, hundreds of families encamped along the 
line, and their tents and wagons gave tlie scene the appearance of a military expedition. The 
country beyond had been thoroughly explored, but the United States military authorities had 
prevented any settlement or even the making out of claims by any monuments whatever. 

To aid thera in making out their claims when the hour sliould arrive, the settlers had placed 
piles of dry wood on the rising ground, at convenient distances, and a short time before twelve 
o'clock of the night of the 80th of April, these were lighted, and when the midnight hour arrived, 
it was announced by the discharge of firearms. The night was dark, but this army of occupa- 
tion pressed forward, torch in hand, with axe and hatchet, blazing lines with all manner of 
curves and angles. When daylight came and revealel the confusion of these wonderful surveys, 
numerous disputes arose, settled generally by compromise, but sometimes by violence, Between 
midnight of the 30th of April and sundown of the 1st of May, over one thousand families had 
settled on their new purchase. 

While this scene was transpiring, the retreating Indians were enacting one more impressive 
and melancholy. The Winter of 1842-43 was one of unusual severity, and the Indian prophet, 
who had disapproved of the treaty, attributed the severity of the Winter to the anger of the Great 
Spirit, because they had sold their country. Many religious rites were performed to atone for 
the crime. When the time for leaving Ot-tum-wa-no arrived, a solemn silence pervaded the Indian 
camp, and the faces of their stoutest men were bathed in tears; and when their cavalcade was 
put in motion, toward the setting sun, there was a spontaneous outburst of frantic grief from the 
entire procession. 

The Indians remained the appointed time beyond the line running north and south through 
Redrock. The government established a trading post and niilitai-y encampment at the Raccoon 
Fork of the Des Moines River, then and for many years known as Fort Des Moines. Here the 
red man lingered until the 11th of October, 1845, when the same scene that we have before 
described was re-enacted, and the wave of immigration swept over the remainder of the " New 
Purchase." The lands thus occupied and claimed by the settlers still belonged in fee to the Gen- 
eral Government. The surveys were not completed until some time after the Indian title was 
extinguished. After their survey, the lands were publicly proclaimed or advertised for sale at 
public auction. Under the laws of the United States, a pre-emption or exclusive right to purchase 
public lands could net be acquired until after the lands had thus been publicly ofl'ered and not 
sold for want of bidders. Then, and not until then, an occupant making improvements in good 
faith might acquire a right over others to enter the land at the minimum price of $1.25 per 
acre. The "claim laws" were unknown to the United States statutes. They originated in the 
" eternal fitness of things," and were enforced, probably, as belonging to that class of natural 
rights not enumerated in the constitution, and not impaired or disparaged by its enumeration. 

The settlers organized in every settlement prior to the public land sales, appointed officers, 
and adopted their own rules and regulations. Each man's claim was duly ascertained and 
recorded by the Secretary. It was the duty o{ all to attend the sales. The Secretary bid off the 
lands of each settler at $1.25 per acre. The others were there, to see, first, that he did his duty 
and bid in the land, and, secondly, to see that no one else bid. This, of course, sometimes led to 
trouble, l)ut it saved the excitement of competition, and gave a formality and degree of order 
and regularity to the proceedings they would not otherwise have attained. As far as practicable, 
the Territorial Legislature recognized the validity of these " claims " upon the public lands, and 
in 1839 passed an act legalizing their sale and making their transfer a valid consideration to sup- 
port a promise to pay for the same. (Acts of 1843, r>. 456). The Supreme Territorial Court 
held this law to be valid. (See Hill v. Smith, 1st Morris Rep. 70). The opinion not only con- 
tains a decision of the question involved, but also contains much valuable erudition upon that 
'I spirit of Anglo-Saxon liberty" which the Iowa settlers unquestionably inherited in a direct 
line of descent from the said " Anglo-Saxons." But the early settler was not always able to pay 
even this dollar and twenty-five cents per acre for his land. 

Many of the settlers had nothing to begin with, save their hands, health and 
courage and their family jewels, "the pledges of love," and the "consumers of 
bread." It was not so easy to accumulate money in the early days of the State, 
and the "beautiful prairies," the "noble streams," and all that sort of poetic 
imagery, did not prevent the early settlers from becoming discouraged. 

An old settler, in speaking of the privations and trials of those early days, 
says: 

Well do the "old settlers ' of Iowa remember the days from the first settlement to 1840. 
Those were days of sadness and distre,8S. The endearments of home in another land had been 



180 * HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

broken up; and all that was hallowed on earth, the home of childhood and the scenes of youth, 
we severed ; and we sat down by the gentle waters of our noble river, and often " hung our harps 
on the willows." 

Another, from another part of the State, testifies : 

There was no such thing as getting money for any kind of labor. I laid brick at $3.00 
per thousand, and took my pay in anything I could eat or wear. I built the first Methodist 
Church at Keokuk, 42x60 feet, of brick, for $600, and took my pay in a subscription paper, part 
of which I never collected, and upon which I only received $50 00 in money. Wheat was hauled 
100 miles from the interior, and sold for 37i cents per bushel. 

Another old settler, speaking of a later period, 1843, says : 

Land and everything had gone down in value to almost nominal prices. Corn and oats 
could be bought for six or ten cents a bushel ; pork, $1 .00 per hundred ; and the best horse a 
man could raise sold for $50.00. Nearly all were in debt, and the SheriflF and Constable, with 
legal processes, were common visitors at almost every man's door. These were indeed "the times 
that tried men's souls." 

"A few," says Mr. Nourse, "who were not equal to the trial, returned to 
their old homes, but such as had the courage and faith to be the worthy founders 
of a great State remained, to more than realize the fruition of their hopes, and 
the reward of their self-denial." 

On Monday, December 6, 1841, the fourth Legislative Assembly met, at 
the new capital, Iowa City, but the capitol building could not be used, and the 
Legislature occupied a temporary frame house, that had been erected for that 
purpose, during the session of 1841-2. At this session, the Superintendent of 
Public Buildings (who, with the Territorial Agent, had superseded the Commis- 
sioners first appointed), estimated the expense of completing the building at 
$33,330, and that rooms for the use of the Legislature could be completed for 
$15,600. 

During 1842, the Superintendent commenced obtaining stone from a new 
quarry, about ten miles northeast of the city. This is now known as the '' Old 
Capitol Quarry," and contains, it is thought, an immense quantity of excellent 
building stone. Here all the stone for completing the building was obtained, 
and it was so far completed, that on the 5th day of December, 1842, the Legis- 
lature assembled in the new capitol. At this session, the Superintendent esti- 
mated that it would cost $39,143 to finish the building. This was nearly 
$6,000 higher than the estimate of the previous year, notwithstanding a large 
sum had been expended in the meantime. This rather discouraging discrep- 
ancy was accounted for by the fact that the officers in charge of the work were 
constantly short of funds. Except the congressional appropriation of $20,000 
and the loan of $5,500, obtained from the Miners' Bank, of Dubuque, all the 
funds for the prosecution of the work were derived from the sale of the city 
lots (which did not sell very rapidly), from certificates of indebtedness, and from 
scrip, based upon unsold lots, which was to be received in payment for such lots 
when they were sold. At one time, the Superintendent made a requisition for 
bills of iron and glass, which could not be obtained nearer than St. Louis. To 
meet this, the Agent sold some lots for a draft, payable at Pittsburgh, Pa., for 
which he was compelled to pay twenty-five per cent, exchange. This draft, 
amounting to $507, that officer reported to be more than one-half the cash 
actually handled by him during the entire season, when the disbursements 
amounted to very nearly $24,000. 

With such uncertainty, it could not be expected that estimates could be very 
accurate. With all these disadvantages, however, the work appears to have 
been prudently prosecuted, and as rapidly as circumstances would permit. 

/ 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 181 

Iowa remained a Territory from 1838 to 1846, during which the office of 
Governor was held by Robert Lucas, John Chambers and James Clarke. 

STATE ORGANIZATION. 

By an act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved February 12, 

1844, the question of the formation of a State Constitution and providing for 
the election of Delegates to a convention to be convened for that purpose was 
submitted to the people, to be voted upon at their township elections in April 
following. The vote was largely in favor of the measure, and the Delegates 
elected assembled in convention at Iowa City, on the 7th of October, 1844. 
On the first day of November following, the convention completed its work and 
adopted the first State Constitution. 

The President of the convention, Hon. Shepherd Leffler, was instructed to 
transmit a certified copy of this Constitution to the Delegate in Congress, to be 
by him submitted to that body at the earliest practicable day. It was also pro- 
vided that it should be submitted, together with any conditions or changes that 
might be made by Congress, to the people of the Territory, for their approval 
or rejection, at the township election in April, 1845. 

The boundaries of the State, as defined by this Constitution, were as fol- 
lows : 

Beginning in the middle of (he channel of the Mississippi River, opposite mouth of the 
Des Moines River, thence up the said river Des Moines, in the middle of the main channel 
thereof, to a point where it is intersected by the Old Indian Boundary line, or line run by John 
C. Sullivan, in the year 1816 ; thence westwardly along said line to the " old " northwest corner 
of Missouri ; thence due west to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River ; thence 
up in the middle of the main channel of the river last mentioned to the mouth of the Sioux or 
Calumet River ; thence in a direct line to the middle of the main channel of the St. Peters River, 
where the Watonwan River — according to Nicollet's map — enters the same ; thence down the 
middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi 
River ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. 

These boundaries were rejected by Congress, but by act approved March 3, 

1845, a State called Iowa was admitted into the Union, provided the people 
accepted the act, bounded as follows : 

Beginning at the mouth of the Des Moines River, at the middle of the Mississippi, thence 
by the middle of the channel of that river to a parallel of latitude passing through the mouth of 
the Mankato or Blue Earth River; thence west, along said parallel of latitude, to a point where 
it is intersected by a meridian line seventeen degrees and thirty minutes west of the meridian 
of Washington City ; thence due south, to the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri; 
thence eastwardly, following that boundary to the point at which the same intersects the Des 
Moines River ; thence by the middle of the channel of that river to the place of beginning. 

These boundaries, had they been accepted, would have placed the northern 
boundary of the State about thirty miles north of its present location, and would 
have deprived it of the Missouri slope and the boundary of that river. The 
western boundary would have been near the west line of what is now Kossuth 
County. But it was not so to be. In consequence of this radical and unwel- 
come change in the boundaries, the people refused to accept the act of Congress 
and rejected the Constitution at tlie election, held August 4, 1845, by a vote of 
7,656 to 7,235. 

A second Constitutional Convention assembled at Iowa City on the 4th day 
of May, 1846, and on the 18th of the same month another Constitution for the 
new State with the present boundaries, was adopted and submitted to the people 
for ratification on the 3d day of August following, when it was accepted ; 9,492 
votes were cast "for the Constitution," and 9,036 "against the Constitution." 



182 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

The Constitution was approved bj Congress, and by act of Congress approved 
December 28, 1846, Iowa was admitted as a sovereign State in the American 
Union. 

Prior to this action of Congress, however, th^ people of the new State held 
an election under the new Constitution on the 26th day of October, and elected 
Oresel Briggs, Governor : Elisha Cutler, Jr., Secretary of State ; Joseph T. 
Fales, Auditor ; Morgan Reno, Treasurer ; and members of the Senate and 
House of Representatives. 

At this time there were twenty-seven organized counties in the State, with 
a population of nearly 100,000, and the frontier settlements were rapidly push- 
ing toward the Missouri River. The Mormons had already reached there. 

The first General Assembly of the State of Iowa was composed of nineteen 
Senators and forty Representatives. It assembled at Iowa City, November 30, 
1846, about a month before the State was admitted into the Union. 

At the first session of the State Legislature, the Treasurer of State reported 
that the capitol building was in a very exposed condition, liable to injury from 
storms, and expressed the hope that some provision would be made to complete 
it, at least sufficiently to protect it from the weather. The General Assembly 
responded by appropriating $2,500 for the completion of the public buildings. 
At the first session also arose the question of the re-location of the capital. The 
western boundary of the State, as now determined, left Iowa City too far toward 
the eastern and southern boundary of the State ; this was conceded. Congress 
had appropriated five sections of land for the erection of public buildings, and 
toward the close of the session a bill was introduced providing for the re-location 
of the seat of government, involving to some extent the location of the State 
University, which had already been discussed. This bill gave rise to a deal of 
discussion and parliamentary maneuvering, almost purely sectional in its character. 
It provided for the appointment of three Commissioners, who wei'e authorized to 
make a location as near the geographical center of the State as a healthy and 
eligible site could be obtained ; to select the five sections of land donated by 
Congress ; to survey and plat into town lots not exceeding one section of the 
land so selected ; to sell lots at public sale, not to exceed two in each block. 
Having done this, they were then required to suspend' further operations, and 
make a report of their proceedings to the Governor. The bill passed both 
Houses by decisive votes, received the signature of the Governor, and became a 
law. Soon after, by "An act to locate and establish a State University," 
approved February 25, 1847, the unfinished public buildings at Iowa City, 
together with the ten acres of land on which they were situated, were granted 
for the use of the University, reserving their use, however, by the General 
Assembly and the State officers, until other provisions were made by law. 

The Commissioners forthwith entered upon their duties, and selected four 
sections and tAvo half sections in Jasper County. Two of these sections are in 
what is now Des Moines Township, and the others in Fairview Township, in the 
southern part of that county. These lands are situated between Prairie City 
and IMonroe, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, which runs diagonally 
through them. Here a town was platted, called Monroe City, and a sale of 
lots took place. Four hundred and fifteen lots were sold, at prices that were 
not considered remarkably remunerative. The cash payments (one-fourth) 
amounted to $1,797.43, while the expenses of the sale and the claims of the 
Commissioners for services amounted to $2,206.57. The Commissioners made 
a report of their proceedings to the Governor, as required by law, but the loca- 
tion was generally condemned. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 183 

When the report of the Commissioners, showing this brilliant financial ope- 
ration, had been read in the House of Representatives, at the next session, and 
while it was under consideration, an indignant member, afterward known as 
the eccentric Judge McFarland, moved to refer the report to a select Committee 
of Five, with instructions to report " how much of said city of Monroe was under 
water and how much was burned." The report was referred, without the 
instructions, however, but Monroe City never became the seat of government. 
By an act approved January 15, 1849, the law by which the location had been 
made was repealed and the new town was vacated, the money paid by purchas- 
ers of lots being refunded to them. This, of course, retained the seat of govern- 
ment at Iowa City, and precluded, for the time, the occupation of the building 
and grounds by the University. 

At the same session, $3,000 more were appropriated for completing the 
State building at Iowa City. In 1852, the further sum of $5,000, and in 1854 
$4,000 more W'ere apppropriated for the same purpose, making the whole cost 
$123,000, paid partly by the General Government and partly by the State, but 
principally from the proceeds of the sale of lots in loAva City. 

But the question of the permanent location of the seat of government was 
not settled, and in 1851 bills were introduced for the removal of the capital to 
Pella and to Fort Des Moines. The latter appeared to have the support of the 
majority, but was finally lost in the House on the question of ordering it to its 
third reading. 

At the next session, in 1853, a bill was introduced in the Senate for the 
removal of the seat of government to Fort Des Moines, and, on final vote, 
was just barely defeated. At the next session, however, the effort was more 
successful, and on the 15th day of January, 1855, a bill re-locating the capital 
within two miles of the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and for the appoint- 
ment of Commissioners, was approved by Gov. Grimes. The site was selected 
in 1856, in accordance with the provisions of this act, the land being donated 
to the State by citizens and property-holders of Des Moines. An association of 
citizens erected a building for a temporary capitoi, and leased it to the State at 
a nominal rent. 

The third Constitutional Convention to revise the Constitution of the State 
assembled at Iowa City, January 19, 1857. The new Constitution framed by 
this convention was submitted to the people at an election held August 3, 1857, 
when it was approved and adopted by a vote of 40,311 " for " to 38,681 
" against," and on the 3d day of September following was declared by a procla- 
mation of the Governor to be the supreme law of the State of Iowa. 

Advised of the completion of the temporary State House at Des Moines, on 
the 19th of October following. Governor Grimes issued another proclamation, 
declaring the City of Des Moines to be the capital of the State of Iowa. 

The removal of the archives and offices was commenced at once and con- 
tinued through the Fall. It was an undertaking of no smallmagnitutle; there 
was not a mile of railroad to facilitate the work, and the season was unusually 
disagreeable. Rain, snow and other accompaniments increased the difficulties ; 
and it was not until December, that the last of tlie effects — the safe of the State 
Treasurer, loaded on two large " bob-sleds " — drawn by ten yoke of oxen was de- 
posited in the new capital. It is not imprudent now to remark that, during this 
passage over hills and prairies, across rivers, through bottom lands and timber, 
the safes belonging to the several departments contained large sums of money, 
mostly individual funds, however. Thus, Iowa City ceased to be the capital of 
the State, after four Territorial Legislatures, six State Legislatures and three 



184 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Constitutional Conventions had held their sessions there. By the exchange, 
the old capitol at Iowa City became the seat of the University, and, except the 
rooms occupied by the United States District Court, passed under the immedi- 
ate and direct control of the Trustees of that institution. 

Des Moines was now the permanent seat of government, made so by the 
fundamental law of the State, and on the 11th day of January, 1858, the 
seventh General Assembly convened at the new capital. The building used 
for governmental purposes was purchased in 1864. It soon became inadequate 
for the purposes for which it was designed, and it became apparent that a new, 
large and permanent State House must be erected. In 1870, the General 
Assembly made an appropriation and provided for the appointment of a Board 
of Commissioners to commence the work. The board consisted of Gov. Samuel 
Merrill, ex officio. President ; Grenville M. Dodge, Council Bluffs ; James F. 
Wilson, Fairfield; James Dawson, Washington; Simon G. Stein, Muscatine; 
James 0. Crosby, Gainsville; Charles Dudley, Agency City; John N. Dewey, 
Des Moines; William L. Joy, Sioux City ; Alexander R. Fulton, Des Moines, 
Secretary. 

The act of 1870 provided that the building should be constructed of the 
best material and should be fire proof; to be heated and ventilated in the most 
approved manner; should contain suitable legislative halls, rooms for State 
officers, the judiciary, library, committees, archives and the collections of the 
State Agricultural Society, and for all purpoees of State Government, and 
should be erected on grounds held by the State for that purpose. The sum first 
appropriated was ^150,000 ; and the law provided that no contract should be 
made, either for constructing or furnishing the building, which should bind the 
State for larger sums than those at the time appropriated. A design was drawn 
and plans and specifications furnished by Cochrane & Piquenard, architects, 
which were accepted by the board, and on the 23d of November, 1871, the cor- 
ner stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The estimated cost and present 
value of the capitol is fixed at $2,000,000. 

From 1858 to 1860, the Sioux became troublesome in the northwestern 
part of the State. These warlike Indians made frequent plundering raids upon 
the settlers, and murdered several families. In 1861, several companies of 
militia were ordered to that portion of the State to hunt down and punish the 
murderous thieves. No battles were fought, however, for the Indians fled 
when they ascertained that systematic and adequate measures had been adopted 
to protect the settlers. 

" The year 1856 marked a new era in the history of Iowa. In 1854, the 
Chicago & Rock Island Railroad had been completed to the east bank of the 
Mississippi River, opposite Davenport. In 1854, the corner stone of a railroad 
bridge, that was to be the first to span the "Father of Waters," was laid with 
appropriate ceremonies at this point. St. Louis had resolved that the enter- 
prise was unconstitutional, and by writs of injunction made an unsuccessful 
effort to prevent its completion. Twenty years later in her history, St. Louis 
repented her folly, and made atonement for her sin by imitating our example. 
On the 1st day of January, 1856, this railroad was completed to Iowa City. 
In the meantime, two other railroads had reached the east bank of the Missis- 
sippi — one opposite Burlington, and one opposite Dubuque — and these were 
being extended into the interior of the State. Indeed, four lines of railroad 
had been projected across the State from the Mississippi to the Missouri, hav- 
ing eastern connections. On the 15th of May, 1856, the Congress of the 
United States passed an act granting to the State, to aid in the construction of 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



185 



railroads, the public lands in alternate sections, six miles on either side of the 
proposed lines. An extra session of the General Assembly was called in July 
of this year, that disposed of the grant to the several companies that proposed 
to complete these enterprises. The population of our State at this time had 
increased to 500,000. Public attention had been called to the necessity of a 
railroad across the continent. The position of Iowa, in the very heart and 
center of the Republic, on the route of this great highway across the continent, 
began to attract attention Cities and towns sprang up through the State as 
if by magic. Capital began to pour into the State, and had it been employed 
in developing our vast coal measures and establishing manufactories among us, 
or if it had been expended in improving our lands, and buildmg houses and 
barns, it would have been well. But all were in haste to get rich, and the 
spirit of speculation ruled the hour. 

" In the meantime, every effort was made to help the speedy completion of 
the railroads. Nearly every county and city on the Mississippi, and many in 
the interior, voted large corporate subscriptions to the stock of the railroad 
companies, and issued their negotiable bonds for the amount." Thus enormous 
county and city debts were incurred, the payment of which these municipalities 
tried to avoid upon the plea that they had exceeded the constitutional limit- 
ation of their powers. The Supreme Court of the United States held these 
bonds to be valid ; and the courts by mandamus compelled the city and county 
authorities to levy taxes to pay the judgments. These debts are not all paid 
even yet, but the worst is over and ultimately the burden will be entirely 
removed 

The first railroad across the State was completed to Council Bluffs in Jan- 
uary, 1871. The others were completed soon after. In 1854, there was not 
a mile of railroad in the State. In 1874, twenty years after, there were 3,765 
miles in successful operation. 

GROWTH AND PROGRESS. 

When Wisconsin Territory was organized, in 1836, the entire population of 
that portion of the Territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was 10,531. 
The Territory then embraced two counties, Dubuque and Des Moines, erected 
by the Territory of Michigan, in 1834. From 1836 to 1838, the Territorial 
Legislature of Wisconsin increased the number of counties to sixteen, and the 
population had increased to 22,859. Since then, the counties have increased 
to ninety-nine, and the population, in 1875, was 1,366,000. The following 
table will show the population at different periods since the erection of Iowa 
Territory : 

Tear. Population. 

1852 230,713 

1854 326,013 

1856 519.055 

1859 688,775 

1860 674,913 

1863 701,732 

1865 754,699 

1867 902,040 

The most populous county in the State is Dubuqne. Not only in popula,- 
tion, but in everything contributing to the growth and greatness of a State has 
Iowa made rapid progress. In a little more than thirty years, its wild but 
beautiful prairies have advanced from the home of the savage to a highly civ- 
ilized commonwealth, embracing all the elements of progress which characterize 
the older States. 



Year. Population. 

1838 22,589 

1840 43,115 

1844 75,152 

1846 97,588 

1847 116,651 

1849 152,988 

1850 191,982 

1851 204,774 



Year. Population. 

1869 1,040,819 

1870 1,191,727 

1873 1,251,333 

1875 1,366,000 

1876 

1877 



186 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Thriving cities and towns dot its fair surface ; an iron net-work of thou- 
sands of miles of railroads is woven over its broad acres ; ten thousand school 
houses, in which more than five hundred thousand children are being taught 
the rudiments of education, testify to the culture and liberality of the people; 
high schools, colleges and universities are generously endowed by the State ; 
manufactories spring up on all her water courses, and in most of her cities 
and towns. 

Whether measured from the date of her first settlement, her organization as 
a Territory or admission as a State, Iowa has thus far shown a growth unsur- 
passed, in a similar period, by any commonwealth on the face of the earth ; 
and, with her vast extent of fertile soil, with her inexhaustible treasures of 
mineral wealth, with a healthful, invigorating climate ; an intelligent, liberty- 
loving people; with equal, just and liberal laws, and her free schools, the 
future of Iowa may be expected to surpass the most hopeful anticipations of her 
present citizens. 

Looking upon Iowa as she is to-day — populous, prosperous and happy — it 
is hard to realize the wonderful changes that have occurred since the first white 
settlements were made within her borders. When the number of States was 
only twenty-six, and their total population about twenty millions, our repub- 
lican form of government was hardly more than an experiment, just fairly put 
upon trial. The development of our agricultural resources and inexhaustible 
mineral wealth had hardly commenced. Westward the "Star of Empire" 
had scarcely started on its way. West of the great Mississippi was a mighty 
empire, but almost unknown, and marked on the maps of the period as " The 
Great American Desert." 

Now, thirty-eight stars glitter on our national escutcheon, and forty-five 
millions of people, who know their rights and dare maintain them, tread 
American soil, and the grand sisterhood of States extends from the Gulf of 
Mexico to the Canadian border, and from the rocky coast of the Atlantic to 
the golden shores of the Pacific. 



THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM. 

Ames, Story County. 

The Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm were established by an act 
of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858, A Board of Trustees was 
appointed, consisting of Governor R. P. Lowe, John D. Wright, William Duane 
Wilson, M. W. Robinson, Timothy Day, Richard Gaines, John Pattee, G. W. 
F. Sherwin, Suel Foster, S. W. Henderson, Clement Coffin and E. G. Day ; 
the Governors of the State and President of the College being ex officio mem- 
bers. Subsequently the number of Trustees was reduced to five. The Board 
met in June, 1859, and received propositions for the location of the College and 
Farm from Hardin, Polk, Story and Boone, Marshall, Jeftierson and Tama 
Counties. In July, the proposition of Story County and some of its citizens 
and by the citizens of Boone County was accepted, and the farm and the site 
for the buildings were located. In 1860-61, the farm-house and barn- were 
erected. In 1862, Congress granted to the State 240,000 acres of land for the 
endowment of schools of agriculture and the mechanical arts, and 195,000 acres 
were located by Peter Melendy, Commissioner, in 1862-3. George W. Bassett 
was appointed Land Agent for the institution. In 1864, the General Assem- 
bly appropriated $20,000 for the erection of the college building. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 18T 

In June of that year, the Building Committee, consisting of Suel Foster^ 
Peter Melendy and A. J. Bronson, proceeded to let the contract. John Browne, 
of Des Moines, was employed as architect, and furnished the plans of the build- 
ing, but was superseded in its construction by C. A. Dunham. The $20,000 
appropriated by the General Assembly were expended in putting in the foun- 
dations and making the brick for the structure. An additional appropriation 
of 191,000 was made in 1866, and the building was completed in 1868. 

Tuition in this college is made by law forever free to pupils from the State 
over sixteen years of age, who have been resident of the State six months pre- 
vious to their admission. Each county in the State has a prior right of tuition 
for three scholars from each county ; the remainder, equal to the capacity of the 
college, are by the Trustees distributed among the counties in proportion to the 
population, and subject to the above rule. All sale of ardent spirits, wine or 
beer are prohibited by law within a distance of three miles from the college, 
except for sacramental, mechanical or medical purposes. 

The course of instruction in the Agricultural College embraces the following 
branches: Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, Horticulture, Fruit Growing, 
Forestry, Animal and Vegetable Anatomy, Geology, Mineralogy, Meteorology, 
Entomology, Zoology, the Veterinary Art, Plane Mensuration, Leveling, Sur- 
veying, Bookkeeping, and such Mechanical Arts as are directly connected 
with agriculture ; also such other studies as the Trustees may from time to time 
prescribe, not inconsistent with the purposes of the institution. 

The funds arising from the lease and sale of lands and interest on invest- 
ments are sufficient for the support of the institution. Several College Societies 
are maintained among the students, who publish a monthly paper. There is 
also an " out-law " called the " ATA^ Chapter Omega." 

The Board of Trustees in 1877 was composed of C. W. Warden, Ottumwa, 
Chairman ; Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City ; William B. Treadway, 
Sioux City ; Buel Sherman, Fredericksburg, and Laurel Summers, Le Claire. 
E. W. Starten, Secretary ; William D. Lucas, Treasurer. 

Board of Instruction. — A. S. Welch, LL. D., President and Professor of 
Psychology and Philosophy of Science ; Gen. J. L. Geddes, Professor of INlili- 
tary Tactics and Engineering; W. II. Wynn, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of 
English Literature; C. E. Bessey, M. S., Professor of Botany, Zoology, Ento- 
mology ; A. Thompson, C. E., Mechanical Engineering and Superintendent of 
Workshops; F. E. L. Beal, B. S., Civil Engineering; T. E. Pope, A. M., 
Chemistry; M. Stalker, Agricultural and Veterinary Science; J. L. Budd, 
Horticulture; J. K. Macomber, Physics; E. W. Stanton, Mathematics and 
Political Economy ; Mrs. Margaret P. Stanton, Preceptress, Instructor in 
French and Mathematics. 

THE STATE UNIVERSITY. 

Iowa City, Johnson County. 

In the famous Ordinance of 1787, enacted by Congress before the Territory 
of the United States extended beyond the Mississippi River, it was declared 
that in all the territory northwest of the Ohio River, " Schools and the means 
of education shall forever be encouraged." By act of Congress, approved July 
20, 1840, the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized " to set apart and re- 
serve from sale, out of any of the public lands within the Territory of Iowa, to 
which the Indian title has been or may be extinguished, and not otherwise ap- 
propriated, a quantity of land, not exceeding the entire townships, for the use 



188 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

and support of a university within said Territorry when it becomes a State, and 
for no other use or purpose whatever ; to be located in tracts of not less than an 
entire section, corresponding with any of the large divisions into which the pub- 
lic land are authorized to be surveyed." 

William W. Dodge, of Scott County, was appointed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury to make the selections. He selected Section 5 in Township 78, north 
of Range 3, east of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and then removed from the 
Territory. No more lands were selected until 1846, when, at the request of the 
Assembly, John M. Whitaker of Van Buren County, was appointed, who selected 
the remainder of the grant except about 122 acres. 

In the first Constitution, under which Iowa was admitted to the Union, the 
people directed the disposition of the proceeds of this munificent grant in ac- 
cordance with its terms, and instructed tlie General Assembly to provide, as soon 
as may be, effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the 
funds of the university derived from the lands. 

The first General Assembly, by act approved February 25, 1847, established 
the " State University of Iowa " at Iowa City, then the capital of the State, 
"with such other branches as public convenience may hereafter require." 
The " public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land in which 
they are situated," were granted for the use of said university, j)rovided, how- 
ever, that the sessions of the Legislature and State offices should be held in the 
•capitol until otherwise provided by law. The control and management of the 
University were committed to a board of fifteen Trustees, to be appointed by the 
Legislature, five of whom were to be chosen bienially. The Superintendent 
of Public Instruction was made President of this Board. Provisions were made 
for the disposal of the two townships of land, and for the investment of the funds 
arising therefrom. The act further provides that the University shall never be 
under the exclusive control of any religious denomination whatever," and as 
soon as the revenue for the grant and donations amounts to $2,000 a year, the 
University should commence and continue the instruction, free of charge, of fifty 
students annually. The General Assembly retained full supervision over the 
University, its officers and the grants and donations made and to be made to it 
by the State. 

Section 5 of the act appointed James P. Carleton, H. D. Downey, Thomas 
Snyder, Samuel McCrory, Curtis Bates, Silas Foster, E. C. Lyon, James H. 
Gower, George G. Vincent, Wm. G. Woodward, Theodore S. Parvin, George 
Atchinson, S. G. Matson, H. W. Starr and Ansel Briggs, the first Board of 
Trustees. 

The organization of the University at Iowa City was impracticable, how- 
ever, so long as the seat of government was retained there. 

In January, 1849, two branches of the University and three Normal 
Schools were established. The branches were located — one at Fairfield, and 
the other at Dubuque, and were placed upon an equal footing, in respect to 
funds and all other matters, with the University established at Iowa City. 
"This act," says Col. Benton, "created three State Universities, with equal 
rights and powers, instead of a 'University with such branches as public conven- 
ience mmj hereafter demand,' as provided by the Constitution." 

The Board of Directors of the Fairfield Branch consisted of Barnet Ris- 
tine, Christian W. Slagle, Daniel Rider, Horace Gaylord, Bernhart Henn and 
Samuel S. Bayard. At the first meeting of the Board, Mr. Henn was elected 
President, Mr. Slagle Secretary, and Air. Gaylord Treasurer. Twenty acres 
of land were purchased, and a building erected thereon, costing $2,500. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 189 

This building was nearly destroyed by a hurricane, in 1850, but was rebuilt 
more substantially, all by contributions of the citizens of Fairfield. This 
branch never received any aid from the State or from the University Fund, 
and by act approved January 24, 1853, at the request of the Board, the Gen- 
eral Assembly terminated its relation to the State. 

The branch at Dubuque was placed under the control of the Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, and John King, Caleb H. Booth, James M. Emerson, 
Michael J. Sullivan, Richard Benson and the Governor of the State as 
Trustees. The Trustees never organized, and its existence was only nominal. 

The Normal Schools were located at Andrew, Oskaloosa and Mount 
Pleasant, respectively. Each was to be governed by a board of seven Trustees, to 
be appointed by the Trustees of the University. Each was to receive ^500 annu- 
ally from the income of the University Fund, upon condition that they should ed- 
ucate eight common school teachers, free of charge for tuition, and that the citizens 
should contribute an equal sura for the erection of the requisite buildings. 
The several Boards of Trustees were appointed. At Andrew, the school was 
organized Nov. 21, 1849; Samuel Ray, Principal; Miss J. S. Dorr, Assist- 
ant. A building was commenced and over $1,000 expended on it, but it was 
never completed. At Oskaloosa, the Trustees organized in April, 1852. This 
school was opened in the Court House, September 13, 1852, under the charge 
of Prof G. M. Drake and wife. A two story brick building was completed in 
1853, costing $2,473. The school at Mount Pleasant was never organized. 
Neither of these schools received any aid from the University Fund, but in 
1857 the Legislature appropriated $1,000 each for those at Oskaloosa and 
Andrew, and repealed the law authorizing the payment of money to them from 
the University Fund. From that time they made no further efibrt to 
continue in operation. 

At a special meeting of the Board of Trustees, held February 21, 1850, 
the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper Mississippi," established 
at Davenport, was recognized as the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
the State University of Iowa," expressly stipulating, however, that such recog- 
nition should not render the University liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was 
the Board to have any control over the property or management of the Medical 
Association. Soon after, this College was removed to Keokuk, its second ses- 
sion being opened there in November, 1850. In 1851, the General Assembly 
confirmed the action of the Board, and by act approved January 22, 1855, 
placed the Medical College under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of 
the Universitj'', and it continued in operation until this arrangement was termi- 
nated by the new Constitution, September 3, 1857. 

From 1847 to 1855, the Board of Trustees was kept full by regular elec- 
tions by the Legislature, and the Trustees held frequent meetings, but there was 
no effectual organization of the University. In March, 1855, it was partially 
opened for a term of sixteen weeks. July 16, 1855, Amos Dean, of Albany, 
N. Y., was elected President, but he never entered fully upon its duties. The 
University was again opened in September, 1855, and continued in operation 
until June, 1856, under Professors Johnson, Welton, Van Valkenburg and 
Guffin. 

In the Spring of 1856, the capital of the State was located at Des Moines; 
but there were no buildings there, and the capitol at Iowa City was not vacated 
by the State until .December, 1857. 

In June, 1856, the faculty was re-organized, with some changes, and the 
University was again opened on the third Wednesday of September, 1856. 



190 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

There were one hundred and twenty-four students — eighty-three males and 
forty-one females — in attendance during the year 1856-7, and the first regular 
catalogue was published. 

At a special meeting of the Board, September 22, 1857, the honorary de- 
gree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred on D. Franklin Wells. This was the 
first degree conferred by the Board. 

Article IX, Section 11, of the new State Constitution, which went into force 
September 3, 1857, provided as follows : 

The State University shall be established at one place, without branches at any other place ; 
and the University fund shall be applied to that institution, and no other. 

Article XI, Section 8, provided that 

The seat of Government is hereby permanently established, as now fixed by law, at the city 
of Des Moines, in the county of Polk ; and the State University at Iowa City, in the county of 
Johnson. 

The new Constitution created the Board of Education, consisting of the 
Lieutenant Governor, who was ex officio President, and one member to be elected 
from each judicial district in the State. This Board was endowed with 
" full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regula- 
tions in relation to common schools and other educational institutions," subject 
to alteration, amendment or repeal by the General Assembly, which was vested 
with authority to abolish or re-organize the Board at any time after 1863. 

In December, 1857, the old capitol building, now known as Central Hall of 
the University, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, 
and the property, with that exception, passed under the control of the Trustees, 
and became the seat of the University. The old building had had hard usage, 
and its arrangement was illy adapted for University purposes. Extensive repairs 
and changes were necessary, but the Board was without funds for these pur- 
poses. 

The last meeting of the Board, under the old law, was held in January, 
1858. At this meeting, a resolution was introduced, and seriously considered, 
to exclude females from the University ; but it finally failed. 

March 12, 1858, the first Legislature under the new Constitution enacted 
a new law in relation to the University, but it was' not materially different from 
the former. March 11, 1858, the Legislature appropriated $3,000 for the re- 
pair and modification of the old capitol building; and $10,000 for the erection 
of a boarding house, now known as South Hall. 

The Board of Trustees created by the new law met and duly organized 
April 27, 1858, and determined to close the University until the income from its 
fund should be adequate to meet the current expenses, and the buildings should 
be ready for occupation. Until this term, the building known as the " Mechan- 
ics' Academy" had been used for the school. The Faculty, except the Chan- 
cellor (Dean), was dismissed, and all further instruction suspended, from the close 
of the term then in progress until September, 1859. At this meeting, a reso- 
lution was adopted excluding females from the University after the close of the 
existing term ; but this was afterward, in August, modified, so as to admit them 
to the Normal Department. 

At the meeting of the Board, August 4, 1858, the degree of Bachelor of 
Science was conferred upon Dexter Edson Smith, being the first degree con- 
ferred upon a student of the University. Diplomas were awarded to the mem- 
bers of the first graduating class of the Normal Department as follows : Levi 
P. Aylworth, Cellina H. Aylworth, Elizabeth L. Humphrey, Annie A. Pinney 
and Sylvia M. Thompson. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 191 

An "Act for the Government and Regulation of the State University of 
Iowa," approved December 25, 1858, was mainly a re-enactment of the law of 
March 12, 1858, except that changes were made in the Board of Trustees, and 
manner of their appointment. This law provided that both sexes were to be 
admitted on equal terms to all departments of the institution, leaving the Board 
no discretion in the matter. 

The new Board met and organized, February 2, 1859, and decided to con- 
tinue the Normal Department only to the end of the current term, and that it 
was unwise to re-open the University at that time ; but at the annual meeting 
of the Board, in June of the same year, it was resolved to continue the Normal 
Department in operation ; and at a special meeting, October 25, 1859, it was 
decided to re-open the University in September, 1860. Mr. Dean had resigned 
as Chancellor prior to this meeting, and Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D., was elected 
President, at a salary of $2,000, and his term commenced June, 1860. 

At the annual meeting, June 28, 1860, a full Faculty was appointed, and 
the University re-opened, under this new organization, September 19, 1860 
(third Wednesday) ; and at this date the actual existence of the University may 
be said to commence. 

August 19, 1862, Dr. Totten having resigned. Prof. Oliver M. Spencer 
was elected President and the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred 
upon Judge Samuel F. Miller, of Keokuk. 

At the commencement, in June, 1863, was the first class of graduates in 
the Collegiate Department. 

The Board of Education was abolished March 19, 1864, and the office of 
Superintendent of Public Instruction was restored ; the General Assembly 
resumed control of the subject of education, and on March 21, an act was ap- 
proved for the government of the University. It was substantially the same as 
the former law, but provided that the Governor should be ex officio President of 
the Board of Trustees. Until 1858, the Superintendent of Public Instruction 
had been ex officio President. During the period of the Board of Education, 
the University Trustees were elected by it, and elected their own President. 

President Spencer was granted leave of absence from April 10, 1866, for 
fifteen months, to visit Europe; and Prof Nathan R. Leonard was elected 
President pro tern. 

The North Hall was completed late in 1866. 

At the annual meeting in June, 1867, the resignation of President Spencer 
(absent in Europe) was accepted, and Prof Leonard continued as President pro 
tern., until March 4, 1868, when James Black, D. D., Vice President of Wash- 
ington and Jefferson College, Penn., was elected President. Dr. Black entered 
upon his duties in Septemlaer, 1868. 

The Law Department was established in June, 1868, and, in September fol- 
lowing, an arrangement was perfected with the Iowa Law School, at Des Moines, 
which had been in successful operation for three years, under the management 
of Messrs. George G. Wright, Chester C. Cole and William G. Hammond, by 
which that institution was transferred to Iowa City and merged in the Law De- 
partment of the University. The Faculty of this department consisted of the 
President of the University, Hon. Wra. G. Hammond, Resident Professor and 
Principal of the Department, and Professors G. G. Wright and C. C. Cole. 

Nine students entered at the commencement of the first term, and during 
the year ending June, 1877, there were 103 students in this department. 

At a special meeting of the Board, on the 17th of September, 1868, a Com- 
mittee was appointed to consider the expediency of establishing a Medical De- 



192 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

partment. This Committee reported at once in favor of the proposition, the 
Faculty to consist of the President of the University and seven Professors, and 
recommended that, if practicable, the new department should be opened at the 
commencement of the University year, in 1869-70. At this meeting, Hon. 
Ezekiel Clark was elected Treasurer of the University. 

By an act of the General Assembly, approved April 11, 1870, the "Board 
of Regents" was instituted as the governing power of the University, and since 
that time it has been the fundamental law of the institution. The Board of 
Regents held its first meeting June 28, 1870. Wm. J. Haddock Avas elected 
Secretary, and Mr. Clark, Treasurer. 

Dr. Black tendered his resignation as President, at a special meeting of the 
Board, held August 18, 1870, to take effect on the 1st of December following. 
His resignation was accepted. 

The South Hall having been fitted up for the purpose, the first term of the 
Medical Department was opened October 24, 1870, and continued until March, 
1871, at which time there were three graduates and thirty-nine students. 

March 1, 1871, Rev. George Thacher was elected President of the Univer- 
sity. Mr. Thacher accepted, entered upon his duties April 1st, and was form- 
ally inaugurated at the annual meeting in June, 1861. 

In June, 1874, the " Chair of Military Instruction" was established, and 
the President of the United States was requested to detail an officer to perform 
its duties. In compliance with this request, Lieut. A. D. Schenck, Second Artil- 
lery, U. S. A., was detailed as "Professor of Military Science and Tactics," 
at Iowa State University, by order of the War Department, August 26, 1874, 
who reported for duty on the 10th of September following. Lieut. Schenck 
was relieved by Lieut. James Chester, Third Artillery, January 1, 1877. 

Treasurer Clark resigned November 3, 1875, and John N. Coldren elected 
in his stead. 

At the annual meeting, in 1876, a Department- of Homoeopathy was 
established. 

In March, 1877, a resolution was adopted affiliating the High Schools of 
the State with the University. 

In June, 1877, Dr. Thacher's connection with the University was termi- 
nated, and C. W. Slagle, a member of the Board of Regents, was elected Pres- 
ident. 

In 1872, the ex officio membership of the Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion was abolished ; but it was restored in 1876. FolloAving is a catalogue of 
the officers of this important institution, from 1847 to 1878 : 

TRUSTEES OR REGENTS. 

PRESIDENTS. 

FROM TO 

James Harlan, Superintendent, Public Instruction, ex officio 1847 1848 

Thomas H. Benton, Jr,, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1848 1854 

James D. Eads, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1854 1857 

Maturin L. Fisher, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1857 1858 

Amos Dean, Chancellor, ex officio 1858 1859 

Thomas H. Benton, Jr 1859 1863 

Francis Springer 1863 1864 

AVilliam M. Stone, Governor, ex officio 1864 1868 

Samuel Merrill, Governor, ex officio 1868 1872 

Cyrus C. Carpenter, Governor, ex officio 1872 1876 

Samuel J. Kirkwood, Governor, ex officio 1876 1877 

Joshua G. Newbold, Governor, ex officio 1877 1878 

John H. Gear 1878 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 19^ 

VICE PRESIDENTS. j.rOj, ^q 

Silas Foster 1847 1851 

Robert Lucas 1851 1853 

Edward Connelly 1854 1855 

Moses J. Morsman 1855 1858 

• 

SECRETARIES. 

Hugh D. Downey 1847 1851 

Anson Hart 1851 1857 

Elijah Sells 1857 1858 

Anson Hart 1858 1864 

William J. Haddock 1864 

TREASURERS. 

Morgan Reno, State Treasurer, ex officio 1847 1850 

Israel Kister, State Treasurer, ex officio 1850 1852 

Martin L. Morris, State Treasurer, ex officio 1852 1855 

Henry W. Lathrop 1855 1862 

William Crura 1862 1868 

Ezekiel Clark 1868 1876 

John N. Coldren 1876 

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. 

Amos Dean, LL. D 1855 1858 

Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D 1860 1862 

Oliver M. Spencer, D. D.* 1862 1867 

James Black, D. D 1868 1870 

George Thacher, D. D 1871 1877 

C. W. Slagle 1877 

The present educational corps of the University consists of the President,, 
nine Professors in the Collegiate Department, one Professor and six Instructors 
in Military Science ; Chancellor, three Professors and four Lecturers in the 
Law Department ; eight Professor Demonstrators of Anatomy ; Prosector of 
Surgery and two Lecturers in the Medical Department, and two Professors in 
the Homoeopathic Medical Department. 

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

By act of the General Assembly, approved January 28, 1857, a State His- 
torical Society was provided for in connection with the University. At the 
commencement, an appropriation of $250 was made, to be expended in collecting, 
embodying, and preserving in an authentic form a library of books, pamphlets, 
charts, maps, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other materials illus- 
trative of the history of Iowa; and with the further object to rescue from 
oblivion the memory of the early pioneers; to obtain and preserve various 
accounts of their exploits, perils and hardy adventures ; to secure facts and 
statements relative to the history and genius, and progress and decay of the 
Indian tribes of Iowa; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and past and present 
resources of the State ; to aid in the publication of such collections of the Societv 
as shall from time to time be deemed of value and interest ; to aid in binding- 
its books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers, and in defraying other necessary 
incidental expenses of the Society. 

There was appropriated by law to this institution, till the General Assembly 
shall otherwise direct, tlie sum of $500 per annum. The Society is under the 
management of a Board of Curators, consisting of eighteen persons, nine of 
whom are appointed by the Governor, and nine elected by the members of the 
Society. The Curators receive no compensation for their services. The annual 



194 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

meeting is provided for by law, to be held at Iowa City on Monday preceding 
the last Wednesday in June of each year. 

The State Historical Society has published a series of very valuable collec- 
tions, including history, biography, sketches, reminiscences, etc., with quite a 
large number of finely engraved portraits of prominent and 'early settlers, under 
the title of " Annals of Iowa." 

THE PENITENTIARY. 

Located at Fort Madison, Lee County. 

The first act of the Territorial Legislature, relating to a Penitentiary in 
Iowa, was approved January 25, 1839, the fifth section of which authorized the 
Governor to draw the sum of $20,000 appropriated by an act of Congress ap- 
proved July 7, 1838, for public buildings in the Territory of Iowa. It provided 
for a Board of Directors of three persons elected by the Legislature, who should 
direct the building of the Penitentiary, Avhich should be located within one mile 
of the public square, in the town of Fort Madison, Lee County, provided Fort 
Madison should deed to the directors a tract of land suitable for a site, and assign 
them, by contract, a spring or stream of water for the use of the Penitentiary. 
To the Directors was also given the power of appointing the Warden ; the latter 
to appoint his own assistants. 

The first Directors appointed were John S. David and John Claypole. They 
made their first report to the Legislative Council November 9, 1839. The citi- 
zens of the town of Fort Madison had executed a deed conveying ten acres of 
land for the building site. Amos Ladd was appointed Superintendent of the 
building June 5, 1839. The building was designed of sufficient capacity to con- 
tain one hundred and thirty-eight convicts, and estimated to cost $55,933.90. 
It was begun on the 9th of July, 1839 ; the main building and Warden's house 
were completed in the Fall of 1841. Other additions were made from time to 
time till the building and arrangements were all complete according to the plan 
of the Directors. It has answered the purpose of the State as a Penitentiary 
for more than thirty years, and during that period many items of practical ex- 
perience in prison management have been gained. 

It has long been a problem how to conduct prisons, and deal with what are 
called the criminal classes generally, so as to secure their best good and best 
subserve the interests of the State. Both objects must be taken into considera- 
tion in any humaritarian view of the subject. This problem is not yet solved, 
but Iowa has adopted the progressive and enlightened policy of humane treat- 
ment of prisoners and the utilization of their labor for their own support. The 
labor of the convicts in the Iowa Penitentiary, as in most others in the United 
States, is let out to contractors, who pay the State a certain stipulated amount 
therefor, the State furnishing the shops, tools and machinery, as well as the 
supervision necessary to preserve order and discipline in the prison. 

While this is an improvement upon the old solitary confinement system, it 
still falls short of an enlightened reformatory system that in the future will 
treat the criminal for mental disease and endeavor to restore him to usefulness 
in the community. The objections urged against the contract system of dis- 
posing of the labor of prisoners, that it brings the labor of honest citizens into 
competition with convict labor at reduced prices, and is disadvantageous to the 
State, are not without force, and the system will have no place in the prisons of 
the future. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 195 

It is right that the convict should labor. He should not be allowed to live 
in idleness at public expense. Honest men labor ; why should not they? Hon- 
est men are entitled to the fruits of their toil ; why should not the convict as 
well ? The convict is sent to the Penitentiary to secure public safety. The 
State deprives him of his liberty to accomplish this purpose and to punish him 
for violations of law, but, having done this, the State wrongs both itself and the 
criminal by confiscating his earnings ; because it deprives his family of what 
justly belongs to them, and an enlightened civilization will ere long demand 
that the prisoner in the penitentiary, after paying a fair price for his board, is 
as justly entitled to his net earnings as the good citizen outside its walls, and 
his family, if he has one, should be entitled to draw his earnings or stated portion 
of them at stated periods. If he has no family, then if his net earnings should 
be set aside to his credit and paid over to him at the expiration of his term of 
imprisonment, he would not be turned out upon the cold charities of a somewhat 
Pharisaical world, penniless, with the brand of the convict upon his brow, with 
no resource save to sink still deeper in crime. Let Iowa, " The Beautiful Land," 
be first to recognize the rights of its convicts to the fruits of their labor ; keep 
their children from the alms-house, and place a powerful incentive before them 
to become good citizens when they return to the busy world again. 



ADDITIONAL PENITENTIARY. 

Located at Anamosa, Jones Counts/. 

By an act of the Fourteenth General Assembly, approved April 23, 1872, 
William lire, Foster L. Downing and Martin Heisey were constituted Commis- 
sioners to locate and provide for the erection and control of an additional 
Penitentiary for the State of Iowa. These Commissioners met on the 4th of 
the following June, at Anamosa, Jones County, and selected a site donated by 
the citizens, within the limits of the city. L. W. Foster & Co., architects, of 
Des Moines, furnished the plan, drawings and specifications, and work was 
commenced on the building on the 28th day of September, 1872. May 13, 
1873, twenty convicts were transferred to Anamosa from the Fort Madison 
Penitentiary. The entire enclosure includes fifteen acres, with a frontage of 
663 feet. 

IOWA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 

Mount Pleasant, Henry County. 

By an act of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 24, 1855, 
$4,425 were appropriated for the purchase of a site, and $50,000 for building 
an Insane Hospital, and the Governor (Grimes), Edward Johnston, of Lee 
County, and Charles S. Blake, of Henry County, were appointed to locate the 
institution and superintend the erection of the building. These Commission- 
ers located the institution at Mt. Pleasant, Henry County. A plan for a 
building designed to accommodate 300 patients, drawn by Dr. Bell, of Massa- 
chusetts, was accepted, and in October work was commenced under the superin- 
tendence of Mr. Henry Winslow. Up to February 25, 1858, and including an 
appropriation made on that date, the Legislature had appropriated $258,555.67 
to this institution, but the building was not finished ready for occupancy by 
patients until March 1, 1861. The Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Presi- 
dent, Farmersburg; Samuel McFarland, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; D. L. 



196 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

McGugin, Keokuk; G. W, Kincaid, Muscatine; J. D. Elbert, Keosauqua; 
John B. Lash and Harpin Riggs, Mt. Pleasant. Richard J. Patterson, M. D., 
of Ohio, was elected Superintendent; Dwight C. Dewey, M. D., Assistant 
Physician; Henry Winslow, Steward; Mrs. Catharine Winslow, Matron. 
The Hospital was formally opened March 6, 1861, and one hundred patients 
were admitted within three months. About 1865, Dr. Mark Ranney became 
Superintendent. April 18, 1876, a portion of the hospital building was 
destroyed by fire. From the opening of the Hospital to the close of October, 
1877, 3,584 patients had been admitted. Of these, 1,141 were discharged 
recovered, 505 discharged improved, 589 discharged unimproved, and 1 died ; 
total discharged, 2,976, leaving 608 inmates. During this period, there were 
1,384 females admitted, whose occupation was registered "domestic duties ;" 
122, no occupation; 25, female teachers; 11, seamstresses; and 25, servants. 
Among the males were 916 farmers, 394 laborers, 205 without occupation, 39 
cabinet makers, 23 brewers, 31 clerks, 26 merchants, 12 preachers, 18 shoe- 
makers, 13 students, 14 tailors, 13 teachers, 14 agents, 17 masons, 7 lawyers, 
7 physicians, 4 saloon keepers, 3 salesmen, 2 artists, and 1 editor. The pro- 
ducts of the farm and garden, in 1876, amounted to $13,721.26. 

Trustees, 1877 ;— T. Whiting, President, Mt. Pleasant ; Mrs. E. M. Elliott, 
Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; William C. Evans, West Liberty; L. E. Fellows, 
Lansing ; and Samuel Klein, Keokuk ; Treasurer, M. Edwards, Mt. Pleasant. 

Resident Officers: — Mark Ranney, M. D., Medical Superintendent; H. M. 
Bassett, M. D., First Assistant Physician; M. Riordan, M. D., Second Assistant 
Physician; Jennie McCowen, M. D., Third Assistant Physician ; J. W. Hender- 
son, Steward ; Mrs. Martha W. Ranney, Matron ; Rev. Milton Sutton, 
Chaplain. 

HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 
Independence^ Buchanan County. 

In the Winter of 1867-8, a bill providing for an additional Hospital for the 
Insane was passed by the Legislature, and an appropriation of $125,000 was 
made for that purpose. Maturin L. Fisher, of Clayton County ; E. G. Morgan, 
of Webster County, and Albert Clark, of Buchanan County, were appointed 
Commissioners to locate and supervise the erection of the Building. Mr. Clark 
died about a year after his appointment, and Hon. G. W. Bemis, of Indepen- 
dence, was appointed to fill the vacancy. 

The Commissioners met and commenced their labors on the 8th day of 
June, 1868, at Independence. The act under which they were appointed 
required them to select the most eligible and desirable location, of not less than 
320 acres, within two miles of the city of Independence, that might be offered 
by the citizens free of charge to the State. Several such tracts were offered, 
but the Commissioners finally selected the south half of southwest quarter of 
Section 5 ; the north half of northeast quarter of Section 7 ; the north half of 
northwest quarter of Section 8, and the north half of northeast quarter of Sec- 
tion 8, all in Township 88 north. Range 9 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. 
This location is on the west side of the Wapsipinicon River, and about a mile 
from its banks, and about the same distance from Independence. 

Col. S. V. Shipman, of Madison, Wis., Avas employed to prepare plans, 
specifications and drawings of the building, which, when completed, were sub- 
mitted to Dr. M. Ranney, Superintendent of the Hospital at Mount Pleasant, 
who suggested several improvements. The contract for erecting the building 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 197 

was awarded to Mr. David Armstrong, of Dubuque, for $88,114. The con- 
tract was signed November 7, 1868, and Mr. Armstrong at once commenced 
work. Mr. George Josselyn was appointed to superintend the work. The 
main buildings were constructed of dressed limestone, from the quarries at 
Anamosa and Farley. • The basements are of the local granite worked from the 
immense boulders found in large quantities in this portion of the State. 

In 1872, the building Avas so far completed that the Commissioners called 
the first meeting of the Trustees, on the 10th day of July of that year. These 
Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Mrs. P. A. Appleman, T. W. Fawcett, C. 
C. Parker, E. G. Morgan, George W. Berais and John M. Boggs. This board 
was organized, on the day above mentioned, by the election of Hon. M. L. 
Fisher, President ; Rev. J. G. Boggs, Secretary, and George W. Bemis, Treas- 
urer, and, after adopting preliminary measures for organizing the local govern- 
ment of the hospital, adjourned to the first Wednesday of the following Septem- 
ber. A few days before this meeting, Mr. Boggs died of malignant fever, 
and Dr. John G. House was appointed to fill the vacancy. Dr. House was 
elected Secretary. At this meeting, Albert Reynolds,"^ M. D., was elected 
Superintendent ; George Josselyn, Steward, and Mrs. Anna B. Josselyn, 
Matron. September 4, 1873, Dr. Willis Butterfield was elected Assistant 
Physician. The building was ready for occupancy April 21, 1873. 

In the Spring of 1876, a contract was made with Messrs. Mackay & Lundy, 
of Independence, for furnishing materials for building the outside walls of the 
two first sections of the south wing, next to the center building, for $6,250. 
The carpenter work on the fourth and fifth stories of the center building was 
completed during the same year, and the wards were furnished and occupied by 
patients in the Fall. 

In 1877, the south wing Avas built, but it will not be completed ready for 
occupancy until next Spring or Summer (1878). 

October 1, 1877, the Superintendent reported 322 patients in this hospital, 
and it is now overcrowded. 

The Board of Trustees at present (1878) are as follows : Maturin L. 
Fisher, President, Farmersburg ; John G. House, M. D., Secretary, Indepen- 
dence; Wm. G. Donnan, Treasurer, Independence; Erastus G. Morgan, Fort 
Dodge ; Mrs. Prudence A. Appleman, Clermont ; and Stephen E. Robinson, 
M. D., West Union. 

RESIDENT OFFICERS. 

Albert Reynolds, M. D., Superintendent ; G. II. Hill, M. D., Assistant 
Physician; Noyes Appleman, Steward; Mrs. Lucy M. Gray, Matron. 

IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. 

Vinton, Benton County. 

In August, 1852, Prof. Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an Insti- 
tution for the Instruction of the Blind of Iowa, at Keokuk. 

By act of the General Assembly, entitled " An act to establish an Asylum 
for the Blind," approved January 18, 1853, the institution Avas adopted by the 
State, removed to Iowa City, February 3d, and opened for the reception of pupils 
April 4, 1853, free to all the blind in the State. 

The first Board of Trustees were James D. Eads, President ; George W. 
McClary, Secretary ; James H. Gower, Treasurer ; Martin L. Morris, Stephen 
Hempstead, Morgan Reno and John McCaddon. The Board appointed Prof 



198 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Samuel Bacon, Principal; T. J. McGittigen, Teacher of Music, and Mrs. Sarah 
K. Bacon, Matron. Twenty-three pupils were admitted during the first term. 

In his first report, made in 1854, Prof. Bacon suggested that the name 
should be changed from "Asylum for the Blind," to that of "Institution for 
the Instruction of the Blind." This was done in 1855, when the General As- 
sembly made an annual appropriation for the College of $55 per quarter for 
each pupil. This was subsequentlychanged to $3,000 per annum, and a charge 
of $25 as an admission fee for each pupil, which sum, with the amounts realized 
from the sale of articles manufactured by the blind pupils, proved sufficient for 
the expenses of the institution during Mr. Bacon's administration. Although 
Mr. Bacon was blind, he was a fine scholar and an economical manager, and 
had founded the Blind Asylum at Jacksonville, Illinois. As a mathematician 
he had few superiors. 

On the 8th of May, 1858, the Trustees met at Vinton, and made arrange- 
ments for securing the donation of $5,000 made by the citizens of that town. 

In June of that year, a quarter section of land was donated for the College, 
by John W. 0. Webb and others, and the Trustees adopted a plan for the 
erection of a suitable building. In 1860, the plan was modified, and the con- 
tract for enclosing let to Messrs. Finkbine & Lovelace, for $10,420. 

In August, 1862, the building was so far completed that the goods and fur- 
uiture of the institution were removed from Iowa City to Vinton, and early in 
October, the school was opened there with twenty-four pupils. At this time, 
Rev. Orlando Clark was Principal. 

In August, 1864, a new Board of Trustees were appointed by the Legisla- 
ture, consisting of James McQuin, President; Reed Wilkinson, Secretary; Jas. 
Chapin, Treasurer; Robert Gilchi'ist, Elijah Sells and Joseph Dysart, organized 
and made important changes. Rev. Reed Wilkinson succeeded Mr. Clark as 
Principal. Mrs. L. S. B. Wilkinson and Miss Amelia Butler were appointed 
Assistant Teachers ; Mrs. N. A. Morton, Matron. 

Mr. Wilkinson resigned in June, 1867, and Gen. James L. Geddes was 
appointed in his place. In September, 1869, Mr. Geddes retired, and was 
succeeded by Prof. S. A.Knapp. Mrs. S. C. Lawton was appointed Matron, 
and was succeeded by Mrs. M. A. Knapp. Prof. Knapp resigned July 1, 

1875, and Prof. Orlando Clark was elected Principal, who died April 2, 

1876, and was succeeded by John B. Parmalee, who retired in July, 1877, 
when the present incumbent. Rev. Robert Carothers, was elected. 

Trustees, 1877-8. — Jeremiah L. Gay, President; S. H.Watson, Treasurer; 
H. C. Piatt, Jacob Springer, C. L. Flint and P. F. Sturgis. 

Faculty. — Principal, Rev. Robert Carothers, A. M. ; Matron, Mrs. Emeline 
E. Carothers; Teachers, Thomas F. McCune, A. B., Miss Grace A. Hill 
Mrs. C. A. Spencer, Miss Mary Baker, Miss C. R. Miller, Miss Lorana Mat- 
tice. Miss A. M. McCutcheon ; Musical Director, S. 0. Spencer. 

The Legislative Committee who visited this institution in 1878 expressed 
their astonishment at the vast expenditure of money in proportion to the needs 
of the State. The structure is well built, and the money properly expended ; 
yet it was enormously beyond the necessities of the State, and shows an utter 
disregard of the fitness of things. The Committee could not understand why 
$282,000 should have been expended for a massive building covering about two 
and a half acres for the accommodation of 130 people, costing over eight thou- 
sand dollars a year to heat it, and costing the State about five hundi'ed dollars 
a year for each pupil. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 199 

INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. 

Council Bluffs, Pottawattomie County. 

The Iowa Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was established at Iowa City 
by an act of the General Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. The number 
of deaf mutes then in the State was 301 ; the number attending the Institution, 
50. The first Board of Trustees were: Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Hon. E. 
Sells, W. Penn Clarke, J. P. Wood, H. D. Downey, William Crum, W. E. 
Ijams, Principal. On the resignation of Mr. Ijams, in 1862, the Board 
appointed in his stead Mr. Benjamin Talbot, for nine years a teacher in the 
Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Mr. Talbot was ardently devoted to 
the interests of the institution and a faithful worker for the unfortunate class 
under his charge. 

A strong effort was made, in 1866, to remove this important institution to 
Des Moines, but it was located permanently at Council Bluffs, and a building 
rented for its use. In 1868, Commissioners were appointed to locate a site for, 
and to superintend the erection of, a new building, for which the Legislature 
appropriated $125,000 to commence the work of construction. The Commis- 
sioners selected ninety acres of land about two miles south of the city of Coun- 
cil Bluffs. The main building and one wing were completed October 1, 1870, 
and immediately occupied by the Institution. February 25, 1877, the main 
building and east wing were destroyed by fire; and August 6 following, the 
roof of the new west wing was blown off and the walls partially demolished by 
a tornado. At the time of the fire, about one hundred and fifty pupils were in 
attendance. After the fire, half the classes were dismissed and the number of 
scholars reduced to about seventy, and in a week or two the school was in run- 
ning order. 

The Legislative Committee which visited this Institution in the Winter of 
1857-8 was not well pleased with the condition of affairs, and reported that the 
building (west wing) was a disgrace to the State and a monument of unskillful 
workmanship, and intimated rather strongly that some reforms in management 
were very essential. 

Trustees, 1877-8. — Thomas Officer, President ; N. P. Dodge, Treasurer ; 
Paul Lange, William Orr, J. W. Cattell. 

Superintendent, Benjamin Talbot, M. A. Teachers, Edwin Southwick, 
Conrad S. Zorbaugh, John A. Gillespie, John A. Kennedy, Ellen J. Israel, 
Ella J. Brown, Mrs. H. R. Gillespie; Physician, H. W. Hart, M. D.; Steward, 
N. A. Taylor; Matron, Mary B. Swan. 

SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOMES. 

Davenport, Cedar Falls, Grlemvood. 

The movement which culminated in the establishment of this beneficent in- 
stitution was originated by Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, during the civil war of 
1861-65. This noble and patriotic lady called a convention at Muscatine, on 
the 7th of October 1863, for the purpose of devising measures for the support 
and education of the orphan children of the brave sons of Iowa, who had fallen 
in defense of national honor and integrity. So great was the public interest in 
the movement that there was a large representation from all parts of the State 
on the day named, and an association was organized called the Iowa State Or- 
phan Asylum. 



200 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

The first officers were : President, William M. Stone ; Vice Presidents, Mrs. 
G. G. Wright, Mrs. R. L. Cadle, Mrs. J. T. Hancock, John R. Needham, J. W. 
Cattcll, Mrs. Mary M. Bagg ; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary Kibben ; Cor- 
responding Secretary, Miss M. E. Shelton ; Treasurer, N. H. Brainerd; Board 
of Trustees, Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, Mrs. C. B. Darwin, Mrs. D. T. Newcomb, 
Mrs. L. B. Stephens, 0. Fayville, E. H. Williams, T. S. Parvin, Mrs. Shields, 
Caleb Baldwin, C. C. Cole, Isaac Pendleton, H. C. Henderson. 

The first meeting of the Trustees was held February 14, 1864, in the Repre- 
sentative Hall, at Des Moines. Committees from both branches of the General 
Assembly were present and were invited to participate in their deliberations. 
Gov. Kirkwood suggested that a home for disabled soldiers should be connected 
with the Asylum. Arrangements were made for raising funds. 

At the next meeting, in Davenport, in March, 1864, the Trustees decided to 
commence operations at once, and a committee, of which Mr. Howell, of Keo- 
kuk, was Cl^airman, was appointed to lease a suitable building, solicit donations, 
and procure suitable furniture. This committee secured a large brick building 
in Lawrence, Van Buren County, and engaged Mr. Fuller, of Mt. Pleasant, as 
Steward. 

At the annual meeting, in Des Moines, in June, 1864, Mrs. C. B. Baldwin, 
Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. Dr. Horton, Miss Mary E. Shelton and Mr. George 
Sherman were appointed a committee to furnish the building and take all neces- 
sary steps for opening the "Home," and notice was given that at the next 
meeting of the Association, a motion Avould be made to change the name of the 
Institution to Iowa Orphans' Home. 

The work of preparation was conducted so vigorously that on the 1 3th day 
of July following, the Executive Committee announced that they were ready to 
receive the children. In three weeks twenty-one were admitted, and the num- 
ber constantly increased, so that, in a little more than six months from the time 
of opening, there were seventy children admitted, and twenty more applica- 
tions, which the Committee had not acted upon — all orphans of soldiers. 

Miss M. Elliott, of Washington, was appointed Matron. She resigned, 
in February, 1865, and was succeeded by Mrs. E. G. Piatt, of Fremont 
County. 

The " Home " was sustained by the voluntary contributions of the people, 
until 1866, when it was assumed by the State. In that year, the General 
Assem bly provided for the location of several such "Homes" in the different 
counties, and which were established at Davenport, Scott County; Cedar Falls, 
Black Hawk County, and at Glenwood, Mills County, •- 

The Board of Trustees elected by the General Assembly had the oversight 
and management of the Soldiers' Orphans' Homes of the State, and consisted 
of one person from each county in which such Home was located, and one for 
the State at large, who held their office two years, or until their successors were 
elected and qualified. An appropriation of $10 per month for each orphan 
actually supported was made by the General Assembly. 

The Home in Cedar Falls Avas organized in 1865, and an old hotel building 
was fitted up for it. Rufus C, Mary L. and Emma L. Bauer were the first 
children received, in October, and by January, 1866, there were ninety-six in- 
mates. 

October 12, 1869, the Home was removed to a lai'ge brick building, about 
two miles west of Cedar Falls, and was very prosperous for several years, but 
in 1876, the General Assembly established a State Normal School at Cedar 
Falls and appropriated the buildings and grounds for that purpose. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 201 

By "An act to provide for the organization and support of an asylum at 
Glen wood, in Mills County, for feeble minded children," approved March 17, 
1876, the buildings and grounds used by the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that 
place were appropriated for this purpose. By another act, approved March 15, 
1876, the soldiers' orphans, then at the Homes at Glenwood and Cedar Falls, 
were to be removed to the Home at Davenport within ninety days thereafter, 
and the Board of Trustees of the Home were authorized to receive other indigent 
children into that institution, and provide for their education in industrial 
pursuits. 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County. 

Chapter 129 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, in 1876, estab- 
lished a State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and required 
the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home to turn over the property in their 
charge to the Directors of the new institution. 

The Board of Directors met at Cedar Falls June 7, 1876, and duly organ- 
ized by the election of H. C. Hemenway, President ; J. J. Toleston, Secretary, 
and E. Townsend, Treasurer. The Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' 
Home met at the same time for the purpose of turning over to the Directors the 
property of that institution, which was satisfactorily done and properly receipted 
for as required by law. At this meeting, Prof J. C. Gilchrist was elected 
Principal of the School. 

On the 12th of July, 1876, the Board again met, when executive and 
teachers' committees were appointed and their duties assigned. A Steward 
and a Matron were elected, and their respective duties defined. 

The buildings and grounds were repaired and fitted up as well as the appro- 
priation would admit, and the first term of the school opened September 6, 1876, 
commencing with twenty-seven and closing with eighty-seven students. The 
second term closed with eighty-six, and one hundred and six attended during 
the third term. 

The following are the Board of Directors, Board of Officers and Faculty : 

Board of Directors. — H. C. Hemenway, Cedar Falls, President, term 
expires 1882 ; L. D. Lewelling, Salem, Henry County, 1878 ; W. A. Stow, 
Hamburg, Fremont County, 1878 ; S. G. Smith, Newton, Jasper County, 
1880 ; E. H. Thayer, Clinton, Clinton County, 1880 ; G. S. Robinson, Storm 
Lake, Buena Vista County, 1882. 

Board of Officers. — J. J. Toleston, Secretary ; E. Townsend, Treasurer ; 
William Pattes, Steward ; Mrs. P. A. Schermerhorn, Matron — all of Cedar 
Falls. 

Faculty. — J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Principal, Professer of Mental and 
Moral Philosophy and Didactics ; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Lan- 
guages and Natural Science ; D. S. Wright, A. M., Professor of Mathematics ; 
Miss Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and History ; E. W. Burnham, 
Professor of Music. 

ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN. 

Glenwood, Mills County. 
Chapter 152 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, approved 
March 17, 1876, provided for the establishment of an asylum for feeblfe minded 
children at Glenwood, Mills County, and the buildings and grounds of the 



202 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were to be used for that purpose. The 
asylum was placed under the management of three Trustees, one at least of 
whom should be a resident of Mills County. Children between the ages of 7 
and 18 years are admitted. Ten dollars per month for each child actually sup- 
ported by the State was appropriated by the act, and $2,000 for salaries of 
officers and teachers for two years. 

Hon. J. W. Cattell, of Polk County ; A. J. Russell, of Mills County, and 
W. S. Robertson, were appointed Trustees, who held their first meeting at 
Glen wood, April 26, 1876. Mr. Robertson was elected President; Mr. Russell, 
Treasurer, and Mr. Cattell, Secretary. The Trustees found the house and farm 
which had been turned over to them in a shamefully dilapidated condition. The 
fences Avere broken down and the lumber destroyed or carried away; the win- 
dows broken, doors off their hinges, floors broken and filthy in the extreme, 
cellars reeking with oSiensive odors from decayed vegetables, and every conceiv- 
able variety of filth and garbage ; drains obstructed, cisterns broken, pump 
demoralized, wind-mill broken, roof leaky, and the whole property in the worst 
possible condition. It was the first work of the Trustees to make the house 
tenable. This was done under the direction of Mr. Russell. At the request 
of the Trustees, Dr. Charles T. Wilbur, Superintendent of the Illinois Asylum, 
visited Glenwood, and made many valuable suggestions, and gave them much 
assistance. 

0, W. Archibald, M. D., of Glenwood, was appointed Superintendent, 
and soon after was appointed Secretary of the Board, vice Cattell, resigned. 
Mrs. S. A. Archibald was appointed Matron, and Miss Maud M. Archibald, 
Teacher. 

The Institution was opened September 1, 1876 ; the first pupil admitted 
September 4, and the school was organized September 10, with only five pupils, 
which number had, in November, 1877, increased to eighty-seven. December 
1, 1876, Miss Jennie Van Dorin, of Fairfield, was employed as a teacher and 
in the Spring of 1877, Miss Sabina J. Archibald was also employed. 

THE REFORM SCHOOL. 

Uldora, Hardin County. 

By "An act to establish and organize a State Reform School for Juvenile 
Offenders," approved March 31, 1868, the General Assembly established a 
State Reform School at Salem, Lee (Henry) County; provided for a Board of 
Trustees, to consist of one person from each Congressional District. For the 
purpose of immediately opening the school, the Trustees were directed to accept 
the proposition of the Trustees of White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute, at 
Salem, and lease, for not more than ten years, the lands, buildings, etc., of the 
Institute, and at once proceed to prepare for and open a reform school as a 
temporary establishment. 

The contract for fitting up the buildings was let to Clark & Haddock, Sep- 
tember 21, 1868, and on the 7th of October following, the first inmate was 
received from Jasper County. The law provided for the admission of children 
of both sexes under 18 years of age. In 1876, this was amended, so that they 
are now received at ages over 7 and under 16 years. 

April 19, 1872, the Trustees were directed to make a permanent location 
for the school, and $45,000 Avas appropriated for the erection of the necessary 
buildings. The Trustees were further directed, as soon as practicable, to 
organize a school for girls in the buildings where the boys were then kept. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 20S. 

The Trustees located the school at Eldora, Hardin County, and in the Code 
of 1873, it is permanently located there by law. 

The institution is managed by five Trustees, who are paid mileage, but no 
compensation for their services. 

The object is the reformation of the children of both sexes, under the age 
of 16 years and over 7 years of age, and the law requires that the Trustees 
shall require the boys and girls under their charge to be instructed in piety and 
morality, and in such branches of useful knowledge as are adapted to their age 
and capacity, and in some regular course of labor, either mechanical, manufac- 
turing or agricultural, as is best suited to their age, strength, disposition and 
capacity, and as may seem best adapted to secure the reformation and future 
benefit of the boys and girls. 

A boy or girl committed to the State Reform School is there kept, disci- 
plined, instructed, employed and governed, under the direction of the Trustees, 
until he or she arrives at the age of majority, or is bound out, reformed or 
legally discharged. The binding out or discharge of a boy or girl as reformed, 
or having arrived at the age of majority, is a complete release from all penalties 
incurred by conviction of the offense for which he or she was committed. \ 

This is one step in the right direction. In the future, however, still further 
advances will be made, and the right of every individual to the fruits of their 
labor, even while restrained for the public good, will be recognized. 

FISH HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT. 

Near Anamosa, Jones County. 

The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to provide for 
the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of 
Fishways for the protection and propagation of Fish," also "An act to provide 
for furnishing the rivers and lakes with fish and fish spawn." This act appro- 
priated $-3,000 for the purpose. In accordance with the provisions of the first 
act above mentioned, on the 9th of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of Ottumwa, 
Wapello County ; B. F. Shaw of Jones County, and Charles A. Haines, of 
Black Hawk County, were appointed to be Fish Commissioners by the Governor. 
These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 1874, and organized by the 
election of Mr. Evans, President ; Mr. Shaw, Secretary and Superintendent, 
and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. 

The State was partitioned into three districts or divisions to enable the 
Commissioners to better superintend the construction of fishways as required by 
law. That part of the State lying south of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
Railroad was placed under the especial supervision of Mr. Evans ; that part be- 
tween that raih'oad and the Iowa Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. 
Shaw, and all north of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Haines. At this 
meeting, the Superintendent was authorized to build a State Hatching House ; 
to procure the spawn of valuable fish adapted to the waters of Iowa ; hatch and 
prepare the young fish for distribution, and assist in putting them into the waters 
of the State. 

In compliance with these instructions, Mr. Shaw at once commenced work, 
and in the Summer of 1874, erected a " State Hatching House" near Anamosa, 
20x40 feet, two stories ; the second story being designed for a tenement ; the 
first story being the "hatching room." The hatching troughs are supplied 
Avith water from a magnificent spring four feet deep and about ten feet in diam- 
eter, affording an abundant and unfailing supply of pure running water. During 



204 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

the first year, from May 10, 1874, to May 10, 1875, the Commissioners distributed 
within the State 100,000 Shad, 300,000 California Sahnon, 10,000 Bass, 
80,000 Penobscot (Maine) Salmon, 5,000 land-locked Salmon, 20,000 of 
other species. 

By act approved March 10, 1876, the law was amended so that there should 
be but one instead of three Fish Commissioners, and B. F. Shaw was appointed, 
and the Commissioner was authorized to purchase twenty acres of land, on 
which the State Hatching House was located near Anamosa. 

In the Fall of 1876, Commissioner Shaw gathered from the sloughs of the 
Mississippi, where they would have been destroyed, over a million and a half of 
small fish, which were distributed in the various rivers of the State and turned 
into the Mississippi. 

In 1875-6, 533,000 California Salmon, and in 1877, 303,500 Lake Trout 
were distributed in various rivers and lakes in the State. The experiment of 
stocking the small streams with brook trout is being tried, and 81,000 of the 
speckled beauties Avere distributed in 1877. In 1876, 100,000 young eels were 
distributed. These came from New York and they are increasing rapidly. 

At the close of 1877, there were at least a dozen private fish farms in suc- 
cessful operation in various parts of the State. Commissioner Shaw is en- 
thusiastically devoted to the duties of his office and has performed an important 
service for the people of the State by his intelligent and successful operations. 

The Sixteenth General Assembly passed an act in 1878, prohibiting the 
catching of any kind of fish except Brook Trout from March until June of each 
year. Some varieties are fit for food only during this period. 



THE PUBLIC LANDS. 

The grants of public lands made in the State of Iowa, for various purposes, 
are as follows : 

1. The 500,000 Acre Grant. 

2. The 16th Section Grant. 

3. The Mortgage School Lands. 

4. The University Grant. 
6. The Saline Grant. 

6. The Des Moines lliver Grant. 

7. The Des Moines River School Lands. 

8. The Swamp Land Grant. 

9. The Railroad Grant. 

10. The Agricultural College Grant. 

I. THE FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRE GRANT. 

When the State was admitted into the Union, she became entitled to 
■500,000 acres of land by virtue of an act of Congress, approved September 4, 
1811, which granted to each State therein specified 500,000 acres of public land 
for internal improvements ; to each State admitted subsequently to the passage 
of the act, an amount of land which, with the amount that might have been 
granted to her as a Territory, would amount to 500,000 acres. All these lands 
were required to be selected within the limits of the State to which they were 
granted. 

The Constitution of Iowa declares that the proceeds of this grant, together 
with all lands then granted or to be granted by Congress for the benefit of 
schools, shall constitute a perpetual fund for the support of schools throughout 
the State. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the Legislature established 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 205 

a board of School Fund Commissioners, and to that board was confided the 
selection, care and sale of these lands for the benefit of the School Fund. Until 
1855, these Commissioners were subordinate to the Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, but on the 15th of January of that year, they were clothed with 
exclusive authority in the management and sale of school lands. The office of 
School Fund Commissioner was abolished March 23, 1858, and that officer in 
each county was required to transfer all papers to and make full settlement with 
the County Judge. By this act, County Judges and Township Trustees Avere 
made the agents of the State to control and sell the sixteenth sections ; but no 
further provision was made for the sale of the 500,000 acre grant until April 
3d, 1860, when the entire management of the school lands was committed to 
the Boards of Supervisors of the several counties. 

II. THE SIXTEENTH SECTIONS. 

By the provisions of the act of Congress admitting Iowa to the Union, there 
was granted to the new State the sixteenth section in every township, or where 
that section had been sold, other lands of like amount for the use of schools. 
The Constitution of the State provides that the proceeds arising from the sale 
of these sections shall constitute a part of the permanent School Fund. The 
control and sale of these lands were vested in the School Fund Commissioners 
of the several counties until March 23, 1858, when they were transferred to the 
County Judges and Township Trustees, and were finally placed under the 
supervision of the County Boards of Supervisors in January, 1861. 

III. THE MORTGAGE SCHOOL LANDS. 

These do not belong to any of the grants of land proper. They are lands 
that have been mortgaged to the school fund, and became school lands when bid 
off by the State by virtue of a law passed in 1862. Under the provisions of the 
law regulating the management and investment of the permanent school fund, 
persons desiring loans from that fund are required to secure the payment thereof 
with interest at ten per cent, per annum, by promissory notes endorsed by two 
good sureties and by mortgage on unincumbered real estate, which must be 
situated in the county where the loan is made, and which must be valued by 
three appraisers. Making these loans and taking the required securities was 
made the duty of the County Auditor, who was required to report to the Board 
of Supervisors at each meeting thereof, all notes, mortgages and abstracts of 
title connected with the school fund, for examination. 

When default was made of payment of money so secured by mortgage, and 
no arrangement made for extension of time as the law provides, the Board of 
Supervisors were authorized to bring suit and prosecute it Avith diligence to 
secure said fund; and in action in favor of the county for the use of the school 
fund, an injunction may issue Avithout bonds, and in any such action, Avhen 
service is made by publication, default and judgment may be entered and 
enforced without bonds. In case of sale of land on execution founded on any 
such mortgage, the attorney of the board, or other person duly authorized, shall, 
on behalf of the State or county for the use of said fund, bid such sum as the 
interests of said fund may require, and if struck off to the State the land sluill 
be held and disposed of as the otlier lands belonging to the fnnd. These lands 
are knoAvn as the Mortgage School Lands, and reports of them, including 
description and amount, are required to be made to the State Land Office. 



206 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



IV. UNIVERSITY LANDS. 



By act of Congress, July 20, 1840, a quantity of land not exceeding two 
f-ntire townships was reserved in the Territory of Iowa for the use and support 
)f a university within said Territory when it should become a State. This land 
was to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, and could be used 
for no other purpose than that designated in the grant. In an act supplemental 
to that for the admission of Iowa, March 3, 1845, the grant was renewed, and it 
was provided that the lands should be used "solely for the purpose of such 
university, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe." 

Under this grant there were set apart and approved by the Secretary of the 
Treasury, for the use of the State, the following lands : 

ACRES. 

In the Iowa City Land District, Feb. 26, 1849 20,150.49 

In the Fairfield Land District, Oct. 17, 1849 9,685.20 

In the Iowa City Land District, Jan. 28, 1850 2,571.81 

In the Fairfield Land District, Sept. 10, 1850 3,198.20 

In the Dubuque Land District, May 19, 1852 10,552.24 

Total 45,957.94 

These lands were certified to the State November 19, 1859. The University 
lands are placed by law under the control and management of the Board of 
Trustees of the Iowa State University. Prior to 1865, there had been selected 
and located under 282 patents, 22,892 acres in sixteen counties, and 23,036 
acres unpatented, making a total of 45,928 acres. 

V. — SALINE LANDS. 

By act of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, the State of Iowa was 
granted the use of the salt springs within her limits, not exceeding twelve. 
By a subsequent act, approved May 27, 1852, Congress granted the springs 
to the State in fee simple, together with six sections of land contiguous to each, 
to be disposed of as the Legislature might direct. In 1861, the proceeds of 
these lands then to be sold were constituted a fund for founding and support- 
ing a lunatic asylum, but no sales were made. In 1856, the proceeds of the 
saline lands were appropriated to the Insane Asylum, repealed in 1858. In 
1860, the saline lands and funds were made a part of the permanent fund of 
the State University. These lands were located in Appanoose, Davis, Decatur, 
Lucas, Monroe, Van Buren and Wayne Counties. 

VI. — THE DES MOINES RIVER GRANT. 

By act of Congress, approved August 8, 1846, a grant of land was made 
for the improvement of the navigation of Des Moines River, as follows : 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in 
Congress assembled, That there be, and hereby is, granted to said Territory of Iowa, for the 
purpose of aiding said Territory to improve the navigation of the Des Moines River from its 
mouth to the Raccoon Fork (so called) in said Territory, one equal moiety, in alternate sections, 
of the public lands (remaining unsold and not otherwise disposed of, incumbered or appropri- 
ated), in a strip five miles in width on each side of said river, to be selected within said Terri- 
tory by an agent or agents to be appointed by the Governor thereof, subject to the approval of 
the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, Thit the lands hereby granted shall not be conveyed 
or disposed of by said Territory, nor by any State to be formed out of the same, except as said 
improvement shall progress; that is, the said Territory or State may sell so much of said lands 
as shall produce the sum of thirty thousand dollars, and then the sales shall cease until the Gov- 
ernor of said Territory or State shall certify the fact to the President of the United States that 
one-half of sxid sum has been expended upon said improvements, when the said Territory or 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 207 

State may sell and convey a quantity of the residue of said lands sufficient to replace the amount 
expended, and thus the sales shall progress as the proceeds thereof shall be expended, and the 
fact of such expenditure shall be certified as aforesaid. 

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the said River Des Moines shall be and forever 
remain a public highway for the use of the Government of the United States, free from any toll 
or other charge whatever, for any property of the United States or persons in their service 
passing through or along the same : Provided always, That it shall not be competent for the said 
Territory or future State of Iowa to dispose of said lands, or any of them, at a price lower than, 
for the time being, shall be the minimum price of other public lands. 

Sec. 4. And be it further enacted. That whenever the Territory of Iowa shall be admitted 
into the Union as a State, the lands hereby granted for the above purpose shall be and become 
the property of said State for the purpose contemplated in this act, and for no other : Provided 
the Legislature of the State of Iowa shall accept the said grant for the said purpose." Approved 
Aug. 8, 184G. 

By joint resolution of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 9, 
1847, the grant was accepted for the purpose specified. By another act, ap- 
proved February 24, 1847, entited "An act creating the Board of Public 
Works, and providing for the improvement of the Des Moines Biver," the 
Legislature provided for a Board consisting of a President, Secretary and 
Treasurer, to be elected by the people. This Board was elected August 2, 
1847, and was organized on the 22d of September following. The same act 
defined the nature of the improvement to be made, and provided that the work 
should be paid for from the funds to be derived from the sale of lands to be 
sold by the Board. 

Agents appointed by the Governor selected the sections designated by "odd 
numbers" throughout the whole exten^^ of the grant, and this selection was ap- 
proved by the Secretary of the Treasury. But there was a conflict of opinion 
as to the extent of the grant. It was held by some that it extended from the 
mouth of the Des Moines only to the Raccoon Forks ; others held, as the 
agents to make selection evidently did, that it extended from the mouth to the 
head waters of the river. Richard M. Young, Commissioner of the General 
Land Office, on the 23d of February, 1848, construed the grant to mean that 
" the State is entitled to the alternate sections within five miles of the Des 
Moines River, throughout the whole extent of that river within the limits of 
Iowa." Under this construction, the alternate sections above the Raccoon 
Forks would, of course, belong to the State; but on the 19th of June, 1848, 
some of these lands were, by proclamation, thrown into market. On the 18tli 
of September, the Board of Public Works filed a remonstrance with the Com- 
missioner of the General Land Office. The Board also sent in a protest to the 
State Land Office, at which the sale was ordered to take place. On the 8th of 
January, 1849, the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Iowa also 
protested against the sale, in a communication to Hon. Robert J. Walker, Sec- 
retary of the Treasury, to which the Secretary replied, concurring in the 
opinion that the grant extended the whole length of the Des Moines River in 
Iowa. 

On the 1st of June, 1849, the Commissioner of the General Land Office 
directed the Register and Receiver of the Land Office at Iowa City " to with- 
hold from sale all lands situated in the odd numbered sections within five miles 
on each side of the Des Moines River above the Raccoon Forks." March 13, 
18.50, the Commissioner of the General Land Office submitted to the Secretary 
of the Interior a list "showing the tracts falling within the limits of the Des 
Moines River grant, above the Raccoon Forks, etc., under the decision of the 
Secretary of the Treasury, of March 2, 1849," and on the 6th of April 
following, Mr. Ewing, then Secretary of the Interior, reversed the decision of 
Secretary Walker, but ordered the lands to be withheld from sale until Con- 



208 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

gress could have an opportunity to pass an explanatory act. The Iowa author- 
ities appealed from this decision to the President (Taylor), who referred the 
matter to the Attorney General (Mr. Johnson). On the 19th of July, Mr. 
Johnson submitted as his opinion, that by the terms of the grant itself, it ex- 
tended to the very source of the Des Moines, but before his opinion Avas pub- 
lished President Taylor died. When Mr. Tyler's cabinet was formed, the 
question was submitted to the new Attorney General (Mr. Crittenden), who, on 
the 30th of June, 1851, reported that in his opinion the grant did not extend 
above the Raccoon Forks. Mr. Stewart, Secretary of the Interior, concurred 
with Mr. Crittenden at first, but subsequently consented to lay the whole sub- 
ject before the President and Cabinet, who decided in favor of the State. 

October 29, 1851, Mr. Stewart directed the Commissioner of the General 
Land Office to "submit for his approval such lists as had been prepared, and to 
proceed to report for like approval lists of the alternate sections claimed by the 
State of Iowa above the Raccoon Forks, as far as the surveys have progressed, 
or may hereafter be completed and returned." And on the following day, three 
lists of these lands were prepared in the General Land Office. 

The lands approved and certified to the State of Iowa under this grant, and 
all lying above the Raccoon Forks, are as follows : 

By Secretary Stewart, Oct. 30, 1851 81,707.93 acres. 

March 10, 1852 143,908.37 " 

By Secretary McLellan, Dec. 17, 1853 33,142.43 " 

Dec. 30, 1853 12,813.51 " 

Total 271, 572.24 acres. 

The Commissioners and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement, in 
their report to the Governor, November 30, 1852, estimates the total amount of 
lands then available for the work, including those in possession of the State and 
those to be surveyed and approved, at nearly a million acres. The indebtedness 
then standing against the fund was about $108,000, and the Commissioners 
estimated the work to be done would cost about $1,200,000. 

January 19, 1853, the Legislature authorized the Commissioners to sell 
" any or all the lands which have or may hereafter be granted, for not less than 
$1,300,000." 

On the 24th of January, 1858, the General Assembly provided for the elec- 
tion of a Commissioner by the people, and appointed two Assistant Commission- 
ers, with authority to make a contract, selling the lands of the Improvement 
for $1,300,000. This new Board made a contract, June 9, 1855, with the Des 
Moines Navigation & Railroad Company, agreeing to sell all the lands donated 
to the State by Act of Congress of August 8, 1846, which the State had not 
sold prior to December 23, 1853, for $1,300,000, to be expended on the im- 
provement of the river, and in paying the indebtedness then due. This con- 
tract was duly reported to the Governor and General Assembly. 

By an act approved January 25, 1855, the Commissioner and Register of 
the Des Moines River Improvement were authorized to negotiate with the Des 
Moines Navigation & Railroad Company for the purchase of lands in Webster 
County which had been sold by the School Fund Commissioner as school lands, 
but which had been certified to the State as Des Moines River lands, and had, 
therefore, become the property of the Company, under the provisions of its 
contract with the State. 

March 21, 1856, the old question of the extent of the grant was again raised 
and the Commissioner of the General Land Office decided thr it was limited to 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 209 

the Raccoon Fork. Appeal was made to the Secretary of the Interior, and by 
liira the matter was referred to the Attorney General, who decided that the grant 
extended to the northern boundary of the State ; the State relinquished its 
claim to lands lying along the river in Minnesota, and the vexed question was 
supposed to be finally settled. 

The land which had been certified, as well as those extending to the north- 
ern boundary within the limits of the grant, were reserved from pre-emption 
and sale by the General Land Commissioner, to satisfy the grant of August 8, 
1846, and they were treated as having passed to the State, which from time to 
time sold portions of them prior to their final transfer to the Des Moines Navi- 
igation & Railroad Company, applying the proceeds thereof to the improve- 
ment of the river in compliance with the terms of the grant. Prior to the final 
sale to the Company, June 9, 1854, the State had sold about 327,000 acres, of 
which amount 58,880 acres Avere located above the Raccoon Fork. The last 
certificate of the General Land Office bears date December 30, 1853. 

After June 9th, 1854, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company 
carried on the work under its contract with the State. As the improvement 
progressed, the State, from time to time, by its authorized officers, issued to the 
Company, in payment for said work, certificates for lands. But the General 
Land Office ceased to certify lands under the grant of 1846. The State 
had made no other provision for paying for the improvements, and disagree- 
ments and misunderstanding arose between the State authorities and the 
Company. 

March 22, 1858, a joint resolution was passed by the Legislature submitting 
a proposition for final settlement to the Company, which was accepted. The Com- 
pany paid to the State $20,000 in cash, and released and conveyed the dredge boat 
and materials named in the resolution ; and the State, on the 3d of May, 1858, 
executed to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company fourteen deeds 
or patents to the lands, amounting to 256,703.64 acres. These deeds were 
intended to convey all the lands of this grant certified to the State by the Gen- 
eral Government not previously sold ; but, as if for the purpose of covering any 
tract or parcel that might have been omitted, the State made another deed of 
conveyance on the 18th day of May, 1858. These fifteen deeds, it is claimed, 
by the Company, convey 266,108 acres, of which about 53,367 are below the 
Raccoon Fork, and the balance, 212,741 acres, are above that point. 

Besides the lands deeded to the Company, the State had deeded to individual 
purchasers 58,830 acres above the Raccoon Fork, making an aggregate of 271,- 
571 acres, deeded above the Fork, all of which had been certified to the State 
by the Federal Government. 

By act approved March 28, 1858, the Legislature d(mated the remainder of 
the grant to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad Company, 
upon condition that said Company assumed all liabilities resulting from the Des 
Moines River improvement operations, reserving 50,000 acres of the land in 
security for the payment thereof, and for the completion of the locks and dams 
at Bentonsport, Croton, Keosauqua and Plymouth. For every three thousand 
dollars' worth of work done on the locks and dams, and for every three thousand 
dollars paid by the Company of the liabilities above mentioned, the Register of 
the State Land Office was instructed to certify to the Company 1,000 acres of 
the 50,000 acres reserved for these purposes. Up to 1865, there had been pre- 
sented by the Company, under tlio provisions of the act of 1858, and allowed, 
claims amounting to $109,579.37, about seventy-five per cent, of which had 
been settled. 



210 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

After the passage of the Act above noticed, the question of the extent of the 
original grant was again mooted, and at the December Term of the Supreme Court 
of the United States, in 1859-60, a decision was rendered declaring that the 
grant did 7iot extend above Raccoon Fork, and that all certificates of land above 
the Fork had been issued without authority of law and were, therefore, void 
(see 23 How., 66). 

The State of Iowa had disposed of a large amount of land Avithout authority, 
according to this decision, and appeal was made to Congress for relief, which 
was granted on the 3d day of March, 1861, in a joint resolution relinquishing 
to the State all the title which the United States then still retained in the tracts 
of land along the Des Moines River above Raccoon Fork, that had been im- 
properly certified to the State by the Department of the Interior, and which is 
now held by bona Jide purchasers under the State of loAva. 

In confirmation of this relinquishment, by act approved July 12, 1862, 
Congress enacted : 

That the grant of lands to the then Territory of Iowa for the improvement of the Des Moines 
River, made by the act of August 8, 1846, is hereby extended so as to include the alternate sec- 
tions (designated by odd numbers) lying within five miles of said river, between the Raccoon 
Fork and the northern boundary of said State ; such lands are to be held and applied in accord- 
ance with the provisions of the original grant, except that the consent of Congress is hereby given 
to the application of a portion thereof to aid in the construction of the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines 
& Minnesota Railroad, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the General Assembly of 
the State of Iowa, approved March 22, 1858. And if any of the said lands shall have been sold 
or otherwise disposed of by the United States before the passage of this act, except those released 
by the United States to the grantees of the State of Iowa, under joint resolution of March 3, 
1861, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to set apart an equal amount of lands within 
said State to be certified in lieu thereof; Provided, that if the State shall have sold and conveyed 
any portion of the lands lying within the limits of the grant the title of which has proved invalid, 
any lands which shall be certified to said State in lieu thereof by virtue of the provisions of this 
act, shall inure to and be held as a trust fund for the benefit of the person or persons, respect- 
ively, whose titles shall have failed as aforesaid. 

The grant of lands by the above act of Congress was accepted by a joint 
resolution of the General Assembly, September 11, 1862, in extra session. On 
the same day, the Governor was authorized to appoint one or more Commis- 
sioners to select the lands in accordance Avith the grant. These Commissioners 
were instructed to report their selections to the Registrar of the State Land 
Office. The lands so selected were to be held for the purposes of the grant, and 
were not to be disposed of until further legislation should be had. D. W. Kil- 
burne, of Lee County, was appointed Commissioner, and, on the 25th day of 
April, 1864, the General Land Officer authorized the selection of 300,000 acres 
from the vacant public lands as a part of the grant of July 12, 1862, and the 
selections were made in the Fort Dodge and Sioux City Land Districts. 

Many difficulties, controversies and conflicts, in relation to claims and titles, 
grew out of this grant, and these difficulties were enhanced by the uncertainty 
of its limits until the act of Congress of July, 1862. But the General Assem- 
bly sought, by wise and appropriate legislation, to protect the integrity of titles 
derived from the State. Especially was the determination to protect the actual 
settlers, who had paid their money and made improvements prior to the final 
settlement of the limits of the grant by Congress.- 

VII. — THE DES MOINES RIVER SCHOOL LANDS. 

These lands constituted a part of the 500,000 acre grant made by Congress 
in 1841 ; including 28,378.46 acres in Webster County, selected by the Agent of 
the State under that grant, and approved by the Commissioner of the General 
Land Office February 20, 1851. They were ordered into the market June 6, 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 211 

1853, by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who autliorized John Tol- 
man. School Fund Commissioner for Webster County, to sell them as school 
lands. Subsequently, when the act of 184(3 was construed to extend the Des 
Moines River grant above Raccoon Fork, it was held that the odd numbered 
sections of these lands witliin five miles of the river were appropriated by that 
act, and on the 30th day of December, 1853, 12,813.51 acres were set apart 
and approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior, as a part of the 
Des Moines River grant. January 6, 1854, the Commissioner of the General 
Land Office transmitted to the Superintendent of Public Instruction a certified 
copy of the lists of tliese lands, indorsed by the Secretary of the Interior. 
Prior to this action of the Department, howeverj Mr. Tolman had sold to indi- 
vidual purchasers 3,194.28 acres as school lands, and their titles were, of course, 
killed. For their relief, an act, approved April 2, 1860, provided that, upon 
application and proper showing, these purchasers should be entitled to draw 
from the State Treasury the amount they had paid, with 10 per cent, interest, 
on the contract to purchase made with Mr. Tolman. Under this act, five appli- 
cations were made prior to 1864, and the applicants received, in the aggregate, 
$949.53. 

By an act approved April 7, 1862, the Governor was forbidden to issue to 
the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company any certificate of the completion 
of any part of said road, or any conveyance of lands, until the company should 
execute and file, in the State Land Office, a release of its claim — first, to cer- 
tain swamp lands ; second, to the Des Moines River Lands sold by Tolman ; 
third, to certain other river lands. That act provided that " the said company 
shall transfer their interest in those tracts of land in Webster and Hamilton 
Counties heretofore sold by John Tolman, School Fund Commissioner, to the 
Register of the State Land Office in trust, to enable said Register to carry out 
and perform said contracts in all cases when he is called upon by the parties 
interested to do so, before the 1st day of January, A. D. 1864. 

The company filed its release to the Tolman lands, in the Land Office, Feb- 
ruary 27, 1864, at the same time entered its protest that it had no claim upon 
them, never had pretended to have, and had never sought to claim them. The 
Register of the State Land Office, under the advice of the Attorney General, 
decided that patents would be issued to the Tolman purchasers in all cases 
where contracts had been made prior to December 23, 1853, and remaining 
uncanceled under the act of 1860. But before any were issued, on the 27th of 
August, 1864, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company commenced a 
suit in chancery, in the District Court of Polk County, to enjoin the issue of 
such patents. On the 30tli of August, an ex j) arte injunction was issued. In 
January, 1868, Mr. J. A. Harvey, Register of the Land Office, filed in the 
court an elaborate answer to plaintiffs' petition, denying that the company had 
any right to or title in the lands. Mr. Harvey's successor, Mr. C. C. Carpen- 
ter, filed a still more exhaustive answer February 10, 1868. August 3, 1868, 
the District Court dissolved the injunction. The company appealed to the 
Supreme Court, where the decision of the lower court was affirmed in December, 
1869. 

VIII. SWAMP LAND GRANT. 

By an act of Congress, approved March 28, 1850, to enable Arkansas and 
other States to reclaim swampy lands Avithin their limits, granted all the swamp 
and overflowed lands remaining unsold within their respective limits to the 
several States. Although the total amount claimed by Iowa under this act 



212 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

does not exceed 4,000,000 acres, it has, like the Des Moines River and some 
of" the land grants, cost the State considerable trouble and expense, and required 
a deal of legislation. The State expended large sums of money in making the 
selections, securing proofs, etc., but the General Government appeared to be 
laboring under the impression that Iowa was not acting in good faith ; that she 
had selected a large amount of lands under the swamp land grant, transferred 
her interest to counties, and counties to private speculators, and the General 
Land Office permitted contests as to the character of the lands already selected 
by the Agents of the State as "swamp lands." Congress, by joint resolution 
Dec. 18, 1856, and by act March 3, 1857, saved the State from the fatal result 
of this ruinous policy. Many of these lands were selected in 1854 and 1855, 
immediately after several remarkably wet seasons, and it was but natural that 
some portions of the selections would not appear swampy after a few dry seasons. 
Some time after these first selections were made, persons desired to enter 
parcels of the so-called swamp lands and offering to prove them to be diy. In 
such cases the General Land Office ordered hearing before the local land officers, 
and if they decided the land to be dry, it was permitted to be entered and the 
claim of the State rejected. Speculators took advantage of this. Affidavits 
were bought of irresponsible and reckless men, who, for a few dollars, would 
confidently testify to the character of lands they never saw. These applica- 
tions multiplied until they covered 3,000,000 acres. It was necessary that 
Congress should confirm all these selections to the State, that this gigantic 
scheme of fraud and plunder might be stopped. The act of Congress of 
March 3, 1857, was designed to accomplish this purpose. But the Commis- 
sioner of the General Land Office held that it was only a qualified confirma- 
tion, and under this construction sought to sustain the action of the Department 
in rejecting the claim of the State, and certifying them under act of May 15, 
1856, under which the railroad companies claimed all swamp land in odd num- 
bered sections within the limits of their respective roads. This action led to 
serious complications. When the railroad grant was made, it was not intended 
nor was it understood that it included any of the swamp lands. These were 
already disposed of by previous grant. Nor did the companies expect to 
receive any of them, but under the decisions of the Department adverse to the 
State the way was opened, and they were not slow to enter their claims. March 
4, 1862, the Attorney General of the State submitted to the General Assembly 
an opinion that the railroad companies were not entitled even to contest the 
right of the State to these lands, under the swamp land grant. A letter from 
the Acting Commissioner of the General Land Office expressed the same 
opinion, and the General Assembly by joint resolution, approved April 7, 1862, 
expressly repudiated the acts of the railroad companies, and disclaimed any 
intention to claim these lands under any other than the act of Congress of 
Sept. 28, 1850. A great deal of legislation has been found necessary in rela- 
tion to these swamp lands. 

IX. — THE RAILROAD GRANT. 

One of the most important grants of public lands to Iowa for purposes of 
internal improvement was that known as the "Railroad Grant," by act of 
Congress approved May 15, 1856. This act granted to the State of Iowa, for 
the purpose of aiding in the construction of railroads from Burlington, on the 
Mississippi River, to a point on the Missouri River, near the mouth of Platte 
River ; from the city of Davenport, via Iowa City and Fort Des Moines to 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 213 

Council Bluffs ; from Lyons City northwesterly to a point of intersection with 
the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad, near Maquoketa ; thence 
on said main line, running as near as practicable to the Forty-second Parallel ; 
across the said State of Iowa to the Missouri River ; from the city of Dubuque 
to a point on the Missouri River, near Sioux City, with a branch from the 
mouth of the Tete des Morts, to the nearest point on said road, to be com- 
pleted as soon as the main road is completed to that point, every alternate section 
of land, designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side of 
said roads. It was also provided that if it should appear, when the lines of those 
roads were definitely fixed, that the United States had sold, or right of pre- 
emption had attached to any portion of said land, the State was authorized to 
select a quantity equal thereto, in alternate sections, or parts of sections, within 
fifteen miles of the lines so located. The lands remaining to the United States 
within six miles on each side of said roads were not to be sold for less than the 
double minimum price of the public lands when sold, nor were any of said lands 
to become subject to private entry until they had been first oifered at public 
sale at the increased price. 

Section 4 of the act provided that the lands granted to said State shall be 
disposed of by said State only in the manner following, that is to say : that a 
quantity of land not exceeding one hundred and twenty sections for each of said 
roads, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of each of said 
roads, may be sold ; and when the Governor of said State shall certify to the 
Secretary of the Interior that any twenty continuous miles of any of said roads 
is completed, then another quantity of land hereby granted, not to exceed one 
hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads having twenty continuous 
miles completed as aforesaid, and included within a continuous length of twenty 
miles of each of such roads, may be sold ; and so from time to time until said 
roads are completed, and if any of said roads are not completed within ten 
years, no further sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the 
United States." ^ 

At a special session of the General Assembly of Iowa, by act approved July 
14, 1856, the grant was excepted and the lands were granted by the State to 
the several railroad companies named, provided that the lines of their respective 
roads should be definitely fixed and located before April 1, 1857 ; and pro- 
vided further, that if either of said companies should fail to have seventy-five 
miles of road completed and equipped by the 1st day of December, 1 859, and 
its entire road completed by December 1, 1865, it should be competent for the 
State of Iowa to resume all rights to lands remaining undisposed of by the 
company so failing. 

The railroad companies, with the single exception of the Iowa Central Air 
Line, accepted the several grants in accordance with the provisions of the above 
act, located their respective roads and selected their lands. The grant to the 
Iowa Central was again granted to the Cedar Rapids & INIissouri River Railroad 
Company, which accepted them. 

By act, approved April 7, 1862, the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Com- 
pany was required to execute a release to the State of certain swamp and school 
lands, included within the limits of its grant, in compensation for an extension 
of the time fixed for the completion of its road. 

A careful examination of the act of Congress does not reveal any special 
reference to railroad compayiies. The lands were granted to the State, and the 
act evidently contemplate the sale of them by the State, and the appropriation 
of the proceeds to aid in the construction of certain lines of railroad within its 



214 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

limits. Section 4 of the act clearly defines the authority of the State in dis- 
posing of the lands. 

Lists of all the lands embraced by the grant were made, and certified to the 
State by the proper authorities. Under an act of Congress approved August 3, 
1854, entitled ''An act to vest in the several States and Territories the title in 
fee of the lands which have been or may he certified to them," these certified lists, 
the originals of which are filed in the General Land Office, conveyed to the State 
"the fee simple title to all the lands embraced in such lists that are of the char- 
acter contemplated " by the terms of the act making the grant, and "intended 
to be granted thereby ; but where lands embraced in such lists are not of the 
character embraced by such act of Congress, and were not intended to be granted 
thereby, said lists, so far as these lands are concerned, shall be perfectly null 
and void; and no right, title, claim or interest shall be conveyed thereby." 
Those certified lists made under the act of May 15, 1856, were forty-three in 
number, viz.: For the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, nine ; for the 
Mississippi & Missouri Railroad, 11 ; for the Iowa Central Air Line, thirteen ; 
and for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, ten. The lands thus approved to 
the State were as follows : 

Burlington & Missouri River R. R 287,095.34 acres. 

Mississippi & Missouri River R. R 774,674.36 " 

Cedar Rapids & Missouri River R. R 775,454.19 " 

Dubuque & Sioux City R. R 1,226,558.32 " 

A portion of these had been selected as swamp lands by the State, under 
the act of September 28, 1850, and these, by the terms of the act of August 3, 
1854, could not be turned over to the railroads unless the claim of the State to 
them as swamp was first rejected. It was not possible to determine from the 
records of the State Land Office the extent of the conflicting claims arising under 
the two grants, as copies of the swamp land selections in some of the counties 
were not filed of record. The Commissioner of the General Land Office, however, 
prepared lists of the lands claimed by the State as swamp under act of September 
28, 1850, and also claimed by the railroad companies under act of May 15, 
1856, amounting to 553,293.33 acres, the claim to which as swamp had been 
rejected by the Department. These were consequently certified to the State as 
railroad lands. There was no mode other than the act of July, 1856, prescribed 
for transferring the title to these lands from the State to the companies. The 
courts had decided that, for the purposes of the grant, the lands belonged to the 
State, and to her the companies should look for their titles. It was generally 
accepted that the act of the Legislature of July, 1856, was all that was neces- 
sary to complete the transfer of title. It was assumed that all the rights and 
powers conferred upon the S.tate by the act of Congress of May 14, 1856, were 
by the act of the General Assembly transferred to the companies ; in other 
words, that it Avas designed to put the companies in the place of the State as the 
grantees from Congress — and, therefore, that which perfected the title thereto 
to the State perfected the title to the companies by virtue of the act of July, 
1856, One of the companies, however, the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- 
road Company, was not entirely satisfied with this construction. Its managers 
thought that some further and specific action of the State authorities in addition 
to the act of the Legislature was necessary to complete their title. This induced 
Gov. Lowe to attach to the certified lists his official certificate, under the broad 
seal of the State. On the 9th of November, 1859, the Governor thus certified 
to them (commencing at the Missouri River) 187,207.44 acres, and December 
27th, 43,775.70 acres, an aggregate of 231,073.14 acres. These were the only 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 215 

lands under the grant that were certified by the State authorities Avith any 
design of perfecting the title already vested in the company by the act of July, 
1856. The lists which were afterward furnished to the company were simply 
certified by the Governor as being correct copies of the lists received by the 
State from the United States General Land Office. These subsequent lists 
embraced lands that had been claimed by the State under the Swamp Land 
Grant, 

It was urged against the claim of the Companies that the effect of the act 
of the Legislature Avas simply to substitute them for the State as parties to the 
grant. 1st. That the lands were granted to the State to be held in trust for the 
accomplishment of a specific purpose, and therefore the State could not part 
with the title until that purpose should have been accomplished. 2d. That it 
was not the intention of the act of July 14, 1856, to deprive the State of the con- 
trol of the lands, but on the contrary that she should retain supervision of them 
and the right to withdraw all rights and powers and resume the title condition- 
ally conferred by that act upon the companies in the event of their failure to 
complete their part of the contract. 3d. That the certified lists from the Gen-- 
eral Land Office vested the title in the State only by virtue of the act of Con- 
gress approved August 3, 1854. The State Land Office held that the proper 
construction of the act of July 14, 1856, when accepted by the companies, was 
that it became a conditional contract that might ripen into a positive sale of the 
lands as from time to time the work should progress, and as the State thereby 
became authorized by the express terms of the grant to sell them. 

This appears to have been the correct construction of the act, but by a sub- 
sequent act of Congress, approved June 2, 1864, amending the act of 1856, the 
terms of the grant were changed, and numerous controversies arose between the 
companies and the State. 

The ostensible purpose of this additional act was to allow the Davenport & 
Council Bluffs Railroad "to modify or change the location of the uncompleted 
portion of its line," to run through the town of Newton, Jasper County, or as 
nearly as practicable to that point. The original grant had been made to the 
State to aid in the construction of railroads within its limits and not to the com- 
panies, but Congress, in 1864, appears to have been utterly ignorant of what 
had been done under the act of 1856, or, if not, to have utterly disregarded it. 
The State had accepted the original grant. The Secretary of the Interior had 
ah-eady certified to the State all the lands intended to be included in the grant 
within fifteen miles of the lines of the several railroads. It will be remembered 
that Section 4, of the act of May 15, 1856, specifies the manner of sale of 
these lands from time to time as work on the railroads should progress, and also 
provided that "if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no fur- 
ther sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." 
Having vested the title to these lands in trust, in tlie State of Iowa, it is plain 
that until the expiration of the ten years there could be no reversion, and the 
State, not the United States, must control them until the grant should expire 
by limitation. The United States authorities could not rightfully re(juire the 
Secretary' of the Interior to certify directly to the companies any portion of 
the lands already certified to the State. And yet Congress, by its act of June 
2, 1864, pi'ovided that whenever the Davenport & Council Bluffs Railroad Com- 
pany should file in the General Land Office at "Washington a map definitely 
showing sucli new location, the Secretary of the Interior should cause to be cer- 
tified and conveyed to said Company, from time to time, as the road progressed, 
out of any of the lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved, or 



216 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 

otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had 
not attached, and on which a bona fide settlement and improvement had not 
been made under color of title derived from the United States or from the State 
of Iowa, within six miles of such newly located line, an amount of land per 
mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted to aid in the construction 
of said road by the act to which this was an amendment. 

The term " out of any lands heloiiging to the United States, not sold, re- 
served or otherwise disposed of, etc.," would seem to indicate that Congress did 
intend to grant lands already granted, but when it declared that the Company 
should have an amount per mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted, 
it is plain that the framers of the bill were ignorant of the real terms of the 
original grant, or that they designed that the United States should resume the 
title it had already parted with two years before the lands could revert to the 
United States under the original act, which Avas not repealed. 

A similar change w^as made in relation to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri 
Railroad, and dictated the conveyance of lands in a similar manner. 

Like provision was made for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, and the 
Company was permitted to change the location of its line between Fort Dodge 
and Sioux City, so as to secure the best route between those points ; but this 
change of location was not to impair the right to the land granted in the orig- 
inal act, nor did it change the location of those lands. 

By the same act, the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Company was author- 
ized to transfer and assign all or any part of the grant to any other company or 
person, " if, in the opinion of said Company, the construction of said railroad 
across the State of Iowa would be thereby sooner and more satisfactorily com- 
pleted ; but such assignee should not in any case be released from the liabilities 
and conditions accompanying this grant, nor acquire perfect title in any other 
manner than the same would have been acquired by the original grantee." 

Still further, the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad was not forgotten, 
and was, by the same act, empowered to receive an amount of land per mile 
equal to that mentioned in the original act, and if that could not be found within 
the limits of six miles from the line of said road, then such selection might 
be made along such line within twenty miles thereof out of any public lands 
belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved or otherwise disposed of, or 
to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had not attached. 

Those acts of Congress, which evidently originated in the "lobby," occa- 
sioned much controversy and trouble. The Department of the Interior, how- 
ever, recognizing the fact that when the Secretary had certified the lands to the 
State, under the act of 1856, that act divested the United States of title, under 
the vesting act of August, 1854, refused to review its action, and also refused 
to order any and all investigations for establishing adverse claims (except in 
pre-emption cases), on the ground that the United States had parted with the 
title, and, therefore, could exercise no control over the land. 

May 12, 1864, before the passage of the amendatory act above described, 
Congress granted to the State of Iowa, to aid in the construction of a railroad 
from McGregor to Sioux City, and for the benefit of the McGregor Western 
Railroad Company, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, 
for ten sections in width on each side of the proposed road, reserving the right 
to substitute other lands whenever it was found that the grant infringed upon 
pre-empted lands, or on lands that had been reserved or disposed of for any other 
purpose. In such cases, the Secretary of the Interior was instructed to select, in 
lieu, lands belonging to the United States lying nearest to the limits specified. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 217 

X. — AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM LANDS. 

An Agricultural College and Model Farm was established by act of the 
General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. By the eleventh section of the 
act, the proceeds of the five-section grant made for the purpose of aiding in the 
erection of public buildings was appropriated, subject to the approval of Con- 
gress, together with all lands that Congress might thereafter grant to the State 
for the purpose, for the benefit of the institution. On the 23d of March, by 
joint resolution, the Legislature asked the consent of Congress to the proposed 
transfer. By act approved July 11, 1862, Congress removed the restrictions 
imposed in the "five-section grant," and authorized the General Assembly to 
make such disposition of the lands as should be deemed best for the interests of 
the State. By these several acts, the five sections of land in Jasper County 
certified to the State to aid in the erection of public buildings under the act of 
March 3, 1845, entitled " An act supplemental to the act for the admission of 
the States of Iowa and Florida into the Union," were fully appropriated for 
the benefit of the Iowa Agricultural College and Farm. The institution is 
located in Story County. Seven hundred and twenty-one acres in that and 
two hundred in Boone County were donated to it by individuals interested in 
the success of the enterprise. 

By act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, an appropriation was made to 
each State and Territory of 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative 
in Congress, to which, by the apportionment under the census of 1860, they 
were respectively entitled. This grant was made for the purpose of endowing 
colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts. 

Iowa accepted this grant by an act passed at an extra session of its Legis- 
lature, approved September 11, 1862, entitled "An act to accept of the grant, 
and carry into execution the trust conferred upon the State of Iowa by an act 
of Congress entitled ' An act granting public lands to the several States and 
Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the 
mechanic arts,' approved July 2, 1862." This act made it the duty of the 
Governor to appoint an agent to select and locate the lands, and provided 
that none should be selected that were claimed by any county as swamp 
lands. The agent was required to make report of his doings to the Governor, 
who was instructed to submit the list of selections to the Board of Trustees of 
the Agricultural College for their approval. One thousand dollars were appro- 
priated to carry the law into effect. The State, having two Senators and six 
Representatives in Congress, was entitled to 240,000 acres of land under this 
grant, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining an Agricultural College. 
Peter Melendy, Esq., of Black Hawk County, was appointed to make the selec- 
tions, and during August, September and December, 1863, located them in the 
Fort Dodge, Des Moines and Sioux City Land Districts. December 8, 1864, 
these selections were certified by the Commissioner of the General Land Ofiice, 
and were approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior December 13, 
1864. The title to these lands was vested in the State in fee simple, and con- 
flicted with no other claims under other grants. 

The agricultural lands were approved to the State as 240,000.96 acres ; but 
as 35,691.66 acres were located within railroad limits, which were computed at 
the rate of two acres for one, the actual amount of land approved to the State 
under this grant was only 204,309.30 acres, located as follows: 

In Des Moines Land District 6,804.96 acres. 

In Sioux City Land District 59,02.5.37 " 

In Fort Dodge Land District 138,478.97 " 



218 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

By act of the General Assembly, approved March 29, 1864, entitled, " An 
act authorizing the Trustees of the Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm 
to sell all lands acquired, granted, donated or appropriated for the benefit of 
said college, and to make an investment of the proceeds thereof," all these lands 
were granted to the Agricultural College and Farm, and the Trustees were au- 
thorized to take possession, and sell or lease them. They were then, under the 
control of the Trustees, lands as follows : 

Under the act of July 2, 1852 204,309.30 acres. 

Of the five-section grant 3,200.00 " 

Lands donated in Story County 721.00 " 

Lands donated in Boone County 200.00 " 

Total 208,430.30 acres. 

The Trustees opened an office at Fort Dodge, and appointed Hon. G. W- 
Bassett their agent for the sale of these lands. 



THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

The germ of the free public school system of Iowa, which now ranks sec- 
ond to none in the United States, was planted by the first settlers. They bad 
migrated to the " The Beautiful Land" from other and older States, where the 
common school system had been tested by many years' experience, bringing 
with them some knowledge of its advantages, which they determined should be 
enjoyed by the children of the land of their adoption. The system thus planted 
was expanded and improved in the broad fields of the West, until now it is 
justly considered one of the most complete, comprehensive and liberal in the 
country. 

Nor is this to be wondered at when it is remembered humble log school 
houses were built almost as soon as the log cabin of the earliest settlers were 
occupied by their brave builders. In the lead mining regions of the State, the 
first to be occupied by the white race, the hardy pioneers provided the means 
for the education of their children even before they had comfortable dwellings 
for their families. School teachers were among the first immigrants to Iowa. 
Wherever a little settlement was made, the school house was the first united 
public act of the settlers; and the rude, primitive structures of the early time 
only disappeared when the communities had increased in population and wealth, 
and were able to replace them with more commodious and comfortable buildings. 
Perhaps in no single instance has the magnificent progress of the State of Iowa 
been more marked and rapid than in her common school system and in her school 
houses, which, long since, superseded the log cabins of the first settlers. To- 
day, the school houses which everywhere dot the broad and fertile prairies of 
Iowa are unsurpassed by those of any other State in the great Union. More 
especially is this true in all her cities and villages, Avhere liberal and lavish 
appropriations have been voted, by a generous people, for the erection of large, 
commodious and elegant buildings, furnished with all the modern improvements, 
and costing from ^10,000 to 160,000 each. The people of the State have ex- 
pended more than $10,000,000 for the erection of public school buildings. 

The first house erected in Iowa was a log cabin at Dubuque, built by James 
L. Liingworthy and a fcAV other miners, in the Autumn of 1833. When it was 
completed, George Cabbage was employed as teacher during the Winter of 
1S33-4, and thirty-five pupils attended his school. Barrett Whittemore taught 
the second term with i'venty-five pupils in attendance. Mrs. Caroline Dexter 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 219' 

commenced teaching in Dubuque in March, 1836. She "was the first female 
teacher there, and probably the first in Iowa. In 1839, Thomas H. Benton, 
Jr., afterward for ten years Superintendent of Public Instruction, opened an 
English and classical school in Dubuque. The first tax for the support of 
schools at Dubuque was levied in 1840. 

Amono; the first buildings erected at Burlington was a commodious log school 
house in 1834, in which Mr. Johnson Pierson taught the first school in the 
Winter of 1834-5. 

The first school in Muscatine County was taught by George Bumgardner, 
in the Spring of 1837, and in 1839, a log school house was erected in Musca- 
tine, Avhich served for a long time for school house, church and public hall. 
The first school in Davenport was taught in 1838. In Fairfield, Miss Clarissa 
Sawyer, James F. Chambers and Mrs. Reed taught school in 1839. 

When the site of Iowa City was selected as the capital of the Territory of 
Iowa, in May, 1839, it Avas a perfect wilderness. The first sale of lots took 
place August 18, 1839, and before January 1, 1840, about twenty families had 
settled within the limits of the town ; and during the same year, Mr. Jesse 
Berry opened a school in a small frame building he had erected, on what is now 
College street. 

The first settlement in Monroe County was made in 1843, by Mr. John R. 
Gray, about two miles from the present site of Eddyville; and in the Summer 
of 1844, a log school house was built by Gray, William V. Beedle, C. Renfro, 
Joseph McMullen and Willoughby Randolph, and the first school was opened 
by Miss Urania Adams. The building was occupied for scliool purposes for 
nearly ten years. About a year after the first cabin was built at Oskaloosa, a 
log school house was built, in which school was opened by Samuel W. Caldwell 
in 1844. 

At Fort Des Moines, now the capital of the State, the first school was 
taught by Lewis Whitten, Clerk of the District Court in the Winter of 1846-7, 
in one of the rooms on " Coon Row," built for barracks. 

The first school in Pottawattomie County was opened by George Green, a 
Mormon, at Council Point, prior to .1849 ; and until about 1854, nearly, if not 
quite, all the teachers in that vicinity were Mormons. 

The first school in Decorah was taught in 1853, by T. W. Burdick, then a 
3^oung man of seventeen. In Osceola, the first school was opened by Mr. D. 
W, Scoville. The first school at Fort Dodge was taught in 1855, by Cyrus C. 
Carpenter, since Governor of the State. In Crawford County, the first school 
house was built in Mason's Grove, in 1856, and Morris McIIenry first occupied 
it as teacher. 

During the first twenty years of the history of Iowa, the log school house pre- 
vailed, and in 1861, there were 893 of these primitive structures in use for 
school purposes in the State. Since that time they have been gradually dis- 
appearing. In 1865, there were 796; in 1870, 336, and in 1875, 121. 

Iowa Territory was created July 3, 1838. January 1, 1839, the Territorial 
Legislature passed an act providing that " there shall be established a common 
school, or schools in each of the counties in this Territory, which shall be 
open and free for every class of white citizens between the ages of five and 
twenty-one years." The second section of the act provided that " the County 
Board shall, from time to time, form such districts in their respective counties 
whenever a petition may be presented for the purpose by a majority of the 
voters resident within such contemplated district." These districts were gov- 
erned by boards of trustees, usually of three persons ; each district was required 



220 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

to maintain school at least three months in every year ; and later, laws were 
enacted providing for county school taxes for the payment of teachers, and that 
whatever additional sum might be required should be assessed upon the parents 
sending, in proportion to the length of time sent. 

When Iowa Territory became a State, in 1846, with a population of 100,- 
000, and with 20,000 scholars within its limits, about four hundred school dis- 
tricts had been organized. In 1850, there were 1,200, and in 1857, the 
number had increased to 3,265. 

In March, 1858, upon the recommendation of Hon, M. L. Fisher, then Su- 
perintendent of Public Instruction, the Seventh General Assembly enacted that 
" each civil township is declared a school district," and provided that these should 
be divided into sub-districts. This law went into force March 20, 1858, and 
reduced the number of school districts from about 3,500 to less than 900. 

This change of school organization resulted in a very material reduction of 
the expenditures for the compensation of District Secretaries and Treasurers. 
An effort was made for several years, from 1867 to 1872, to abolish the sub- 
district system. Mr. Kissell, Superintendent, recommended, in his report of 
January 1, 1872, and Governor Merrill forcibly endorsed his views in his annual 
message. But the Legislature of that year provided for the formation of inde- 
pendent districts from the sub-districts of district townships. 

The system of graded schools was inaugurated in 1849 ; and new schools, in 
which more than one teacher is employed, are universally graded. 

The first official mention of Teachers' Institutes in the educational records 
of Iowa occurs in the annual report of Hon. Thomas H. Benton, Jr., made 
December 2, 1850, who said, "An institution of this character was organized a 
few years ago, composed of the teachers of the mineral regions of Illinois, 
Wisconsin and Iowa. An association of teachers has, also, been formed in the 
county of Henry, and an effort was made in October last to organize a regular 
institute in the county of Jones." At that time — although the beneficial 
influence of these institutes was admitted, it w^as urged that the expenses of 
attending them was greater than teachers with limited compensation were able 
to bear. To obviate this objection, Mr. Benton recommended that " the sum of 
$150 should be appropriated annually for three years, to be drawn in install- 
ments of $50 each by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and expended 
for these institutions." He proposed that' three institutes should be held annu- 
ally at points to be designated by the Superintendent. 

No legislation in this direction, however, was had until March, 1858, when 
an act was passed authorizing the holding of teachers' institutes for periods not 
less than six working days, whenever not less than thirty teachers should desire. 
The Superintendent was authorized to expend not exceeding $100 for any one 
institute, to be paid out by the County Superintendent as the institute might 
direct for teachers and lecturers, and one thousand dollars was appropriated to 
defray the expenses of these institutes. 

December 6, 1858, Mr. Fisher reported to the Board of Education that 
institutes had been appointed in twenty counties within the preceding six months, 
and more would have been, but the appropriation had been exhausted. 

The Board of Education at its first session, commencing December 6, 1858, 
enacted a code of school laws which retained the existing provisions for teachers' 
institutes. 

In March, 1860, the General Assembly amended the act of the Board by 
appropriating " a sum not exceeding fifty dollars annually for one such institute, 
held as provided by law in each county." 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 221 

In 1865, Mr. Faville reported that "the provision made by the State for the 
"benefit of teachers' institutes has never been so fully appreciated, both by the 
people and the teachers, as during the last two years." 

By act approved March 19, 1874, Normal Institutes were established in 
each county, to be held annually by the County Superintendent. This was 
regarded as a very decided step in advance by Mr. Abernethy, and in 1876 the 
Sixteenth General Assembly established the first permanent State Normal 
School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, appropriating the building and 
property of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place for that purpose. This 
school is now " in the full tide of successful experiment." 

The public school system of Iowa is admirably organized, and if the various 
officers Avlio are entrusted with the educational interests of the commonwealth 
are faithful and competent, should and will constantly improve. 

" The public schools are supported by funds arising from several sources. 
The sixteenth section of every Congressional Township was set apart by the 
General Government for school purposes, being one-thirty-sixth part of all the 
lands of the State. The minimum price of these lands was fixed at one dollar 
and twenty-five cents per acre. Congress also made an additional donation to 
the State of five hundred thousand acres, and an appropriation of five per cent, 
on all the sales of public lands to the school fund. The State gives to this 
fund the proceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it ; the proceeds of 
all fines for the violation of the liquor and criminal laws. The money derived 
from these sources constitutes the permanent school fund of the State, which 
cannot be diverted to any other purpose. The penalties collected by the courts 
for fines and forfeitures go to the school fund in the counties where collected. 
The proceeds of the sale of lands and the five per cent, fund go into the State 
Treasury, and the State distributes these proceeds to the several counties accord- 
ing to their request, and the counties loan the money to individuals for long 
terms at eight per cent, interest, on security of land valued at three times the 
amount of the loan, exclusive of all buildings and improvements thereon. The 
interest on these loans is paid into the State Treasury, and becomes the avail- 
able school fund of the State. The counties are responsible to the State for all 
money so loaned, and the State is likewise responsible to the school fund for all 
moneys transferred to the counties. The interest on these loans is apportioned 
by the State Auditor semi-annually to the several counties of the State, in pro- 
portion to the number of persons between the ages of five and twenty-one years. 
The counties also levy an annual tax for school purposes, which is apportioned 
to the several district townships in the same way. A district tax is also 
levied for the same purpose. The money arising from these several sources 
constitutes the support of the public schools, and is sufficient to enable 
every sub-district in the State to afford from six to nine months' school 
each year." 

The taxes levied for the support of schools are self-imposed. Under the 
admirable school laws of the State, no taxes can be legally assessed or collected 
for the erection of school houses until they have been ordered by the election of 
the district at a school meeting legally called. The school houses of Iowa are 
the pride of the State and an honor to the people. If they have been some- 
times built at a prodigal expense, the tax payers have no one to blame but 
themselves. The teachers' and contingent funds are determined by the Board of 
Directors under certain legal restrictions. These boards are elected annually, 
except in the independent districts, in which the board may be entirely changed 
every three years. The only exception to this mode of levying taxes for support 



222 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

of schools is the county school tax, which is determined by the County Board 
of Supervisors. The tax is from one to three mills on the dollar ; usually, 
however, but one, Mr. Abernethy, who was Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion from 1872 to 1877, said in one of his reports : 

There is but little opposition to the levy of taxes for the support of schools, and there 
would be still less if the funds were always properly guarded and judiciously expended. How- 
ever much our people disagree upon other subjects, they are practically united upon this. 
The opposition of wealth has long since ceased to exist, and our wealthy men are usually the 
most liberal in their views and the most active friends of popular education. They are often 
found upon our school boards, and usually make the best of school officers. It is not uncommon 
for Boards of Directors, especially in the larger towns and cities, to be composed wholly of men 
who represent the enterprise, wealth and business of their cities. 

At the close of 1877, there were 1,086 township districts, 3,138 indepen- 
dent districts and 7,015 sub-districts. There were 9,948 ungraded and 476 
graded schools, with an average annual session of seven months and five days. 
There were 7,348 male teachers employed, whose average compensation was 
$34.88 per month, and 12,518 female teachers, with an average compensation 
of $28.69 per month. 

The number of persons between the ages 5 and 21 years, in 1877, was 
567,859; number enrolled in public schools, 421,163; total average attendance, 
251,372 ; average cost of tuition per month, f 1.62. There are 9,279 frame, 
671 brick, 257 stone and 89 log school houses, making a grand total of 10,296, 
valued at $9,044,973. The public school libraries number 17,329 volumes. 
Ninety-nine teachers' institutes were held during 1877. Teachers' salaries 
amounted to $2,953,645. There was expended for school houses, grounds, 
libraries and apparatus, $1,106,788, and for fuel and other contingencies, 
$1,136,995, making the grand total of $5,197,428 expended by the generous 
people of Iowa for the support of their magnificent public schools in a single 
year. The amount of the permanent school fund, at the close of 1877, was 
$3,462,000. Annual interest, $276,960. 

In 1857, there were 3,265 independent districts, 2,708 ungraded schools, 
and 1,572 male and 1,424 female teachers. Teachers' salaries amounted to 
$198,142, and the total expenditures for schools was only $364,515. Six hun- 
dred and twenty-three volumes were the extent of the public school libraries 
twenty years ago, and there were only 1,686 school houses, valued at $571,064. 

In twenty years, teachers' salaries have increased from $198,142, in 1857, 
to $2,953,645 in 1877. Total school expenditures, from $364,515 to 
$5,197,428. 

The significance of such fiicts as these is unmistakable. Such lavish expen- 
ditures can only be accounted for by the liberality and public spirit of the 
people, all of whom manifest their love of popular education and their fiiith in 
the public schools by the annual dedication to their support of more than one 
per cent, of their entire taxable property ; this, too, uninterruptedly through a 
series of years, commencing in the midst of a war which taxed their energies and 
resources to the extreme, and continuing through years of general depression in 
business — years of moderate yield of produce, of discouragingly low prices, and 
even amid the scanty surroundings and privations of pioneer life. Few human 
enterprises have a grander significance or give evidence of a more noble purpose 
than the generous contributions from the scanty resources of the pioneer for the 
purposes of public education. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 223 

POLITICAL RECORD. 

TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. 

Grovernors — Robert Lucas, 1838-41 ; John Chambers, 1841-45 ; James 
Clarke, 1845. 

Secretaries — William B. Conway, 1838, died 1839 ; James Clarke, 1839 ; 
0. H. W. Stull, 1841 ; Samuel J. Burr, 1843 ; Jesse Williams, 1845. 

Auditors~:iQ&&e Williams, 1840; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843- Robert M. 
Secrest, 1845. 

Treasurers — Thornton Bayliss, 1839 ; Morgan Reno, 1840. 

Judges — Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838 ; Joseph Williams, 1838 ; 
Thomas S. Wilson, 1838. 

Presidents of Council — Jesse B. Browne, 1838-9 ; Stephen Hempstead, 
1839-40; M. i3ainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan W. Parker, 1841-2; John D. 
Elbert, 1842-3; Thomas Cox, 1843-4; S. Clinton Hastings, 1845; Stephen 
Hempstead, 1845-6. 

Speakers of the House — William H. Wallace, 1838-9 ; Edward Johnston, 
1839-40; Thomas Cox, 1840-1; Warner Lewis, 1841-2; James M. Morgan, 
1842-3 ; James P. Carleton, 1843-4 ; James M. Morgan, 1845 ; George W. 
McCleary, 1845-6. 

First Constitutional Convention, 184,4- — Shepherd Leffler, President ; Geo. 
S. Hampton, Secretary. 

Second Constitutional Convention, 1846 — Enos Lowe, President; William 
Thompson, Secretary. 

OFFICERS OP THE STATE GOVERNMENT. 

Governors — Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1850 to 
1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858; Ralph P. Lowe, 1858 to 1860; Sam- 
uel J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864 ; William M. Stone, 1864 to 1868 ; Samuel 
Morrill, 1868 to 1872 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, 1872 to 1876 ; Samuel J. Kirk- 
wood, 1876 to 1877; Joshua G. Newbold, Acting, 1877 to 1878; John H. 
Gear, 1878 to . 

Lieutenant Governor — Office created by the new Constitution September 3, 
1857— Oran Faville, 1858-9 ; Nicholas J. Rusch, 1860-1 ; John R. Needham, 
1862-3; Enoch W. Eastman, 1864-5; Benjamin F. Gue, 1866-7; John 
Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden, 1870-1; H. C. Bulis, 1872-3; Joseph Dy- 
sart, 1874-5 ; Joshua G. Newbold, 1876-7 ; Frank T. Campbell, 1878-9. 

Secretaries of State — Elisha Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 4, 1848 ; 
Josiah H. Bonney, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W. McCleary, Dec. 
2, 1850, to Dec. 1, 1856 ; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856, to Jan. 5, 1863 ; James 
Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Ed. Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to Jan. 6, 
1873 ; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to . 

Auditors of /S«a«e— Joseph T. Fales, Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; Will- 
iam Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854 ; Andrew J. Stevens, Dec. 4, 1854, 
resigned in 1855 ; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Jonathan 
W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865 ; John A. Elliot, 1865 to 1871 ; John Russell, 1871 
to 1875 ; Buren R. Sherman, 1875 to . 

Treasurers of State— Movgiin Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; 
Israel Kister, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852 ; Martin L. Morris, Dec. 4, 1852, 
to .Jan. 2, 1859 ; John W. Jones. 1859 to 1863 ; William H. Holmes, 1863 to 



224 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

1867 ; Samuel E. Rankin, 1867 to 1873 ; William Christy, 1873 to 1877 ; 
George W. Bemis, 1877 to . 

Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office created in 1847 — James Harlan, 
June 5, 1845 (Supreme Court decided election void) ; Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 
May 23, 1844, to June 7, 1854 ; James D. Eads, 1854-7 ; Joseph C. Stone, 
March to June, 1857 ; Maturin L. Fisher, 1857 to Dec, 1858, when the office 
was abolished and the duties of the office devolved upon the Secretary of the 
Board of Education. 

Secretaries of Board of Education — Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859-1863 ; 
Oran Faville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March 23, 1864. 

Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office re-created March 23, 1864 — 
Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867; D. Franklin Wells, 
March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870 ; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872 ; Alonzo Abernethy, 
1872 to 1877 ; Carl W. Von Coelln, 1877 to . 

State Binders — Office created February 21, 1855 — William M. Coles, May 
1, 1855, to May 1, 1859; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867; James S. Carter, 
1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 1875; 
James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876 ; H. A. Perkins, 1876 to . 

Registers of the State Land Office — Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May 
13, 1857 ; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Amos B. 
Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to 
Jan 5, 1863 ; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Cyrus C. 
Carpenter, Jan. 7, 1867, to January, 1871 ; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, to 
to January, 1875 ; David Secor, January, 1875, to . 

State Printers — Office created Jan. 3, 1840 — Garrett D. Palmer and 
George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Hornish, 
1853 (resigned May 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1853 to 1855; Peter 
Moriarty, 1855 to 1857; John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861; Francis W. Palmer, 
1861 to 1869 ; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870 ; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 
1872 ; R. P. Clarkson, 1872 to . 

Adjutants Greneral — Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5 ; Geo. W. McCleary, 1855-7 ; 
Elijah Sells, 1857 ; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61 ; Nathaniel Baker, 1861 to 1877 ; 
John H. Looby, 1877 to . 

Attorneys General — David C. Cloud, 1853-56 ; Samuel A. Rice, 1856-60; 
Charles C. Nourse, 1861-4 ; Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resigned January, 1866) ; 
Frederick E. Bissell, 1866 (died June 12, 1867); Henry O'Connor, 1867-72; 
Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6 ; John F. McJunkin, 1877. 

Presidents of the Senate — Thomas Baker, 1846-7 ; Thomas Hughes, 
1848; John J. Selman, 1848-9; Enos Lowe, 1850-1; William E. Leffing- 
well, 1852-3; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William W. Hamilton, 1856-7. 
Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the 
Senate. 

Speakers of the House — Jesse B. Brown, 1847-8; Smiley H. Bonhan, 
1849-50 ; George Temple, 1851-2 ; James Grant, 1853-4 ; Reuben Noble, 
1855-6 ; Samuel McFarland, 1856-7 ; Stephen B. Sheledy, 1858-9 ; John 
Edwards, 1860-1 ; Rush Clark, 1862-3 ; Jacob Butler, 1864-5 ; Ed. Wright, 
1866-7 ; John Russell, 1868-9 ; Aylett R. Cotton, 1870-1 ; James Wilson, 
1872-3 ; John H. Gear, 1874-7 ; John Y. Stone, 1878. 

New Constitutional Convention, 1859 — Francis Springer, President ; Thos. 
J. Saunders, Secretarv. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 225 

STATE OFFICERS, 1878. 

John H. Gear, Governor; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor; Josiah 
T. Young, Secretary of State; Buren R. Sherman, Auditor of State; George 
W. Bemis, Treasurer of State; David Secor, Register of State Land Office; 
John H. Looby, Adjutant General; John F. McJunken, Attorney General; 
Mrs. Ada North, State Librarian; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court; 
John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Carl W, Von Coelln, Superintend- 
ent Public Instruction; Richard P. Clarkson, State Printer; Henry A. Perkins, 
State Binder; Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights and 
Measures; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary; Fletcher W. 
Young, Deputy Secretary of State; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of State; 
Erastus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State ; John M. Davis, Deputy Reg- 
ister Land Office; Ira C. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Public Instruction. 

THE JUDICIARY. 

SUPKEME COURT OF IOWA. 

Chief Justices. — Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847 ; Joseph Williams, 
Jan., 1847, to Jan., 1848; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 1849; Joseph 
Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; Geo. G. Wright, Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 
1860 ; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862 ; Caleb Baldwin, Jan., 1862, to 
Jan., 1864 ; Geo. G. Wright, Jan., 1864, to Jan., 1866 ; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1866, 
to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 
1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to Jan. 1, 1872; Joseph 
M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1872, to Jan. 1, 1874; W. E. Miller, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. 1, 
1876; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 
1877, to Jan. 1, 1878; James H. Rothrock, Jan. 1, 1878. 

Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams; Thomas S. Wilson, resigned Oct., 
1847; John F. Kinney, June 12, 1847, resigned Feb. 15, 1854; George 
Greene, Nov. 1, 1847, to Jan. 9, 1855; Jonathan C. Hall, Feb. 15, 1854, to 
succeed Kinney, resigned, to Jan., 1855; William G. Woodward, Jan. 9, 1855; 
Norman W. Isbell, Jan. 16, 1855, resigned 1856; Lacen D. Stockton, June 3, 
1856, to succeed Isbell, resigned, died June 9, 1860; Caleb Baldwin, Jan. 11, 
1860, to 1864; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan. 12, 1860; George G. Wright, June 26, 
1860, to succeed Stockton, deceased; elected U. S. Senator, 1870; John F. Dil- 
lon, Jan. 1, 1864, to succeed Baldwin, resigned, 1870; Chester C. Cole, March 
1, 1864, to 1877; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1868; W. E. Miller, October 11, 
1864, to succeed Dillon, resigned; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to succeed 
Wright. 

SUPREME COURT, 1878. 

James H. Rothrock, Cedar County, Chief Justice; Joseph M. Beck, Lee 
County, Associate Justice ; Austin Adams, Dubuque County, Associate Justice ; 
William H. Seevers, Oskaloosa County, Associate Justice; James G. Day, Fre- 
mont County, Associate Justice. 

CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION. 

UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

(The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) 

George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 7, 1848-1858 ; Augustus C. Dodge, Bur- 
lington, Dec. 7, 1848-1855; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; 
James W. Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 1858-died 1870 ; Samuel J. Kirkwood, 
Iowa City, elected Jan. 18, 1866, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of James 



22t) HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Harlan ; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872 ; James B. Howell, 
Keokuk, elected Jan. 20, 1870, to fill vacancy caused by the death of J. W. 
Grimes — term expired March 3d ; George G. Wright, Des Moines, March 4, 
1871-1877 ; William B. Allison, Dubuque, March 4, 1872 ; Samuel J. Kirk- 
wood, March 4, 1877. 

MEMBERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

Twenty-ninth Congress — 184.6 to 184-7. — S. Clinton Hastings ; Shepherd 
Leffler. 

Thirtieth Congress — 184-7 to 184-9. — First District, William Thompson : 
Second District, Shepherd Leffler. 

Thirtg-Jirst Congress — 1849 to 1851. — First District, First Session, Wm. 
Thompson; unseated by the House of Representatives on a contest, and election 
remanded to the people. First District, Second Session, Daniel F. Miller. 
Second District, Shepherd Leffler. 

Thirty-second Congress — 1851 to 1853. — First District, Bernhart Henn. 
Second District, Lincoln Clark. 

Thirty-third Congress — 1853 to 1855. — First District, Bernhart Henn. 
Second District, John P. Cook. 

Thirty-fourth Congress — 1855 to 1857. — First District, Augustus Hall. 
Second District, James Thorington. 

Thirty-fifth Congress — 1857 to 1859. — First District, Samuel R. Curtis. 
Second District, Timothy Davis. 

Thirty-sixth Congress — 1859 to 1861. — First District, Samuel R. Curtis. 
Second District, William Vandever. 

Thirty-seventh Congress — 1861 to 1863. — First District, First Session, 
Samuel R. Curtis.* First District, Second and Third Sessions, James F. Wil- 
son. Second District, William Vandever. 

Thirty-eighth Congress — 1863 to 1865. — First District, James F. Wilson. 
Second District, Hiram Price. Third District, William B. Allison. Fourth 
District, Josiah B. Grinnell. Fifth District, John A. Kasson. Sixth District, 
Asahel W. Hubbard. 

Thirty-ninth Congress — 1865 to 1867. — First District, James F. Wilson ; 
Second District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth 
District, Josiah B. Grinnell ; Fifth District, John A. Kasson ; Sixth District, 
Asahel W. Hubbard. 

Fortieth Congress — 1867 to 1869. — First District, James F. AYiison ; Sec- 
ond District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison, Fourth District, 
William Loughridge; Fifth District, Grenville M. Dodge; Sixth District, 
Asahel W. Hubbard. 

Forty-first Congress— 1869 to i57i.— First District, George W. McCrary ; 
Second District, William Smyth ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth 
District, William Loughridge; Fifth District, Frank AV. Palmer; Sixth Dis- 
trict, Charles Pomeroy. 

Forty-second Congress — 1871 to 1873. — First District, George W. Mc- 
Crary ; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third District, W. G. Donnan ; 
Fourth District, Madison M. Waldon ; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth 
District, Jackson Orr. 

Forty-third Congress — 1873 to 1875. — First District, George W. McCrary ; 
Second District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third District, William Y. Donnan ; Fourth 
District, Henry 0. Pratt ; Fifth District, James Wilson ; Sixth District, 

■■ Vacated seat by acceptince of commission as Brigadier General, and J. F. Wilson chosen his successor. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 229 

William Lougliridge; Seventh District, John A, Kasson ; Eighth District, 
James W. McDill ; Ninth District, Jackson Orr, 

Forty-fourth Congress — 1S75 to 1877. — First District, George W. Mc- 
Crary ; Second District, John Q. Tufts; Third District, L. L. Ainsworth; 
Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson ; Sixth District, 
Ezekiel S. Sampson ; Seventh District, John A. Kasson ; Eighth District, 
James W. McDill ; Fifth District, Addison Oliver. 

Forty-fifth Congress— 1877 to 1S79. — First District, J. C. Stone; Second 
District,' Hiram Price ; Third District, T. W. Burdick ; Fourth District, H. 0. 
Deering ; Fifth District, Rush Clark ; Sixth District, E. S. Sampson ; 
Seventh District, H. J. B. Cummings ; Eighth District, W. F, Sapp ; Ninth 
District, Addison Oliver. 

WAR RECORD. 

The State of Iowa may well be proud of her record during the War of the 
Rebellion, from 18(51 to 1865. The following brief but comprehensive sketch of 
the history she made during that trying period is largely from the pen of Col. A. 
P. Wood, of Dubuque, the author of "The Elistory of Iowa and the War," one 
of the best works of the kind yet written. 

" Whether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by 
the General Government, in the courage and constancy of her soldiery in the 
field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with wliich her civil administration was 
conducted during the trying period covered by the War of the Rebellion, Iowa 
proved herself the peer of any loyal State. The proclamation of her Governor, 
responsive to that of the President, calling for volunteers to compose her First 
Regiment, was issued on the fourth day after the fall of Sumter. At the end 
of only a single week, men enough Avere reported to be in quarters (mostly in 
the vicinity of their own homes) to fill the regiment. These, however, were 
hardly more than a tithe of the number who had been offered by company com- 
manders for acceptance under the President's call. So urgent were these ofi'ers 
that the Governor requested (on the 24th of April) permission to organize an 
additional regiment. While awaiting an answer to this request, he conditionally 
accepted a sufficient number of companies to compose two additional regiments. 
In a short time, he was notified that both of these would be accepted. Soon 
after the completion of the Second and Third Regiments (which was near the 
close of May), the Adjutant General of the State reported that upward of one 
hundred and seventy companies had been tendered to the Governor to serve 
against the eneinies of the Union. 

" Much difficulty and considerable delay occured in fitting these ref^-iments 
for the field. For tlie First Infantry a complete outfit (not uniform) of clothino' 
was extemporized — principally by the volunteered labor of loyal women in the 
different towns — from material of various colors and qualities, obtained within 
the limits of the State. The same Avas done in part for the Second Infantry. 
Meantime, an extra session of the General Assembly had been called by the 
Governor, to convene on the 15th of May. With but little delay, that body 
authorized a loan of $800,000, to meet the extraordinary expenses incurred, and 
to be incurred, by the Executive Department, in consequence of the new emer- 
gency. A wealthy merchant of the State (Ex-Governor Merrill, then a resident 
of McGregor) immediately took from the Governor a contract to supply a com- 
plete outfit of clothing for the three regiments organized, ao-reeinfr to receive 
should the Governor so elect, his pay therefor in State bonds at par. This con- 



230 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

tract he executed to the letter, and a portion of the clothing (which was manu- 
factured in Boston, to his order) Avas delivered at Keokuk, the place at which 
the troops had rendezvoused, in exactly one month from the day on which the 
contract had been entered into. The remainder arrived only a few days later. 
This clothing was delivered to the regiment, but was subsequently condemned 
by the Government, for the reason that its color was gray, and blue had been 
adopted as the color to be worn by the national troops." 

Other States also clothed their troops, sent forward under the first call of 
President Lincoln, with gray uniforms, but it was soon found that the con- 
federate forces were also clothed in gray, and that color was at once abandoned 
by the Union troops. If both armies were clothed alike, annoying if not fatal 
mistakes were liable to be made. 

But while engaged in these efforts to discharge her whole duty in common with 
all the other Union-loving States in the great emergency, Iowa was compelled 
to make immediate and ample provision for the protection of her own borders, 
from threatened invasion on the south by the Secessionists of Missouri, and 
from danger of incursions from the west and northwest by bands of hostile 
Indians, who were freed from the usual restraint imposed upon them by the 
presence of regular troops stationed at the frontier posts. These troops were 
withdrawn to meet the greater and more pressing danger threatening the life of 
the nation at its very heart. 

To provide for the adequate defense of her borders from the ravages of both 
rebels in arms against the Government and of the more irresistible foes from 
the Western plains, the Governor of the State was authorized to raise and equip 
two regiments of infantry, a squadron of cavalry (not less than five companies) 
and a battalion of artillery (not less than three companies.) Only cavalry were 
enlisted for home defense, however, "but," says Col. Wood, "in times of special 
danger, or when calls were made by the Unionists of Northern Missouri tor 
assistance against their disloyal enemies, large numbers of militia on foot often 
turned out, and remained in the field until the necessity for their services had 
passed. 

" The first order for the Iowa volunteers to move to the field was received 
on the 13th of June. It was issued by Gen. Lyon, then commanding the 
United States forces in Missouri. The First and Second Infantry immediately 
embarked in steamboats, and moved to' Hannibal. Some two weeks later, the 
Third Infantry was ordered to the same point. These three, together with 
many other of the earlier organized Iowa regiments, rendered their first field 
service in Missouri. The First Infantry formed a part of the little army with 
which Gen. Lyon moved on Springfield, and fought the bloody battle of Wilson's 
Creek. It received unqualified praise for its gallant bearing on the field. In 
the following month (September), the Third Iowa, with but very slight support, 
fought with honor the sanguinary engagement of Blue Mills Landing ; and in 
November, the Seventh Iowa, as a part of a force commanded by Gen. Grant, 
greatly distinguished itself in the battle of Belmont, where it poured out its 
blood like water — losing more than half of the men it took into action. 

" The initial operations in which the battles referred to took place were fol- 
lowed by the more important movements led by Gen. Grant, Gen. Curtis, of 
this State, and other commanders, which resulted in defeating the armies 
defending the chief strategic lines held by the Confederates in Kentucky, Tenn- 
nessee, Missouri and Arkansas, and compelling their withdrawal from much of 
the territory previously controlled by them in those States. In these and other 
movements, down to the grand culminating campaign by which Vicksburg was 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 231 

captured and the Confederacy permanently severed on the line of the Mississippi 
River, Iowa troops took part in steadily increasing numbers. In the investment 
and siege of Vicksburg, the State was represented by thirty regiments and two 
batteries, in addition to Avhich, eight regiments and one battery were employed 
on the outposts of the besieging army. The brilliancy of their exploits on the 
many fields where they served Avon for them the highest meed of praise, both 
in military and civil circles. Multiplied were the terms in which expression 
was given to this sentiment, but these words of one of tlie journals of a neigh- 
boring State, ' The Iowa troops have been heroes among heroes,' embody the 
spirit of all. 

" In the veteran re-enlistments that distinguished the closing months of 1863 
above all other periods in the history of re-enlistments for the national armies, 
the Iowa three years' men (who were relatively more numerous than those of any 
other State) were prompt to set the example of volunteering for another term of 
equal length, thereby adding many thousands to the great army of those who 
gave this renewed and practical assurance that the cause of the Union should 
not be left without defenders. 

"In all the important movements of 1864-65, by which the Confederacy 
was penetrated in every quarter, and its military power finally overthrown, the 
Iowa troops took part. Their drum-beat was heard on the banks of every great 
river of the South, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande, and everywhere they 
rendered the same faithful and devoted service, maintaining on all occasions their 
wonted reputation for valor in the field and endurance on the march. 

" Two Iowa three-year cavalry regiments were employed during their whole 
term of service in the operations that were in progress from 1863 to 1866 
against the hostile Indians of the western plains. A portion of these men were 
among the last of the volunteer troops to be mustered out of service. The State 
also supplied a considerable number of men to the navy, who took part in most 
of the naval operations prosecuted against the Confederate power on the Atlantic 
and Gulf coasts, and the rivers of the West. 

" The people of Iowa were early and constant workers in the sanitary field, 
and by their liberal gifts and personal efforts for the benefit of the soldiery, 
placed their State in the front rank of those who became distinguished for their 
exhibitions of patriotic benevolence during the period covered by the war. 
Agents appointed by the Governor were stationed at points convenient for ren- 
dering assistance to the sick and needy soldiers of the State, while others were 
employed in visiting, from time to time, hospitals, camps and armies in the field, 
and doing whatever the circumstances rendered possible for the health and 
comfort of such of the Iowa soldiery as might be found there. 

" Some of the benevolent people of the State early conceived the idea of 
establishing a Home for such of the children of deceased soldiers as might be 
left in destitute circumstances. This idea first took form in 1863, and in the 
following year a Home was opened at Farmington, Van Buren County, in a 
building leased for that purpose, and which soon became filled to its utmost 
capacity. The institution received liberal donations from the general public, 
and also from the soldiers in the field. In 1865, it became necessary to pro- 
vide increased accommodations for the large number of cliildren who were 
seeking the beaefits of its care. This was done by establishing a branch 
at Cedar Falls, in Black Hawk County, and by securing, during the same 
year, for the use of the parent Home, Camp Kinsman near the City of 
Davenport. This property was soon afterward donated to the institution, by 
act of Congress. 



232 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

" In 1866, in pursuance of a law enacted for that purpose, the Soldiers' 
Orphans' Home (which then contained about four hundred and fifty inmates) 
became a State institution, and thereafter the sums necessary for its support were 
appropriated from the State treasury. A second branch was established at 
Glenwood, Mills County. Convenient tracts were secured, and valuable improve- 
ments made at all the different points. Schools were also established, and em- 
ployments provided for such of the children as were of suitable age. In all 
ways the provision made for these Avards of the State has been such as to chal- 
lenge the approval of every benevolent mind. The number of children who 
have been inmates of the Home from its foundation to the present time is 
considerably more than two thousand. 

" At the beginning of the war, the population of Iowa included about one 
hundred and fifty thousand men presumably liable to render military service. 
The State raised, for general service, thirty-nine regiments of infantry, nine 
regiments of cavalry, and four companies of artillery, composed of three years' 
men ; one regiment of infantry, composed of three months' men; and four regi- 
ments and one battalion of infantry, composed of one hundred days' men. The 
original enlistments in these various organizations, including seventeen hundred 
and twenty-seven men raised by draft, numbered a little more than sixty-nine 
thousand. The re-enlistments, including upward of seven thousand veterans, 
numbered very nearly eight thousand. The enlistments in the regular army 
and navy, and organizations of other States, will, if added, raise the total to 
upward of eighty thousand. The number of men Avho, under special enlistments, 
and as militia, took part at different times in the operations on the exposed 
borders of the State, was probably as many as five thousand. 

" Iowa paid no bounty on account of the men she placed in the field. In 
some instances, toward the close of the war, bounty to a comparatively small 
amount was paid by cities and towns. On only one occasion — that of the call 
of July 18, 1864 — was a draft made in Iowa. This did not occur on account of 
her proper liability, as established by previous rulings of the War Department, 
to supply men under that call, but grew out of the great necessity that there 
existed for raising men. The Government insisted on temporarily setting aside, 
in part, the former rule of settlements, and enforcing a draft in all cases where 
subdistricts in any of the States should be found deficient in their supply of 
men. In no instance was Iowa, as a whole, found to be indebted to the General 
Government for men, on a settlement of her quota accounts." 

It is to be said to the honor and credit of Iowa that while many of the loyal 
States, older and larger in population and wealth, incurred heavy State debts 
for the purpose of fulfilling their obligations to the General Government, Iowa, 
while she was foremost in duty, while she promptly discharged all her obligations 
to her sister States and the Union, found herself at the close of the war without 
any material addition to her pecuniary liabilities incurred before the war com- 
menced. Upon final settlement after the restoration of peace, her claims upon 
the Federal Government were found to be fully equal to the amount of her bonds 
issued and sold during the Avar to provide the means for raising and equipping 
her troops sent into the field, and to meet the inevitable demands upon her 
treasury in consequence of the war. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 238 

INFANTRY. 

THE FIRST INFANTRl 

was organized under the President's first proclamation for volunteers for three 
months, with John Francis Bates, of Dubuque, as Colonel; William H. Mer- 
ritt, of Cedar Rapids, as Lieutenant Colonel, and A. B. Porter, of Mt. Pleas- 
ant, ap, Major. Companies A and C were from Muscatine County ; Company 
B, from Johnson County; Companies D and E, from Des Moines County; 
Company F, from Henry County; Company G, from Davenport; Companies 
H and I, from Dubuque, and Company K, from Linn County, and were mus- 
tered into United States service May 14, 1861, at Keokuk. The above com- 
panies were independent military organizations before the war, and tendered 
their services before breaking-out of hostilities. The First was engaged at the 
battle of Wilson's Creek, under Gen. Lyon, where it lost ten killed and fifty 
wounded. Was mustered out at St. Louis Aug. 25, 1861. 

THE SECOND INFANTRY 

was organized, with Samuel R. Curtis, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Jas. M. Tuttle, 
of Keosauqua, as Lieutenant Colonel, and M. M. Crocker, of Des Moines, as 
Major, and was mustered into the United States service at Keokuk in May, 
1861. Company A was from Keokuk; Company B, from Scott County; Com- 
pany C, from Scott County ; Company D, from Des Moines ; Company E, from 
Fairfield, Jefferson Co. ; Company F, from Van Buren County ; Company G, 
from Davis County; Company H, from Washington County ; Company I, from 
Clinton County ; and Company K, from Wapello County. It participated in the 
following engagements : Fort Donelson, Shiloh, advance on Corinth, Corinth, 
Little Bear Creek, Ala.; Tunnel Creek, Ala.; Resaca, Ga.; Rome Cross Roads, 
Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, in front of Atlanta, January 22, 
1864 ; siege of Atlanta, Jonesboro, Eden Station, Little Ogeechee, Savannah, 
Columbia. S. C ; Lynch's Creek, and Bentonsville. Was on Sherman's march 
to the sea, and through the Carolinas home. The Second Regiment of Iowa 
Infantry \'eteran Volunteers was formed by the consolidation of the battalions 
of the Second and Third Veteran Infantry, and was mustered out at Louisville, 
Ky., ,Iuly 12, 1865. 

THE THIRD INFANTRY 

was organized with N. G. Williams, of Dubuque County, as Colonel ; John 
Scott, of Story County, Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. N. Stone, of Marion County, 
Major, and was mustered into the United States service in May, 1861, at 
Keokuk. Company A was from Dubuque County ; Company B, from Marion 
County ; Company C, from Clayton County ; Company D, from Winneshiek 
(''ounty ; Company E, from Boone, Story, Marshall and Jasper Counties ; Com- 
pany F, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Warren County ; Company 11, 
from Mahaska County ; Company I, from Floyd, Butler Black Hawk and 
Mitchell Counties, and Company K from Cedar Falls. It was engaged at Blu* 
Mills, Mo. ; Shiloh, Tenn. ; Ilatchie River, Matamoras, Vicksburg, Johnson, 
Miss., Meridian expedition, and Atlanta, Atlanta campaign and Sherman's 
march to Savannah, and through the Carolinas to Richmond and Washington. 
The veterans of the Third Iowa Infantry Avcrc consolidated with the Second, 
and mustered out at Louisville, Kv., Julv 12, 1864. 



234 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



THE FOURTH INFANTRY 



was organized with G. M. Dodge, of Council Bluffs, as Colonel ; Jolin 
Galligan, of Davenport, as Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. R. English, Glenwood, 
as Major. Company A, from Mills County, was mustered in at Jefferson Bar- 
racks, Missouri, August 15, 1861 ; Company B, Pottawattamie County, was 
mustered in at Council Bluffs, August 8, 1861 ; Company C, Guthrie County, 
mustered in at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., May 3, 1861 ; Company D, Decatur 
County, at St. Louis, August 16th ; Company E, Polk County, at Council 
Bluffs, August. 8th; Company F, Madison County, Jefferson Barracks, August 
15th ; Company G, Ringgold County, at Jefferson Barracks, August 15tli ; 
Company H, Adams County, Jefferson Barracks, August 15th ; Company I, 
Wayne County, at St. Louis, August 31st; Company K, Taylor and Page 
Counties, at St. Louis, August 31st. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Chickasaw 
Bayou, Arkansas Post, A^icksburg, Jackson, Lookout Mountain, Missionary 
Ridge, Ringgold, Resaca, Taylor's Ridge; came home on veteran furlough 
February 26, 1864. Returned in April, and was in the campaign against 
Atlanta, and Sherman's march to the sea, and thence through the Carolinas 
to Washington and home. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 
24, 1865. 

THE FIFTH INFANTRY 

was organized with Wm. H. Worthington, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; C Z. Mat- 
thias, of Burlington, as Lieutenant Colonel; W. S. Robertson, of Columbus City, 
as Major, and was mustered into the United States service, at Burlington, July 
15, 1861. Company A was from Cedar County; Company B, from Jasper 
County ; Company C, from Louisa County; Company D, from Marshall County ; 
Company E, from Buchanan County ; Company F, from Keokuk County ; Com- 
pany G, from Benton County ; Company H, from Van Buren County ; Company 
I, from Jackson County ; Company K, from Allamakee County ; was engaged at 
New Madrid, siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Champion Hills, siege of Vicks- 
burg, Chickamauga; went home on veteran furlough, April, 1864. The non- 
veterans went home July, 1864, leaving 180 veterans who were transferred to 
the Fifth Iowa Cavalry. The Fifth Cavalry was mustered out at Nashville, 
Tennessee, Aug. 11, 1865. 

THE SIXTH INFANTRY. 

was mustered into the service July 6, 1861, at Burlington, with John A. 
McDowell, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Markoe Cummins, of Muscatine, Lieuten- 
ant Colonel ; John M. Corse, of Burlington, Major. Company A was from 
Linn County ; Company B, from Lucas and Clarke Counties; Company C, 
from Hardin County ; Company D, from Appanoose County ; Company E, 
from Monroe County ; Company F, from Clarke County ; Company G, from 
Johnson County ; Company H, from Lee County ; Company I, from Des 
Moines County ; Company K, from Henry County. It was engaged at Shiloh, 
Mission Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Jackson, Black 
River Bridge, Jones' Ford, etc., etc. The Sixth lost 7 officers killed in action, 18 
wounded ; of enlisted men 102 were killed in action, 30 died of wounds, 124 of 
disease, 211 were discharged for disability and 301 were wounded in action, 
which was the largest list of casualties, of both officers and men, of any reg- 
iment from Iowa. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 21, 1865. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 235 

THE SEVENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service at Burlington, July 24, 1861, 
with J. G. Lauman, of Burlington, as Colonel ; Augustus Wentz, of Daven- 
port, as Lieutenant Colonel, and E. W. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Major. Com- 
pany A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Chickasaw and Floyd 
Counties ; Company C, from Mahaska County ; Companies D and E, from Lee 
County ; Company F, from Wapello County ; Company G, from Iowa County ; 
Company H, from Washington County ; Company I, from Wapello County ; 
Company K, from Keokuk. Was engaged at the battles of Belmont (in which 
it lost in killed, wounded and missing 237 men). Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, 
Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Corinth, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, New Hope 
Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, siege of Atlanta, 
battle on 22d of July in front 'of Atlanta, Sherman's campaign to the ocean, 
through the Carolinas to Richmond, and thence to Louisville. Was mustered 
out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 12, 1865. 

THE EIGHTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service Sept. 12, 1861, at Davenport, 
Iowa, with Frederick Steele, of the regular army, as Colonel ; James L. Geddes, 
of A^inton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. C. Ferguson, of Knoxville, as Major. 
Company A was from Clinton County ; Company B, from Scott County ; 
Company C, from Washington County ; Company D, from Benton and Linn 
Counties ; Company E, from Marion County ; Company F, from Keokuk. 
County ; Company G, from Iowa and Johnson Counties ; Company H. from 
Mahaska County ; Company I, from Monroe County ; Company K, from Lou- 
isa County. Was engaged at the following battles : Shiloh (where most of the 
regiment were taken prisoners of war), Corinth, Vicksburg, Jackson and Span- 
ish Fort. Was mustered out of the United States service at Selma, Alabama, 
April 20, 1866. 

THE NINTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service September 24, 1861, at Dubuque, 
with Wm. Vandever, of Dubuque, Colonel ; Frank G. Herron, of Dubuque, 
Lieutenant Colonel : Wm. H. Coyle, of Decorah, Major. Company A was 
from Jackson County ; Company B, from Jones County ; Company C, frDm Bu- 
chanan County ; Company D, from Jones County ; Company E, from Clayton 
County ; Company F, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Black Hawk 
County ; Company H, from Winneshiek County ; Company I, from Howard 
County and Company K, from Linn County. Was in the following engage- 
ments : Pea Ridge, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, siege of Vicksburg, 
Ringgold, Dallas, Lookout Mountain, Atlanta campaign, Sherman's march to 
the sea, and through North and South Carolina to Richmond. Was mustered 
out at Louisville, July 18, 1865. 

THE TENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service at Iowa City September 6, 1861, 
with Nicholas Perczel, of Davenport, as Colonel ; W. E. Small, of Iowa City, 
as Lieutenant Colonel ; and John C. Bennett, of Polk County, as Major. Com- 
pany A was from Polk County ; Company B, from Warren fcounty ; Company 
C, from Tama Oounty ; Company D, from Boone County ; Company E, from 
Washington County ; Company F, from Poweshiek County ; Company G, from 



236 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Warren County ; Company H, from Greene County ; Company I, from Jasper 
County ; Company K, from Polk and Madison Counties. Participa'"ed in the 
following engagements : Siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Port Gibson, Ray- 
mond, Jackson, Champion Hills, Vicksburg and Mission Ridge. In Septem- 
ber, 1864, the non-veterans being mustered out, the veterans were transferred 
to the Fifth Iowa Cavalry, where will be found their future operations. 

THE ELEVENTH INFANTKY 

was mustered into the United States service at Davenport, Iowa, in September 
and October, 1861, with A. M. Hare, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; Jno. C. Aber- 
crombie, as Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. Hall, of Davenport, as Major. Com- 
pany A Avas from Muscatine ; Company B, from Marshall and Hardin Counties ; 
Company C, from Louisa County ; Company D, from Muscatine County ; Com- 
pany E, from Cedar County ; Company F, from Washington County ; Company 
G, from Henry County ; Company H, from Muscatine County ; Company I 
from Muscatine County ; Company K, from Linn County. Was engaged in the 
battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, battles of Corinth, Vicksburg, Atlanta cam- 
naign, battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864. Was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., 
July 15, 1865. 

THE TWELFTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service November 25, 1861, at Dubuque, 
with J. J. Wood, of Maquoketa, as Colonel ; John P. Coulter, of Cedar Rapids, 
Lieutenant Colonel ; Samuel D. Brodtbeck, of Dubuque, as Major. Company 
A was from Hardin County ; Company B, from Allamakee County ; Company C, 
from Fayette County ; Company D, from Linn County ; Company E, from Black 
Hawk County ; Company F, from Delaware County ; Company G, from Winne- 
shiek County ; Company H, from Dubuque and Delaware Counties ; Company 
I, from Dubuque and Jackson Counties ; Company K, from Delaware County. 
It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, where most of the regiment was 
captured, and those not captured were organized in what Avas called the Union 
Brigade, and were in the battle of Corinth ; the prisoners were exchanged 
November 10, 1862, and the regiment re-organized, and then participating in 
the siege of Vicksburg, battle of Tupelo, Miss.; White River, Nashville and 
Spanish Fort. The regiment was mustered out at Memphis, January 20, 1866. 

THE THIRTEENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered in November 1, 1861, at Davenport, with M. M. Crocker, of Des 
Moines, as Colonel ; M. M. Price, of Davenport, Lieutenant Colonel ; John 
Shane, Vinton, Major. Company A was from Mt. Vernon ; Company B, from 
Jasper County ; Company C, from Lucas County ; Company D, from Keokuk 
County ; Company E, from Scott County ; Company F, from Scott and Linn 
Counties ; Company G, from Benton County ; Company H, from Marshall County ; 
Company I, from Washington County ; Company K, from Washington County. 
It participated in the following engagements : Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Corinth, 
Kenesaw Mountain, siege of Vicksburg, Campaign against Atlanta. Was on 
Sherman's march to the sea, and through North and South Carolina. Was 
mustered out at Loujsville July 21, 1865. 

THE FOURTEENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered in the United States service October, 1861, at Davenport, with 
Wm. T. Shaw, of Anamosa, as Colonel ; Edward W. Lucas, of Iowa City, as 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 237 

Lieutenant Colonel; Hiram Leonard, of Des Moines County, as Major. Com- 
pany A was from Scott County ; Company B, from Bremer County ; Company 
D, from Henry and Van Buren Counties ; Company E, from Jasper County ; 
Company F, from Van Buren and Henry Counties ; Company G, from Tama and 
Scott Counties ; Company H, from Linn County ; Company I, from Henry 
County ; Company K, from Des Moines County. Participated in the follow- 
ing engagements : Ft. Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (where most of the regiment 
were taken prisoners of war). Pleasant Hill, Meridian, Ft. De Russey, Tupelo, 
Town Creek, Tallahatchie, Pilot Knob, Old Town, Yellow Bayou, etc., etc., 
and was mustered out, except veterans and recruits, at Davenport, Iowa, No- 
vember 16, 1864. 

THE FIFTEENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service March 19, 1862, at Keokuk, with 
Hugh T. Reid, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Wm. Dewey, of Fremont County, as 
Lieutenint Colonel ; W. W. Belknap, of Keokuk, as Major. Company A was 
from Linn County ; Company B, from Polk County ; Company C, from Mahaska 
County ; Company D, from Wapello County ; Company E, from Van Buren 
County ; Company F, from Fremont and Mills Counties ; Company G, from 
Marion and Warren Counties ; Company H, from Pottawattamie and Harrison 
Counties; Company I, from Lee, Van Buren and Clark Counties; Company K, 
from Wapello, Van Buren and Warren Counties. Participated in the battle of 
Shiloh, siege of Corinth, battles of Corinth, Vicksburg, campaign against At- 
lanta, battle in front of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, and was under fire during 
the siege of Atlanta eighty-one days; was on Sherman's march to the sea, and 
through the Carolinas to Richmond, Washington and Louisville, where it was 
mustered out, August 1, 1864. 

THE SIXTEENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service at Davenport, Iowa, December 10, 

1861, with Alexander Chambers, of the regular army, as Colonel; A. H. 
Sanders, of Davenport, Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. Purcell, of Muscatine, 
Major. Company A was from Clinton County ; Company B, from Scott 
County; Company U, from Muscatine County ; Company D, from Boone County; 
Company E, from Muscatine County ; Company F, from Muscatine, Clinton and 
Scott Counties ; Company G, from Dubuque County ; Company H, from Du- 
buque and Clayton Counties; Company I, from Black Hawk and Linn Counties; 
Company K, from Lee at d Muscatine Counties. Was in the battles of Shiloh, 
siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, battles 
around Atlanta; was in Sherman's campaigns, and the Carolina campaigns. 
Was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1865. 

THE SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in March and April, 

1862, with Jno. W. Rankin, of Keokuk, Colonel; D. B. Hillis, of Keokuk, 
as Lientenant Colonel; Samuel M. Wise, of Mt. Pleasant, Major. Company 
A was from Decatur County; Company B, from Lee County; Company C, 
from Van Buren, Wapello and Lee Counties; Company D,'from Des Moines, 
Van Buren and Jefferson Counties; Company E, from Wapello County; Com- 
pany F, from Appanoose County; Company G, from Marion County; Com- 
pany H, from Marion and Pottawattamie Counties; Company I, from Jefferson 
and Lee Counties; Company K, from Lee and Polk Counties. They Avere in 



238 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

xhe following engagements: Siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Jackson, Cham- 
pion Hills, Fort Hill, siege of Vicksburg, Mission Ridge, and at Tilton, Ga., 
Oct. 13, 1864, most of the regiment Avere taken prisoners of war. Was mus- 
tered out at Louisville, Ky., July 25, 1865. 

THE EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service August 5, 6 and 7, 1862, at Clin- 
ton, with John Edwards, of Chariton, Colonel ; T. Z. Cook, of Cedar Rapids, 
Lieutenant Colonel ; Hugh J. Campbell, of Muscatine, as Major. Company 
A, was from Linn and various other counties ; Company B, from Clark County ; 
Company C, from Lucas County; Company D, from Keokuk and Wapello 
Counties; Company E, from Muscatine County; Company F, from Appanoose 
County; Company G, from Marion and Warren Counties; Company H, from 
Fayette and Benton Counties; Company I, from Washington County; Com- 
pany K, from Wapello, Muscatine and Henry Counties, and was engaged in 
the battles of Springfield, Moscow, Poison Spring, Ark., and was mustered out 
at Little Rock, Ark., July 20, 1865. 

THE NINETEENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service August 17, 1862, at Keokuk, with 
Benjamin Crabb, of Washington, as Colonel ; Samuel McFarland, of Mt. Pleas- 
ant, Lieutenant Colonel, and Daniel Kent, of Ohio, Major. Company A was 
from Lee and Van Buren Counties; Company B, from Jefferson County; Com- 
pany C, from Washington County; Company D, from Jefferson County; Com- 
pany E, from Lee County; Company F, from Louisa County; Company G, 
from Louisa County; Company H, from Van Buren County; Company I, from 
Van Buren County; Company K, from Henry County. Was engaged a Prairie 
Grove, Vicksburg, Yazoo River expedition. Sterling Farm, September 29, 1863, 
at which place they surrendered ; three officers and eight enlisted men were 
killed, sixteen enlisted men were wounded, and eleven officers and two hundred 
and three enlisted men taken prisoners out of five hundred engaged; they 
were exchanged July 22d, and joined their regiment August 7th, at New Or- 
leans. Was engaged at Spanish Fort. Was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July 
10, 1865. 

THE TWENTIETH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service August 25, 1862, at Clinton, with 
Wm. McE. Dye, of Marion, Linn Co., as Colonel ; J. B. Leek, of Davenport, as 
Lieutenant Colonel, and Wm. G. Thompson, of Marion, Linn Co., as Major. 
Companies A, B, F, H and I were from Linn County ; Companies C, D, E, G 
and K, from Scott County, and was engaged in the following battles: Prairie 
Grove, and assault on Fort Blakely. Was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July 
8, 1865. 

THE TWENTY-FIRST INFANTRY 

"Was mustered into the service at Clinton in June and August, 1862, with 
Samuel Merrill (late Governor of Iowa) as Colonel ; Charles W. Dunlap, of 
Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; S. G. VanAnda, of Delhi, as Major. Com- 
pany A was from Mitchell and Black Hawk Counties ; Company B, from 
Clayton County ; Company C, from Dubuque County ; Company D, from 
Clayton County ; Company E, from Dubuque County ; Company F, from Du- 
buque County ; Company G, from Clayton County ; Company H, fi'om Dela- 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 239 

ware County ; Company I, from Dubuque County ; Company K, from Delaware 
County, and was in the following engagements : Hartsville, Mo. ; Black River 
Bridge, Fort Beauregard, was at the siege of Vicksburg, Mobile, Fort Blakely, 
and was mustered out at Baton Rouge, La., July 15, 1865. 

THE TWENTY-SECOND INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service Sept. 10, 1862, at Iowa City, with 
Wm. M. Stone, of Knoxville (since Governor of Iowa), as Colonel; Jno. A.' 
Garrett, of Newton, Lieutenant Colonel ; and Harvey Graham, of Iowa City, 
as Major. Company A was from Johnson County ; Company B, Johnson 
Count}^ ; Company C, Jasper County; Company D, Monroe County ; Company 
E, Wapello County ; Company F, Johnson County ; Company G, Johnson 
County ; Company H, Johnson County ; Company I, Johnson County ; Com- 
pany K, Johnson County. Was engaged at Vicksburg, Thompson's Hill, Cham- 
pion Hills, Sherman's campaign to Jackson, at Winchester, in Shenandoah Val- 
ley, losing 109 men, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. Mustered out at Savannah, 
Ga., July 25, 1865. 

THE TWENTY-THIRD INFANTRY 

was mustered into United States service at Des Moines, Sept. 19, 1862, with 
William Dewey, of Sidney, as Colonel; W. H. Kinsman, of Council Bluffs, as 
Lieutenant Colonel, and S. L. Glasgow, of Corydon, as Major. Companies 
A, B and C, were from Polk County; Company D, from Wayne County; Com- 
pany E, from Pottawattamie County ; Company F, from Montgomery County ; 
Company G, from Jasper County; CompanyJI, from Madison County; Com- 
pany I, from Cass County, and Company K, from Marshall County. Was in 
Vicksburg, and engaged at Port Gibson, Black River, Champion Hills, Vicks- 
burg, Jackson, Milliken's Bend, Fort Blakely, and was mustered out at Harris- 
burg, Texas, July 26, 1865 

THE TWENTY-FOURTH 

was mustered into United States service at Muscatine, September 18, 1862, 
with Eber C. Byam, of Mount Vernon, as Colonel; John Q. Wilds, of Mount 
Vernon, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Ed. Wright, of Springdale, as Major. 
Company A was from Jackson and Clinton Counties ; Companies B and C, 
from Cedar County; Company D, from Washington, Johnson and Cedar 
Counties; Company E, from Tama County; Companies F, G and II, from 
Linn County ; Company I, from Jackson County, and Company K, from Jones 
County. Was engaged at Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Gen. Banks' Red 
River expedition, Winchester and Cedar Creek. Was mustered out at Savan- 
nah, Ga., July 17, 1865. 

THE TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY 

was organized with George A. Stone, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; Fabian 
Brydolf as Lieutenant Colonel, and Calom Taylor, of Bloomfield, as Major, 
and was mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant, September 27, 
1862. Companies A and I were from Washington County; Companies B and 
H, from Henry County ; Company C, from Henry and Lee Counties ; Com- 
panies D, E and G, from Des Moines County ; Company F, from Louisa 
County, and Company K, from Des Moines and Lee Counties. Was engaged 
at Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Walnut Bluff, Chattanooga, Campain, Ring- 



240 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

gold, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, battles around Atlanta, Love- 
joy Station, Jonesboro, Ship's Gap, Bentonville, and on Sherman's march 
through Georgia and the Carolinas, to Richmond and Washington. Was 
mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 6, 18G5. 

THE TWENTY- SIXTH 

was organized and muster:d in at Clinton, in August, 1862, with Milo Smith, 
*of Clinton, as Colonel ; S. G. Magill_, of Lyons, as Lieutenant Colonel, and 
Samuel Clark, of De Witt, as Major. Company A was from Clinton and 
Jackson Counties ; Company B, from Jackson County ; Companies C, D, E, 
F, G, H, I and K, from Clinton County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, 
Vicksbui'g, Snake Creek Gap, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, De- 
catur, siege of Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Ship's Gap, 
Sherman's campaign to Savannah, went through the Carolinas, and was mus- 
tered out of service at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1865. 

THE TWENTY-SEVENTH 

was mustered into United States service at Dubuque, Oct. 3, 1862, with James 
I. Gilbert, of Lansing, as Colonel ; Jed Lake, of Independence, as Lieutenant 
Colonel ; and G. W. Howard, of Bradford, as Major. Companies A, B and I 
were from Allamakee County ; Companies C and H, from Buchanan County ; 
Companies D and E, from Clayton County ; Company F, from Delaware 
County ; Company G, from Floyd and Chickasaw Counties, and Company K, 
from Mitchell County. Engaged at Little Rock, Ark., was on Red River ex- 
pedition, Fort De Russey, Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Old Town 
Creek and Fort Blakely. Was mustered out at Clinton, Iowa, Aug. 8, 18G5. 

THE TWENTY-EIGHTH 

was organized at Iowa City, and mustered in Nov. 10, 1862, with William E. 
Miller, of Iowa City, as Colonel ; John Connell, of Toledo, as Lieutenant Colonel, 
and H. B. Lynch, of Millersburg, as Major. Companies A and D were 
from Benton County ; Companies B and G, from Iowa County ; Companies 
C, H and I, from Poweshiek County; Company E, from Johnson County; 
Company F, from Tama County, and Company K, from Jasper County. Was 
engaged at Port Gibson, Jackson and siege of Vicksburg; was on Banks' Red 
River expedition, and engaged at Sabine Cross Roads ; was engaged in Shen- 
andoah Valley, Va., and engaged at Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. 
Was mustered out of service at Savannah, Ga., July 31, 1865. 

THE TWENTY-NINTH 

was organized at Council Bluffs, and mustered into the United States service 
December 1, 1862, with Thomas H. Benton, Jr., of Council Bluffs, as Colonel ; 
R. F. Patterson, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Charles B. Shoe- 
maker, of Clarinda, as Major. Company A was from Pottawattamie County ; 
Company B, from Pottawattamie and Mills Counties ; Comuany C, from Harrison 
County; Company D, from Adair and Adams Counties, Company E, from 
Fremont County ; Company F, from Taylor County ; Company G, from Ring- 
gold County. Was engaged at Helena, Arkansas and Spanish Fort. Was 
mustered out at New Orleans August 15, 1865. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 241 



THE THIRTIETH INFANTRY 

was organized at Keokuk, and mustered into the United States service September 
23, 1862, with Charles B. Abbott, of Louisa County, as Colonel; Wm. M. G. Tor- 
rence, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Lauren Dewey, of Mt. Pleasant, as 
Major. Companies A and I were from Lee County ; Company B, from Davis 
County ; Compan;y C, from Des Moines County ; Company D, from Van Buren 
County ; Companies E and K from Washington County ; Company F, from 
Davis County ; and Companies G and H, from Jefferson County. Was 
engaged at Arkansas Post, Yazoo City, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Ala., Ringgold, 
Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Jonesboro, Taylor's 
Ridge ; was in Sherman's campaigns to Savannah and through the Carolinas to 
Richmond ; was in the grand review at Washington, D. C, where it was mus- 
tered out June 5, 1865. 

THE THIRTY-FIRST INFANTRY 

was mustered into the service at Davenport October 13, 1862, with William 
Smyth, of Marion, as Colonel ; J. W. Jenkins, of Maquoketa, as Lieutenant 
Colonel; and Ezekiel Cutler, of Anamosa, as Major. Company A was from 
Linn County; Companies B, C and D, from Black Hawk County; Companies 
E, G and H, from Jones County ; Companies F, I and K, from Jackson County. 
Was engaged at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Raymond, Jackson, Black 
River, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Ringgold, 
Taylor's Hills, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big 
Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro ; was in Sherman's campaign 
through Georgia and the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, June 27, 1865 

THE THIRTY-SECOND INFANTRY 

was organized at Dubuque, with John Scott, of Nevada, as Colonel ; E. H. 
Mix, of Shell Rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. A. Eberhart, of Waterloo, 
as Major. Company A was from Hamilton, Hardin and Wright Counties ; 
Company B, from Cerro Gordo County ; Company C, from Black Hawk 
County ; Company D, from Boone County; Company E, from Butler County; 
Company F, from Hardin County; Company G, from Butler and Floyd Coun- 
ties ; Company H, from Franklin County ; Company I, from Webster County, 
and Company K, from Marshall and Polk Counties, and was mustered into 
the United States service October 5, 1862. Was engaged at Fort De Russey, 
Pleasant Hill, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Nashville, etc., and was mustered out 
of the United States service at Clinton, Iowa, Aug. 24, 1865. 

THE THIRTY-THIRD INFANTRY 

was organized at Oskaloosa, with Samuel A. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel ; 
Cyrus H. Maskey, of Sigourney, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Hiram D. Gibson, 
of Knoxville, as Major. Companies A and I were from Marion County; Com- 
panies B, F and H, from Keokuk County ; Companies C, D, E and K, from 
Makaska County, and Company G, from Marion, Makaska and Polk Counties, 
and mustered in October 1, 1862. Was engaged at Little Rock, Helena, Sa- 
line River, Spanish Fort and Yazoo Pass. VVas mustered out at New Orleans, 
July 17, 1865. 



242 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



THE THIRTY-FOURTH INFANTRY 

was organized with George W. Clark, of Indianola, as Colonel ; W. S. Dungan, 
of Chariton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and R. D. Kellogg, of Decatur County, as 
Major, and mustered in at Burlington, October 15, 18(32. Companies A and I 
were from Decatur County ; Companies B, C and D, from Warren County ; Com- 
pany E, from Lucas County; Company F, from Wayne County; Company G, 
from Lucas and Clark Counties; Company H, from Madison and Warren 
Counties, and Company K, from Lucas County. Was engaged at Arkansas 
Post, Ft. Gaines, etc., etc. Was consolidated with the Thirty-eighth Infantry, 
January 1, 1865, and mustered out at Houston, Texas, August 15, 1865. 

THE THIRTY-FIFTH INFANTRY 

was organized at Muscatine, and mustered in the United States service Sep- 
tember 18, 1862, with S. G. Hill, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; James H. Roth- 
rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Henry O'Conner, of Muscatine, as Major. 
Companies A, B, C, D and E, were from Muscatine County; Company F, 
from Muscatine and Louisa Counties ; Companies G, H and I, from Muscatine 
and Cedar Counties, and Company K, from Cedar County. Participated in 
the battles of Jackson, siege of Vicksburg, Bayou Rapids, Bayou de Glaze, 
Pleasant Hill, Old' River Lake, Tupelo, Nashville, etc. Was mustered out at 
Davenport, August 10, 1865. 



THE THIRTY-SIXTH INFANTRY 

was organized at Keokuk, with Charles W. Kittredge, of Ottumwa, as Colonel ; 
F. M. Drake, of Unionville, Appanoose County, as Lieutenant Colonel, and T. 

C. Woodward, of Ottumwa, as Major, and mustered in October 4, 1862 ; Com- 
pany A was from Monroe County ; Companies B, D, E, H and K, from 
Wapello County, and Companies C, F, G and I, from Appanoose County. 
Was engaged in the following battles : Mark's Mills, Ark. ; Elkins' Ford, 
Camden, Helena, Jenkins' Ferry, etc. At Mark's Mills, April 25, 1864, out 
of 500 engaged, lost 200 killed and wounded, the balance being taken prisoners 
of Avar ; was exchanged October 6, 1864. Was mustered out at Duvalls Bluff, 
Ark., August 24, 1865. 

THE THIRY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (OR GRAY BEARDSy 

was organized with Geo. VV. Kincaid, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; Geo. R. West, 
of Dubuque, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Lyman Allen, of Iowa City, as Major, 
and was mustered into LTnited States service at Muscatine December 15, 1862. 
Company A was from Black Hawk and Linn Counties ; Company B, from 
Muscatine County ; Company C, from Van Buren and Lee Counties ; Company 

D, from Johnson and Iowa Counties ; Company E, from Wapello and Mahaska 
Counties ; Company F, from Dubuque County ; Company G, from Appanoose, 
Des Moines, Henry and Washington Counties ; Company H, from Henry and 
Jeft'erson Counties ; Company I, from Jasper, Linn and other counties, and 
Company K, from Scott and Fayette Counties. The object of the Thirty- 
seventh was to do garrison duty and let the young men go to the front. It was 
mustered out at Davenport on expiration of three years' service. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 243 



THE THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY 

was organized at Dubuque, and mustered in November 4, 1862, with D. H. 
Hughes, of Decorah, as Colonel ; J. 0. Hudnutt, of Waverly, as Lieutenan, 
Colonel, and Charles Chadwick, of West Union, as Major. Companies A, Ft 
G and H were from Fayette County ; Company B, from Bremer County ; Com- 
pany C, from Chickasaw County ; Companies D, E and K, from Winneshiek 
County, and Company I, from Howard County. Participated in the siege of 
Vicksburg, Banks' Red River expedition, and on December 12, 1864, was 
consolidated with the Thirty-fourth Infantry. Mustered out at Houston, Texas. 
August 15, 1865. 

THE THIRTY-NINTH INFANTRY 

was organized with H. J. B. Cummings, of Winterset, as Colonel ; James Red- 
field, of Redfield, Dallas County, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and J. M. Grifiiths, 
of Des Moines, as Major. Companies A and F were from Madison County ; 
Companies B and I, from Polk Cduuty ; Companies C and H, from Dallas 
County ; Company D, from Clark County; Company E, from Greene County ; 
Company G, from Des Moines and Henry Counties ; and Company K, from 
Clark and Decatur Counties. Was engaged at Parker's Cross Roads, Tenn.; 
Corinth, Allatoona, Ga.; Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Sherman's march 
to Savannah and through the Carolinas to Richmond, and was mustered out at 
Washington June 5, 1865. 

THE FORTIETH INFANTRY 

was organized at Iowa .City November 15, 1862, with John A. Garrett, of 
Newton, as Colonel; S. F. Cooper, of Grinnell, as Lieutenant Colonel; and 
S. G. Smith, of Newton, as Major. Companies A and H were from Marion 
County; Company B, from Poweshiek County; Company C, from Mahaska 
County ; Companies D and E, from Jasper County ; Company F, from Ma- 
haska and Marion Counties ; Company G, from Marion County ; Company I, 
from Keokuk County ; and Company K, from Benton and other counties. Par- 
ticipated in the siege of Vicksburg, Steele's expedition. Banks' Red River 
expedition. Jenkins' Ferry, etc. Was mustered out at Port Gibson August 2, 
1866. 

THE FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY, 

formerly Companies A, B and C of the Fourteenth Infantry, became Compa- 
nies K, L and M of the Seventh Cavalry, under authority of the War Depart- 
ment. Its infantry organization was under command of John Pattee, of Iowa 
City. Company A was from Black Hawk, Johnson and other counties ; Com- 
pany B, from Johnson County ; and Company C, from Des Moines and various 
counties. 

THE FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) 

was organized at Davenport, and mustered in June 1, 1864. Company A was 
from Dubuque County ; Company B, Muscatine County ; Company C, Jones, 
Linn and Dubuque Counties; Company D, Johnson and Linn Counties; Com- 
pany E, Bremer and Butler Counties ; Company F, Clinton and Jackson 
Counties ; Company G, Marshall and Hardin Counties ; Company II, Boone 
and Polk Counties ; Companies I and K, Scott County. The Forty-fourth 
did garrison duty at Memphis and La Grange, Tenn. Mustered out at Daven- 
port, September 15, 1864. 



244 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

THE FORTY-FIFTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) 

was mustered in at Keokuk, May 25, 1864, with A. H. Bereman, of Mount 
Pleasant, as Colonel ; S. A. Moore, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and 
J. B. Hope, of Washington, as Major. The companies were from the following 
counties: A, Henry; B, Washington; C, Lee; D, Davis; E, Henry and 
Lee ; F, Des Moines ; G, Des Moines and Henry ; H, Henry ; I, Jefferson, 
and K, Van Buren. Was mustered out at Keokuk, September 16, 1864. 

THE FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) 

was organized with D. B. Henderson, of Clermont, as Colonel; L. D. Durbin, 
of Tipton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. L. Tarbet, as Major, and was mus- 
tered in at Dubuque, June 10, 1864. Company A was horn Dubuque; Com- 
pany B, from Poweshiek ; C, from Dallas and Guthrie ; D, from Taylor and 
Fayette; E, from Ringgold and Linn ; F, from Winneshiek and Delaware ; G, 
from Appanoose and Delaware ; H, from Wayne ; I, from Cedar, and K, from 
Lucas. Was mustered out at Davenport, ISeptember 23, 1864. 

THE FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) 

was mustered into United States service at Davenport, June 4, 1864, with 
James P. Sanford, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel; John Williams, of Iowa City, as 
Lieutenant Colonel, and G. J. Wright, of Des Moines, as Major. Company 
A was from Marion and Clayton Counties; Company B, from Appanoose 
County ; Company C, from Wapello and Benton Counties ; Company B, from 
Buchanan and Linn Counties; Company E, from Madison County; Company 
F, from Polk County ; Company G, from Johnson County ; Company H, from 
Keokuk County; Company I, from Mahaska County, and Company K, from 
Wapello. 

THE FORTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY BATTALION — (100 DAYS) 

was organized at Davenport, and mustered in July 13, 1864, with 0. H. P. 
Scott, of Farmington, as Lieutenant Colonel. Company A was from Warren 
County; Company B, from Jasper County; Company C, from Decatur County, 
and Company D, from Des Moines and Lee Counties, and was mustered out at 
Rock Island Barracks Oct. 21, 1864. 

CAVALRY. 

THE FIRST CAVALRY 

was organized at Burlington, and mustered into the United States service May 
3, 1861, with Fitz Henry Warren, of Burlington, as Colonel ; Chas. E. Moss, 
of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and E. W. Chamberlain, of Burlington, 
James 0. Gower, of Iowa City, and W. M. G. Torrence, of Keokuk, as Majors. 
Company A was from Lee, Van Buren and Wapello Counties ; Company B, 
from Clinton County ; Company C, from Des Moines and Lee Counties ; Com- 
pany D, from Madison and Warren Counties; Company E, from Henry 
County ; Company F, from Johnson and Linn Counties ; Company G, from 
Dubuque and Black Hawk Counties; Company H, from Lucas and Morrison 
Counties ; Conipanv I, from Wapello and Des Moines Counties ; Company K, 
from Allamakee and Clayton Counties ; Company L, from Dubuque and other 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 245 

counties; Company M, from Clinton County. It was engaged at Pleasant 
Hill, Mo.; Rolla, New Lexington, Elkins' Ford, Little Rock, Bayou Metoe, 
Warrensburg, Big Creek Bluffs, Antwineville, Clear Creek, etc. Was mustered 
out at Austin, Texas, Februai-y 15, 1866. 

THE SECOND CAVALRY 

■was organized with W. L. Elliott, of the regular army, as Colonel ; Edward 
Hatch, of Muscatine, as Lieutenant Colonel; and N. P. Hepburn, of Marshall- 
town, D. E. Coon, of Mason City, and H. W. Love, of Iowa City, as Majors, 
and was mustered into the United States service at Davenport September 1, 
1861. Company A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Marshall 
County ; Company C, from Scott County ; Company D, from Polk County ; 
Company E, from Scott County; Couipany F, from Hamilton and Franklin 
Counties ; Company G, from Muscatine County ; Company H, from Johnson 
County ; Company I, from Cerro Gordo, Delaware and other counties ; Com- 
pany K, from Des Moines County ; Company L, from Jackson County, and 
Company M, from Jackson County. The Second Cavalry participated in the 
following military movements : Siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, Boone- 
ville, Rienzi, luka, Corinth, Coffeeville, Palo Alto, Birmingham, Jackson, 
Grenada, Collierville, Moscow, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town, Oxford, and en- 
gagements against Hood's march on Nashville, battle of Nashville, etc. Was 
mustered out at Selma, Ala., September 19, 1865. 

THE THIRD CAVALRY 

was organized and mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in Au- 
gust and September, 1861, with Cyrus Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Colonel; H. 
H. Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and C. H. Perry, H. C. Cald- 
well and W. C. Drake, of Corydon, as Majors. Companies A and E were from 
Davis County ; Company B, from Van Buren and Lee Counties ; Company C, 
from Lee and Keokuk Counties; Company D, from Davis and Van Buren 
Counties; Company F, from Jefferson County; Company G, from Van Buren 
County; Company H, from Van Buren and Jefferson Counties; Company I, 
from Appanoose County ; Company K, from Wapello and Marion Counties ; 
Company L, from Decatur County, and Company M, from Appanoose and De- 
catur Counties. It was engaged in the following battles and skirmishes : 
Pea Ridge, La Grange, Sycamore, near Little Rock, Columbus, Pope's Farm, 
Big Blue, Ripley, Coldwater, Osage, Tallahatchie, Moore's Mill, near Monte- 
vallo, near Independence, Pine Bluff, Botts' Farm, Gun Town, White's Station, 
Tupelo, Village Creek. Was mustered out of United States service at Atlanta, 
Ga., August 9, 1865. 

THE FOURTH CAVALRY 

was organized with Asbury B. Porter, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; Thomas 
Drummond, of Vinton, as Lieutenant Colonel; S. D. Swan, of Mount Pleas- 
ant, J. E. Jewett, of Des Moines, and G. A. Stone, of Moisnt Pleasant, as 
Majors, and mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant November 
21, 1861. Company A was from Delaware County; Company C, from Jef- 
ferson and Henry Counties ; Company D, from Henry County ; Company E, 



246 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

from Jasper and Poweshiek Counties ; Company F, from Wapello County ; 
Company G, from Lee and Henry Counties ; Company H, from Chickasaw 
County ; Company I, from Madison County ; Company K, from Henry 
County ; Company L, from Des Moines and other counties ; and Company M, 
from Jefferson County. The Fourth Cavalry lost men in the following engage- 
ments : Guntown, Miss.; Helena, Ark.; near Bear Creek, Miss.; near Mem- 
phis, Tenn.; Town Creek, Miss.; Columbus, Ga.; Mechanicsburg, Miss.; Little 
Blue River, Ark.; Brownsville, Miss.; Ripley, Miss.; Black River Bridge, 
Miss.; Grenada, Miss.; Little Red River, Ark.; Tupelo, Miss.; Yazoo River, 
Miss.; White River, Ark.; Osage, Kan.; Lick Creek, Ark.; Okalona, Miss.; 
St. Francis River, Ark. Was mustered out at Atlanta, Ga., August 10, 1865. 

THE FIFTH CAVALRY 

was organized at Omaha with Wm. W. Lowe, of the regular army, as Colo- 
nel ; M. T. Patrick, of Omaha, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and C. S. Bernstein, 
of Dubuque, as Major, and mustered in September 21, 1861. Companies A, 
B, C and D were mostly from Nebraska ; Company E, from Dubuque County ; 
Company F, from Des Moines, Dubuque and Lee Counties ; Company G, from 
Minnesota; Company H, from Jackson and other counties; Companies I and 
K were from Minnesota ; Company L, from Minnesota and Missouri ; Com- 
pany M, from Missouri ; Companies G, I and K were transferred to Minnesota 
Volunteers Feb. 25, 1864. The new Company G was organized from veterans 
and recruits and Companies C, E, F and I of Fifth Iowa Infantry, and trans- 
ferred to Fifth Cavalry August 8, 1864. The second Company I was organ- 
ized from veterans and recruits and Companies A, B, D, G, H and K of the 
Fifth Iowa Infantry, and transferred to Fifth Iowa Cavitlry August 18, 1864. 
Was engaged at second battle of Fort Donelson, Wartrace, Duck River Bridge, 
Sugar Creek, Newnan, Camp Creek, Cumberland Works, Tenn.; Jonesboro, 
Ebenezer Church, Lockbridge's Mills, Pulaski, Cheraw, and mustered out at 
Nashville, Tenn., August H, 1865. 

THE SIXTH CAVALRY. 

was organized with D. S. Wilson, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; S. M. Pollock, of 
Dubuque, as Lieutenant Colonel ; T. H. Shephard, of Iowa City, E. P. Ten- 
Broeck, of Clinton, and A. E. House, of Delhi, as Majors, and was mustered 
in at Davenport, January 31, 1863. Company A was from Scott and other 
counties ; Company B, from Dubuque and other counties ; Company C, from 
Fayette County; Company D, from Winneshiek County; Company E, from 
Southwest counties of the State; Company F, from Allamakee and other 
counties ; Company G, from Delaware and Buchanan Counties ; Company H, 
from Linn County ; Company I, from Johnson and other counties ; Company 
K, from Linn County ; Company L, from Clayton County ; Company M, from 
Johnson and Dubuque Counties. The Sixth Cavalry operated on the frontier 
against the Indians. Was mustered out at Sioux City, October 17, 1865. 

THE SEVENTH CAVALRY 

was organized at Davenport, and mustered into the United States service April 
27, 1863, with S. W. Summers, of Ottumwa, as Colonel ; John Pattee, of Iowa 
City, as Lieutenant Colonel ; H. H. Heath and G. M. O'Brien, of Dubuque, 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 247 

and John S. Wood, of Ottumwa, as Majors. Companies A, B, C and D, were 
from Wapello and other counties in immediate vicinity; Companies E, F, (i 
and H, were from all parts of the State ; Company I, from Sioux City and 
known as Sioux City Cavalry; Company K was originally Company A of the 
Fourteenth Infantry and afterward Company A of the Forty-first Infantry, was 
from Johnson and other counties ; Company L was originally Company B, of 

the Forty-first Infantry and afterward Company B, of the Forty , and 

was from Johnson County; Company M was originally Company C, of the 
Fourteenth Infantry, and afterward Company C, of the Forty-first and from Des 
Moines and other counties. The Seventh Cavalry operated against the Indi- 
ans. Excepting the Lieutenant Colonel and Companies K, L and M, the regi- 
ment was mustered out at Leavenworth, Kansas, May 17, 1866. Companies 
K, L, and M were mustered out at Sioux City, June 22, 1866. 



THE EIGHTH CAVALRY 

was organized with J. B. Dorr, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; H. G. Barner, of 
Sidney, as Lieutenant Colonel ; John J. Bowen, of Hopkinton, J. D. Thompson, 
of Eldora, and A. J. Price, of Guttenburg, as Majors, and were mustered in at 
Davenport September 30, 1863. The companies were mostly from the follow- 
ing counties : Company A, Page ; B, Wapello ; C, Van Buren ; D, Ring- 
gold; E, Henry; F, Appanoose; G, Clayton; H, Appanoose; I, Marshall; 
K, Muscatine; L, Wapello; M, Polk. The Eighth did a large amount of duty 
guarding Sherman's communications, in which it had many small engagements. 
It was in the battles of Lost Mountain, Lovejoy's Station, Newnan, Nashville, 
etc. Was on Stoneman's cavalry raid around Atlanta, and Wilson's raid 
through Alabama. Was mustered out at Macon, Ga., August 13, 1865. 



THE NINTH CAVALRY 

was mustered in at Davenport, November 30, 1863, with M. M. Trumbull, of 
Cedar Falls, as Colonel ; J. P. Knight, of Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; E. 
T. Ensign, of Des Moines, Willis Drummond, of McGregor, and William Had- 
dock, of Waterloo, as Majors. Company A was from Muscatine County ; 
Company B, Linn County; Company C, Wapello and Decatur Counties ; Com- 
pany D, Washington County ; Company E, Fayette County ; Company F, 
Clayton County ; Companies G and H, various counties ; Company I, Wapello 
and Jefferson Counties ; Company K, Keokuk County ; Company L, Jasper 
and Marion Counties ; Company M, Wapello and Lee Counties. Was mustered 
out at Little Rock, Ark., February 28, 1866. 



ARTILLERY. 

THE FIRST BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY 

was enrolled in the counties of Wapello, Des Moines, Dubuque, Jefferson, 
Black Hawk, etc., and was mustered in at Burlington, Aug. 17, 1861, with C. H. 
Fletcher, of Burlington, as Captain. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Port Gibson, 
in Atlanta campaign, Chickasaw Bayou, Lookout Mountain, etc. Was mus- 
tered out at Davenport July 5, 1865. 



248 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



THE SECOND BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY 

was enrolled in the counties of Dallas, Polk, Harrison, Fremont and Pottawat- 
tamie, and mustered into United States service at Council Bluffs and St. Louis, 
Mo , Aug. 8 and 31, 1861, with Nelson T. Spear, of Council Bluffs, as 
Captain. Was engaged at Farmington, Corinth, etc. Was mustered out at 
Davenport, Aug. 7, 1865. 

THE THIRD BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY 

was enrolled in the counties of Dubuque, Black Hawk, Butler and Floyd, and 
mustered into United States service at Dubuque, September, 1861, with M. 
M. Hayden, of Dubuque, as Captain. Was at battle of Pea Ridge, etc., etc. 
Was mustered out at Davenport, Oct. 23, 1865. 

THE FOURTH BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY 

was enrolled in Mahaska, Henry, Mills and Fremont Counties, and was mus- 
tered in at Davenport, Nov. 23, 1863, with P. H. Goode, of Glenwood, Cap- 
tain. Was mustered out at Davenport, July 14, 1865. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

THE FOURTH BATTALION 

Company A, from Fremont County, W. Hoyt, Captain; Company B, from 
Taylor County, John Flick, Captain ; Company C, from Page County, J. 
Whitcomb, Captain. 

THE NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE 

was organized by the State of Iowa to protect the Northwestern frontier, 
James A. Sawyer, of Sioux City, was elected Colonel. It had Companies A, 
B, C, D and E, all enlisted from the Northwestern counties. 

THE SOUTHERN BORDER BRIGADE 

was organized by the State for the purpose of protecting the Southern border 
of the State, and was organized in counties on the border of Missouri. Com- 
pany A, First Battalion, was from Lee County, Wm. Sole, Captain; Company B, 
First Battalion, Joseph Dickey, Captain, from Van Buren County; Company 
A, Second Battalion, from Davis County, Capt. H. B. Horn; Company B, Sec- 
ond Battalion, from Appanoose County, E. B. Skinner, Captain; Company A, 
Third Battalion, from Decatur County, J. H. Simmons, Captain; Company B, 
Third Battalion, from Wayne County, E. F. Estel, Captain; Company C, 
Third Battalion, from Ringgold County, N. Miller, Captain. 

THE FIRST INFANTRY AFRICAN DESCENT — (SIXTIETH U. S.) 

was organized with John G. Hudson, Captain Company B, Thirty-third Mis- 
souri, as Colonel; M. F. Collins, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. L. 
Murphy, of Keokuk, as Major. Had ten companies, and were mustered in at 
various places in the Fall of 1863. The men were from all parts of the State 
and some from Missouri. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 249 

During the war, the following promotions were made by the United States' 
Government from Iowa regiments:* 

MAJOR GENERALS 

Samuel R. Curtis, Brigadier General, from March 21, 1863. 
Frederick Steele, Brigadier General, from November 29, 1863. 
Frank J. Herron, Brigadier General, from November 39, 1863. 
Grenville M. Dodge, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1864. 

BRIGADIER GENERALS. 

Samuel R. Curtis, Colonel 2d Infantry, from May 17, 1861. 

Frederick Steele, Colonel 8th Infantry, from February 6, 1863. 

Jacob G. Lauman, Colonel 7th Infantry, from March 21, 1863. 

Grenville M. Dodge, Colonel 4th Infantry, from March 31, 1863. 

James M. Tuttle, Colonel 2d Infantry, from June 9, 1862. 

Washington L. Elliott, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from June 11, 1863. 

Fitz Henry Warren, Colonel 1st Cavalry , from July 6, 1863. 

Frank J. Herron, Lieutenant Colonel 9th Infantry, from July 30, 1863. 

Charles L. Matthies, Colonel 5th Infantry, from November 29, 1862. 

William Vandever, Colonel 9th Infantry, from November 39, 1863. 

Marcellus M. Crocker, Colonel 13th Infantry, from Nov. 39, 1863. (Since died.) 

Hugh T. Eeid, Colonel 15th Infantry from March 13, 1863. 

Samuel A. Rice, Colonel 33d Infantry, from August 4, 1863. 

John M. Corse, Colonel 6th Infantry, from August 11, 1863. 

Cyrus Bussey, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from January 5, 1864. 

Edward Hatch, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from April 37, 1864. 

Elliott W. Rice, Colonel 7th Infantry, from June 30, 1864. 

Wm. W. Belknap, Colonel 15th Infantry, from July 30, 1864. 

John Edwards, Colonel 18th Infantry, from September 36, 1864. 

James A. Williamson, Colonel 4th Infantry, from January 13, 1864. 

James I. Gilbert, Colonel 37th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. 

BREVET MAJOR GENERALS. 

•Tohn M. Corse, Brigadier General from October 5, 1864. 
Edward Hatch, Brigadier General, from December 15, 1864. 
Wm. W. Belknap, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. 
W. L. Elliott, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. 
Wm. Vandever, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1865. 

BREVET BRIGADIER GENERALS. 

Wm. T. Clark, A. A. G., late of 13th Infantry, from July 33, 1864. 

Edward F. Winslow, Colonel 4th Cavalry, from December 13, 1864. 

S. G. Hill, Colonel 35th Infantry, from December 15, 18G4. (Since died.) 

Thos. H. Benton, Colonel 39th Infantry, from December 15, 18G4. 

Samuel L. Glasgow, Colonel 33d Infantry, from December 19, 1864. 

Clai-k R. Wever, Colonel 17th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. 

Francis M. Drake, Lieutenant Colonel 36th Infantry, from February 33, 1865. 

Geoi-ge A. Stone, Colonel 35th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. 

Datus E. Coon, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from March 8, 1865. 

George W. Clark, Colonel 34th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. 

Herman 11. Heath, Colonel 7th Cavalry, from March 13, 1865. 

J. M. Hedrick, Colonel 15th Infantry, from :Miu-ch 13, 1865. 

W. W. Lowe, Colonel 5th Cavalry, from March 13, 1865. 



*Thoma8 J. McKean was appointed Paymaster in U. S. A. from Iowa, and subsequently promoted Brigadier General, 
to date from Nov. 2\, IfcGl. 



250 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



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254 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



NUMBER OF TROOPS FURNISHED BY THE STATE OF IOWA 

DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, 

TO JANUARY 1, 1865. 



No. Regiment. 



1st Iowa 
2d 
3d 
4th 
5th 
6th 
7th 
8th 
9th 
10th 

nth 

12th 

13th 

14th 

15th 

16th 

17th 

18th 

19th 

20th 

21st 

22d 

23d 

24th 

25th 

26th 

27th 

28th 

29th 

30th 

31st 

32d 

33d 

34th 

35th 

86th 

37th 

38th 



Infantry . 



No. of 
men. 



959 

1,247 

1,074 

1,184 

1,037 

1,013 

1,138 

1,027 

1,090 

1,027 

1,022 

981 

989 

840 

1,196 

919 

956 

875 

985 

925 

980 

1,008 

961 

979 

995 

919 

940 

956 

1,005 

978 

977 

925 

985 

953 

984 

986 

914 

910 




39th Iowa Infantry 

40th " " 

41st Battalion Iowa Infantry., 

44th Infantry (100-days men) 

45th 

46th 

47th 

48th Battalion '= " 

1st Iowa Cavalry 

2d " 



3d " 

4th " 

5th «' 

6th " 

7th " 

8th " 

9th " 

Sioux City Cavalry* 

Co. A, 11th Penn. Cavalry , 

1st Battery Artillery , 

2d " " 

3d " " 

4th " " 

1st Iowa African Infantry, 60th U. Sf . 

Dodge's Brigade Band 

Band of 2d Iowa Infantry 

Enlistments as ftir as reported to Jan. 1, 

1864, for the older Iowa regiments 

Enlistments of Iowa men in regiments 
of other States, over 



Total 

Re-enlisted Veterans for different Regi- 
ments 

Additional enlistments 



Grand total as far as reported up to Jan. 
1, 1865 



No. of 
men. 



933 

900 

294 

867 

912 

892 

884 

346 

1,478 

1,394 

1,360 

1,227 

1,245 

1,125 

562 

1,234 

1,178 

93 

87 

149 

123 

142 

152 

903 

14 

10 

2,765 

2,500 



61,653 

7,202 
6,664 



75,519 



This does not include those Iowa men who veteranized in the regiments of other States, nor 
the names of men who enlisted during 1864, in regiments of other States. 
* Afterward consolidated with Seventh Cavalry, 
f Only a portion of this regiment was credited to the State. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



255 



POPULATION OF IOWA, 
By Counties. 



COUNTIES. 


AGGREGATE. 




1875. 


1870. 


1860. 


1850. 


1840. 


Voters. 


Adair 


7045 

7832 
19158 
17405 

2370 
28807 
22913 
17251 
13220 
17315 

3561 


3982 

4614 
17868 
16456 

1212 
22454 
21706 
14584 
12528 
17034 

1585 


984 
1533 






1616 








1727 


Allamakee 


12237 

11931 

454 

8496 

8244 

4232 

4916 

7906 

67 


777 
3131 




3653 


Appanoose 

Audubon 




3679 




527 


Benton 


672 
135 
735 




4778 


Black Hawk 




4877 


Boone 




3515 


Bremer 




2656 


Buchanan 


517 




8890 


Buena Vista 




817 


Buncombe* 








Butler 


11734 

• 3185 

5760 

10552 

17879 

6685 

4249 

11400 

10118 

3559 

27184 

34295 

6039 

14386 

15757 

13249 

16893 

35415 

1748 

43845 

1436 

20515 

13100 

6558 

13719 

7028 

8134 

9638 

7701 

1482 

1.5029 

11818 

21594 

7875 

3455 

794 

17456 

23061 

24128 

17127 

24654 

19168 


9951 

1602 

2451 

5464 

19731 

4722 

1967 

10180 

8735 

1523 

27771 

35357 

2530 

12019 

15565 

12018 

17432 

27256 

1389 

38969 

1392 

16973 

10768 

4738 

11173 

4627 

6399 

7061 

6055 

999 

13684 

8931 

21463 

6282 

2596 

226 

16644 

22619 

22116 

17839 

24898 

19731 


3724 

147 

281 

1612 

12949 

940 

58 

4336 

5427 

52 

20728 

18938 

383 

5244 

13764 

8677 

11024 

19611 

180 

31164 

105 

12073 

3744 

1309 

5074 

1374 

793 

3058 

1699 

179 

5440 

3621 

18701 

3168 

332 

43 

8029 

18493 

9883 

15038 

17573 

13306 






2598 


Calhou n 






681 


Carroll 






1197 


Cass 






2422 


Cedar 


3941 


1253 


3934 


Cerro Gordo 


1526 


Cherokee 






1001 


Chickasaw 






2392 




79 




2213 


Clay 




868 




3873 

2822 


1101 
821 


5272 




5569 




1244 




854 
7264 

965 

1759 

12988 




3170 




3448 


Decatur 




2882 




168 
5577 


3662 




6654 




394 




10841 


3059 


8759 




299 


Fayette 

Floyd 


825 




4637 




2884 






1374 




1244 




2998 






1622 








1525 








2339 








1455 








303 








3215 








2658 




8707 


3772 


4641 




1712 








695 


Ida 






172 




822 
7210 
1280 
9904 
4472 
3007 




3576 




1411 


4901 


JeflFerson 

Jones 


5239 


2773 

1491 

471 


3721 
5225 
4180 



* In 1862, name changed to Lyon. 



256 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

POPULATION OF IOWA— Concluded. 



COUNTIES 


AGGREGATE. 




1875. 


1870. 


1860. 


1850. 


1840. 


Voters. 




20488 

3765 

33913 

31815 

12499 

11725 

1139 

16030 

23718 

24094 

19629 

10555 

11523 

2267 

12811 

10389 

21623 

2349 

1778 

14274 

2728 

5282 

2249 

81558 

21665 

16482 

7546 

2873 

39763 

5664 

3120 

13111 

18771 

10418 

8827 

16980 

23865 

18541 

19269 

13978 

13114 

2986 

24233 

8568 

4908 

3244 


19484 

8351 

38210 

28852 

12877 

10388 

221 

13884 

22508 

24436 

17576 

8718 

9582 

3654 

12724 

5934 

21688 

715 


18271 
416 
29232 
18947 
10370 
0766 


4822 




4202 






773 




18861 

5444 

4939 

471 


6093 
1373 
1927 


7274 




7509 




2899 




2464 






287 




7339 

14816 

16813 

6015 

4481 

3409 

832 

8612 

1256 

16444 

8 


1179 

5989 

5482 




3632 






5287 






4988 




338 




4445 


Mills . 






2365 


Mitchell 






2338 






1292 




2884 




2743 






2485 




5731 


1942 


6588 


O'Brien 


595 








498 




9975 

1336 

2199 

1446 

27857 

16893 

15581 

5691 

1411 

88599 

2540 

576 

11651 

16131 

6989 

6986 

17672 

22346 

17980 

18952 

11287 

10484 

1562 

23570 

6172 

2892 

2392 


4419 

182 

148 

103 

11625 

4968 

5668 

2923 

246 

25959 

818 

10 

4051 

5285 

8590 

2012 

17081 

14518 

10281 

14235 

6409 

2504 

168 

13942 

1119 

756 

653 


551 




3222 


Palo Alto 




556 








1136 








464 


Polk 


4513 

7828 

615 




6842 






4392 






3684 






1496 


Sac 






657 


Scott 


5986 


2140 


7109 


Shelby 


1084 








637 


Story 






2574 




8 
204 




3911 


Taylor 




2282 






1924 




12270 
8471 

961 
4957 

340 


6146 


8893 




5346 






4168 




1594 


4168 




2947 








2747 


Winnebago 

Winneshiek 






406 


546 




4117 




1776 


Worth 






763 


Wright .. 




694 




1 




Total 


1358118 


1191792 


674913 


192214 43112 


284567 


* Formerly Buncombe. 





THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 257 



ILLINOIS. 

Length, 380 miles, mean width about 156 miles. Area, 55,410 square 
miles, or 35,462,400 acres. Illinois, as regards its surface, constitutes a 
table-land at a varying elevation ranging between 350 and 800 feet above 
the sea level ; composed of extensive and highly fertile prairies and plains. 
Much of the south division of the State, especially the river-bottoms, are 
thickly wooded. The prairies, too, have oasis-like clumps of trees 
scattered here and there at intervals. The chief rivers irrigating the 
State are the Mississippi — dividing it from Iowa and Missouri — the Ohio 
(forming its south barrier), the Illinois, Wabash, Kaskaskia, and San- 
gamon, with their numerous affluents. The total extent of navigable 
streams is calculated at 4,000 miles. Small lakes are scattered over vari- 
ous parts of the State. Illinois is extremely prolific in minerals, chiefly 
coal, iron, copper, and zinc ores, sulphur and limestone. The coal-field 
alone is estimated to absorb a full third of the entire coal-deposit of North 
America. Climate tolerably equable and healthy ; the mean temperature 
standing at about 51" Fahrenheit As an agricultural region, Illinois takes 
a competitive rank with neighboring States, the cereals, fruits, and root- 
crops yielding plentiful returns ; in fact, as a grain-growing State, Illinois 
may be deemed, in proportion to her size, to possess a greater area of 
lands suitable for its production than any other State in the Union. Stock- 
raising is also largely carried on, while her manufacturing interests in 
regard of woolen fabrics, etc., are on a very extensive and yearly expand- 
ing scale. The lines of railroad in the State are among the most exten- 
sive of the Union. Inland water-carriage is facilitated by a canal 
connecting the Illinois River with Lake Michigan, and thence with the 
St. Lawrence and Atlantic. Illinois is divided into 102 counties ; the 
chief towns being Chicago, Springfield (capital), Alton, Quincy, Peoria, 
Galena, Bloomington, Rock Island, Vandalia, etc. By the new Consti- 
tution, established in 1870, the State Legislature consists of 51 Senators, 
elected for four years, and 153 Representatives, for two years ; which 
numbers were to be decennially increased thereafter to the number of 
six per every additional half-million of inhabitants. Religious and 
educational institutions are largely diffused throughout, and are in a verv 
flourishing condition. Illinois has a State Lunatic and a Deaf and Dumb 
Asylum at Jacksonville ; a State Penitentiary at Joliet ; and a Home for 



258 



THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 



Soldiers' Orphans at Normal. On November 30, 1870, the public debt of 
the State was returned at $4,870,937, with a balance of $1,808,883 
unprovided for. At the same period the value of assessed and equalized 
property presented the following totals: assessed, $840,031,703 ; equal- 
ized $480,664,058. The name of Illinois, through nearly thu whole of 
the eighteenth century, embraced most of the known regions north and 
west of Ohio. French colonists established themselves in 1673, at 
Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and the territory of which these settlements 
formed the nucleus was, in 1763, ceded to Great Britain in conjunction 
with Canada, and ultimately resigned to the United States in 1787. 
Illinois entered the Union as a State, December 3, 1818; and now sends 
19 Representatives to Congress. Population, 2,539,891, in 1870. 




THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 259 



INDIANA. 



The profile of Indiana forms a nearly exact parallelogram, occupy- 
ing one of the most fertile portions of the great Mississippi Valley. The 
greater extent of the surface embraced within its limits consists of gentle 
undulations rising into hilly tracts toward the Ohio bottom. The chief 
rivers of the State are the Ohio and Wabash, with their numerous 
affluents. The soil is highly productive of the cereals and grasses — most 
particularly so in the valleys of the Ohio, Wabash, Whitewater, and 
White Rivers. The northeast and central portions are well timbered 
with virgin forests, and the west section is notably rich in coal, constitut- 
ing an offshoot of the great Illinois carboniferous field. Iron, copper, 
marble, slate, gypsum, and various clays are also abundant. From an 
agricultural point of view, the staple products are maize and wheat, with 
the other cereals in lesser yields ; and besides these, flax, hemp, sorghum, 
hops, etc., are extensively raised. Indiana is divided into 92 counties, 
and counts among her principal cities and towns, those of Indianapolis 
(the capital). Fort Wayne, Evansville, Terre Haute, Madison, Jefferson- 
ville, Columbus, Vincennes, South Bend, etc. The public institutions of 
the State are many and various, and on a scale of magnitude and 
efficiency commensurate with her important political and industrial status. 
Upward of two thousand miles of railroads permeate the State in all 
directions, and greatly conduce to the development of her expanding 
manufacturing interests. Statistics for the fiscal year terlninating 
October 31, 1870, exhibited a total of receipts, $3,896,541 as against dis- 
bursements, $3,532,406, leaving a balance, $364,135 in favor of the State 
Treasury. The entire public debt, January 5, 1871, $3,971,000. This 
State was first settled by Canadian voyageurs in 1702, who erected a fort 
at Vincennes ; in 1763 it passed into the hands of the English, and was 
by the latter ceded to the United States in 1783. From 1788 till 1791, 
an Indian ware fare prevailed. In 1800, all the region west and north of 
Ohio (then formed into a distinct territory) became merged in Indiana. 
In 1809, the present limits of the State were defined, Michigan and 
Illinois having previously been withdrawn. In 1811, Indiana was the 
theater of the Indian War of Tecumseh, ending with the decisive battle 
of Tippecanoe. In 1816 (December 11), Indiana became enrolled among 
the States of the American Union. In 1834, tlie State passed through a 
monetary crisis owing to its having become mixed up with railroad, 
eanal, and other speculations on a gigantic scale, which ended, for the 
time being, in a general collapse of 2)ubliG credit, and consequent bank- 
ruptcy. Since that time, however, the greater number of the public 



260 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 

works which had brought about that imbroglio — especially the great 
Wabash and Erie Canal — have been completed, to the great benefit of 
the State, whose subsequent progress has year by year been marked by 
rapid strides in the paths of wealth, commerce, and general social and 
political prosperity. The constitution now in force was adopted in 1851. 
Population, 1,680,637. 



IOWA. 

In shape, Iowa presents an almost perfect parallelogram ; has a 
length, north to south, of about 300 miles, by a pretty even width of 208 
miles, and embraces an area of 65,045 square miles, or 35,228,800 acres. 
The surface of the State is generally undulating, rising toward the 
middle into an elevated plateau which forms the " divide " of the 
Missouri and Mississippi basins. Rolling prairies, especially in the south 
section, constitute a regnant feature, and the river bottoms, belted with 
woodlands, present a soil of the richest alluvion. Iowa is well watered ; 
the principal rivers being the Mississippi and Missouri, which form 
respectively its east and west limits, and the Cedar, Iowa, and Des 
Moines, affluents of the first named. Mineralogically, Iowa is important 
as occupying a section of the great Northwest coal field, to the extent of 
an area estimated at 25,000 square miles. Lead, cojDper, zinc, and iron, 
are also mined in considerable quantities. The soil is well adapted to 
the production of wheat, maize, and the other cereals ; fruits, vegetables, 
and esculent roots ; maize, wheat, and oats forming the chief staples. 
Wine, tobacco, hops, and wax, are other noticeable items of the agricul- 
tural yield. Cattle-raising, too, is a branch of rural industry largely 
engaged in. The climate is healthy, although liable to extremes of heat 
and cold. The annual gross product of the various manufactures carried 
on in this State approximate, in round numbers, a sum of 820,000,000. 
Iowa has an immense railroad system, besides over 600 miles of water- 
communication by means of its navigable rivers. The State is politically 
divided into 99 counties, with the following centers of population : Des 
Moines (capital), Iowa City (former capital), Dubuque, Davenport, Bur- 
lington, Council Bluffs, Keokuk, Muscatine, and Cedar Rapids. The 
State institutions of Iowa — religious, scholastic, and philanthropic — are 
on a par, as regards number and perfection of organization and operation, 
with those. of her Northwest sister States, and education is especially 
well cared for, and largely diffused. Iowa formed a portion of the 
American territorial acquisitions from France, by the so-called Louisiana 
purchase in 1 803, and was politically identified with Louisiana till 1812, 



THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 263 

when it merged into the Missouri Territory; in 1834 it came under the 
Michigan organization, and, in 1836, under that of Wisconsin. Finally, 
after being constituted an independent Territory, it became a State of 
the Union, December 28, 1846. Population in 1860, 674,913 ; in 1870, 
1,191,792, and in 1875, 1,353,118. 



MICHIGAN. 

United area, 56,243 square miles, or 35,995,520 acres. Extent of the 
Upper and smaller Peninsula — length, 316 miles; breadth, fluctuating 
between 36 and 120 miles. The south division is 416 miles long, by from 
50 to 300 miles wide. Aggregate lake-shore line, 1,400 miles. The 
Upper, or North, Peninsula consists chiefly of an elevated plateau, 
expanding into the Porcupine mountain-system, attaining a maximum 
height of some 2,000 feet. Its shores along Lake Superior are eminently 
bold and picturesque, and its area is rich in minerals, its product of 
copper constituting an important source of industry. Both divisions are 
heavily wooded, and the South one, in addition, boasts of a deep, rich, 
loamy soil, throwing up excellent crops of cereals aud other agricultural 
produce. The climate is generally mild and humid, though the Winter 
colds are severe. The chief staples of farm husbandry include the cereals, 
grasses, maple sugar, sorghum, tobacco, fruits, and dairy-stuffs. In 1870, 
the acres of land in farms were : improved, 5,096,939 ; unimproved 
woodland, 4,080,146 ; other unimproved land, 842,057. The cash value 
of land was $398,240,578 ; of farming implements and machinery, 
$13,711,979. In 1869, there were shipped from the Lake Superior ports, 
874,582 tons of iron ore, and 45,762 of smelted pig, along with 14,188 
tons of copper (ore and ingot). Coal is another article largely mined. 
Inland communication is provided for by an admirably organized railroad 
system, and by the St. Mary's Ship Canal, connecting Lakes Huron and 
Superior. Michigan is politically divided into 78 counties ; its chief 
urban centers are Detroit, Lansing (capital), Ann Arbor, Marquette, 
Bay City, Niles, Ypsilanti, Grand Haven, etc. The Governor of the 
State is elected biennially. On November 30, 1870, the aggregate bonded 
debt of Michigan amounted to $2,385,028, and the assessed valuation of 
land to $266,929,278, representing an estimated cash value of $800,000,000. 
Education is largely diffused and most excellently conducted and pro- 
vided for. The State University at Ann Arbor, the colleges of Detroit 
and Kalamazoo, the Albion Female College, tlie State Normal School at 
Ypsilanti, and the State Agricultural College at Lansing, are chief among 
the academic institutions. Michigan (a term of Chippeway origin, and 



264 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 

signifying " Great Lake), was discovered and first settled by French 
Canadians, who, in 1670, founded Detroit, the pioneer of a series of trad- 
ing-posts on the Indian frontier. During the " Conspiracy of Pontiac," 
following the French loss of Canada, Michigan became the scene of a 
sanguinary struggle between the whites and aborigines. In 1796, it 
became annexed to the United States, which incorporated this region 
with the Northwest Territory, and then with Indiana Territory, till 1803, 
when it became territorially independent. Michigan was the theater of 
warlike operations during the war of 1812 with Great Britain, and in 
1819 was authorized to be represented by one delegate in Congress ; in 
1837 she was admitted into the Union as a State, and in 1869 ratified the 
15th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Population, 1,184,059. 



WISCONSIN. 

It has a mean length of 260 miles, and a maximum breadth of 215. 
Land area, 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Wisconsin lies at a 
considerable altitude above sea-level, and consists for the most part of an 
upland plateau, the surface of which is undulating and very generally 
diversified. Numerous local eminences called mounds are interspersed 
over the State, and the Lake Michigan coast-line is in many parts char- 
acterized by lofty escarped cliffs, even as on the west side the banks of 
the Mississippi form a series of high and picturesque bluffs. A group of 
islands known as The Apostles lie off the extreme north point of the 
State in Lake Superior, and the great estuary of Green Bay, running far 
inland, gives formation to a long, narrow peninsula between its Avaters 
and those of Lake Michigan. The river-system of Wisconsin has three 
outlets — those of Lake Superior, Green Bay, and the Mississippi, which 
latter stream forms the entire southwest frontier, widening at one point 
into the large watery expanse called Lake Pepin. Lake Superior receives 
the St. Louis, Burnt Wood, and Montreal Rivers ; Green Bay, the 
Menomonee, Peshtigo, Oconto, and Fox ; while into the Mississippi 
empty the St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, Wisconsin, and Rock Rivers. 
The chief interior lakes are those of Winnebago, Horicon, and Court 
Oreilles, and smaller sheets of water stud a great part of the surface. 
The climate is healthful, with cold Winters and brief but very warm 
Summers. Mean annual rainfall 31 inches. The geological system 
represented by the State, embraces those rocks included between the 
primary and the Devonian series, the former containing extensive 
deposits of copper and iron ore. Besides these minerals, lead and zinc 
are found in great quantities, together with kaolin, plumbago, gypsum, 



THE NOETIIWESTERN STATES. 265 

and various clays. Mining, consequently, forms a prominent industry, 
and one of yearly increasing dimensions. The soil of Wisconsin is of 
varying quality, but fertile on the whole, and in the north parts of the 
State heavily timbered. The agricultural yield comprises the cereals, 
together with flax, hemp, tobacco, pulse, sorgum, and all kinds of vege- 
tables, and of the hardier fruits. In 1870, the State had a total number 
of 102,904 farms, occupying 11,715,321 acres, of which 5,899,343 con- 
sisted of improved land, and 3,437,442 were timbered. Cash value of 
farms, $300,414,064 ; of farm implements and machinery, $14,239,364. 
Total estimated value of all farm products, including betterments and 
additions to stock, $78,027,032 ; of orchard and dairy stuffs, $1,045,933 ; 
of lumber, $1,327,618 ; of home manufactures, $338,423 ; of all live-stock, 
$45,310,882. Number of manufacturing establishments, 7,136, employ- 
ing 39,055 hands, and turning out productions valued at $85,624,966. 
The political divisions of the State form 61 counties, and the chief places 
of wealth, trade, and population, are Madison (the capital), Milwaukee, 
Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, Prairie du Chien, Janesville, Portage City, 
Racine, Kenosha, and La Crosse. In 1870, the total assessed valuation 
reached $333,209,838, as against a true valuation of both real and personal 
estate aggregating $602,207,329. Treasury receipts during 1870, $886,- 
696 ; disbursements, $906,329. Value of church property, $4,749,983. 
Education is amply provided for. Independently of the State University 
at Madison, and those of Galesville and of Lawrence at Appleton, and 
the colleges of Beloit, Racine, and Milton, there are Normal Schools at 
Platteville and Whitewater. The State is divided into 4,802 common 
school districts, maintained at a cost, in 1870, of $2,094,160. The chari-- 
table institutions of Wisconsin include a Deaf and Dumb Asylum, an 
Institute for the Education of the Blind, and a Soldiers' Orphans' School. 
In January, 1870, the railroad system ramified throughout the State 
totalized 2,779 miles of track, including several lines far advanced toward 
completion. Immigration is successfully encouraged by the State author- 
ities, the larger number of yearly new-comers being of Scandinavian and 
German origin. The territory now occupied within the limits of the 
State of Wisconsin was explored by French missionaries and traders in 
1639, and it remained under French jurisdiction until 1703, when it 
became annexed to the British North American possessions. In 1796, it 
reverted to the United States, the government of which latter admitted 
it within the limits of the Northwest Territory, and in 1809, attached it 
to that of Illinois, and to Michigan in 1818. Wisconsin became independ- 
ently territorially organized in 1836, and became a State of the Union, 
March 3, 1847. Population in 1870, 1,064,985, of which 2,113 were of 
the colored race, and 11,521 Indians, 1,206 of the latter being out of 
tribal relations. 



I 



266 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 



MINNESOTA 



Its length, north to south, embraces an extent of 380 miles ; its 
oreadth one of 250 miles at a maximum. Area, 84,000 square miles, or 
54,760,000 acres. The surface of Minnesota, generally speaking, con- 
sists of a succession of gently undulating plains and prairies, drained by 
an admirable water-system, and with here and there heavily- timbered 
bottoms and belts of virgin forest. The soil, corresponding with such a 
superfices, is exceptionally rich, consisting for the most part of a dark, 
calcareous sandy drift intermixed with loam. A distinguishing physical 
feature of this State is its riverine ramifications, expanding in nearly 
every part of it into almost innumerable lakes — tlie whole presenting an 
aggregate of water-power having hardly a rival in the Union. Besides 
the Mississippi — which here has its rise, and drains a basin of 800 miles 
of country — the princij)al streams are the Minnesota (334 miles long), 
the Red River of the North, the St. Croix, St. Louis, and many others of 
lesser importance ; the chief lakes are those called Red, Cass, Leech, 
Mille Lacs, Vermillion, and Wiuibigosh. Quite a concatenation of sheets 
of water fringe the frontier line where Minnesota joins British America, 
culminating in the Lake of the Woods. It has been estimated, that of 
an area of 1,200,000 acres of surface between the St. Croix and Mis- 
sissippi Rivers, not less than 73,000 acres are of lacustrine formation. In 
point of minerals, the resources of Minnesota have as yet been very 
imperfectly developed; iron, copper, coal, lead — all these are known to 
exist in considerable deposits ; together with salt, limestone, and potter's 
cla3^ The agricultural outlook of the State is in a high degree satis- 
factory ; wheat constitutes the leading cereal in cultivation, with Indian 
corn and oats in next order. Fruits and vegetables are grown in great 
plenty and of excellent quality. The lumber resources of Minnesota are 
important ; the pine forests in the north region alone occupying an area 
of some 21,000 square miles, which in 1870 produced a return of scaled 
logs amounting to 313,116,416 feet. The natural industrial advantages 
possessed by Minnesota are largely improved upon by a railroad system. 
The political divisions of this State number 78 counties ; of which the 
chief cities and towns are : St. Paul (the capital), Stillwater, Red Wing, 
St. Anthony, Fort Snelling, Minneapolis, and Mankato. Minnesota has 
already assumed an attitude of high importance as a manufacturing State ; 
this is mainly due to the wonderful command of water-power she pos- 
sesses, as before spoken of. Besides her timber-trade, the milling of 
flour, the distillation of whisky, and the tanning of leather, are prominent 
interests, which in 1860, gave returns to the amount of $14,831,043. 



THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 267 

Education is notably provided for on a broad and catholic scale, the 
entire amount expended scholastically during the year 1870 being $857,- 
816 ; while on November 30 of the preceding year the permanent school 
fund stood at $2,476,222. Besides a University and Agricultural College, 
Normal and Reform Schools flourish, and with these may be mentioned 
such various philanthropic and religious institutions as befit the needs of 
an intelligent and prosperous community. The finances of the State for 
the fiscal year terminating December 1, 1870, exhibited a balance on the 
right side to the amount of $136,164, being a gain of $44,000 over the 
previous year's figures. The earliest exploration of Minnesota by the 
whites was made in 1680 by a French Franciscan, Father Hennepin, who 
gave the name of St. Antony to the Great Falls on the Upper Missisippi. 
In 1763, the Treaty of Versailles ceded this region to England. 
Twenty years later, Minnesota formed part of the Northwest Territory 
transferred to the United States, and became herself territorialized inde- 
pendently in 1849. Indian cessions in 1851 enlarged her boundaries, and. 
May 11, 1857, Minnesota became a unit of the great American federation 
of States. Population, 439,706. 



NEBRASKA. 

Maximum length, 412 miles ; extreme breadth, 208 miles. Area, 
75,905 square miles, or 48,636,800 acres. The surface of this State is 
almost entirely undulating prairie, and forms part of the west slope of 
the great central basin of the North American Continent. In its west 
division, near the base of the Rocky Mountains, is a sandy belt of 
country, irregularly defined. In this part, too, are the " dunes," resem- 
bling a wavy sea of sandy billows, as well as the Mauvaises Terres. a tract 
of singular formation, produced by eccentric disintegrations and denuda- 
tions of the land. The chief rivers are the Missouri, constituting its en- 
tire east line of demarcation; the Nebraska or Platte, the Niobrara, the 
Republican Fork of the Kansas, the Elkhorn, and the Loup Fork of the 
Platte. The soil is very various, but consisting chiefly of rich, bottomy 
loam, admirably adapted to the raising of heavy crops of cereals. All 
the vegetables and fruits of the temperate zone are produced in great 
size and plenty. For grazing purposes Nebraska is a State exceptionally 
well fitted, a region of not less than 23,000,000 acres being adaptable to 
this branch of husbandry. It is believed that the, as yet, comparatively 
infertile tracts of land found in various parts of the State are susceptible 
of productivity by means of a properly conducted system of irrigation. 
Few minerals of moment have so far been found within the limits of 



268 



THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 



Nebraska, if we may except important saline deposits at the head of Salt 
Creek in its southeast section. The State is divided into 57 counties, 
independent of the Pawnee and Winnebago Indians, and of unorganized 
territory in the northwest part. The principal towns are Omaha, Lincoln 
(State capital), Nebraska City, Columbus, Grand Island, etc. In 1870, 
the total assessed value of property amounted to $53,000,000, being an 
increase of $11,000,000 over the previous year's returns. The total 
amount received from the school-fund during the year 1869-70 was 
$77,999. Education is making great onward strides, the State University 
and an Agricultural College being far advanced toward completion. In 
the matter of railroad communication, Nebraska bids fair to soon place 
herself on a par with her neighbors to the east. Besides being inter- 
sected by the Union Pacific line, with its off-shoot, the Fremont and Blair, 
other tracks are in course of rapid construction. Organized by Con- 
gressional Act into a Territory, May 30, 1854, Nebraska entered the 
Union as a full State, March 1, 1867. Population, 122,993. 




IITINTIXC; PKAIEIE WOLVES IN AN liAKLY DAY. 



CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES 269 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 
establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common 
defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty 
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution 
for the United States of America. 

Article I. 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in 
a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and 
House of Representatives. 

Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- 
bers chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the 
'lectors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of 
the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the 
age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in 
which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- 
eral states which may be included within this Union, according to their 
respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole 
number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of 
years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. 
The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first 
meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- 
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, 
but each state shall have at least one Representative ; and until such 
enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled 
to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plan- 
tations one, Connecticut five. New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylva- 
nia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, 
and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the 
Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such 
vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other 
officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

- Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
Senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; 
and each Senator shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. 
The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 



270 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 

tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth 
year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that 
one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by 
resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any state, 
the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next 
meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age 
of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he 
shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of th 
Senate, but shall liave no vote unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro 
tempore^ in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise 
the office of President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When 
sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the 
President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside. 
And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds 
of the members present. 

Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of 
honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted 
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, 
and punishment according to law. 

Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Sen- 
ators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the Legis- 
lature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter 
such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by 
law appoint a different day. 

Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and 
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute 
a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to 
day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members 
in such manner and under such penalties as each liouse may provide. 

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its 
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, 
expel a member. 

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, 
require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house 
on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered 
on the journal. 

Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the 
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other 
place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 

Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compen- 
sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 271 

felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their 
attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house 
they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United 
States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall 
have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office 
under the United States, shall be a- member of either house during his 
continuance in office. 

Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments 
as on e ther bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and 
the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President 
the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it ; but if not he shall 
ret'irn it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have origi- 
nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and 
proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that 
house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- 
tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if 
approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all 
such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, 
and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have 
been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he 
had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its 
return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a 
question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the 
United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by 
him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of 
the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim- 
itations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power — 

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts, 
and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United 
Jtates ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout 
the United States ; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
3tr,tes, and with the Indian tribes ; 

To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on 
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and 
fix the standard of weights and measures ; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States; 

. To establish post offices and post roads ; 



272 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 

To promote the progress of sciences and useful arts, by securing, 
for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their 
respective writings and discoveries ; 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 

To define • and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and offenses against tire law of nations ; 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
concerning captures on land and water ; 

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that 
use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

To provide and maintain a navy ; 

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces ; 

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 

To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and 
for governing such j)art of them as may be employed in the service of the 
United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the 
oificers, and the authority of training the militia according to the disci' 
pline prescribed by Congress ; 

To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not 
exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the 
acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United 
States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the 
consent of the Legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for 
the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful 
buildings ; and 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this 
Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart- 
ment or officer thereof. 

Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the 
states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited 
by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, 
but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten 
dollars for each person. 

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may 
require it. 

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion 
to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev 
enue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels 
bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in 
another. 

No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of 
appropriations made by law ; and. a regular statement and account of 
the receipts and expeditures of all public money shall be published from 
time to time. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 273 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no 
person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the 
consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title 
of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

Sec. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder- 
ation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of 
credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of 
debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the 
obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts 
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and 
imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the 
Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the 
revision and control of the Congress. 

No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on 
tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any 
agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or 
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 
not admit of delay. 

Article II. 

Section 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of 
the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term 
of four years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same 
term, be elected as follows : 

Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof 
may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators 
and Representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress ; 
but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or 
profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. 

[*The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by 
ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of 
the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the 
persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they 
shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government 
of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Pres- 
ident of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. 
The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, 
if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors ai)pointed ; 
and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal 
number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately 
choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a ma- 
jority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like 
manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote 
shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one 
vote ;. a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members 
from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be 
necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, 

• This clause between brackets has been superseded and annulled by the Twelfth amendm^n^ 



274 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 

the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be 
the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have 
equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-Presi- 
dent.] 

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and 
the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same 
throughout the United States. 

No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
States at tlie time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible 
to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that 
office who shall not have attained the age of thirty -five years, and been 
fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said 
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress 
may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inabil- 
ity,, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall 
then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the dis- 
ability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- 
pensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the 
period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive 
within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of 
them. 

Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- 
lowing oath or affirmation: 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, 
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." 

Sec. 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and 
navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when 
called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the 
opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive 
departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective 
offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardon for offenses 
against the United States, ex-cept in cases of impeachment. 

He shall have power, by an^ with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present con- 
cur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice of the Senate, 
shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of 
the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose 
appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be 
established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment 
of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in 
the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may 
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which 
shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Sec. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information 
of the state of the Union, and recommend to tlieir consideration such mea- 
sures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may on extraordinary 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 275 

occasions convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree- 
ment between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may 
adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive 
ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be 
faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United 
States. 

Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con 
viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

Article III. 

Section I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Congress may from 
time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and 
inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at 
stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be 
diminished during their continuance in office. 

Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and 
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases 
affecting ambassadors, other joublic ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of 
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United 
States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; 
between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of differ- 
ent states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants 
of different states, and between a state or the citizens thereof, and foreign 
states, citizens, or subjects. 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, 
and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have 
original jurisdiction. 

In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall 
have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions 
and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by 
jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall 
have been committed ; but when not committed within an}^ state, the 
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have 
directed. 

Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- 
ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes- 
timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open 
court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason 
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture 
except during the life of the person attainted. 

Article IV. 

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. 4m] 



276 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 

the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such 
acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and tlie effect thereof. 

Sec. 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges 
and immunities of citizens in the several states. 

A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, 
who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand 
of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered 
up, to be removed to the state having jurisdici'on of the crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof 
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 
therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered 
up on the claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

Sec. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; 
but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any 
other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, 
or parts of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states 
concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging 
to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed 
as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular state. 

Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them 
against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the Execu- 
tive (when the Legislature can not be convened), against domestic vio- 
lence. 

Article V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it 
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the ap- 
plication of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call 
a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be 
valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when rati- 
fied by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by con- 
ventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratifi- 
cation may be proposed by the Congress. Provided that no amendment 
which may be made prior to the year one thousand eig'ht hundred and 
eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth 
section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall 
be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

Article VL 

All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adop- 
tion of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under 
this Constitution as under the Confederation. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be 
made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, 
under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the 
land ; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in 
the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the mem- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 



27' 



"bers of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi- 
cers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound 
by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test 
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under 
the United States. 

Article VII. 

The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient 
for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying 
the same. 

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the 
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the 
United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have 
hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEO. WASHINGTON, 
President and Deputy from Virginia. 



New Hampshire, 
John Langdon, 
Nicholas Oilman. 

Massachusetts. 
Nathaniel Gorham, 
RuFus King. 

Connecticut. 
Wm. Sam'l Johnson, 
Roger Sherman. 



Delaware. 
Geo. Read, 
John Dickinson, 
Jaco. Broom, 
Gunning Bedford, Jr., 
Richard Bassett. 

Maryland. 
James M' Henry, 
Danl. Carroll, 
Dan. of St. Thos. Jenifer. 



New York. 
Alexander Hamilton. 

New Jersey. 
WiL. Livingston, 
Wm. Paterson, 
David Brearley, 
JoNA. Dayton. 



Virginia. 
John Blair, 
James Madison, Jr. 

North Carolina. 
Wm. Blount, 
Hu. Williamson, 
Rich'd Dobbs Spaight. 



Pennsylvania. 
B. Franklin, 
RoBT. Morris, 
Thos. Fitzsemons, 
James Wilson, 
Thos. Mifflin, 
Geo. Clymer, 
Jared Ingersoll, 
Gouv. Morris. 



South Carolina. 
J. Rutledge, 
Charles Pinckney, 
Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney. 
Pierce Butler. 

Georgia. 
William Few, 
Abr. Baldwin. 

WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary, 



278 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 



Articles in Addition to and Amendatory op the Constitution 
OF THE United States op America. 

Proposed hy Congress and ratified hy the Legislatures of the several states, 
pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. 

Article I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment cf religion, 
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, 
and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 

Article II. 

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free 
state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

Article III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without 
the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be pre- 
scribed by law. 

Article IV. 

The right of tlie people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- 
lated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by 
oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched 
and the persons or things to be seized. 

Article V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in 
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual 
service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject 
for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall 
be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be 
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor 
shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. 

Article VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; 
to have coraj)ulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to 
have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

Article VII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 281 

tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
States than according to the rules of the common law. 

Akticle VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

Article IX. 

The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be 
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

Article X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, 
nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, 
or to tlie people. 

Article XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one 
of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or sub- 
jects of any foreign state. 

Article XII. 

The Electors shall meet iu their respective states and vote by ballot 
for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an 
inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their 
ballots the person to be voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the 
person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of 
all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- 
President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign 
and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the 
Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person 
having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, 
if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; 
and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the 
highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as 
President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by 
ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be 
taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to 
a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi- 
dent whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as 
President, as in the case of tlie death or other constitutional disability of 
the President. Tlie person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- 
President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be the majority 
of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a major- 



282 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 

ity-j then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose 
the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds 
of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number 
shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible 
to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the 
United States. 

Article XIII. 

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, 
shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris- 
diction. 

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- 
priate legislation. 

Article XIV. 

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and 
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and 
of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law 
which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United 
States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, 
without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction 
the equal protection of the laws. 

Sec. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states 
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- 
sons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to 
vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice- 
President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the execu- 
tive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature 
thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being 
twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way 
abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of 
representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the num- 
ber of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
twenty-one years of age in such state. 

Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, 
or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or 
military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previ- 
ously taken an oath as a Member of Congress, or as an officer of the 
United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an execu- 
tive or judicial officer of any state to support the Constitution of the 
United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may 
by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. 

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States author- 
ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and boun- 
ties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques- 
tioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall pay any debt 
or obligation incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion against the 
United States, or any loss or emancipation of any slave, but such debts, 
oblisrations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



283 



Article XV. 

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not 
be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of 
race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

VOTE FOR GOVERNOR, 1877, AND PRESIDENT, 1876. 



Counties. 



Adair 

Adams 

Allamakee ... 
Appanoose .... 

Audubon 

Benton 

Black Hawk.. 

Boone 

Bremer 

Buchanan 

Buena Vista.. 

Butler 

Calhoun 

Carroll 



Cedar 

Cerro Gordo.. 

Cherokee , 

Chickasaw ... 

Clark 

Clay 

Clayton 

Clinton 

Crawford , 

Dallas 

Davis 

Decatur 

Delaware 

Des Moines .. 

Dickinson 

Dubuque 

Emmett 

Fayette 

Floyd 

Franklin 

Fremont 

Greene 

Grundy 

Guthrie 

Hamilton 

Hancock 

Hardin 

Harrison 

Henry 

Howard 

Humboldt 

Ida... , 

Iowa 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson 



1877. 
Governor. 



Kep. Dem. Gr. Pro. 



982 

876 
1547 
11G5 

410 
1432 
178(1 
1612 
1180 
1290 

747 
1453 

418 

633 
1592 
1315 

903 

562 
1279 
1054 

517 
1873 
2444 

898 
1541 

893 
12G9 
1226 
2315 

197 
1587 

213 
1933 
1233 
1311 
1250 
1031 

909 
1160 

842 

340 
1492 
1348 
1770 

551 

382 

321 
1132 
1019 
1977 
1396 



IGl 
397 

1540 

1049 
352 
71 

1111 
981 
582 
769 
192 
758 
75 
744 
839 

1093 

348 

74 

1107 

267 

16 

1770 

2327 
651 
215 

1231 
961 

1143 

1384 
8 

3415 
28 

1067 
208 
336 

1331 
215 
504 
496 
265 
95 
661 
86; 
424 
647 
149 
54 

1120 

191)6 

1154 

lrv.'> 



581 
485 

69 
729 

26 
567 

95 
466 
196 
725 
161 

19 
171 
141 
116 
206 

72 
383 

37 
813 

20 

66 
286 

19 

1241 

803 

31(1 

32 
767 



406 



162 

16 

334 

551 



364 
422 
29 
238 
523 

1041 
201 
115 
104 

•642 
224 

1018 
576 



449 

244 

10 

1 

223 
20 
95 
74 
11 
30 

446 
40 
86 
94 
19 
67 

1G7 
66 

111 
80 
12 
19 

525 

6 

12 

53 



21 

57 

2 

154 

19 
140 
519 

64 



228 

15 

26^ 

IC 



1876. 
President. 



Eep. Dem. 



1334 

1370 
1709 
1711 

427 
2901 
2079 
2018 
1737 
2227 

770 
1828 

622 

799 
1876 
2328 
1274 

864 
1574 
1405 

567 
2662 
3654 
1043 
2136 
1586 
1647 
2233 
3325 

259 
2798 

246 
3029 
2032 
1178 
16.58 
1310 
1099 
1434 
1187 

281 
2152 
1557 
2809 
1194 

523 

21 J 
1870 
2126 
3375 
2 1 Of 



593 

62(i 

1646 

1419 

352 

1356 

1592 

1.305 

757 

1416 

200 

780 

196 

77] 

979 

1445 

448 

17,5 

1090 

816 

94 

2621 

3398 

638 

752 

1631 

128'> 

1460 

2917 

48 

4977 

36 

1709 

751 

379 

1682 

510 

417 

629 

425 

99 

980 

1386 

1485 

600 

183 

57 

1348 

2185 

1804 

1449 



Counties. 



Johnson 

Jones 

Keokuk 

Kossuth 

Lee 

Linn 

Louisa 

Lucas 

Lyon 

Madison 

Mahaska 

Marion 

Marshall 

Mills 

Mitchell 

Monona 

Monroe 

Montgomery .... 

Muscatine 

O'Brien 

Osceola 

Page 

Palo Alto 

Plymouth 

Pocahotitas 

Polk 

Pottawattamie.. 

Poweshiek 

Ringgold 

Sac 

Scott 

Sh Iby , 

Sioux 

Story 

Tama 

Taylor 

Union ... 

Van Buren 

Wapello 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

[Winnebago 

Winneshiek 

Woodbury 

Worth 

I Wright 



1877. 
Governor. 



Rep. Dem. | Gr. Pro 



Totals.... 

Ma.joritir 



1S84 

1868 

1772 

463 

2157 

2524 

1328 

1203 

261 

1792 

1823 

1976 

1448 

1435 

1396 

580 

1034 

1122 

1753 

306 

295 

1106 

311 

779 

370 

S171 

2223 

1496 

964 

6:6 

3031 

8S8 

436 

1260 

1426 

1325 

899 

1490 

17 

1726 

1087 

1316 

850 

544 

2074 

1109 

628 

331 



121.54P 
4.'19' 



18 

14 

322 

13 

350 

75 

89 

103 

9 

616 

1011 

700 

3S9 

98 

35 

432 

247 

532 

171 

201 

13 

34 



2345 
1218 
1526 

236 
2863 
2316 

817 

804 

17 

1077 

10S6 

1866 

837 
1102 

459 

119 

928 

441 

1775 

21 

40 

508 

357 

487 

9.4 

18S5 

2059 

882 
71 

li8 
1963 

039 

132 

344 

833 

293 

516 
1305 
1(j29 

944 
1221 

832 

127 

40 

1009| 279 

8671 226 

132 8 

166 117 



77 
44 

1353 
218 
420 
671 
177 
309 
3 
49 
644 
196 
86.- 
830 
301 

1265 
742 
3031 
404 

1421 



273 
68 

105 
89 

299 

585 

108 
12 
14 
56 

59(; 
95 

504 
28 
36 
9 
20 
4 

387 
14 
33 

293 
3 

39 
36 
94 

121 

346 
4 

13 
37 
16 



187 
133 



63 
130 
296 
101 
112 
3 

47 



79353 



3422f 



238 
9 
14 

98 



1876. 
President, 



Kep. Dem 



2345 
2591 
2364 

638 
316J 
4331 
1920 
1478 

262 
2246 
3221 
2736 
3056 
1452 
IGGX 

713 
1418 
1749 
2523 

463 

S29 
2243 

343| 

8351 

374:1 

432l' 

2565! 
250* 
1246 

661 
3819 

897 

4391 
18-i* 
2337 
1727 
1238 
2113 
2582 
2439 
2467 
1692 
1299 

498 
27.">9 
1034 

70:< 



1713' 
.5921 1 |i 



3563 

176.'J 

1862 

227 

3682 

2917 

1008 

1044 

46 

15.38 

1701 

23"4 

118!) 

1165 

C7l 

3(14 

124C 

759 

2075 

110 

59 

861 

33.t 

50ii 

141 

2382 

24U 

1083 

422 

16r> 

2=.5;i 

631 

220 

579 

1317 

076 

795 

1661 

2412 

1315 

150S 

1341 

987 

39 

161T 

997 

149 

184 



112127 



Total vote, 1877, 245,766 , 1876 (including2949 Greenback), 292,943. 

VOTE FOR CONGRESSMEN, 1876. 



I... 
It... 
III. 

IV... 

v.... 

VI.. 



Rep. 



17188 
16439 
17423 
20770 
19274 
18778 



Dem. 



14814 
14683 
16100 
9379 
11154 
14719 



R. Maj 



2374 
1750 
1323 
11391 
8120 
4059 



Total. 



Maj. '74 



Rep. Dem. R. Maj. 



32002 
31122 
33523 
30149 
30428 
33497 



D. 1863! VII 19496 

R. 657|'VIII 19358 



11688 
15236 



D. 63] IX. 
R. .38241 
R. 52431 
R. 2724' 



19503 10583 



7S0S 
4122 
8980 



1G8289118356 49933 



31184 
34594 
30146 



Maj. '74. 



Total vote, 1874, 184,640 ; aggregate Republican majority, 24,524. *Including 5,4GG Greenback votes. 



R. 2300 
R. 212T 
R. 5849 



Practical Rules for Every Day Use. 



How to find the gain or loss per cent, when the cost and selling price 
are given. 

Rule. — Find the difference between the cost and selhng price, which 
will be the gain or loss. 

Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost 
price ; the result will be the gain or loss per cent. 

How to change gold into currency. 

Rule. — Multiply the given sum of gold by the price of gold. 

How to change currency into gold. 

Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold. 

How to find each part7ier's share of the gain or loss in a copartnership 
business. 

Rule. — Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quo- 
tient will be the gain or loss per cent. 

Multiply each partner's stock by this per cent., the result will be 
each one's share of the gain or loss. 

How to find gross and 7iet weight and price of hogs. 

A short and simple method for finding the net weight, or price of hogs, 
when the gross weight or price is given, and vice versa. 

Note. — It is generally assumed that the gross weight of Hogs diiuinisUed by 1-5 or 20 per cent, 
of itself gives the net weight, and the net weiglit increased by X or 25 per cent, of itself equals the 
gross weight. 

To find the net weight or gross price. 

Multiply the given number by .8 (tenths.) 

To find the gross weight or net price. 

Divide the given number by .8 (tenths.) 

How to find the capacity of a granary, bin, or wagon-bed. 

Rule. — Multij)ly (by short method) the nnmber of cubic feet by 
6308, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the correct 
nswer in bushels and tenths of a bushel. 

For 07ily an approximate ansiver, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and 
point off one decimal place. 

Hoiv to find the conte^its of a corn-crib. 

Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or 

(284) 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 285 

by 4i ordinary method, and point off one decimal place — the result will 
be the answer in bushels. 

Note.— In estimating corn In tlie ear, tlie quality and the time it has been cribbed must be taken 
into consideration, since corn will slirink considerably during the Winter and Spring. This rule generally holds 
good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided it is sound and clean. 

How to find the contents of a cistern or tank. 

Rule. — Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all 
m feet) and this product by 6681 (short method), and point off one 
decimal place — the result will be the contents in barrels of 31^ gallons. 

How to fitid the contents of a barrel or cask. 

Rule. — Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length 
(all in inches) in REVERgjiD order, so that its units will fall under the 
TENS ; multiply by short method, and this product again by 430 ; point 
off one decimal place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons. 

Hotv to measure boards. 

Rule. — Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and 
divide the product by 12 — the result will be the contents in square feet. 

Ho7V to measure scantlings, joists, planks j sills, etc. 

Rule. — Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together 
(the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide 
the product by 12 — the result will be square feet." 

How to find the number of acres in a body"" of land. 

Rule. — Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the 
product by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal places if there is a 
remainder) ; the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths. 

When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, 
add them together and take one-half for the mean length or width. 

How to find the number of square yards in a floor or ivalL 

Rule. — Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet), and 
divide the product by 9, the result will be square yards. 

How to find the number of bricks required. i7i a building. 

Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22^. 

The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height 
nd thickness (in feet) together. 

Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches 
thick ; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, 
but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space. 

Hotv to find the number of shingles required in a roof. 

Rule. — Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if tho 
shingles are exposed 4i inches, or by 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches. 

To find the number of square feet, multiply the length of the roof by 
twice the 'length of the rafters. 



286 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 

To find the length of the rafters, at one-fourth pitch, multiply the 
widtli of the building by .56 (hundredths) ; at one-third pitch, by .6 
(tenths) ; at two-fifths pitch, by .64 (hundredths) ; at one-half 
pitch, by .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from 
the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be 
ta,ken into consideration. 

Note.— By X or J^ pitch is meant tliat tlie apex or comb of the roof is to be >^ or >^ the width of the 
building higrher than tlie walls or base of the rafters. 

Hoiv to reckon the cost of hay. 

Rule. — Multijily the number of pounds by half the price per ton, 
and remove the decimal point three places to the left. 

How to measure grain. 

Rule. — Level the grain ; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic 
feet ; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one jjlace to 
the left. 

Note.— Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred bushels of one extra bushel. 

The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, by 
multiplying the number of bushels by 8. 

If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find 
the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of eai 
corn to make 1 of shelled corn. 

Rapid rules for measuring land without instruments. 

In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any 
given plot in square yards ; then, given the number of yards, find out the 
number of rods and acres. 

The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, 
an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on 
the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes. 

To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to 
walk in a straight line ; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line 
straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote ; and, in walk- 
ing, keep these objects constantly in line. 

Farmers and others hy adopting the following simple and ingenious con- 
trivance, may always carry ivith them the scale to construct a correct yard 
measure. 

Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger o\ 
the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the 
left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink. 

To find how many rods in length ivill maize an acre., the width being given. 
Rule. — Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer. 



^ 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 287 

Hoio to find the number of acres in any plot of land^ the number of rods 
being given. 

Rule. — Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, 
and remove the decimal point two places to the left. 

The diameter being given, to find the circumference. 

Rule. — Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. 

Hotv to find the diameter, when the circumference is given. 

Rule. — Divide the circumference by 3 1-7. 

To find hoiv many solid feet a round stick of timber of the same thick- 
ness throughout will contain when squared. 

Rule. — Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply 
by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144. 

Greneral rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet. 

Rule. — Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and 
then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144. 

To find the number of feet of timber in trees with the bark on. 

Rule. — Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in 
inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduct 1-10 to 
1-15 according to the thickness of the bark. 

Howard' s new rule for computing interest. 

Rule. — The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest 
on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal 
point two places to the left ; for ten times that time, remove the point 
one place to the left ; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three 
places to the left. 

Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given. 

Note.— The reciprocal of the rate is found by inverting the rate ; thus 3 per cent, per month, in- 
Terted, becomes K of a month, or 10 days. 

When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus : 3-1, 
three ones. 

Hulefor converting English into American currency. 

Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, 
by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90. 

U. S. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURE. 

A township — 36 sections each a mile square. 
A section — 640 acres. 

A quarter section, half a mile square — 160 acres. 
An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter 
of a mile wide — 80 acres. 

A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square — 40 acres. 



288 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 

The sections are all numbered 1 to 36, commencing at the north-east 
corner. 

The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the 
cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The de- 
scription of a forty acre lot would read : The south half of the west half of 
the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, 
or as the case might be ; and sometimes will fall short and sometimes 
overrun the number of acres it is supposed to contain. 

The nautical mile is 795 4-5 feet longer than the common mile. 

SURVEYORS' MEASURE. 

7 92-100 inches make 1 link. 

25 links " 1 rod. 

4 rods " 1 chain. 

80 chains " 1 mile. 

Note. — A chain is 100 links, equal to 4 rods or 6G feet. 

Shoemakers formerly used a subdivision of the inch called a barley- 
corn ; three of which made an inch. 

Horses are measured directly over the fore feet, and the standard of 
measure is four inches — called a hand. 

In Biblical and other old measurements, the term span is sometimes 

used, which is a length of nine inches. 

The sacred cubit of the Jews was 24.024 inches in leuirth. 

* 
The common cubit of the Jews was 21.704 inches in length. 

A pace is equal to a yard or 36 inches. 

A fathom is equal to 6 feet. 

A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is strictly 
speaking a nautical term, and should be three geographical miles, equal 
to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute miles are said 
to be a league. 

In cloth measure an aune is equal to li yards, or 45 inches. 

An Amsterdam ell is equal to 26.796 inches. 

A Trieste ell is equal to 25.284 inches. 

A Brabant ell is equal to 27.116 inches. 

HOW TO KEEP ACGOUNTS. 

Every farmer and mechanic, whether he does much or little business, 
should keep a record of his transactions in a clear and systematic man- 
ner. For the benefit of those who have not had the opportunity of ac- 
quiring a primary knowledge of the principles of book-keeping, we here 
present a simple form of keeping accounts which is easily comprehended, 
and well adapted to record the business transactions of farmers, mechanics 
and laborers. 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



289 



1875. 



A. H. JACKSON. 



Dr. 



Cr. 



Jan. 


10 


(( 


17 


Feb. 


4 


(I 


4 


March 


8 


u 


8 


u 


13 


u 


27 


April 


9 


u 


9 


May 


G 


(I 


24 


July 


4 



To 7 bushels Wheat at $1.25 

By shoeing span of Horses 

To 14 bushels Oats .at $ .45 

To 5 lbs. Butter. at .25 

By new Harrow 

By sharpening 2 Plows. 

By new Double-Tree . _ 

To Cow and Calf. 

To half ton of Hay 

By Cash 

By repairing Corn-Planter 

To one Sow with Pigs 

By Cash, to balance account _ 



48 
G 



75 



30 



50 



05 



18 
2 

25 
4 

35 



$88 



50' 



00' 
40 
25 



00 

75 

15 



05 



1875. 



CASSA MASON. 



Dr. 



Cr. 



March 


I 21 


i( 


21 


>( 


23 


May 


1 
1 


June 


19 


u 


26 


July 


10 

29 


Aug. 


12 
12 


Sept. 


1 



By 3 days' labor at $1.25 

To 2 Shoats at 3.00 

To 18 bushels Corn at .45 

By 1 month's Labor 

To Cash " ' ] 

By 8 days' Mowing . at $1.50 

To 50 lbs. Flour 

To 27 lbs. Meat at $ .10 

By 9 days' Harvesting at 2.00 

By G days' Labor . at 1.50 

To Cash 

To Cash to balance account 







$3 


$G 


00 




8 


10 


25 


10 


00 


1^^ 


2 


75 




2 


70 


18 
9 


20 


00 




IS 


20 




$G7 


75 


$67 



75 

00 

00 



00 
00 



75 



INTEREST TABLE. 

A Simple Rulk for accurately Computing Interest at Any Given Pkii Cent i-or. a.ny 

Length op Time. 

Multiply the principal (amount of money at interest) Ijy the time reduced to days; then divide this product 
by the qitotioit obtained l)y dividing 360 (the numl)er of days in the interest year) by the per ce»it. of interest 
andt/ie quotient thus obtained will be the required interest. ' 

illustration. Solution. 

Require the interest of $462.50 for one montli and eighteen days at 6 per cent. An $46;3.50 

interest month is 30 days; one montli and eishteen days equal 48 days. $463.50 multi- .48 

plied by .48 Rives $2220000; 360 divided by 6 (the per cent, of interest) gives 60, and 

?222.0000dividodby 60 will give you tlie exact interest, wbic'i is $3.70. Iftlic ra'oof 370000 

interest in tlie above exampl'i were 12 per cent., we would divide tlie $222.0000 by 30 6)360 \ 185000 

(because 300 divided liy 12 gives 30); if 4 per cent., wo would divide by 90; if 8 per ) 

cent., by 4.'i: and in like manner for any otber per cent. GO /$222. 0000(83 70 

180 

420 
420 



00 



MISCELLANEOUS TABLE. 



12 units, or things, 1 Dozen. I 196 pounds, 1 Barrel of Flour. I 24 sheets of paper, 1 Quire. 

12 dozen, 1 (Jross. 200 pounds, 1 liarrcl of Pork. 20 quires paper 1 Ream. 

20 things, 1 Score. | 56 pounds, 1 Firkin of Butter. | 4 ft. wide, 4 f. high, and 8 ft. long, 1 Cord Wood. 



290 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 

NAMES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION, AND THEIR SIGNIFICATIONS. 

Virginia. — The oldest of the States, was so called in honor of Queen 
Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made 
his first attempt to colonize that region. 

Florida. — Ponce de Leon landed on the coast of Florida on Easter 
Sunday, and called the country in commemoration of the day, which was 
the Pasqua Florida of the Spaniards, or " Feast of Flowers." 

Louisiana was called after Louis the Fourteenth, who at one time 
owned that section of the country. 

Alabama was so named by the Indians, and signifies " Here we Rest." 
Mississippi is likewise an Indian name, meaning " Long River." 
Arkansas., from Kansas, the Indian word for "smoky water." Its 
prefix was really arc, the French word for " bow." 

The Carolinas were originally one tract, and were called "Carolana," 
after Charles the Ninth of France. 

Georgia owes its name to George the Second of England, who first 
established a colony there in 1732. 

Tennessee is the Indian name for the " River of the Bend," i. e., the 
Mississippi which forms its western boundary. 

Kentucky is the Indian name for " at the head of the river." 

Ohio means " beautiful ; " Iowa, " drowsy ones ; " Minnesota., " cloudy 
water," and Wisconsin, "wild-rushing channel." 

Illinois is derived from the Indian word illini, men, and the French 
suffix ois, together signifying " tribe of men." 

Michigan was called by the name given the lahe, fish-weir, which was 
so styled from its fancied resemblance to a fish trap. 

Missouri is from the Indian word " muddy," which more properly 
applies to the river that flows through it. 

Oregon owes its Indian name also to its principal river. 

Cortes named California. 

Massachusetts is the Indian for " The country around the great hills." 

Connecticut, from the Indian Quon-ch-ta-Cut, signifying "Long 
River." 

Maryland, after Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles the First, of 
England. 

JVew York was named by the Duke of York. 

Pennsylvania means " Penn's woods," and was so called after William 
-Penn, its orignal owner. 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



291 



Delaware after Lord De La Ware. 

New Jersey^ so called in honor of Sir George Carteret, who was 
Governor of the Island of Jersey, in the British Channel. 

Maine was called after the province of Maine in France, in compli- 
ment of Queen Henrietta of England, who owned that province. 

Vermont^ from the French word Vert Mont, signifying Green 
Mountain. 

New Hampshire, from Hampshire county in England. It was 
formerly called Laconia. 

The little State of Rhode Island owes its name to the Island of 
Rhodes in the Mediterranean, which domain it is said to greatly 
resemble. 

Texas is the American word for the Mexican name by which all that 
section of the country was called before it was ceded to the United States. 



POPULATION OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

j Total 
States and Territories. Population. 



Alabama 

Arkansas 

■California 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts.... 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire. 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina .. 
Ohio. 



■Oregon 

Pennsylvania... 
Rhode Island . . 
South Carolina. 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia.. 
Wisconsin 



Total States.. 



Arizona 

Colorada 

Dakota 

District of Columbia. 

Idaho 

Montana 

New Mexico 

Utah 

Wasnington 

Wyoming 



Total Territories.... 
Total United States. 



996.992 

484.471 

560,247 

537,454 

125,015 

187,748 

1.184.109 

2,539,891 

1,680.637 

1,191,792 

364,399 

1.321,011 

726,915 

626,915 

780,894 

1,457,351 

1,184,059 

439,706 

827,932 

1,721.295 

122,993 

42.491 

318,300 

906.096 

4,382.759 

1,071,361 

2,665,260 

90,923 

3.,521,791 

217,353 

705,606 

1,258,520 

818,579 

330,551 

1,225,163 

442,014 

1,054,670 

38,113,253 

9,658 
39,864 
14,181 
131.700 
14,999 
20,595 
91,874 
86,786 
23,955 

9,118 

442,730 



38,555,983 



POPULATION OF FIFTY 
PRINCIPAL CITIES. 



Cities. 



New York. N. Y. . . . 
Philadelphia, Pa... 

Brooklyn, N. Y 

St. Louis, Mo 

Chicago, 111 

Baltimore, Md 

Boston, Mass 

Cincinnati, Ohio... 
New Orleans, La. . 
San Francisco, Cal. 

Buffalo, N. Y 

Washington, D. C. 

Newark, N. J 

Louisville, Ky 

Cleveland, Ohio 

Pittsburg, Pa 

Jersey City, N. J ... 

Detroit, Mich 

Milwaukee, Wis 

Albany, N. Y 

Providence, R. I... 

Rochester, N. Y 

Allegheny, Pa 

Richmond, Va 

New Haven, Conn. 

Charleston, S. C 

Indianapolis, Ind.. 

Troy, N. Y 

Syracuse, N. Y 

Worcester, Mass... 

Lowell, Mass 

Memphis, Tenn 

Cambridge, Mass. . , 

Hartford, Conn 

■Scranton, Pa 

Reading, Pa 

Paterson, N.J 

Kansas City, Mo... 

Mobile, Ala 

Toledo, Ohio 

Portland, Me 

Columbus, Ohio 

Wilmington, Del... 

Dayton, Ohio 

Lawrence, Mass 

Utica, N. Y 

Charlestown, Mass 

Savannah, Ga 

Lynn, Mass 

Full River, Mass... 



Aggregate 
Population. 



942, 

674, 

396, 

310, 

298, 

267, 

250. 

216, 

191, 

149, 

117, 

109, 

105 

100 

92, 

86 

82, 

79, 

71 

69, 

68. 

62, 

53 

51 

50 

48 

48 

46, 

43 

41 

40, 

40, 

39, 

37, 

35, 

33, 

33. 

32. 

32. 

31 

31 

31 

30 

30 

28 

28 

28, 

28. 

28 

26. 



292 
022 
099 
864 
977 
354 
526 
239 
418 
473 
714 
199 
059 
753 
829 
076 
546 
577 
440 
422 
904 
386 
180 
038 
840 
956 
244 
465 
051 
105 
928 
226 
634 
180 
092 
930 
579 
260 
,034 
,584 
,413 
274 
841 
473 
921 
804 
323 
235 
233 
766 



292 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



States and 
Territoiiiks. 



states. 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan* 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 



Missouri. 

Nebraslca 

Nevada 

New Hampshire. 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina. . 

Ohio 

Oregon 



Area in 
square 
Miles. 1870. 



50,722 996, 

53,198 484, 

188 981 560, 

4.674 537, 

2,120 125: 

59,268 187, 

58,000 1,184, 

55,410 2,5.39, 

33,809 1,680, 

55,045 1,191. 

81,318 364 

37,600 l,32i; 

41, .346 736, 

31,776 626 

11,184 780; 

7,800 1.457. 

56,451 1,184, 

83,531 439, 

47,156 837, 

6.5,350 1,721, 

75,995 123, 

112,090 42, 

9,380 318, 

8.320 906, 

47,000 4,383, 

50,704 1,071, 

39,964 2,66,5, 

95,244 90, 

Last Census of Michigan 



Population. 



1875. 



Miles 
R. R. 
1872. 



1,3,50,544 
528,349 



857,039 



992 
471 
247 
454 
015 
748 
109 
891 
637 
792 
3»9 
Oil 
915 
915 
894 
351 
059 
706 
922 
295 
993 
491 
300 
096 
759 
361 
260 
933 
taken in 1874, 



1,651,912 

1,334,031 

598,439 



246,280 
52,540 



1,036, .502 
4,705,208 



States and 
Territories. 



States. 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina... 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Total States 

Territories. 

Arizona 

Colorado 

Dakota 

Dist. of Columbia. 

Idaho 

Montana 

New Mexico 

Utah 

Washington 

Wyoming 

Total Territories. 



Area in 
square 
Miles. 



46, 
1, 
29, 
45, 
237, 
10, 
40, 
23, 
53, 



1,950,171 



113, 
104 
147, 

90 
143 
131 
80 
69, 
93 



Population' 



1870. 



3,521,791 
217,353 
70.5,606 

1,258,520 
818,579 
330,551 

1,225,163 
442.014 

1,054,670 



38,113,253 



9,658 
39,864 
14,181 
131,700 
14,999 
20,595 
91,874 
86,786 
23,955 

9,118 



965,032 



442,730 



Miles 
R. R. 

1875. 1872. 



258,239 
925,145 



l,2::G,72f 



5,113 
136 

1,201 

1,520 
865 
675 

1,490 
485 

1.725 



59,587 



375 
'498 



1.265 



Aggregate of U. S.. 2,915,203 38,555.983 60.852 

• Included in the Railroad Mileage of Maryland. 



PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; 

l^OPULATION AND ArEA. 



Countries. 



China 

British Empire 

Russia 

United States with Alaska. . . 

France 

Austria and Hungary 

Japan 

Great Britain and Ireland... 

German Empire 

Italy 

Spain 

Brazil 

Turkey 

Mexico 

Sweden and Norway 

Persia 

Belgium 

Bavaria 

I'oriugal 

Holland 

New Grenada 

Chili... 

Switzerland 

Peru..; 

Bolivia. 

Argentine Republic 

Wurtemburg 

Denmark 

Venezuela 

Baden 

Greece 

Guatemala 

Ecuador 

Paraguay 

Hesse 

Liberia 

San Salvador 

Hayti 

Nicaragua 

Uruguay 

Honduras 

San Domingo 

Co.sta Rica 

Hawaii 



Population. 



446, 

226, 

81, 

38, 

36, 

35, 

34, 

31, 

29, 

27, 

16, 

10, 

16, 

9, 

5, 

5, 

5, 

4. 

3, 

3, 

3, 

2, 

2, 

2, 

2, 

1 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 



500,000 
817,108 
925,400 
925,600 
469,800 
904,400 
785,300 
817,100 
906,092 
439,931 
642,000 
000,000 
463,000 
173.000 
921,500 
000,000 
031,300 
861,400 
995,200 
688,300 
000,000 
000,000 
669,100 
500,000 
,000,000 
812,000 
,818,500 
784.700 
500,000 
,461,400 
457.900 
180,000 
,300,000 
.000,000 
823,138 
718.000 
600,000 
572,000 
350,000 
300,000 
3.50,000 
136,000 
165,000 
62.9.50 



Date of 
Census. 



1871 
1871 
1871 
1870 
1866 
1869 
1871 
1871 
1871 
1871 
1867 



1869 
1870 
1870 
1869 
1871 
1868 
1870 
1870 
1869 
1870 
1871 

'1869 
1871 
1870 

'isfi 

1870 
1871 



1871 
1871 

'ik'ii 

1871 
1871 

'1870 



Inhabitants 

to Squai'e 

Mile. 



119.3 

48.6 

10.2 

7.78 

178.7 

149.4 

232.8 

263.3 

187. 

230.9 

85. 

3.07 
24.4 



20. 
7.8 
441.5 
165.9 
115.8 
290.9 
8.4 
15.1 
166.9 
5.3 
4. 
2.1 
241.4 
120.9 
4.2 
247. 
75.3 
28.9 
5.9 
15.6 
277. 
74.9 
81.8 
56. 
6. 
6.5 
7.4 
7.6 
7.7 
80. 



Pekin 

London 

St. Petersburg. 

Washington 

Paris 

Vienna , 

Yeddo 

London , 

Berlin 

Rome 

Madrid 

Rio Janeiro 

Constantinople 

Mexico 

Stockholm 

Teheran , 

Brussels 

Munich 

Lisbon 

Hague 

Bogota 

Santiago 

Berne 

Lima 

Cliuquisaca 

Buenos Ayrcs.. 

Stuttgart 

Copenhagen 

Caraccas 

Carlsruhe 

Athens 

Guatemala 

Quito 

Asuncion 

Darmstadt 

Monrovia 

Sal Salvador ... 
Port au Prince 

Managua 

Monte Video... 

Comayagua 

,San Domingo... 

San Jose 

Honolulu 



Population. 



1,648,800 

3,351,800 

667,000 

109,199 

1.835,300 

833,900 

1,554,900 

3,251,800 

825,400 

244,484 

332.000 

. 420,000 

1,075,000 

210.300 

136,900 

120,000 

314,100 

169,500 

224,063 

90,100 

45,000 

115,400 

36,000 

160,100 

25,000 

177.800 

91,600 

162,042 

47,000 

36,600 

43,400 

40,000 

70,000 

48,000 

30,000 

3,000 

15,000 

20,000 

10,000 

44,500 

13,000 

20,000 

2.000 

7,633 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 



BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. 

Upon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace shall be allowed 
according to the law merchant. All the above mentioned paper falling due on 
Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, Christmas, or any day appointed 
or recommended by the President of the United States or the Governor of the 
State, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day pre- 
vious. No defense can be made against a negotiable instrument (assigned before 
due) in the hands of the assignee without notice, except fraud was used in 
obtaining the same. To hold an indorser, due diligence must be used by suit 
against the maker or his representative. Notes payable to person named or to 
order, in order to absolutely transfer title, must be indorsed by the payee. 
Notes payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so payable, 
every indorser thereon is held as a guarantor of payment, unless otherAvise 
expressed. 

In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month shall 
be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than a month, 
a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes only bear interest 
when so expressed; but after due, they draw the legal interest, even if not 
stated. 

INTEREST. 

The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree, in writing, 
on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten 
per cent, is contracted for, it works a forfeiture of ten per cent, to the school 
fund, and only the principal sum can be recovered. 

DESCENT. 

The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary for pay- 
ment of debts and expenses of administration ; (2) property set apart to widow, 
as exempt from execution ; (3) allowance by court, if necessary, of twelve 
months' support to widow, and to children under fifteen years of age), including 
life insurance, descends as does real estate. 

One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in real property, possessed by 
husband at any time during marriage, wliich have not been sold on execution 
or other judicial sale, and to which the wife lias made no relinquishment of her 
right, shall be set apart as her property, in fee simple, if she survive him. 

(29.3) 



294 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

The same share shall be set apart to the surviving husband of a deceased 
wife. 

The widow's share cannot be affected by any will of her husband's, unless 
she consents, in writing thereto, within six months after notice to her of pro- 
visions of the will. 

The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving husband 
or surviving wife. 

Subject to the above^ the remaining estate of which the decedent died 
siezed, shall in absence of other arrangements by will, descend 

First. To his or her children and their descendants in equal parts ; the 
descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking the share of their 
deceased parents in equal shares among them. 

Second. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child, and no 
widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the deceased in equal parts ; 
the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking the whole ; and if there is no 
parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their descend- 
ants. 

Third. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or chil- 
dren, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the estate shall descend to 
such widow or surviving husband, absolutely ; and the other half of the estate 
shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving husband, 
or child or children, or descendants of the same. 

Fourth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of 
either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to her heirs, if dead, according to 
like rules. 

Fifth. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister, or de- 
scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and no child, 
parent, brother or sister (or descendant of either of them) of such widow or 
surviving husband, it shall escheat to the State. 



WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS. 

No exact form of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. 
Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, and every female of the age 
of eighteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will ; it must 
be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and 
by his or her express direction, and attested by two or more competent wit- 
nesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the will. 
Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within fifteen days from 
date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and administra- 
tors' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and for proceeds of 
sale of real estate, five per cent, for first one thousand dollars, two and one-half 
per cent, on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and one per cent, on overplus 
above five thousand dollars, with such additional allowance as shall be reasona- 
ble for extra services. 

Withm ten days after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor 
or administrator shall give such notice of appointment as the court or clerk shall 
direct. 

Claims (other than preferred) must be filed within one year thereafter, are 
forever barred, unless the claim is pending in the District or Supreme Court, or 
unless pecidiar circumstances entitle the claimant to equitable relief. 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 295 

Claims are classed and payable in the following order : 

1. Expenses of administration. 

2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral. 

3. Allowance to widow and children, if made by the court. 

4. Debts preferred under laws of the United States. 

5. Public rates and taxes. 

6. Claims filed within six months after the first publication of the notice 
given by the executors of their appointment. 

7. All other debts. / 

8. Legacies. 

The award, or property which must be set apart to the ividow, in her otvn 
right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of tho 
deceased, as head of a fardily, would have been exempt from execution. 



TAXES. 

The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, 
and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, are 
liable for the taxes thereon. 

The following property is exempt from taxation, viz. ; 

1. The property of the United States and of this State, including univer- 
sity, agricultural, college and school lands and all property leased to the State ; 
property of a county, township, city, incorporated town or school district when 
devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary profit ; public 
grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead ; fire engines and all 
implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclusively for their 
buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies ; all public libraries, 
grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, agricultural and reli- 
gious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the appropriate objects of these 
institutions, not exceeding 640 acres in extent, and not leased or otherwise used 
with a view of pecuniary profit ; and all property leased to agricultural, charit- 
able institutions and benevolent societies, and so devoted during the terra of such 
lease ; provided, that all deeds, by which such property is held, shall be duly 
filed for record before the property therein described shall be omitted from the 
assessment. 

2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above institutions; 
used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of stu- 
dents in any such institution, used for their education. 

3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and devoted 
solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the sum pre- 
scribed by their charter. 

4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belonging to 
the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested within one year previous 
to the listing; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dollars in value; 
family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite for each fiimily, 
all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for the family ; but no 
person from whom a compensation for board or lodging is received or expected, 
is to be considered a member of the family within the intent of this clause. 

5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or infirm- 
ity, may, in the opinion of the Assessor, be unable to contribute to the public 



296 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

revenue ; such opinion and the fact upon which it is based being in all cases 
reported to the Board of Equalization bj the Assessor or any other person, and 
subject to reversal by them. 

6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by flirming, 
and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to exceed three hundred dollars 
in value. 

7. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this State, 
should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or purchase is 
made. 

There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or 
forest trees or hedges. 

Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado or other unavoidable casu- 
alty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate 
taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold for 
taxes, and if said taxes have not been delinquent for thirty days at the time of 
destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such loss only 
as is not covered by insurance. 

All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age and 
sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of which 
he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, guardian, 
father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, mortgagor or 
lessor, mortgagee or lessee. 

Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of adja- 
cent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for pur- 
poses of taxation ; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be assessed 
and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for such public 
purpose. 

The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed 
and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed and 
assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an individual. 

The Township Board of Equalization shall meet first Monday in April of 
each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. 

The County Board of Eqalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at their 
regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. 

Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without 
interest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. 

Tax sale is held on first Monday in October of each year. 

Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of sale, 
by paving to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty per centum of 
such amount immediately added as penalty, with ten per cent, interest per 
annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, and also all sub- 
sequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after March 1st of each 
year, and a similar penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per 
cent, interest as before. 

If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemption 
is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety days' 
notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or holder of 
certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS 297 

JURISDICTION OF COURTS 

DISTRICT COURTS 

have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, except in such 
cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdiction. District Courts have 
exclusive supervision over courts of Justices of the Peace and Magistrates, in 
criminal matters, on appeal and writs of error. 

CIRCUIT COURTS 

have jurisdiction, general and original, with the District Courts, in all civil 
actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jurisdiction in all appeals and 
writs of error from inferior courts, in civil matters. And exclusive jurisdiction 
in matters of estates and general probate business. 

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE 

have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved. By consent 
of parties, the jurisdiction may be extended to an amount not exceeding $300. 
They have jurisdiction to try and determine all public offense less than felony, 
committed within their respective counties, in which the fine, by law, does not 
exceed ^100 or the impriso7iment thirty days. 



LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. 

Action for injuries to the person or reputation ; for a stutute penalty ; and 
to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. 

Those against a public officer within three (3) years. 

Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property ; for relief 
on the ground of fraud ; and all other actions not otherwise provided for, within 
five (5) years. 

Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court (except 
those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, within 
ten (10) years. 

Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, 
within twenty (20) years. 

All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in 
favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is removed 
— time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall not be 
iucluded in computing any of the above periods. 

Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, 
iBust be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed 
and recorded, except where a minor or convict or insane person is the owner, 
and they shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in which to 
bring action. 

JURORS. 

All qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judgment, 
and in full possession of the senses of hearing and seeing, are competent jurors 
in their respective counties. " 

United States officers, practicing attorneys, physicians and clergymen, 
acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning, and persons disabled by 



298 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from liability to act 
as jurors. 

Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when his own interests 
or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the state of 
his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his absence. 

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 

was restored by the Seventeenth General Assembly, making it optional with 
the jury to inflict it or not. 

A MARRIED WOMAN 

may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonging to her ; may 
control the same or contract with reference thereto, as other persons may con- 
vey, encumber, control or contract. 

She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband 
may. 

Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her. 

She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. 

She may constitute her husband her attorney in fact. 

EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTION. 

A resident of the State and head of a family may hold the following prop- 
erty exempt from execution : All wearing apparel of himself and family kept for 
actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or other receptacles nec- 
essary to contain the same ; one musket or rifle and shot-gun ; all private 
libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments, and paintings 
not kept for the purpose of sale ; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor or his 
family in any house of public worship ; an interest in a public or private burying 
ground not exceeding one acre; two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse 
is exempt as hereinafter provided ; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the 
materials manufactured from said wool ; six stands of bees ; five hogs and all 
pigs under six months ; the necessary food for exempted animals for six months ; 
all flax raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom : one bed- 
stead and necessary bedding for every two in the family ; all cloth manufactured 
by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen fur- 
niture not exceeding two hundred dollars in value ; all spinning wheels and 
looms ; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic laber kept for 
actual use ; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for six 
months ; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, if a iarmer, 
mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor ; the 
horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yokes 
of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by 
the use of which the debtor, if a physician, public officer, farmer, teamster or 
other laborer, habitually earns his living ; and to the debtor, if a pi'inttr, there 
shall also be exempt a printing press and the types, furniture and material nec- 
essary for the use of such printing press, and a newspaper office to the value of 
twelve hundred dollars ; the earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at 
any time within ninety days next preceding the levy. 

Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-residents, have 
exempt their own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same. 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 299 

There is also exempt, to a head of a family, a homestead, not exceeding forty 
acres ; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improvements, value not 
limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its acquisition as 
such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material furnished for the same. 

An article, otherwise exempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase 
money thereof. 

Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he shall 
have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of himself and family, and 
other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy-five 
dollars in value. 

A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband or 
wife and children, entirely independent of his or her creditors. 

ESTRAYS. 

An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between May 1st 
and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found within the lawful 
enclosure of a householder, who alone can take up such animal, unless some 
other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on his place ; 
and if he fails, within five days thereafter, to take up such estray, any other 
householder of the township may take up such estray and proceed with it as if 
taken on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the Justice of the Peace 
such notice, and shall make affidavit where such estray was taken up. 

Any swine, sheep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for 
damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be treated 
as an estray. 

Within five days after taking up an estray, notice, containing a full descrip- 
tion thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in the town- 
ship ; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go before a Justice 
of the Peace in the township and make oath as to where such estray was taken 
up, and that the marks or brands have not been altered, to his knowledge. 'J he 
estray shall then be appraised, by order of the Justice, and the appraisement, 
description of the size, age, color, sex, marks and brands of the estray shall be 
entered by the Justice in a book kept for that purpose, and he shall, within ten 
days thereafter, send a certified copy thereof to the County Auditor. 

When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dollars, the 
Justice need not proceed further than to enter the description of the estray on 
his book, and if no owner appears within six months, the property shall vest in 
the finder, if he has complied with the law and paid all costs. 

Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less than ten dollars, if 
no owner appears in nine months, the finder has the property, if he has com- 
plied with the law and paid costs. 

An estray, legally taken up, may be used or worked with care and 
moderation. 

If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray and fail to 
comply witli the law regarding estrays, or use or work it contrary to above, or 
work it before liatving it appraised, or keep such estray out of the county more 
than five days at one time, before acquiring ownership, such offender shall foifeit 
to the county twenty dollars, and the owner may recover double damages with 
costs. 

If the owner of any estray fail to claim and prove his title for one year after 
the taking wp, and the finder shall have complied with the law, a comolete title 
Tests in the finder. 



300 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the taking up, prove 
his ownership and pay all costs and expenses, the finder shall pay him the 
appraised value of such estray, or may, at his option, deliver up the estray. 

WOLF SCALPS. 
A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps. 

MARKS AND BRANDS. 

Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic animals, and 
have a description thereof recorded by the Township Clerk. 

No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any other person 
residing in his township. 

DAMAGES FROM TRESPASS. 

When any person's lands are enclosed by a lawful fence, the owner of any 
domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the damages, and the damages 
may be recovered by suit against the owner, or may be made by distraining the 
animals doing the damage ; and if the party injured elects to recover by action 
ao-ainst the owner, no appraisement need be made by the Trustees, as in case of 
distraint. 

When trespassing animals are distrained within twenty-four hours, Sunday 
not included, the party injured shall notify the owner of said animals, if known ; 
and if the owner fails to satisfy the party within twenty-four hours thereafter, 
the party shall have the township Trustees assess the damage, and notice shall 
be posted up in three conspicuous places in the township, that the stock, or part 
thereof, shall, on the tenth day after posting the notice^ between the hours of 1 
and 3 P. M., be sold to the highest bidder, to satisfy said damages, with costs. 

Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the Trustees to the Cir- 
cuit Court. 

Where stock is restrained, by police regulation or by law, from running at 
large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated lands by any domestic 
animal, may, by action against the owner of such animal, or by distraining such 
animal, recover his damages, whether the lands whereon the injury was done 
were inclosed by a lawful fence or not. 

FENCES. 

A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or boards, with 
posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are used, and eight feet where 
boards are used, substantially built and kept in good repair ; or any other fence 
which, in the opinion of the Fence Viewers, shall be declared a lawful fence — 
provided the lower rail, wire or board be not more that twenty nor less than six- 
teen inches from the ground. 

The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall maintain partition 
fences between their own and next adjoining enclosure so long as they improve 
them in equal shares, unless otherwise agreed between them. 

If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should maintain, 
the Fence Viewers (the township Trustees), upon complaint of aggrieved party, 
may, upon due notice to both parties, examine the fence, and, if found insuf- 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 301 

ficient, notify the delinquent party, in writing, to repair or re-build the same 
within such time as they judge reasonable. 

If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complainant may do 
so, and the same being adjudged sufficient by the Fence Viewers, and the 
value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained and certified under their hands, 
the complainant may demand of the delinquent the sum so ascertained, and if 
the same be not paid in one month after demand, may recover it with one per 
cent a month interest, by action. 

In case of disputes, the Fence Viewers may decide as to who shall erect or 
maintain partition fences, and in what time the same shall be done ; and in case 
any party neglect to maintain or erect such part as may be assigned to him, 
the aggrieved party may erect and maintain the same, and recover double 
damages. 

No person, not wishing his land inclosed, and not using it otherwise than in 
common, shall be compelled to maintain any partition fence ; but when he uses 
or incloses his land otherwise than in common, he shall contribute to the parti- 
tion fences. 

Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one of the 
owners desires to occupy his separate and apart from the other, and the other 
refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient fence on the line when divided, 
the Fence Viewers may divide and assign, and upon neglect of the other to 
build as ordered by the Viewers, the one may build the other's part and 
recover as above. 

And when one incloses land which has lain uninclosed, he must pay for 
one-half of each partition fence between himself and his neighbors. 

Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands, adjoining 
his neighbor, out to the public to be used in common, he must give his neighbor 
SIX months' notice thereof. 

Where a fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, the 
owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material withn 
six months after the division line has been ascertained. Where the material to 
build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was built, then, 
before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material 
to the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor shall such a fence be 
removed at a time when the removal will throw open or expose the crops of the 
other party ; a reasonable time must be given beyond the six months to remove 
crops. 

MECHANICS' LIENS. 

Every mechanic, or other person w^ho shall do any labor upon, or furnish 
any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building, erection or other improve- 
ment upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair of anv 
work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the owner, his 
agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-contractor, shall have a lien, on complyinir 
with the forms of law, upon the building or other improvement for his labor 
done or materials furnished. 

It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a sub- 
contractor secures his lien. He should file, within thirty days after the last of 
the labor was performed, or the last of the material shall have been furnished, 
with the Clerk of the District Court a true account of the amount due him, after 
allowing all credits, setting forth the time when such material was furnished or 
labor performed, and when completed, and containing a correct description of 



302 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

the property sought to be charged with the lien, and the whole verified by 
affidavit. 

A principal contractor must file such an affidavit within ninety days, as 
above. 

Ordinarily, there are so many points to be examined in order to secure a 
mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is accustomed to managing 
such liens, to consult at once with an attorney. 

Remember that the proper time to file the claim is ninety days for a princi- 
pal contractor, thirty days for a sub-contractor, as above; and that actions to 
enforce these liens must be commenced within two years, and the rest can much 
better be done with an attorney. 

ROADS AND BRIDGES. 

Persons meeting each other on the public highways, shall give one half of 
the same by turning to tlie right. All persons failing to observe this rule shall 
be liable to pay all damages resulting therefrom, together with a fine, not exceed- 
ing five dollars. 

The prosecution must be instituted on the complaint of the person Avronged. 

Any person guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public highway, in 
a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives of others, shall, on convic- 
tion, be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned not exceeding 
thirty days. 

It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Road Supervisor, to 
break upon, plow or dig within the boundary lines of any public highway. 

The money tax levied upon the property in each road district in each town- 
ship (except the general Township Fund, set apart for purchasing tools, machin- 
ery and guide boards), whether collected by the Road Supervisor or County 
Treasurer, shall be expended for highway purposes in that district, and no part 
thereof shall be paid out or expended for the benefit of another district. 

The Road Supervisor of each district, is bound to keep the roads and bridges 
therein, in as good condition as the funds at his disposal will permit ; to put 
guide boards at cross roads and forks of highways in his district ; and when noti- 
fied in writing that any portion of the public highway, or any bridge is unsafe, 
nmst in a reasonable time repair the same, and for this purpose may call out 
any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not more than two days at 
one time, without their consent. 

Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada thistles upon 
vacant or non-resident lands or lots, within his district, the owner, lessee or 
agent thereof being unknown, shall cause the same to be destroyed. 

Bridges when erected or maintained by the public, are parts of the highway, 
and must not be less than sixteen feet wide. 

A penalty is imposed upon any one who rides or drives faster than a walk 
across any such bridge. 

The manner of establishing, vacating or altering roads, etc., is so well known 
to all township officers, that it is sufficient here to say that the first step is by 
petition, filed in the Auditor's office, addressed in substance as follows : 

The Board of Supervisors of County : The undersigned asks that 

a highway, commencing at and running thence and terminating 

at , be established, vacated or altered (as the case may be.) 

When the petition is filed, sll necessary and succeeding steps will be shown 
and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor. 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 303 



ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. 



Any person competent to make a will can adopt as his own the minor child 
of another. The consent of both parents, if living and not .divorced or separ- 
ated, and if divorced or separated, or if unmarried, the consent of the parent 
lawfully having the custody of the child ; or if either parent is dead, then the 
consent of the survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the child have been and 
remain abandoned by them, then the consent of the Mayor of the city where 
the child is living, or if not in the city, then of the Clerk of the Circuit Court 
of the county shall be given to such adoption by an instrument in writing, 
signed by party or parties consenting, and stating the names of the parties, if 
known, the name of the child, if known, the name of the person adopting such 
child, and the residence of all, if known, and declaring the name by which the 
child is thereafter to be called and known, and stating, also, that such child is 
given to the person adopting, for the purpose of adoption as his own child. 

The person adopting shall also sign said instrument, and all the parties shall 
acknowledge the same in the manner that deeds conveying lands shall be 
acknowledged. 

The instrument shall be recorded in the office of the County Recorder. 

SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. 

There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as County Surveyor, 
who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. It 
is the duty of the County Surveyor, either by himself or his Duputy, to make 
all surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as soon as 
may be after application is made. The necessary chainmen and other assist- 
ance must be employed by the person requiring the same to be done, and to be 
by him paid, unless otherwise agreed ; but the chainmen must be disinterested 
persons and approved by the Surveyor and sworn by him to measure justly and 
impartially. Previous to any survey, -he shall furnish himself with a copy of 
the field notes of the original survey of the same land, if there be any in the 
office of the County Auditor, and his survey shall be made in accordance there- 
with. 

Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, 
twenty-five cents. 

SUPPORT OF POOR. 

The father, mother and children of any poor person who has applied for aid^ 
and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or severally, 
maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by the Town- 
ship Trustees. 

In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liability shall extend 
to the grandparents, if of ability without personal labor, and to the male grand- 
children who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise. 

The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to maintain 
a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit Court 
for an order to compel the same. 

Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a 
hearing may be had, and an order made for entire or partial support of the poor 
person. 



304 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

Appeal may be taken from such judgment as from other judgments of the 
Circuit Court. 

When any person, having any estate, abandons either children, wife or hus- 
band, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the public for 
support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the Clerk of the 
Circuit Court, or Judge, authorizing tlie Trustees or the Sheriff to take into 
possession such estate. 

The Court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as well 
as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to the support of children, 
wife or husband. 

If the party against whom the order is issued return and support the per- 
son abandoned, or give security for the same, the order shall be discharged, and 
the property taken returned. 

The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the Township 
Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to every 
townsliip officer, and the circumstances attending applications for relief are so 
varied, that it need now only be said that it is the duty of each county to pro- 
vide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. 



LANDLORD AND TENANT. 

A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and after- 
ward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over the prem- 
ises after the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. 

Any person in possession of real property, with the assent of the owner, is 
presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is shown. 

Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either party 
before he can terminate a tenancy at will; but when, in any case, a rent is. 
reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice need 
not be greater than such interval between the days of payment. In case of 
tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice must fix the termination of 
the tenancy to take place on the 1st day of March, except in cases of field 
tenants or croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when the crop is har- 
vested ; provided, that in case of a crop of corn, it shall not be later than the 
1st day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But when an express 
agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to writing or not, 
the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. 

But where an express agreement is made, whether reduced to writing or 
not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. 

If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required 
may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in possession of the premises ; 
or, if the premises be vacant, by affixing the notice to the principal door of the 
building or in some conspicuous position on the land, if there be no building. 

The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops grown on the 
premises, and upon any other personal property of the tenant used on the 
premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for the period of one 
year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed falls due ; but 
such lien sluill not continue more than six months after the expiration of the 
term. 

The lien may be effected by the commencement of an action, within the 
period above prescribed, for the rent alone ; and tiie landlord is entitled to a writ 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 



305 



of attachment, upon filing an affidavit that the action is commenced to rcover 
rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises described in the 
affidavit. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or 
delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the contrary, 
the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to-wit: 



Apples, Peaches or Quinces, 48 

Cherries, Grapes, Currants or Gooseberries, 40 
Strawberries, Raspberries or Blackberries, 32 

Osage Orange Seed 32 

Millet Seed 45 

Stone Coal • 80 

Lime 80 

Corn in the ear 70 

Wheat 60 

Potatoes 60 

Beans 60 

Clover Seed 60 

Onions 57 

Shelled Corn 56 



Rye. 



56 

Flax Seed 56 

Sweet Potatoes 46 



Sand 130 

Sorghum Seed 30 

Broom Corn Seed 30 

Buckwheat 62 

Salt 50 

Barley 48 

Corn Meal 48 

Castor Beans 46 

Timothy Seed 45 

Hemp Seed 44 

Dried Peaches 38 

Oats 33 

Dried Apples 24 

Bran 20 

Blue Grass Seed 14 

Hungarian Grass Seed 45 



Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and costs 
and five dollars addition thereto as a fine. 



DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS. 

$ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed 

before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States 
Currency. 

<£ mesbus pounds, English money. 

@ stands for at or to; ft) for pounds, and bbl. for barrels ; "^ for per or by 
the. Thus, Butter sells at 20@30c f ft), and Flour at |8(«^:|12 f bbl. 

% for per cent., and Jf for number. 

May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20@|1. 25, " seller June." Seller June meoxi^ 
that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any 
time during the month of June. 

Selling short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock, 
at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the 
stock on hand. It is fof the interest of the person selling "short" to depress 
the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract 
at a profit. Hence the "shorts" are termed "bears." 

Buying long, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares 
of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make 
a profit by the rise in prices. The "longs" are termed "bulls," as it is for 
their interest to "operate" so as to "toss" the prices upward as much as 
possible. 



306 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

NOTES. 

Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and 
%Hie of payment are mentioned : 

^100. Chicago, 111., Sept. 15, 1876. 

Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E. F. Brown or order, one hun- 
dred dollars, for value received. L. D. Lowry. 

A note to be payable in anything else than money needs only the facts sub- 
stituted for money in the above form. 

ORDERS. 

Orders should be worded simply, thus : 
Mr. F. H. Coats : Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. 

Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty-five dollars, and charge to 

F. D. SiLVA. 

RECEIPTS. 

Receipts should always state when received and what for, thus: 

Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. 



Received of J. W. Davis, one hundred dollars, for services 
rendered in grading his lot in Fort Madison, on account. 

Thomas Brady. 
If receipt is in full, it should be so stated. 

BILLS OF PURCHASE. 

W. N. Mason, Salem, Illinois, Sept. 18, 1876. 

Bought of A. A. Graham. 

4 Bushels of Seed Wheat, at $1.50 |6 00 

2 Seamless Sacks " 30 60 



Received payment, $6 60 

A. A. Graham. 

CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. 

I . , Iowa, , 18 — . 

after date — promises to pay to the order of , dollars, 

at , for value received, with interest at ten per cent, per annum after 

until paid. Interest payable , and on interest not paid Avhen due, 

intei-est at same rate and conditions. 

A failure to pay said interest, or any part thereof, within 20 days after due, shall cause the 
whole note to become due and collectable at once. 

If this note is sued, or judgment is confessed hereon, $ shall be allowed as attorney fees. 

No. — . P. 0. , . 

confession of judgment. 

— vs. — . In Court of County, Iowa, , of 

County, Iowa, do hereby confess that justly indebted to , in the 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 307 

sum of -— dollars, and the further sum of $ as attorney fees, with 

interest thereon at ten per cent, from , and — hereby confess judgment 

against as defendant in favor of said , for said sum of $ , 

and f as attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk of the Court of 

said county to enter up judgment for said sum against with costs, and 

interest at 10 per cent, from , the interest to be paid . 

Said debt and judgment being for . 

It is especially agreed, however, That if this judgment is paid within twenty 

•days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And hereby sell, convey 

and release all right of homestead we now occupy in favor of said so 

far as this judgment is concerned, and agree that it shall be liable on execution 
for this judgment. 

Dated , 18—. . 



The State of Iowa, \ 

County. J 

being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that the forego- 
ing statement and Confession of Judgment was read over to , and that — 

understood the contents thereof, and that the statements contained therein are 

true, and that the sums therein mentioned are justly to become due said 

as aforesaid. 



Sworn to and subscribed before me and in ray presence by the said 

this day of , 18 — . , Notary Public. 



ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. 

An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a certain thing 
in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good business men always reduce an 
agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstandings and trouble. 
No particular form is necessary, but the facts must be clearly and explicitly 
stated, and there must, to make it valid, be a reasonable consideration. 

GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. 

This Agreement, made the Second day of June, 1878, between John 
Jones, of Keokuk, County of Lee, State of Iowa, of the first part, and Thomas 
Whiteside, of the same place, of the second part — 

WITNESSETH, that the said John Jones, in consideration of the agreement 
of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to 
and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that he will deliver in good and market- 
able condition, at the Village of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of November, 
of this year. One Hundred Tons of Prairie Hay, in the following lots, and at 
the following specified times ; namely, twenty-five tons by the seventh of Nov- 
-ember, twenty-five tons additional by the fourteenth of the month, twenty-five 
tons more by the twenty-first, and the entire one hundred tons to be all delivered 
by the thirtieth of November. 

And the said Thomas Whiteside, in consideration of the prompt fulfillment 
of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees 
with the said John Jones, to pay for said hay five dollars per ton, for each ton 
as soon as delivered. 



308 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereby 
stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other, One Hun- 
dred dollars, as fixed and settled damages. 

In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first 
above written. John Jones, 

Thomas Whiteside. 

AGREEMENT WITH CLERK FOR SERVICES. 

This Agreement, made the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred 
and seventy-eight, between Reuben Stone, of Dubuque, County of Dubuque, 
State of Iowa, party of the first part, and George Barclay, of McGregor, 
County of Clayton, State of Iowa, party of the second part — 

WITNESSETH, that said George Barclay agrees faithfully and diligently to 
work as clerk and salesman for the said Reuben Stone, for and during the space 
of one year from the date hereof, should both live such length of time, without 
absenting himself from his occupation ; during which time he, the said Barclay, in 
the store of said Stone, of Dubuque, will carefully and honestly attend, doing 
and performing all duties as clerk and salesman aforesaid, in accordance and in 
all respects as directed and desired by the said Stone. 

In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said Barclay, the 
said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the annual sum of one thousand dol- 
lars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day of each 
month ; provided that all dues for days of absence from business by said Barclay, 
shall be deducted from the sum otherwise by the agreement due and payable by 
the said Stone to the said Barclay. 

Witness our hands. Reuben Stone. 

George Barclay. 

BILLS OF SALE. 

A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a consideration to 
convey his right and interest in the personal property. The purchaser must 
take actual possession of the property/, or the bill of sale must be ackjiowledged 
and recorded. 

COMMON FORM OF BILL OF SALE. 

Know all Men by this instrument, that I, Louis Clay, of Burlington, 
Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration of Five Hundred and Ten 
Dollars, to me paid by John Floyd, of the same place, of the second part, the 
receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do 
convey unto the said Floyd, party of the second part, his executors, administra- 
tors and assigns, my undivided half of ten acres of corn, now growing on the 
arm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above mentioned ; one pair of horses, 
sixteen sheep, and five cows, belonging to me and in my possession at the farm 
aforesaid ; to have and to hold the same unto the party of the second part, his 
executors and assigns forever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives, 
agree with the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, to 
Avarrant and defend the sale of the afore-mentioned property and chattels unto 
the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, against all and 
every person whatsoever. 

In Avitness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of 
October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. 

Louis Clay. 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 309 

NOTICE TO QUIT. 
To John Wontpay : 

You are hereby notified to quit the possession of the premises you now 
occupy to wit : 

[^Insert Description.^ 
on or before thirty days from the date of this notice. 

Dated January 1, 1^78. Landlord. 

l_Ileverse for Notice to Landlord.^ 



GENERAL FORM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSONAL 

PROPERTY. 

I, Charles Mansfield, of the Town of Bellevue, County of Jackson, State 
of Iowa, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, but of 
sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and tes- 
tament, in manner following, to-wit : 

First. I give, devise and bequeath unto my eldest son, Sidney H. Mans- 
field, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, of bank stock, now in the Third 
National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned by myself, in the 
Township of Iowa, consisting of one hundred and sixty acres, with all the 
houses, tenements and improvements thereunto belonging; to have and to hold 
unto my said son, his heirs and assigns, forever. 

Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daughters, Anna 
Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two Thousand Dollars in bank 
stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio ; and also, each one 
quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in theTownship of Fairfield, 
and recorded in my name in the Recorder's office, in the county where such land 
is located. The north one hundred and sixty acres of said half section is 
devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise. 

Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Frank Alfred Mansfield, five 
shares of railroad stock in the Baltimore k Ohio Railroad, and my one hundred 
and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill thereon, situated in Manistee, Michigan, 
with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said 
real estate is recorded in my name, in the county where situated. 

Fourth. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, all my household 
furniture, goods, chattels and personal property, about my home, not hitherto 
disposed of, including Eight Thousand Dollars of bank stock in the Third 
National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Baltimore & Ohio 
Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefit of the home 
farm so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to which she is entitled by law 
— said farm being my present place of residence. 

Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah H. Mansfield, the income 
from rents of my store building at 145 Jackson street, Chicago, Illinois, during 
the term of his natural life. Said building and land therewith to revert to 
my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon the demise of my said 
father. 

Sixth. It is also my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, Victoria 
Elizabeth Mansfield, or at any time Avhen she may arrange to relinquish her 



810 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may revert to my 
above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. 

And lastly. I nominate and appoint as the executors of this, my last will 
and testament, my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, and my eldest son, Sidney 
H. Mansfield. 

I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be paid 
from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Bellevue, the residue of 
such moneys to revert to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, for her use for- 
ever. 

In witness whereof, I, Charles Mansfield, to this my last will and testament, 
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of April, eighteen hundred 
and seventy-two. 

Charles Mansfield. 
Signed, and declared by Charles Mansfield, as and for his last will and tes- 
ment, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in 
the presence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as witnesses 
thereof. Peter A. Schenck, Dubuque, Iowa, 

Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa. 

CODICIL. 

Whereas I, Charles Mansfield, did, on the fourth day of April, one thousand 
eight hundred and seventy-two, make my last will and testament, I do now, by 
this writing, add this codicil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof. 

Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Anna Louise, 
has deceased, November fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy-three ; and whereas, 
a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Richard Albert Mans- 
field, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest and 
title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter, 
Anna Louise, in the body of this will. 

In witness whereof, I hereunto place my hand and seal, this tenth day of 
March, eighteen hundred and seventy-five. Charles Mansfield. 

Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, Charles Mans- 
field, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament. And 
we, at his re(iuest, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have 
subscribed our names as witne&ses thereto, at the date hereof. 

Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa, 
John C. Shay, Bellevue, Iowa. 



{Form IVo. 1.) 

SATISFACTION OF MORTGAGE. 



ss. 



State of Iowa, 

' County, 

I, , of the County of , State of Iowa, do hereby acknowledge 

that a certain Indenture of , bearing date the — day of , A. D. 

18 — , made and executed by and , his wife, to said on 

the following described Real Estate, in the County of , and State of 

Iowa, to-wit : (here insert description) and filed for record in the office of the 
Recorder of the County of , and State of Iowa, on the day of— , 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 311 

A. D. 18 — , at o'clock . M. ; and recorded in Book of Mortgage 

Records, on page , is redeemed, paid off, satisfied and discharged in full. 

. [seal.] 

State op Iowa, \ 

County, j 

Be it Remembered, That on this day of , A. D. 18 — , before 

me the undersigned, a in and for said county, personally appeared , 

to me personally known to be the identical person who executed the above 

(satisfaction of mortgage) as grantor, and acknowledged signature 

thereto to be voluntary act and deed. 

Witness my hand and seal, the day and year last above 

written. • 



ONE FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. 

Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County, and 

State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by of 

County, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said 

the following described premises, situated in the County , and State of 

, to wit : (here insert description,) and do hereby covenant with the 

said that lawfully seized of said premises, that they are free from 

incumbrance, that have good right and lawful authority to sell and convey 

the same ; and do hereby covenant to warrant and defend the same against 

the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. To be void upon condition that 

the said shall pay the full amount of principal and interest at the time 

therein specified, of certain promissory note for the sum of dollars. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for ^ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

And the said Mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied upon the 
above described premises. It is also agreed by the Mortgagor that if it becomes 
necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a reasonable amount shall be allowed as an 

attorney's £ee for foreclosing. And the said hereby relinquishes all her 

right of dower and homestead in and to the above described premises. 
Signed to day of , A. D. 18 — . 



[Acknowledge as in Form No. 1.] 



SECOND FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. 

This Indenture, made and executed by and between of the 

county of and State of , part of the first part, and of the 

county of and State of V^^'^J ^^ ^^^^ second part, Witnesseth, that the 

said part of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of dollars, 

paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt of which is hereby 
acknowledged, have granted and sold, and do by these presents, grant, bargain, 
sell, convey and confirm, unto the said })arty of the second part, heirs and 



312 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

assigns forever, the certain tract or parcel of real estate situated in the county 
of and State of , described as follows, to-wit : 

[Here insert description.) 

The said part of the first part represent to and covenant with the part of 
the second part, that he have good right to sell and convey said premises, 
that they are free from encumbrance and that he will warrant and defend 
them against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, and do expressly 
hereby release all rights of dower in and to said premises, and relinquish and 
convey all rights of homestead therein. 

This Instrument is made, executed and delivered upon the following con- 
ditions, to-wit : 

First. Said first part agree to pay said or order 

Second. Said first part further agree as is stipulated in said note, that if 
he shall fail to pay any of said interest when due, it shall bear interest at the 
rate often per cent, per annum, from the time the same becomes due, and this 
mortgage shall stand as security for the same. 

Third. Said first part further agree that he will pay all taxes and 
assessments levied upon said real estate before the same become delinquent, and 
if not paid the holder of this mortgage may declare the whole sum of money 
herein secured due and collectable at once, or he may elect to pay such taxes or 
assessments, and be entitled to interest on the same at the rate of ten per cent, 
per annum, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the amount so paid. 
Foui'th. Said first part further agree that if he fail to pay any of said 

money, either principal or interest, within days after the same becomes 

due ; or fail to conform or comply with any of the foregoing conditions or agree- 
ments, the whole sum herein secured shall become due and payable at once, and 
this mortgage may thereupon be foreclosed immediately for the whole of said 
money, interest and costs. 

Fifth. Said part further agree that in the event of the non-payment of either 
principal, interest or taxes when due, and upon the filing of a bill of foreclosure 
of this mortgage, an attorney's fee of dollars shall become due and pay- 
able, and shall be by the court taxed, and this mortgage shall stand as security 
therefor, and the same shall be included in the decree of foreclosure and shall 
be made by the Sheriff on general or special execution with the other money, 
interest and costs, and the contract embodied in this mortgage and the note 
described herein, shall in all respects be governed, constructed and adjudged 

by the laws of , where the same is made. The foregoing conditions 

being performed, this conveyance to be void, otherwise of full force and virtue. 



[Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] 



FORM OF LEASE. 



This Article of Agreement, Made and entered into on this day of 

A. D. 187-, by and between , of the county of , and 



State of Iowa, of the first part, and , of the county of 

and State of Iowa, of the second part, Avitnesseth that the said party of the first 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 313 

part has this day leased unto the party of the second part the following described 
premises, to wit : 

[//(Sre insert description.'] 

for the term of from and after the — day of , A. D. 187-, a:^ 

the rent of dollars, to be paid as follows, to wit : 

[^Here insert Terms.] 

And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be due and unpaid, or if 
default be made in any of the covenants herein contained, it shall then be law- 
ful for the said party of the first part to re-enter the said premises, or to destrain 
for such rent; or he may recover possession thereof, by action of forcible entry 
and detainer, notwithstanding the provision of Section 3,612 of the Code of 
1873 ; or he may use any or all of said remedies. 

And the said party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first 
part the rent as above stated, except when said premises are untenantable by 
reason of fire, or from any other cause than the carelessness of the party of the 

second part, or persons family, or in employ, or by superior force 

and inevitable necessity. And the said party of the second part covenants 

that will use the said premises as a , and for no other purposes 

whatever ; and that especially will not use said premises, or permit the 

same to be used, for any unlawful business or purpose whatever ; that will 

not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish said premises without the written consent 

of the lessor, under penalty of a forfeiture of all rights under this lease, at 

the flection of the party of the first part ; and that will use all due care 

and diligence in guarding said property, with the buildings, gates, fences, trees, 
vines, shrubbery, etc., from damage by fire, and the depredations of animals ; 

that will keep buildings, gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now 

are, or may at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by superior force, 
inevitable necessity, or fire from any other cause than from the carelessness of 

the lessee, or persons of family, or in employ, excepted ; and that 

at the expiration of this lease, or upon a breach by said lessee of any of the said 

covenants herein contained, will, without further notice of any kind, quit 

and surrender the possession and occupancy of said premises in as good condi- 
tion as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will permit, damages by 
fire as aforesaid, superior force, or inevitable necessity, only excepted. 

In witness whereof, the said parties have subscribed their names on the date 
first above written. 

In presence of 



FORM OF NOTE. 

$ , 18—. 

On or before the — day of , 18 — , for value received, I promise to 

pay or order, dollars, with interest from date until paid, 

at ten per cent, per annum, payable annually, at . Unpaid interest 

shall bear interest at ten per cent, per annum. On failure to pay interest 

within days after due, the whole sum, principal and interest, shall become 

due at once. 



314 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 



CHATTEL MORTGAGE. 

Know all Men by these Presents : That of County, and 

State of in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of 

County and State of do hereby sell and convey unto the said the 

following described personal property, now in the possession of in the 

county and State of , to Avit : 

\_Here insert Description. '[ 

And do hereby warrant the title of said property, and that it is free from 

any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest retained by grantor in 
and to said property being the right of redemption as herein provided. This 
conveyance to be void upon condition that the said grantor shall pay to said 
grantee, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time 

therein specified, of certain promissory notes of even date herewith, for 

the sum of dollars, 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ ^ due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

The grantor to pay all taxes on said property, and if at any time any part 
or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said grantee may proceed by 
sale or foreclosure to collect and pay himself the unpaid balance of said notes, 
whether due or not, the grantor to pay all necessary expense of such foreclosure, 

including f Attorney's fees, and whatever remains after paying off said 

notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor. 

Signed the day of , 18 — . . 

[Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] . 



WARRANTY DEED. 

Know all Men by these Presents : That of County and 

State of , in consideration of the sum of Dollars, in hand paid by 

of , County and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto 

the said and to heirs and assigns, the following described premises, 

situated in the County of , State of Iowa, to-wit : 

\^nere insert descrip(ion.'\ 

And I do hereby covenant with the said that — lawfully seized in fee 

simple, of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance ; that — ha good 
right and lawful authority to sell the same, and — do hereby covenant to war- 
rant and defend the said premises and appurtenances thereto belonging, against 
the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever ; and the said hereby re- 
linquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in and to the above described 
premises. 

Signed the day of , A. D. 18 — . 

IN presence of 



[Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 315 



QUIT-CLAIM DEED. 

Know^ all Men by these Presents : That , of County, 

State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, to — in hand 

paid by , of County, State of , the receipt whereof — do 

hereby acknowledge,have bargained, sold and quit-claimed, and by these presents 

do bai-gain, sell and quit-claim unto the said and to — heirs and assigns 

forever, all — right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both at law and 
in equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy, of, in and to the following 
described premises, to wit : [here insert description] with all and singular the 
hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging. 

Signed this day of , A. D. 18 — . 

Signed in Presence of 



[Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] 



BOND FOR DEED. 

Know all Men by these Presents: That of County, 

and State of am held and firmly bound unto of County, and 

State of , in the sum of Dollars, to be paid to the said , his 

executors or assigns, for which payment well and truly to be made, I bind myself 
firmly by these presents. Signed the day of A. D. 18 — . 

The condition of this obligation is such, that if the said obligee shall pay to 
said obligor, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time 
therein specified, of — certain promissory note of even date herewith, for the 
sum of Dollars, 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 

and pay all taxes accruing upon the lands herein described, then said oblio-or 
shall convey to the said obligee, or his assigns, that certain tract or parcel of 
real estate, situated in the County of and State of Iowa, described as fol- 
lows, to wit: [here insert description,] by a Warranty Deed, with the usual 
covenants, duly executed and acknowledged. 

If said obligee should fail to make the payments as above stipulated, or any 
part thereof, as the same becomes due, said obligor may at his option, by notice 
to the obligee terminate his liability under the bond and resume the posses- 
sion and absolute control of said premises, time being the essence of this 
agreement. 

On the fulfillment of the above conditions this obligation .to become void, 
otherwise to remain in full force and virtue"; unless terminated by the obligor 
as above stipulated. 



[Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] 



316 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 



CHARITABLE, SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATIONS. 

Any three or more persons of full age, citizens of the United States, 
a majority of -whom shall be citizens of this State, who desire to associate 
themselves for benevolent, charitable, scientific, religious or missionary pur- 
poses, may make, sign and acknowledge, before any officer authorized to take 
the acknowledgments of deeds in this State, and have recorded in the office of 
the Recorder of the county in which the business of such society is to be con- 
ducted, a certificate in writing, in wdiich shall be stated the name or title by 
which such society shall be known, the particular business and objects of such 
society, the number of Trustees, Directors or Managers to conduct the same, and 
the names of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of such society for the first 
year of its existence. 

Upon filing for record the certificate, as aforesaid, the persons who shall 
have signed and acknowledged such certificate, and their associates and success- 
ors, shall, by virtue hereof, be a body politic and corporate by the name 
stated in such certificate, and by that they and their successors shall and may 
have succession, and shall be persons capable of suing and being sued, and may 
have and use a common seal, which they may alter or change at pleasure ; and 
they and their successors, by their corporate name, shall be capable of taking, 
receiving, purchasing and holding real and personal estate, and of making by- 
laws for the management of its affiiirs, not inconsistent with law. 

The society so incorporated may, annually or oftener, elect from its members 
its Trustees, Directors or Managers at such time and place, and in such manner 
as may be specified in its by-laws, who shall have the control and management 
of the affairs and funds of the society, a majority of whom shall be a quorum 
for the transaction of business, and whenever any vacancy shall happen among 
such Trustees, Directors or Managers, by death, resignation or neglect to serve, 
such vacancy shall be filled in such manner as shall be provided by the by-laws 
of such society. When the body corporate consists of the Trustees, Directors or 
Managers of any benevolent, charitable, literary, scientific, religious or mis- 
sionary institution, which is or may be established in the State, and which is or 
may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of any synod, con- 
ference, association or other ecclesiastical body in such State, established 
agreeably to the laws thereof, such ecclesiastical body may nominate and 
appoint such Trustees, Directors or Managers, according to usages of the appoint- 
ing body, and may fill any vacancy which may occur among such Trustees, 
Directors or Managers ; and when any such institution may be under the 
patronage, control, direction or supervision of two or more of such synods, con- 
ferences, associations or other ecclesiastical bodies, such bodies may severally 
nominate and appoint such proportion of such Trustees, Directors or Managers 
as shall be agreed upon by those bodies immediately concerned. And any 
vacancy occurring among such appointees last named, shall be filled by the 
synod, conference, association or body having appointed the last incumbent. 

In case any election of Trustees, Directors or Managers shall not be made 
on the day desi mated by the by-laws, said society for that cause shall not be 
dissolved, but such election may take place on any other day directed by such 
by-laws. 

Any corporation formed under this chapter shall be capable of taking, hold- 
ing or receiving property by virtue of any devise or bequest contained in any 
last will or testament of any person whatsoever ; but no person leaving a wife, 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 317 

•cliild or parent, shall devise or bequeath to such institution or corporation more 
than one-fourth of his estate after the payment of his debts, and such device or 
bequest shall be valid only to the extent of such one-fourth. 

Any corporation in this State of an academical character, the memberships 
of which shall consist of lay members and pastors of churches, delegates to any 
synod, conference or council holding its annual meetings alternately in this and 
•one or more adjoining States, may hold its annual meetings for the election of 
oflficers and the transaction of business in any adjoining State to this, at such 
place therein as the said synod, conference or council shall hold its annual meet- 
ings ; and the elections so held and business so transacted shall be as legal and 
binding as if held and transacted at the place of business of the corporation in 
this State. 

The provisions of this chapter shall not extend or apply to any association 
or individual who shall, in the certificate filed with the Recorder, use or specify 
a name or style the same as that of any previously existing incorporated society 
in the county. 

The Trustees, Directors or stockholders of any existing benevolent, char- 
itable, scientific, missionary or religious corporation, may, by conforming to the 
requirements of Section 1095 of this chapter, re-incorporate themselves or con- 
tinue their existing corporate powers, and all the property and effects of such 
existing corporation shall vest in and belong to the corporation so re-incorporated 
or continued. 



INTOXICATING LIQUORS. 

No intoxicating liquors (alcohol, spirituous and vinous liquors), except wine 
manufactured from grapes, currants or other fruit grown in the State, shall be 
manufactured or sold, except for mechanical, medicinal, culinary or sacramental 
purposes ; and even such sale is limited as follows : 

Any citizen of the State, except hotel keepers, keepers of saloons, eating 
houses, grocery keepers anti confectioners, is permitted to buy and sell, within 
the county of his residence, such liquors for such mechanical, etc., purposes 
only, provided he shall obtain the consent of the Board of Supervisors. In 
order to get that consent, he must get a certificate from a majoiity of the elec- 
tors of the town or township or ward in which he desires to sell, that he is of 
good moral character, and a proper person to sell such liquors. 

If the Board of Supervisors grant him permission to sell such liquors, he 
must give bonds, and shall not sell such liquors at a greater profit than thirty- 
three per cent, on t'le cost of the same. Any person having a permit to sell, 
shall make, on the last Saturday of every month, a return in writing to the 
Auditor of the county, showing tlie kind and quantity of the liquors purchased 
by him since the date of his last report, tlie price paid, and the amount of 
freights paid on the same ; also the kind and quantity of liquors sold by him 
since the date of his last report ; to whom sold ; for what purpose and at what 
price; also the kind and (juantity of li({u<)rs on hand; which report shall be 
sworn to by the person having the permit, and shall be kept by the Auditor, 
subject at all times to the inspection of the public. 

No person shall sell or give away any intoxicating licjuors, including wine or 
beer, to any minor, for any purpose whatever, except upon written order of 
parent, guardian or family physician ; or sell the same to an intoxicated person 
or a person in the habit of becoming intoxicated. 



318 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

Any person who shall mix any intoxicating liquor with any beer, wine or 
cider, by him sold, and shall sell or keep for sale, as a beverage, such mixture, 
shall be punished as for sale of intoxicating liquor. 

But nothing in the chapter containing the laws governing the sale or pro- 
hibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors, shall be construed to forbid tlie sale by 
the importer thertof of foreign intoxicating liquor, imported under the author- 
ity of the laws of the United States, regarding the importation of such liquors, 
and in accordance with such laws ; provided that such liquor, at the time of the 
sale by the importer, remains in the original casks or packages in which it was 
by him imported, and in quantities not less than the quantities in which the 
laws of the United States require such liquors to be imported, and is sold by 
him in such original casks or packages, and in said quantities only. 

All payment or compensation for intoxicating liquor sold in violation of the 
laws of this State, whether such payments or compensation be in money, goods, 
lands, labor, or anything else whatsoever, shall be held to have been received in viola- 
tion of law and equity and good conscience, and to have been received upon a 
valid promise and agreement of the receiver, in consideration of the receipt 
thereof, to pay on demand, to the person furnishing such consideration, the 
amount of the money on the just value of the goods or other things. 

All sales, transfers, conveyances, mortgages, liens, attachments, pledges and 
securities of every kind, which, either in whole or in part, shall have been made 
on account of intoxicating liquors sold contrary to law, shall be utterly null and 
void. 

Negotiable paper in the hands of holders thereof, in good faith, for valuable 
consideration, without notice of any illegality in its inception or transfer, how- 
ever, shall not be affected by the above provisions. Neither shall the holder of 
land or other property who may have taken the same in good faith, without 
notice of any defect in the title of the person from whom the same was 
taken, growing out of a violation of the liquor law, be affected by the above 
provision. 

Every Avife, child, parent, guardian, employer, or other person, who shall be 
injured in person or property or means of support, by an intoxicated person, or 
in consequence of the intoxication, has a right of action against any person who 
shall, by selling intoxicating liquors, cause the intoxication of such person, for 
all damages actually sustained as well as exemplary damages. 

For any damages recovered, the personal and real property (except home- 
stead, as now provided) of the person against whom the damages are recovered, 
as well as the premises or property, personal or real, occupied and used by him, 
with consent and knowledge of owner, either for manufacturing or selling intox- 
icating li(i[uors contrary to law, shall be liable. 

The only other exemption, besides the homestead, from this sweeping liability, 
is that the defendant may have enough for the support of his family for six 
months, to be determined by the ToAvnship Trustee. 

No ale, Avine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold within two 
miles of the corporate limits of any municipal corporation, except at Avholesale, 
for the purpose of shipment to places outside of such corporation and such two- 
mile limits. The power of the corporation to prohibit or license sale of liquors 
not prohibited by law is extended over the two miles. 

No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold on the day 
on which any election is held under the laws of this State, within tAvo miles of 
the place where said election is held ; except only that any person holding a 
permit may sell upon the prescription of a practicing physician. 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 319 



SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIP- 
TION. 

The business of puhlisMng books by subscription, having so often been 
brought" into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations not 
authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and 
that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to 
their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement, is 
made : 

A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which 
the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described; the consid- 
eration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and 
deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. The 
nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample 
shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are 
the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exag- 
gerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, 
for which he is usually paid a commission for each subscriber, and has no 
authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are 
authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to 
make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the 
publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the princi- 
pal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or 
in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the 
same. 

All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any 
other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they can not be 
altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be done in writing. 
It is therefore important that all 2^(^'>'Sons contemjjlating subscribing should 
distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made, is not 
admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. 

Perso7is employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as can- 
vassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed 
mode, and have no authority to do it any other way to the prejudice of their 
principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They can 7iot 
collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. 
They can not extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind 
their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business. 

It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, 
before signirig their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, 
would examine carefully what it is ; if they can not read themselves call on 
some one disinterested who can. 




STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE OF IOWA (CENSUS OF 1875.) 





No. of 
Acres 
of Im- 
proved 
Laud. 


No. of 
Acres 


No. of 
Acres 


Spring Wheat. 


Winter Wheat. 


Indian Corn. 


Oats. 


Value of 
Products 
of Farm 

in 
Dollars. 


COUNTIES. 


Unim- 
)roved 
Land. 


Culti- 
vation 
n 1874. 


No. of 
Acres. 


No. of 
Bushels 
Harv'l'd 


No. of 
Acres. 


No. of 
Busliels! 
Harv'td 


No. of 
Acres. 


N 0. of 

Bushels! 
Harv'td 


No. of 
Acres. 


No. of 
Bushels 
Harv'td 


Appanoose 

Alamakee 

Audubon 

Adams . 


161059 

134;67 

21146 

65159 

83182 

33118 

297518 

1569ST 

1J949S 

145D6T 

213025 

19056 

3T059 

54638 

110864 

58058 

248869 

529S0 

212291 

299855 

96504 

58065 

98694 

26996 

150938 

115751 

187831 

143665 

472029 

15770 

132435 

9989 

147098 

179504 

69S59 

115907 

1460S9 

599 10 

87259 

128331 

29114 

115823 

94848 

10462 

63966 

182080 

7292 

191041 

193290 

241021 

278881 

208907 

167389 

208125 

31550 

183832 

108952 

15872 

281118 

151007 

120384 

232398 

199669 

141512 

161998 

102215 

223735 

52242 

178945 

104633 

83626 

18190 

207689 

21928 

124630 

208989 

150782 

58233 

18517 

18400 

235515 

148649 

53180 

39824 

31336 

102861 

255182 

57005 

153074 

147766 

194265 

24614C 

44178 

4892" 

22517C 

97235 

17.58f 

3551f 

15020. 

I262;S5( 


161083 

156821 
23819 
43735 
55680 
37034 
53911 
71810 
58908 
47001 

150881 
71418 
39919 
28974 
45304 

283414 
41417 

309895 

151908 
57337 
94772 

309744 
5U487 

"iieooa 

87172 
98561 
58165 
62305 
29850 
57765 
25586 
32130 
98156 
43l'46 

198832 
47926 
49838 
47220 
39930 
36906 

171048 

837451 

341615 
39935 
50249 
9494 
89357 

142401 
71257 

179752 
63298 
66979 
9S999 
48793 
78692 
59757 

318841 
62649 
52922 
70176 

122190 
82779 
53604 

188709 
78206 
475.52 
56278 
48^32 
50607 

32o;o 

31106 
56S41 
35572 

419189 
48697 

175471 
51912 
322-25 
58829 
19123 
43874 
39326 

367394 
47201 

235515 
90222 
33216 
99528 
66795 

167178 

131 6 7( 
571 19" 
4595" 
5565'^ 
61744 
30625 

32:;8- 

63191 
1 841043: 


125188 
109388 
15986 
54352 
66265 
27010 
239408 
108642 
124877 
104810 
181256 
157240 
33375 
45412 
92785 
15202 
166485 
48648 
173622 

'"Yi'm 

39159 

78803 

26618 

131597 

95275 

146244 

97618 

161357 

11961 

1146-25 

8387 

110708 

133758 

65590 

103039 

135108 

52323 

76892 

97765 

27013 

61871 

72287 

90O5 

52050 

110831 

6514 

158488 

142401 

193019 

216949 

140684 

125590 

149672 

28835 

133580 

88857 

12766 

175655 

10U066 

94133 

150368 

153214 

99837 

137979 

91730 

117303 

39S44 

129!;99 

8fi'12(i 

'26 '31 

14651 

140151 

19219 

90679 

171.588 

115184 

44379 

16679 

50S73 

185742 

99387 

47230 

33515 

24179 

79442 

214941 

45826 

113263 

1176SS 

15-^73- 

■25',i \K 

3:;oir 

3215 
157881 
709K 
1212 
2S9.S' 
13517: 


9606 
61880 
6876 
17947 
27550 
15514 
99406 
3-2505 
57907 
48878 
89361 
64-291 
17481 
31693 
40123 
21000 
40467 
28199 
86883 
68683 
40162 
26756 
17968 
11040 
5378 
8-211 
49-240 
10615 
60401 
5701 
29256 
3911 
62067 
60779 
31096 
13-229 
67384 
19391 
27489 
38464 
1-2046 
36115 
23948 
4889 
20676 
150-26 
3108 
48410 
43515 
45306 
79926 
36090 
16237 
83278 
10793 
10S51 
13954 
8132 
52178 
19764 
65534 
34362 
45136 
24385 
37553 
11638 
69895 
15331 
32375 
1381 
14904 
8769 
37686 
7434 
33369 
57312 
22689 
33028 
8600 
10926 
47698 
26658 
22029 
2299b 
11056 
15446 
97013 
10581 
7455 
1037r 
4217." 
112175 
1524t 
2309-2 
41046 
30554 
893S 
13fi-2!. 
1736f 


77789 
937639 

89235 
281376 
435014 
162737 
1343666 
429257 
779167 
644795 
1108024 
81-2342 
153159 
401507 
676-209 
3-24894 
640544 
415463 
1305125 
1010345 
643519 
340161 
217090 
109631 

30993 

77169 
634135 
113396 

717-28 

258-22 
445848 
1510 
941439 
863670 
455909 
206901 
976607 
257760 
393574 
497251 

■20902 
582803 
143701 

70006 


1049 

181 

10 

7 

70 


10838 

1964 

97 

174 

S500 


64871 
213-25 
9-2-25 
25J74 
30860 
7888 
83244 
46151 
38685 
28754 
56592 
48831 
8797 
9459 
40582 
17957 
78224 
9512 
37948 
89-297 
168-21 
16014 
39066 
10056 
621-27 
50484 
67118 
10-29-24 
56150 
3183 
57652 
2197 
26462 
37091 
24066 
73845 
40175 
783037 
38902 
41304 
9998 
9916 
447-20 
2067 
20141 
62672 
2301 
e2518 
53963 
77143 
100217 
65423 
55061 
75697 
9781 
59803 
47022 
2645 
91773 
49642 
11274 
83775 
846.30 
59543 
09494 
45575 
67699 
21577 
54760 
39251 
6379 
2510 
77497 
8981 
47258 
86748 
71386 
10097 
6641 
35613 
59071 
51-273 
17674 
6780 
8662 
48-260 
73251 
24063 
50211 
65625 
80-280 
'27185 
14017 
3530 
73265 
28713 
1374 
10089 
57035 


2385-2431 

905920 

394655 

969777 

1402428 

228231 

33-28921 

1595752 

1270878 

1026641 

1939590 

1811-250 

1801-20 

315215 

1901062 

648058 

2845921 

205443 

1471263 

3061338 

514-279 

550041 

1580-260 

3511-20 

2115569 

1763140 

1702391 

2307938 

1690^35 

44455 

2484898 

14-273 

642448 

1296480 

758983 

1703985 

148-2582 

783027 

1669134 

1379961 

297381 

307912 

16-20192 

57899 

670781 

241,5670 

108465 

2713830 

1605518 

3158178 

45-258S9 

19095S4 

1095510 

33-2?282 

119777 

2190306 

190-2530 

10396 

34399-23 

2184658 

411961 

3768209 

8835063 

1533976 

2953630 

1738910 

2808-256 

818388 

1715973 

1441467 

100052 

17279 

3272040 

229-263 

1750038 

8571105 

2239013 

175778 

142957 

1145937 

2-226346 

1783477 

689556 

3-2038 

279716 

1419680 

2842859 

1130930 

18236-22 

2405187 

3561365 

977316 

490371 

12-2-291 

283-2241 

917911 

52425 

281821 

2143791 


13756 

12776 

788 

3951 

4455 

2791 

15190 

10401 

13827 

14259 

16804 

17431 

4436 

3545 

9079 

2902 

20243 

7199 

20C24 

23704 

11744 

3-238 

12337 

2993 

13043 

10555 

25115 

9242 

20577 

2403 

9937 

1549 

15401 

20770 

9532 

5419 

11786 

4227 

4145 

10982 

8974 

10210 

3462 

1353 

5108 

13393 

455 

11756 

23652 

17760 

15-267 

18260 

14005 

15582 

5143 

11817 

12665 

3477 

22070 

6792 

14078 

16046 

10937 

6528 

8743 

11512 

13611 

2304 

13287 

53-22 

3107 

1390 

12188 

2541 

5278 

11416 

9758 

4161 

2979 

9118 

15915 

11-273 

2254 

4591 

8035 

8718 

13574 

61'27 

12596 

13242 

8391 

24307 

8072 

4445 

15701 

7491 

1327 

4134 

11570 


387346 

442829 

33233 

141-293 

159739 

67069 

445070 

4046-20 

4-21719 

518571 

538196 

556209 

98766 

115595 

176281 

99158 

675837 

228097 

669895 

702059 

446300 

107577 

307643 

73182 

845707 

344551 

643322 

•287392 

63-2113 

37282 

3351-24 

3241 

487729 

704407 

328679 

179645 

401948 

120948 

153505 

356915 

90944 

840-268 

69140 

48816 

168202 

358221 

14060 

319071 

521156 

52->197 

532239 

464824 

446128 

447603 

27857 

2790(i9 

342164 

13789 

585648 

175755 

542662 

496248 

335746 

232639 

285103 

241081 

46.5245 

66475 

405562 

201635 

53931 

208-29 

431841 

40494 

168081 

833565 

84650" 

1-2043- 

4685S 

255C0" 

52886f 

34320f 

71676 

4509C 

659£ 

26965" 

38446f 

18774f 

35309E 

8e739( 

28151C 

821650t 

9104" 

16155" 

45332C 

20749C 

4510f 

13517t 

29359C 


$1611937 
1415769 
1841,53 
695318 

828171 


Buena Vista . . 


207828 


7 

11 
20 


280 
84 
700 


2664995- 




1018453 


Butler 


1'209785 
1144620 








1898424 


Buchanan 

Clay 

Cherokee 






2615949 






123343 






35019 






1284899 


Crawford 






483357 


•26 


295 


2606149 


Cerro Gordo... 

Clayton 

Clinton 

Chickasaw 

Carroll 


591617 


1347 

12 

3 

3 

7 

10 

5379 

817 

84 

8688 

5 


21030 

428 

63 

20 

55 

150 

56405 

1-2239 

17-20 

117310 

50 


2081793 
3049019 
894656 
451365 


Clarke 


7054987 


Calhoun 

Davis 


221613 
1600090 


Decatur 

Dubuque 

Des Aloiues 

Delaware 


1024.541 
1636132 
177-2992 
1693314 
45334 


Dallas 


7 


186 


150204T 




15-244 


Floyd 


46" 


■■■ '968' 


1367377 


Fayette 


1503127 




777106 


Fremont 

Grundy 


841 


16625 


1046066 
1593977 


2 
22 


44 
300 


620905 


Guthrie 


79-2461 
1066627 








200001 








734409 


Harrison 


84 


1200 


786677 
89405 


Hamilton 






5'2762 


180220 
48815 
670247 
550000 
666779 

1107170 
46-2478 
164904 
368528 
131.39 
72624 
153587 
70742 
656597 
189939 

1083811 
395532 
5-29663 
342961 
628314 
101413 

112538-? 

183811 

416471 

551539 

157526 

74757 

5633S9 

30774 

588971 

76-2826 

355792 

442736 

23208 

78851 

762315 

330897 

317944 

251-286 

110094 

206813 

1437807 

141188 

58808 

76346 

654679 

1813405 

278875 

41048" 

469879 

391051 

16-2281 


9041 


113203 


1765670 


Ida 


7482211 


Iowa 

Jackson 

Johnson 


86 
491 
100 


1080 
7942 
1274 


2005049 
1750091 
2447875 
2916838 


Jones 

Jefferson 

Keokuk 

Kossuth 


31 
6192 
148 
140 
15400 
31. 


409 
66739 
1363 


1896416 
1530140 
1919728 
105306 


200407 

3-29 

54 

160 

16267 


1631518 




1030554 




8-2651 


Linn 


12 
1388 


2590052 
1665739 


Mitchell 

Mahaska 


159187& 


205 
189 
32 
25 
263 
21 


2697 
2212 
543 

484 
5584 
200 


2195785 
2181346 


Mills 


1003509 


Madison 

Monroe 

Marshall 


1709030 
938362 

2308278 
447065 


Muscatine 

Montgomery.. . 


63 

8 


629 
166 


1747906 
107212T 
191542 






69581 


Polk 


21 
63' 


394 
475 


2140023 


Pochahontas... 
Pottawattomie 

Powesheik 

Page 


112066 
1252629 
2393022 


1220 
10 
325 
1-25 
40 
8 


20-235 
160 

'""iiw 

618 
20 


1293463 


Plymouth 

Palo Alto 

Ringgold 

Scott 


96616 
111578-i 
3041873 


Story 


1033743 


Shelby 

Sioux 

Sac 


5730-26 






166980 




io 

8068 


238880 


Taylor 


244 


908470 




2310405 




53 

10928 

143 

61 


960 

121854 

1-236 

910 


6'242PO 


Van Buren 

Wayne 

Warren 

Wiiinesheik 

AVoodbury 

Worth 

Washington .. 


1.361376 
2'208392 
2265252 
•298209 


■■■■i439" 
5 
11 


""iiiits 


396506 
2035264 
733342 


Winnebago 


270 


140219 
288685 


Wapello 


15753n 


1017 


161.-)9 


1455319 


Totals 


935490; 


3690711 


4260973 


69188 


759277 


4700176 


136284542 


98-2994 


'29144352 


$131535747 




% ', 



Gen.W.G.Coop 

(DECEASED) 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



THE ORIGINAL OCCUPANTS. 

Less than half a century ago, the great State of Iowa, an empire in extent, 
was a vast uncivilized wild, inhabited only by untutored red men and animals 
native to the climate, herbage and grasses. Of all this region, now so full of 
life, of princely farms and farmhouses, of towns and cities, schools, colleges 
and churches, railroads and telegraphs, and all the other adjuncts of modern 
civilization, but little was known. It was an unexplored territory, to the inte- 
rior of which no white man had ever penetrated. 

Until the close of the Black Hawk war in 1832, the country was in the 
undisputed possession of the Indians. Different tribes occupied different parts 
of the Territory. They toiled not, neither did they spin. They subsisted 
upon the fruits of the chase, and dwelt in rude tents or camped in the open air. 
To them the arts of industry were unknown and unpracticed. They occupied 
the land, but improved it not. The command of the great Creator that by 
the sweat of his brow man should earn his daily bread, was lost upon them. 
Of flocks and herds they had none, while the earth was regarded by them as 
only a hunting-ground that had been created by the Great Spirit for their 
special benefit and occupany. The history of such a people is one full of 
interest. 

The Sauks and Foxes* inhabited the the eastern slope of Iowa, including 
the' county whose history is being considered, and a history of the last years of 
their dominion is as much a part of the history of the county as are the inci- 
dents that have occurred since they gave way before the advancement of 
enlightened civilization. These sketches will necessarily extend to and include 
the area of several of the adjacent counties, but they will preserve to the pres- 
ent and future generations a record of aboriginal events that were familiar to 
the men and women who pioneered the way to the fertile prairies of the Black 
Hawk Purchase, and almost kindled their camp-fires from the smoldering 
embers left by the Indians when they turned their backs upon the lands that 
had been theirs for generations agone. 

Human improvement, rushing through civilization, crushes in its march all 
who cannot grapple to its car. This law is as inexorable as Fate. " You colo- 
nize the lands of the savage with the Anglo-Saxon," says Stephen Montague ; 
" you civilize that portion of the earth ; but is the savage civilized ? He is 
exterminated ! You accumulate machinery, you increase the total of wealth ; 
but what becomes of the labor you displace ? One generation is sacrificed to 
the next. You diffuse knowledge, and the world seems to grow brighter ; but 

* The Sauks or Saukies (white clay), and the Foxes or Outagainies (so called by the Europeans), and Algonnuina 
respectively, but whose true name is Mus-quak-ki-uk (red clay), are in fact but one nation. When the French mis- 
Bion>«rip3 first came in contact with them in 16Br>, they found that thoy spoke the same language, and that it differed 
from the Algonqulns, though belonging to the same atock.— Albert GaUalin. 

A 



324 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY ; 

Discontent at Poverty replaces Ignorance tappy with its crust. Every 
Improvment, every advancement in civilization, injures some to benefit others, 
and either cherishes the want of to-day or prepares the revolution of to- 
morrow.'" 

It is only yesterday, as it were, since the prairies and grove-covered hillsides 
<»f Eastern Iowa, now so full of happy homes and agricultural and mechanical 
industry, re-echoed the mournful dirge of the departing red men. The years 
are comparatively few in number since the sorrowful cortege passed slowly 
toward the setting sun, leaving behind the noble dead, sleeping in the cold 
embrace of the grim monarch, by the side of their beloved white father ; leaving 
the homes they had been taught to claim as their own ; leaving all, even hope, 
behind. There still live, in different parts of the country, many persons who 
beheld the strange sight of a remnant of a race departing forever from the 
scenes of their early life, and such will, doubtless, be disposed to sneer at the pen 
which finds a source of sadness in the contemplation of this event. But worthy 
hands have written lines of living power upon the theme, nor can the harsh charac- 
ter of the fact denude the subject of a glamour which poetry and romance have cast 
around the dusky subject and his fate. There is a grandeur in the record of the 
race which the stern force of truth is powerless to dispel. 

Those men who were compelled to meet the groveling band which had sur- 
vived the first shock of defeat, saw only the ruin which the strong had wrought 
upon the weak. The native power had fled ; a subjugated race was subsisting 
in its helplessness upon the bounty of its conquerors. There was no spot on 
earth left for them. Foot by foot their mighty possessions were taken from 
them, not in the din and whirl of battle, but by the humiliating processes of 
peace. Here, at last, they stood, with bowed heads, meekly awaiting the decree 
which should compel them to resume their endless march. Behind them was 
the tradition of their strength ; before them, annihilation of their clans. Even 
their warlike instincts were dwarfed in the presence of their masters. Had 
they disputed titles with the whites, the memories clustering about them now 
would be far different. But that resort to arms, that defiant struggle to the end, 
that disappearance in dramatic furor — all was denied them. Had they been 
other in nature than they were, this placid surrender to fate would seem less 
pitiful. Once fierce and bloody, then subdued, their stolid acceptance of destiny 
carried with it a mournful air that will be breathed through history's pages 
while our race shall live. 

The Indian is the embodiment of the dramatic, and when the curtain is 
rung down upon a scene so spiritless and tame as this of which we write, the 
admiration which is his due is turned to pity. The actual spectators of the 
drama find it impossible to forget the sordid character of the players, it is true ; 
but at so short a remove of time as this which has already elapsed since this 
country was the theater of the play, a shade of romance is imparted and the 
events become absorbing in their interest. 

In the State history which precedes this department of the work, an 
extended history of the several tribes is given. It is the purpose of this chap- 
ter to take up the thread of narrative at the point whera this immediate section 
becomes the scene of action, extending backward far enough to merely gather 
the scattered ends. 

In this work the writer is dependent largely upon a series of papers from 
the pen of the late Maj. John Beach, son-in-law of the original Indian Agent, 
Gen. Street, and who in turn was Agent after the death of the General in 1840. 
These papers were prepared in the summer of 1874, and published in the 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 325 

Agency Independent. Maj. Beach died September 2, 1874, or before the 
series was published in full. That such forethought was manifested by him, is 
a matter of congratulation among all who are interested in this country. It is 
to be regretted, however, that the Major did not prepare a still more elaborate 
history of the tribes he was so long associated with. While we do not consider 
it essential to preserve, in exact form, the series of articles alluded to, we have 
carefully extracted all salient points, and have added to them much more 
information, obtained from those conversant with the matter. 

THE GREAT BLACK HAWK. 

Black Hawk, the great chief, Avas born in Sac Village, about three miles 
from the junction of Rock River with the Mississippi, in Illinois, in 1767. He 
came of a brave stock and began the life of a warrior at fifteen years of age. 
Black Hawk's name is variously given, but Maj. Beach, who was personally 
acquainted with the chief, writes that the real orthography is Muck-a-ta-mish-e- 
ki-ak-ki-ak, which means a black hawk. The history of this chief is not inti- 
mately associated with Jefferson County, and this paragraph is only introduced 
for the sake of preserving the spelling of the name. A fact is mentioned in 
Maj. Beach's sketch which is here produced : 

The Sacs and Foxes, according to their traditions, once dwelt upon the shores 
of the great lakes. Gradually they were pushed westward, until in time they 
came to occupy a large portion of Northern Illinois. In spite of the pressure 
of the whites, this band occupied a site on the east shore of the Mississippi, near 
Rock River. Here Black Hawk was, in 1832, the controlling spirit. " He 
was never a chief, either by inheritance or election," declares Maj. Beach, 
" and his influence was shared by a wily old savage, of part Winnebago blood, 
called the Prophet, who could do with Black Hawk pretty much as he pleased ; 
and also by a Sac named Na-pope, the English of which is Soup, and whom 
the writer found to bo a very friendly and manageable old native, as was also 
Black Hawk." 

If this be true, as there ia every reason to esteem it, the character of 
Black Hawk stands out as a " self-made Indian," if an Americanism can be 
thus parodied, and he appears in the nature of a dictator as well as th.at of a 
great ruler. 

Ot the famous Black Hawk war, it is not within the province of this sketch 
to speak ; it belongs to the history of Illinois, and has been repeatedly written. 
After the defeat of the chief, in 1832, he was captured and taken to Prairie 
du Chien. After an imprisonment in Jefferson Barracks, and, subsequently, in 
Foi"ti-ess Monroe, whither he was taken, he was returned at the interces- 
sion of Keokuk to this region. In his old age. Black Hawk sought the com- 
pany of the garrison, his band was broken up and the once great chief was left 
alone in his declining years. Maj. Beach relates the following incident 
derived from personal observation : _^ 

" Black Hawk's lodge was always the perfection of cleanliness, a quite unu- 
sual thing for an Indian. The wi'iter has seen the old woman busily at work 
witli her broom, by the time of sunrise, sweeping down the little ant-hills in the 
yard that had been thrown up during the night. As the chiefs of the nation 
seenied'*to pay him but little attention in the waning years of liis life. Gen. 
Street, the Agent, looked out for his comfort more carefully than otherwise he 
would have thought it needful to do, and, among other things, gave him a cow — 
an appendage to an Indian's domestic establishment hitherto unheard of. The 
old squaAV and daughter were instructed in the art of milking her, and she was 



326 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

held among them in ahiiost as great reverence as the Sacred ox Apis was held 
among the ancient Egyptians. 

" This was in the summer of 1838, when the Agency, for which our town 
was named, was in process of erection, and Black Hawk had established his 
lodge on the banks of the Des Moines, about three miles below Eldon. Close 
by was the trading-house of Wharton McPherson, with whom the writer stayed 
one night in August of that year (1838), and as he rode past the lodge, Mme. 
Black Hawk Avas complacently sitting upon a log by the side of her cow, under 
a heavily-shaded tree, industriously brushing the flies and mosquitoes from the 
bovine with a rag tied to the end of a stick. Mr. McPherson said this was her 
daily occupation in fly-time, often following the animal around as it grazed at a 
distance. This was the last occasion that ever the writer had an interview with 
Black Hawk, as he died within two months of that time (October 3, 1838), and 
was even then so infirm that he could barely move about his wigwam. 

'' Not long after his burial, his body was stolen from its grave by some sacri- 
legious person, and, some years later, the bones came into the possession of a 
physician of Quincy, 111., who sent them to Gov. Chambers, who, as Governor 
of the Territory, was also Superintendent of Indian Afiairs. The writer was 
intrusted to notify the family they could have the bones, as he did ; but they 
seemed indiff'erent about the matter, and did nothing whatever about it." 

WAPELLO AND OTHER CHIEFS. 

Wapello, the chief after whom Wapello County and the county seat of Louisa 
County were named, was a powerful ruler among his people, but was a fast 
friend of the whites, especially of the first Indian Agent, Gen. Street. Inci- 
dents illustrative of his character are dispersed through the following pages. 
He died in 1841, and was buried by the side of his friend, the General, on the 
Agency Farm. His grave was recently cared for by the managers of the C, B. 
& Q. Railroad, which passes near by, and is now in a condition to withstand 
the shocks of time for yeai's to come. 

Poweshiek, a chief co-equal with Wapello, but of the Foxes, while the lat- 
ter was of the Sac tribe, was located on the reserve on the Iowa River, and 
does not figure in this history. He died before the Indians left the State, and 
thus escaped the humiliation of the scene. 

Keokuk, the grand sachem, was a man of tall, commanding presence, straight 
as an arrow, and, when aroused, could make an eloquent speech to his tribe. 
He was selected by the United States Government to distribute the annuities to 
the Sacs and Foxes — not only for his energies when opposed to the nation in 
battle, but for his influence among the red men everywhere. But he was avari- 
cious and intemperate, putting any amount of whisky under his royal toga, and 
stealing from his red brothers the hard silver so kindly given them by the Great 
Father at Washington. He had a chronic quarrel with Hardfish's band, that 
lived in Kishkekosh, near Eddyville, and receiving a severe wound from one of 
this tribe, he died soon after reaching Kansas, in 1845. 

From a sketch of Keokuk, published in the ''Annals of Iowa," 1865, by 
Uriah Biggs, one of the pioneers of Ottumwa, the following interesting extracts 
are made : 

'' Keokuk is deserving of a prominent page in the history of the country, 
and a truthful history of his life would be read and cherished as a memento of 
one of nature's noblemen. As an orator, he was entitled to a rank with the 
most gifted of his race. In person, he was tall and of portly bearing, and in 
his public speeches he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUUTY. 327 

He spoke rapidly, but his enunciation was clear and distinct and very forcible, 
culling his figures from the stores of nature, and basing his arguments in skill- 
ful logic. He maintained in good faith the stipulations of treaties with the 
United States and with the neighboring tribes. He loved peace and the social 
amenities of life, and was fond of displaying these agreeable traits of character 
in ceremonious visits to neighboring chiefs, in which he observed the most 
punctilious etiquette and dignified decorum. He possessed a ready insight into 
the motives of others, and was not easily misled by sophistry or beguiled by 
flattery ; and in the field of wit he was no mean champion. It is not my pur- 
pose to write a history of his life, but I will give one anecdote in illustration of 
these traits of his character. 

" While residing near Ottumwah-noc, he received a message from the Mor- 
mon Prophet, Joe Jmith, inviting Keokuk, as king of the Sacs and Foxes, to a 
royal conference at his palace at Nauvoo, on matters of the highest importance 
to their respective people. The invitation was readily accepted, and a train of 
ponies was soon winding its way to the Mormon city, bearing Keokuk and his 
suite in stately procession and savage pomp. 

"Notice had circulated through the country of this diplomatic interview, 
and a number of spectators attended to Avitness the denouement. The audience 
was given publicly in the Mormon temple, and the respective chiefs were attend- 
ed by their suites, the Prophet by the dignitaries of the Mormon Church, and 
the Indian potentate by the high civil and military functionaries of his tribe, 
and the gentiles were comfortably seated as auditors. 

" The Prophet opened the conference in a set speech of considerable length, 
giving Keokuk a brief history of the children of Israel, as detailed in the Bible, 
and dwelt forcibly upon the story of the lost tribes, and of the direct revelation 
he had received from a divine source, that the North American Indians were 
these identical lost tribes, and that he, the prophet of God, held a divine com- 
mission to gather them together and to lead them to a land 'flowing with milk 
and honey.' After the prophet closed this harangue, Keokuk 'waited for the 
words of his pale-faced brother to sink deep into his mind,' and, in making his 
reply, assumed the gravest attitude and most dignified demeanor. He would 
not controvert anything his brother had said about the lost and scattered condi- 
tion of his race and people, and if his brother was commisssioned by the Great 
Spirit to collect them together and lead them to a new country, it was his duty 
to do so. But lie wished to inquire about some particulars his brother had not 
named, that were of the highest importance to him and his people. The red 
men were not much used to milk, and he thought that they would prefer streams 
of water, and in the country where they now were there was a good supply of 
honey. The points that they wished to inquire into were whether the new 
government would pay large annuities, and whether there was plenty of whisky. 
Joe Smith saw at once that he had met his match, and that Keokuk was not the 
proper material with which to increase his army of dupes, and closed the confer- 
ence in as amiable a manner as possible. 

"• He was gifted by nature with the elements of an oratoi- in an eminent 
degree, and as such is entitled to rank with Logan, Red Jacket and Tecumseh; 
but unfortunately for his fiime among the white people and with posterity, he 
was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- 
ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interprctei's were unac- 
quainted even with the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious 
hindrance to his fame Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labashure, 
who had received a rudimental education in the French and English languages. 



328 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

until the latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian 
of his career among the white people, he was compelled to submit his speeches 
for translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights 
of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery, drawn from nature, was beyond their 
powers of reproduction. He had sufiicient knowledge of the English tongue 
to make him sensible of this bad rendering of his thought, and often a feeling 
of mortification at the bungling efibrts was depicted upon his countenance while 
he was speaking. The proper place to form a due estimate of his ability as an 
orator was in the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to 
those who understood his language, and where the electric effects of his elo- 
quence could be plainly noted upon his audience. It was credibly asserted that 
by the force of his logic he had changed the vote of a council against the 
strongly predetermined opinions of its members. A striking instance of the 
influence of his eloquence is related as occurring while the forces under Black 
Hawk were invading Illinois, in 1832. 

" Keokuk knew from the first that this reckless war would result in great 

disaster to the tribe, and used all diligence to dissuade warriors from following 

... ..... ^ 

Black Hawk, and succeeded in retaining a majority with him at his town on the 

Iowa River. But after Stillraan's defeat, in what is now Ogle County, III., 
the war spirit raged with such ardor that a war-dance was held, and Keokuk 
took part in it, seeming to be moved with the current of the rising storm, and 
when the dance was over, he called a council to prepare for war. In his address 
he admitted the justice of his complaints against the white man, and to seek 
redress was a noble aspiration of their natures. The blood of their brethren 
had been shed by the white man, and the spirits of their braves slain in battle 
called loudly for vengeance. 'I am your Chief,' he said, 'and it is my duty to 
lead you to battle, if, after fully considering the matter, you are determined to 
go. But, before you take this important step, it is wise to inquire into the 
chances for success.' He then represented to them the great power of the 
United States against whom they would have to contend — that their chance of 
success was utterly hopeless. 'But if you. now determine to go upon the war- 
path, I will agree to lead you, upon one condition — that before we go we kill 
all our old men and our wives and children to save them from a lingering death 
by starvation, and that every one of us determines to leave his bones oti the 
other side of the Mississippi.' 

" This was a strong and truthful picture of the project before them, and was 
presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor and to cause them to 
abandon their rash undertaking. Many other incidents are related of his elo- 
quence and tact in allaying a rising storm, fraught with war and bloodshed, not 
only in his own tribe, but also among neighboring tribes, where his people had 
been the aggressors. Some of these incidents have been preserved by writers 
on Indian research, but many will be lost to history. He delivered a eulogy 
upon Gen. Harrison, at the Sac and Fox Agency, which was interpreted by Mr. 
Antoine Le Claire, and considered by many Avho heard its delivery as one of 
his best efforts. This speech, however, was not written down and is lost to his- 
tory, but enough of the incidents of his career as an orator have been saved 
from the wreck of time to stamp his reputation for natural abilities of the high- 
est order, and furnish another positive refutation of Buffon's theory on the dete- 
rioration of men and animals on the American continent. 

" We have thus far portrayed the bright side of Keokuk's character ; but 
like most, if not all, great intellects, there is a dark background which the 
truth of history demands shall be brought to view. His traits of character, 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 329 

thus far sketched, may not inaptly be compared with the great Grecian orator ; 
but here the similitude ends. The great blot on Keokuk's life was his inordi- 
nate love of money, and, toward its close, he became a confirmed inebriate. His 
withering reply to the Mormon prophet was intended by him as a pure stroke 
of wit ; it, nevertheless, expressed his ruling passions. 

" A bitter and incurable feud existed in the tribe during their time of res- 
idence on the Des Moines River, between what was denominated ' Keokuk's 
band' and 'Black Hawk's band,' the latter recognizing Hardfish as their 
leader. This distrust and, indeed, hatred were smothered in their common 
intercourse when sober; but when their blood was fired with whisky, it some- 
times assumed a tragic feature amongst the leaders of the respective bands. An 
instance of this character occurred on the lower part of the Des Moines, on a 
return of a party making a visit to the ' half-breeds ' at the town of Keokuk, 
on the Mississippi. In a quarrel, excited by whisky, Keokuk received a dan- 
gerous stab in the breast from a son of Black Hawk, The writer of the present 
sketch saw him conveyed by his friends homeward, lying in a canoe, unableto rise. 

"Hardfish and his coadjutors lost no occasion to find fault with Keokuk's 
administration. The payments Avere made in silver coin, put up in boxes, con- 
taining $500 each, and passed into Keokuk's hands for distribution. The several 
traders received each his quota according to their several demands against the 
tribes admitted by Keokuk, which invariably consumed the far greater portion 
of the amount received. The remainder was turned over to the chiefs and dis- 
tributed among their respective bands. Great complaints were made of these 
allowances to the traders on the ground of exorbitant prices charged on the 
goods actually furnished, and it was alleged that some of these accounts were 
spurious. In confirmation of this last charge, over and' above the character of 
the items exhibited in these accounts, an affidavit was filed Avitli Gov. Lucas by 
an individual, to which the Governor gave credence, setting forth that Keokuk 
had proposed to the maker of the affidavit to prefer a purely fictitious account 
against the tribe for the sum of $10,000, and he would admit its correctness, 
and when paid, the money should be divided among themselves, share and share 
alike. To swell the traders' bills, items were introduced of a character that 
showed fraud upon their face, such as a large number of '•blanket-coats,' articles 
which the Indians never wore, and ' telescopes,' of the use of which they had 
no knowledge. This shows the reckless manner in which these bills were 
swollen to the exorl^itant amounts complained of, in which Keokuk was openly 
charged with being in league witli the traders to defraud Hardfish's band. At 
this time, the nation numbered about 2,300 souls, and only al)out one-third of 
the whole number belonged to Keokuk's party. Gov. Lucas warmly espoused 
the popular side in the controversy that arose in relation to the mode and manner 
of making the annual payment, and the matter was referred to the Indian 
Bureau, and the mode was changed, so that payments were made to the heads of 
families, approximating a per-capita distribution. This method ol making the 
payments met the unqualified disa})probation of the traders, and after one year's 
trial, fell back into the old channel. Keokuk led his tribe west to the Kansas 
country, in 1845, and, according to reports, died some years after of delirium 
tremens." 

Appanoose, Pashapaho, Hardfish and Kishkekosli all play conspicuous 
parts in the drama. An anecdote or two of the last named will serve as an 
illustration of the nature of the men. Kishkekosh did not rank equal to 
Appanoose, Pashapaho or Hardfish, but he seems to have held a prominent place 
in councils because of his native talents. 



330 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

George Washington Kishkekosh (whose last name means cut-teeth, or savage 
biter) was a subchief, and had accompanied Black Hawk, as one of his suite of 
braves, during the tour of that renowned chief through tlie East as a prisoner of 
war. With his leaders, he had been hospitably entertained at hotels and other 
places, and had a high appreciation of the sumptuous and cleanly -looking fare 
that was set before them. How he was enabled, after such an experience, to 
return with a good stomach to the frugal diet and indifferent cooking of his own 
people, we are left to conjecture. At all events, he retained his partiality for 
clean victuals, and was even overfastidious in this respect, as the following 
instance will show : 

One night, he, with his company of three or four braves, slept at the house of 
a white man with whom he was on very friendly terms, and were to remain at 
breakfast. Kish had an eye on the preparations for this meal, and observed 
one neglect that his tender stomach rebelled against. The lady of the house 
(it is possible she did it intentionally, for she was not a willing entertainer of 
her savage guests), neglected to wash her hands before making up the bread. 
Kish, thought he would rather do without his breakfast than eat after such 
cooking, and privately signified as much to his followers, whereupon they 
mounted their ponies and left, much to the relief of their hostess. Arrived at 
a house some distance from the one they had left, they got their breakfast and 
related the circumstance. 

These people, though generally accustomed and limited to the poorest fare, 
were not averse to the best that could be provided, and made themselves glut- 
tons whenever they could get enough of it. Like the wolf, they were capable 
of a long fast, and then would gorge themselves at a plenteous feast, even to 
stupidity. 

On another occasion, Kishekosh and his suite, consisting of several prom- 
inent personages of the tribe, being then encamped on Skunk River, in Jasper 
County, went to the house of a Mr. Mikesell on a friendly visit, and he treated 
them to a feast. Besides Kish and his wife, who was a very ladylike person, 
this party consisted of his mother ; Wykoma, the son of Wapello, and his two 
wives (for polygamy was not an uncommon practice with these people) ; Masha 
Wapetine, his wife and all their children. This old woman, on being asked 
how old she was, replied : " Mack-ware-renaak-we-kauk "(may be a hundred), 
and indeed her bowed form and hideously-shriveled features would justify the 
belief that she was fully that old. The whole party were dressed in more than 
usually becoming style, probably out of respect to their hostess, who, knowing 
something of their voracious appetites, had made ample preparations for them. 
When the table was surrounded, Kish, who had learned some good manners, as 
well as acquired cleanly tastes, essayed to perform the etiquette of the occasion 
before eating anything himself. With an amusingly awkward imitation of 
what he had seen done among the whites, he passed the various dishes to the 
others, showing the ladies special attention, and helped them to part of every- 
thing on the table with much apparent disinterestedness. But when he came to 
help himself his politeness assumed the Indian phase altogether. He ate like a 
person with a bottomless pit inside of him for a stomach, taking everything 
within his reach, without regard to what should come first or last in the course, 
so only that he liked the taste of it. At length, after having drunk five or six 
cups of coffee, and eaten a proportionate amount of solid foods, his gastronomic 
energy began to abate. Seeing this, his host approached him, and, with 
apparent concern for his want of appetite, said, " Why, Kish, do you not eat 
your dinner? Have another cup of coffee and eat something." In reply to 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 331 

this hospitable urgency, Kish leaned back in his seat, lazily shook his head and 
drew his finger across his throat under his chin, to indicate how full he was. 
And then in further explanation of his satisfied condition, he opened his huge 
mouth and thrust his finger down his throat as far as he dared, as much as to 
say he could almost touch the victuals. Of course the others had eaten in like 
f)roportion, making the most of an event that did not happen every day. 

Kishkekosh seems to have had in him the elements of civilization, which 
needed but opportunity to spring up and bear pretty fair fruit. Not only did 
he become fastidious as to cleanliness, but he observed and imitated other usages 
among the whites, even more radically different from those of his savage people. 
Tt is well known that among the Indians, as well as among all unenlightened 
races, the women are, in a manner, the slaves of the other sex. They are made 
to do all the drudgery of the camp, cultivate the corn, bring in the game after 
the hunter has had the sport of slaughtering it, no matter how far away he may 
be, he being either too lazy or feeling it beneath his dignity to bear the burden. 
They procure all the fuel to cook with, catch the ponies for their masters to 
ride, pack up their tents and household goods when preparing to move, and set 
them up when they again come to a halt in their wanderings. Kishkekosh 
had noticed the different fashion of the white settlers in regard to their women, 
and had, moreover, been reasoned with by them like an intelligent being, and 
he was very ready to admit the force of their arguments. He made an effort 
to institute reform among his people by having the men do a fair share of the 
work that, according to ordinary usage, fell to the squaws. He set them an 
example by taking hold heartily himself, and, though it is not probable that 
any very extended reformation took place, owing to the long-continued laziness 
of the men, and the deeply-rooted belief that their province was alone that of 
the hunter or warrior, yet the movement itself indicates a capacity in this sav- 
age chief for progress and enlightenment. 

The Indians in this region, as far back as 1841-42, had a novel way of deal- 
ing with drunken people. After the Black Hawk war, they chose rather to 
live upon the annuities granted them by the Government, than upon the prod- 
ucts of the chase, as they had hitherto been forced to do ; and as this gave 
them a good deal of leisure, they spent most of their time in drunken orgies, 
which proved a great mortality to the tribes, since many accidents happened to 
life and limb from that cause. It was therefore a custom for a few of the red 
men and the squaws to keep sober, so that when the inebriates got too wild 
there would be some one to keep a restraining influence upon them? When a 
poor wight became unsafely drunk, he was tied neck and heels so that he could 
be rolled about like a ball, which operation was kept up, despite his pleadings, 
until the fumes of liquor had vanished, when he was released. The sufferer 
would beg for mercy, but to no avail ; and after he was sobered he showed no 
resentment, but seemed to recognize the wisdom of the proceeding. 

ANECDOTE OF PASHAPAHO. 

The following anecdote of Pashapaho is worth preserving. Maj. Beach 
relates the incident as coming under his own personal knowledge : 

" Some time in 1832, a plan was laid to attack Ft. Madison, then a United 
States garrison. Pashapaho, then a noted war-chief of the Sacs, and who, in 
after times was a fast friend of the writer, especially if a " wee drop " ever 
lingered in the bottom of the decanter, was the projector of this scheme. But 
the treachery of a s(juaw brought it to grief, and the savages, on their pretended 
friendly approach, were confronted with all the grim paraphernalia of war ready 



332 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY, 

for their reception. The plan was, under the pretense of a council with the com- 
mandant, to gain entrance with arms concealed beneath their blankets and robes ; 
but as they advanced in a body toward the closed gate, it suddenly opened to 
reveal a cannon in the passage way, and the gunner with his lighted port-fire, 
while just in the rear the troops were drawn up in battle array. ' Old Pash,' 
like many a less wise man before and since, deemed discretion the better part of 
valor. 

" Several years later than the defeated plot against Ft. Madison, the writer 
being at the time stationed at Ft. Armstrong, on Rock Island, Pashepaho — 
called also the ' Stabbing Chief — made an attempt to effect a lodgment in 
that garrison, though upon a different principle. During the previous year, some 
of the braves of his tribe being out on the prairie on a hunting expedition, fell 
in with a party of their long-time enemies, the Sioux, and, having the advan- 
tage, the encounter resulted in the losing, by the last named, of a few of their 
scalps. Complaint was made to the Department at Washington, and orders 
were sent to Rock Island to demand of the chiefs the culprits and to hold them 
prisoners in the fort. This was done. They were brought into the fort and 
surrendered, and throughout a winter, say some five months, they enjoyed 
Uncle Sam's hospitality in the shape of good quarters and plenty to eat, with 
no trouble in providing it. In fact, they lived in an Indian's heaven, until 
released through some arrangement whereby satisfactory blood-money was to be 
taken from the annuities of their tribes and paid over to the Sioux. Well, the 
next fall, ' Old Pash,' probably not finding his larder as well stocked for the 
winter as our modern publicans always advertise theirs to be, ' with the best 
the market affords,' conceived the brilliant idea of imposing himself as a guest, 
indirectly, upon his Great Father, the President. So, calling one day upon 
Col. Davenport, the commandant, he informed him that, being recently out upon 
a hunt, he had had the misfortune to meet one of his traditional foes, a Sioux, 
and the morbid impulse to ' lift his hair ' entirely overcame the kinder senti- 
ments of his naturally humane character, so that he yielded to it. But he knew 
that he had done wrong, and that that best of his friends, the Great Father, whom 
he held in great esteem and affection, 'would hear of it and be very angry, and, 
therefore, to save him the additional vexation of having to send out a letter 
demanding his arrest, he had, at once, voluntarily .come in to make confession 
and surrender himself. Col. Davenport, who saw pretty well into the scheme, 
lauded him as a most honorable Indian, and told him that he was satisfied that 
his offer of surrender was sufficient evidence that he would return whenever 
sent for, therefore, he would not consent to make him a prisoner a day earlier 
than could be avoided. No more was ever heard of it." 

ANECDOTES OF INDIAN CHIEFTAINS. 
[From Maj. Beach's History of the Agency.] 

" The war of 1832 resulted in a treaty which left the Indians no further 
claim to any territory east of the Mississippi, and, with a later treaty in 1837, 
obtained for the United States the cession of the beautiful and fertile belt of 
Eastern Iowa, that extends, in our neigborhood, to within a mile or two of 
Batavia, and crosses the Des Moines River, at its boundary, at lowaville. 
There was a reservation left for the Poweshiek band of Foxes on or near the 
Iowa River, the purchase of which was the object of a treaty held in the fall of 
1836, on a spot now within the city of Davenport, but then belonging to the 
famous half-blood, Leclaire. Iowa was then attached, for Government purposes, 
to Wisconsin, and its Governor, the late Henry Dodge, was the Commissioner 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 333 

to negotiate the treaty, and the late Gov. Grimes, then a new settler, was the 
Secretary, This treaty is referred to for the sake of an incident which shows 
that, whether common or not to the ' Lo' family in general, the Sacs and Foxes, 
at least, possessed an honorable side to their character. 

" The country around was already densely settled, and the Indians could 
easily have procured an unlimited supply of whisky. Gov. Dodge, in his 
opening speech at the preliminary council, impressed upon them the importance 
and necessity of strict sobriety during the negotiations, and expressed his hope 
that his advice would be heeded. Keokuk and the other chiefs, in reply, said 
their father's talk about the fire-water was good, and gave their word that none 
of it should be allowed among them during the proceedings. Immediately the 
council closed, they appointed a sufiicient guard or police of the most reliable 
braves, to prevent the introduction or use of liquor, at whatever cost. In fact, 
the very bluest blood of the tribes was selected for the duty, and each one 
instructed to carry a designated badge of his authority. 

" Before the conclusion of the treaty, a Sunday intervened, and nearly all 
the Indians came over to Rock Island to the trading-house. Meanwhile, a 
steamboat came along and tied up there at the bank. She was crowded with 
pjissengers, who were excited at the view of so many savages, and Black Hawk, 
who was conspicuous, was soon recognized and became the object of chief inter- 
est. A passenger came ashore, took him by the hand and led him on board, 
his wish being to invite him to a friendly glass at the bar. But Black Hawk, 
whether influenced by a sense of personal honor or the presence of the police, 
would not go there, and soon returned to the shore. Next, the boat began to 
push off, and Black Hawk's new friend, anxious not to be disappointed of his 
kind design, had already procured a bottle filled with liquor and stood reaching 
it out from the guards of the boat. At the last instant, one of the Indian 
yjolice, with quiet and courteous dignity, took the bottle, and a smile of satis- 
faction diffused itself over the donors face, which soon changed to a very differ- 
ent cast of countenance, for instantly the young brave hurled the bottle upon 
the rock at his feet, and dashed it into countless atoms, and the poor fellow was 
glad to slink away in the rear of the stentorian shout that ascended and came 
echoing back from the opposite bluffs, and in which it was hard to distinguish 
whether the exulting whoop of the Indians or the less terrific, though no less 
hearty and derisive, shout of the steamer's company predominated. 

" There was a somewhat singular coincidence in regard to names existing 
upon Rock Island for some time subsequent to the Black Hawk war, and the 
more so, as Davenport is not as common a patronymic as Jones or Smith. 
<Teorge Davenport, called Colonel, had been for many years the head of the 
trading establishment there. He was an Englishman by birth, had amassed an 
ample fortune, and lived hospitably and generously in his pleasant mansion, a 
short half-mile from the fort. It will be remembered by some who read this, 
that he was murdered in his house at high noon, one Fourth of July, by villains 
who had entered to rob him. Soon after the war, a new Agent was sent out to 
replace the one who had been killed by the Indians. His name was also 
Davenport, and he was called Colonel ; and, a few months later, Col. William 
Davenport, of the First United States Infantry, was sent there to command the 
fort. These three gentlemen, each a head of one of the three departments 
pertaining to the Indians, were in no way related to eacli other. 

" Some two or three years later, a cliange in the organization of the Indian 
Department transferred Gen. Street from the Agency of the Winnebagoes at 
Prairie du Chien, which he had filled for several years, to that of the Sacs and 



334 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

Foxes. Gen. Street was fully known for a most uncompromising Whig of the 
Henry Clay persuasion ; yet he retained his oflBce throughout the terms of Gen 
Jackson, and until he died in Mr. Van Buren's last year. In 1837, the Agency 
at Rock Island was abandoned, the fort having been evacuated and dismantled 
the year previous, though Gen. Street still paid and met the Indians there for 
some months later. But the inconvenience to the Indians of bringing them so 
far from their villages, and through the border settlements, now slowly extend- 
ing, suggested the propriety of removing their Agency into their own country. 

" In the fall of 1837, a'party of about thirty of the chiefs and head men were 
taken by Gen. Street, under orders, to Washington. Wapello had along his 
wife and little son, and perhaps one or two more women were of the party. 
The writer, then going to his native State on furlough, accompanied them from 
Rock Island to Wheeling, and afterward was present with the Indians during 
nearly the week they were visitors in Boston. They were a novelty in this city, 
and were received and entertained with great attention and kindness. The mili- 
tary were turned out to escort them about in their line of carriages and clear the 
streets of the throngs that filled them. Black Hawk and his two sons, splendid 
specimens of manly symmetry and beauty in form, were of the party, and nat- 
urally the most noticed by the multitude, their recent fame as warriors being 
yet fresh in the popular mind. The party was received with all due ceremony, 
in old Faneuil Hall by the Mayor and city government, and welcomed to the 
city ; and on the succeeding day the Governor, the late Hon. Edward Everett, 
received them in the State House on behalf of the State. This ceremony was 
held in the spacious hall of the Representatives, every inch of which was 
jammed with humanity. After the Governor had ended his eloquent and 
appropriate address of welcome, it devolved upon the chiefs to reply, and 
Appanoose, in his turn, as, at the conclusion of his ' talk,' he advanced to 
gi-asp the Governor's hand, said : ' It is a great day that the sun shines upon 
when two such great chiefs take each other by the hand ! ' The Governor, with 
a nod of approbation, controlled his facial muscles in a most courtly gravity. 
But the way the house came down ' was a caution ' which Appanoose doubtless 
considered the Yankee fashion of applauding his speech. 

"There were two theaters then in Boston, and a struggle ensued between 
them to obtain the presence of the Indians, in order to 'draw houses.' At the 
Tremont, the aristocratic and fashionable one, the famous tragedian, Forrest, 
was filling an engagement. His great play, in which he acted the part of a 
gladiator, and always drew his largest audiences, had not yet come off', and the 
manager was disinclined to bring it out while the Indians were there, as their 
presence always insured a full house. Gen. Street, being a strict Presbyterian, 
was not much in the theatrical line, and hence the writer, who had recently 
become his son-in-law, took these matters off' his hands ; and, as he knew this 
particular play would suit the Indians far better than those simple, declamatory 
tragedies, in which, as they could not understand a word, there was no action 
to keep them interested, he finally prevailed upon Mr, Barry, the manager, to 
bring it out, promising that all the Indians should come. 

" In the exciting scene, where the gladiators engage in deadly combat, the 
Indians gazed with eager, breathless anxiety ; and as Forrest, finally jnerced 
through the breast with his adversary's sword, fell dying, and as the other 
drew his bloody weapon from the body, heaving in the convulsions of its expir- 
ing throes, while the curtain falls, the whole Indian company burst out with 
their fiercest war-whoop. It was a frightful yell to strike suddenly upon unac- 
customed ears, and was instantly succeeded by screams of terror from among 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 335 

the more nervous of the ladies and children. Foi* an instant the audience 
seemed at a loss, but soon uttered a hearty round of applause — a just tribute 
to both actor and Indians. 

" After ceding the belt of country upon the Iowa side of the Mississippi, as 
heretofore mentioned, and having considerably increased the width of this belt 
by an additional cession in the treaty of 1837, the Sacs and Foxes still retained 
a large and most valuable portion of our State. This last treaty was negotiated 
with the party whose visit to Washington and other Eastern cities we have just 
mentioned, and was concluded on the 21st day of October. This was the first 
treaty ever made with the Sacs and Foxes in which the principle was incor- 
porated that had just then begun to be adopted, of making the sum allowed the 
Indians for their land a permanent fund, to be held in trust by the United 
States, upon which interest only, at the rate of 5 per cent, would be annually 
paid to them. Hitherto it had been the custom to provide that the gross sum 
granted for a cession should be paid in yearly installments. For instance, 
flO,000 in regular payments of $1,000, over a term of ten years would have 
left the Indians, at the end of that time, destitute of all further benefit from 
that cession. But now the more humane policy had come to be followed — of 
saving for them, in perpetuity, the principal sum. For their cession of 1837, 
they were allowed $200,000, upon which the interest annually paid is $10,- 
000 ; and the treaty of October 11, 1842, that finally dispossessed them of 
their land in Iowa, pays them $40,000, as the interest, upon $800,000, which, 
together with the payment by the United States of a large amount of claims, 
and some minor stipulations of a cash character, was the consideration for which 
that cession was obtained. Under a very old treaty, they were also receiving 
an unlimited annuity of $1,000, so that now there is the yearly sum of $51,- 
000 payable to the Sacs and Foxes, so long as any of their people live to claim 
and receive it. 

" This treaty of 1837 also stipulated for the erection of mills and support 
of millers ; the breaking-up and fencing of fields ; the establishment of a model 
farm, and other schemes of the pestilent brood of so-called philanthropists who 
were then beginning to devise their various plans for plundering the savages, 
and fastening upon them their hosts of vampires and leeches, schemes, causing 
the outlay of many thousands of dollars of the money granted to these Indians 
for their lands, from which, it is safe to say, they never derived the slightest . 
benefit. 

"Appanoose persuaded Gen. Street that Sugar Creek, between Ottumwa 
and Agency, was fifty miles long, and the General had a mill erected on it. 
A freshet occurred within the next twelve months or so, sufficient in size and 
force to wash it away ; but the writer doubts if ever a bushel of grain was 
ground in it, nor, had it stood to this day, and had the Indians remained to this 
day, does he believe they could have been prevailed upon to have raised a bushel 
of corn to carry to it. Another mill was put up on Soap Creek, and when the 
writer took charge of the Agency, in June, 1840, that, also, was destroyed ; but 
an that was a better stream, and he was fortunate enough to secure the services 
of Mr. Peter Wood, a man who fully understood his business and was honestly 
disposed to attend to it, a second mill that was erected fared better, but the 
Indians took no interest in it whatever. 

" A large field, cornering where the creek, just below the depot at Ottumwa, 
debouches from the bluff", was made and cultivated for one of the villages then 
located opposite. The field extended in this direction and toward the river. 
Another was made on the opposite bank, near to the villages, and still a third 



336 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

in the same neighborhood, giving one to each of the three villages located oppo- 
site and below Ottumwa. A splendid wheat crop, harvested by the hand.* 
employed on the Pattern Farm, was stacked, and a very high fence built around 
until it could be threshed ; but, in a very little time, the young men, too lazy 
to hunt up their ponies if turned out to graze, and having no squaws of whom 
to exact the duty, tore down the fences and turned their ponies upon the grain. 

" Their farm, which embraced the land now occupied by Mr. Van Zant and 
David Staubine's farm, as also part of Mrs. Bradley's and some other tracts, 
was capable of being conducted in a way to secure to them somewhat more 
benefit than any of their other so-called improvements. Yet it was utterly im- 
possible, and, doubtless, would have been even to the present day, to fulfill with 
it the chief designs contemplated by the humane simpletons — estimable gentle- 
man in countless ways, as they surely are — who were then, and still are, busy 
in devising projects to ameliorate the condition of the Indians. Sad, irretriev- 
able, irremediable necessity may compel a savage to many an act or course that 
no other pressure could persuade him to attempt ; and the patient exercise of 
sensible discretion and judgment can sometimes effect what it were otherwise 
folly to undertake. Now, here was a tribe, with hardly an element of its 
character as yet in the least subdued or toned down from its aboriginal purity. 
Work, hard manual labor, it was part of their nature to look upon as degrading 
and contemptible, even apart from the indolence that in itself would disincline 
them to it. The disdainful scorn of their demeanor toward certain half-civilized 
tribes, in whose vicinity they settled in Kansas, was characteristic. The hybrid 
styles of dress, neither Indian nor white man, that these fellows had been civil- 
ized up to the point of glorying in, were a source of never-ending amusement 
to the Sacs aud Foxes. 

" At the time that the Sacs and Foxes were prevailed upon to consent to 
the expenditure of a portion of the proceeds of their lands, with a view to the 
introduction among them of all this new machinery of mills, farms and the like, 
they had not the slightest ground for apprehending that so much of their sub- 
sistence as depended upon their favorite occupation of the chase could diminish 
in a long time to come; and their annual cash receipt? from the United States 
were large in their eyes. Under such conditions, not the least motive existed 
to induce them to labor; while the design of the farm was to serve as a model, 
an exemplar, where they could come and look on, and learn to work by observa- 
tion, by such practice as they might be willing to attempt, and by the instruc- 
tions of the skilled farmer and hands employed. The expenses of maintaining, 
as well as of the original establishment of the farm, were taken from their 
annuities, from the consideration allowed them for the lands they had sold. 
And the chief benefit that ever accrued to them was, that parties coming in 
from a distance to get work done by their black and gun smith could sometimes, 
in bad weather, depend on it for shelter while detained, as well as for provis- 
ions. And, even here, the farmer was always liable to be imposed upon by the 
worthless vagabonds of the tribes, who would make it a pretext for indulging 
their laziness ; and it was also the source of jealousy and discord among the 
bands if the slightest charge could be established that one had received the least 
benefit more than another, requiring constant caution and delicate management 
to prevent. 

" Indeed, the writer never considered these schemes to be anything in fact, 
although not in intent, but barefaced plunder of the Indians. Since that time, 
they have doubtless increased in number and in kind, so as to embrace every 
object out of which a 'job' can be got; and the only chance of justice to the 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 337 

Indian is in their utter expulsion, and the restoration of the entire Indian serv- 
ice to the War Department, where alone it properly and reasonably belongs, 
where for years it was conducted to the general welfare and contentment of the 
Indians, and where, if restored to it, remedies could soon be devised to abate 
the countless perfidies and ini(][uities against the savages, to which its first 
removal paved the way. The powerful interests that have ali'eady once or 
twice defeated measures undertaken in Congress for this object, and rendered of 
no avail the most convincing arguments in its favor of those least liable to sus- 
picion of personal interest, are proof enough that the simple welfare of the In- 
dian is not the sole incentive, and also justify the apprehension that venality 
may not be an unwelcome guest in the patriotic breast of a Congressman. 

" The treaty of 1837 having been ratified by the Senate, Gen. Street took 
early measures, in 1838, to establish the agency within the boundaries, and as 
conveniently as possible to the village of the Sacs -and Foxes, and at once 
entered into contract Avith a gentleman, Avhose name the writer has forgotten, 
but who lived not far below Clarksville, in Missouri, to put up the requisite 
buildings for his family residence and ofiice, the smith's shops, etc. The great 
length of Gen. Street's service in the Indian Department, and the high consid- 
eration, both ofiicially and personally, in Avhich he was held, caused the Depart- 
ment to be more liberal toward him in the sums allowed for these objects than 
perhaps otherwise it would have been ; for, besides consenting to a house quite 
substantial and of convenient size, they allowed him, also, a sum sufficient to 
pay for the breaking-up and inclosing of a large field, with quite convenient 
stables and other buildings attached to the domicile. The contractor was a 
responsible person, of considerable means, and when he undertook business was 
disposed to push it through without delay or vexatious annoyances; and so, 
starting from his home with teams, some of his negroes and an ample force of 
hired mechanics and laborers, he soon had a large company at work upon the 
ground. 

"The writer came out for a couple of days in August, 1838. The old 
Council House, intended for a place wherein to hold talks with the Indians, Avas 
already completed, being the first building put up, with a view to using it as a 
shelter for the provisions and other perishable stores. Many of the timbers 
for the Agency House were upon the ground, and being continually hauled 
there, ready hewn. Tavo heavy breaking teams were at Avork upon the future 
field, and Avagons hauling on the rails, and the ring of the blacksmith's hammer 
being quite steadily maintained, quite a business air was imparted to the new 
settlement. As the party of four, of Avhom the Avriter was one, rode in, about 
11 o'clock, hot and tired with the saddle, from beyond Birmingham, without an 
intervening house, the hospitable-looking camp of tents and board sheds, close 
to the Council House, the blazing fire, over Avhich tAvo or three female Africans 
were busy at the steaming coffee, bacon, biscuits and divers vegetables of the 
season, excited in his mind an impression of the ncAV agency, the satisfactory 
contentment of which has never to this day worn off. 

" Mr. Richard Kerr was one of this party. He had just been appointed 
Farmer to the Indians, and arranging Avith Gen. Street to meet in Burlington, 
the object of the trip out was to select a suitable location for the Pattern Farm, 
and to receive his preliminary instructions for commencing operations. The 
place was selected, and Mr. Kerr set about employing laborers, who were paid, 
as well as himself, out of the appropriation set apart for agricultural purposes. 
Mr. Kerr's pay was $50 per month, and his wife received $20 per month as 
Matron, which, with the free use of whatever Avas raised, made it a very com- 



•338 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

fortable position. Their house, the one now occupied by Mr. Van Zant, was 
not long in making its appearance. Mr. Kerr understood the art of farming 
in all its minutiae, and the Pattern, once under way, was always kept in the 
best of order and made productive. 

" At the Agency, bricks, lime and whatever could be manufactured on the 
premises, were ready by the time needed, and by winter the contract was about 
completed and the buildings ready for occupancy. In April, 1839, Gen. Street 
moved down his family from Prairie du Chien, and took possession. Erelong 
his health began to fail, and the result was a combination of obstinate maladies 
under which he succumbed early in May of the next year. For several 
months, he had been totally incapable of attending to his duties, and the De- 
partment had consented that any of his sons or sons-in-law, of age, might dis- 
charge them for him — of course his bond being held responsible. He had been 
out to ride with his brother-in-law. Dr. Posey, of Shawneetown, 111., who had 
been professionally caring for him during several weeks. Alighting from the 
carriage, he had stepped quite firmly across the stile and yard and seated him- 
self within the door and bade a servant to bring a glass of cold water. As the 
boy stood presenting it, he sat motionless in the chair. Mrs. Street was there 
in an instant from an adjoining room, and called to her brother, the Doctor, who 
had passed up stairs. It was the delay of hardly a minute, but no flow of blood 
responded to the Doctor's lancet. He had died in his chair. 

" The Indians were greatly attached to their 'Father,' as they usually term 
their Agent, and word of the General's sudden demise reaching the villages 
opposite Ottumwa, numbers of them came immediately to the Agency. Wapello 
and his band, especially, were so demonstrative in their grief as to augment the 
distress of Mrs. Street and the writer's wife — who had been some weeks in 
attendance upon her father — and younger members of the family to that extent 
that it became necessary to have the interpreter kindly explain it to them, and 
beg them to give expression to their sorrow at some point more remote from the 
house. 

"The writer, who was then living in Dubuque, hastened to Washington as 
soon as the sad news reached him, the hope being to save the family their home, 
in which they were now comfortably established, and of which the succession of 
a stranger to the office would have deprived them. When he arrived there — by 
a then unusually quick journey of twelve days — he found his nomination already 
awaiting the action of the Senate, and in a day or two more, obtaining his com- 
mission, he came direct to the Agency. At the time of his arrival, about June 
1, 1840, the Agency, with its dependencies, was about as follows : In the 
Agency House was Mrs. Street and the nine youngest of her children, of whom 
William B. Street, of Oskaloosa, was the senior. Just over the branch, in rear 
of the Agency, was Mr. Josiah Smart, the interpreter, one of God's noblemen, 
who combined in his character every brave, honest and generous sentiment that 
can adorn a man ; and within a few steps of his residence was that of the black- 
smith, Charles H. Withington. There was also Harvey Sturdevant, the gun- 
smith ; but, being unmarried, he boarded with Withington, until, a year or so 
later, he put himself up a cabin, where the writer now lives, August, 1874, and 
dug that famous old well. As distance (from the rest of us) did not lend 
enchantment to the view of his bachelorhood, he soon switched on to the matri- 
monial track. Then there was the household of the Pattern Farm, some half- 
dozen in number, except in extra times, such as harvesting. This was the actual 
Agency settlement. On the Des Moines, a mile or so below the County Farm, 
where the bluff" approaches nearest to the bank, was the trading-post of P. Chou- 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 339 

teau, Sr., & Co., but later more familiarly known as the 'Old Garrison." This 
was usually superintended by Capt. William Phelps. And just above the mouth 
of Sugar Creek, on the creek bank, at the old road crossing, lived the miller, 
Jeremiah Smith, Jr., with his family. This embraced all the whites lawfully 
living in the country at the time. 

"Through some unfortunate misunderstanding in regard to the boundary 
line, several persons had intruded upon the Indian land upon the lowaville 
bottom and the ridges in the rear, as well as upon the south side of the 
river ; and as the Indians made complaint to the Government, it had no alterna- 
tive but to remove them. This duty fell upon the writer to execute, and was a 
very unwelcome one, if only for the reason that several of the intruders were 
persons who would not willingly have violated any law. Among them was that 
fine old specimen of West Virginia hospitality, Van Caldwell ; but by reason 
of his location, and his readiness by any reasonable arrangement to escape the 
terrors of fire and sword, the writer obtained permission from the Department 
that he should remain, upon the condition of his maintaining a ferry for access 
to Soap Creek Mills during high water. 

'' At the time of Gen. Street's decease, the Indians were occupying their 
country with their permanent or spring and summer villages, located as fol- 
lows : Upon the bank of the Des Moines, opposite the mouth of Sugar Creek, 
where there is quite a spacious bottom extending for a mile or more below, 
where the bluif closes in pretty closely upon the bank, and for a much longer 
distance in the up-river direction toward and past Ottumwa, was the village of 
Keokuk ; and, still above, were those of Wapello, Foxes, and Appanoose, a Sac 
chief. According to the writer's present memory, that of Wapello was the 
intermediate one. Keokuk himself, had selected a pleasant, commanding and 
picturesque point for his own summer Avigwam, some half-way up the side of 
the bluif, in the rear of his village, where, with his own little field of corn and 
beans, despite the large field of Uncle Sam just beneath him, he enjoyed the 
otiutii cum dignitate of his authority and rank during the hot weather. 

" His wigwam was a very conspicuous object to a traveler along the road 
that crests the bluff and winds down the long hill to Sugar Creek on this side. 
Fi'om his elevated position, where, like another Robinson Crusoe in the boys' 
story-books, he could contemplate himself as 'monarch of all he surveyed,' he 
had a fine view of the three villages spread beneath him, as well as of the 
bluffs and bottoms for a considerable distance up and down the river on this 
side. Several of the lodges in every town had their own small patches of cul- 
tivated ground in the neighborhood of their villages; but the hillside, now cov- 
ered by Ottumwa, seemed to offer them more attractive spots for this purpose, 
probably because the soil was more easily worked, and situated more favorably 
for the influence of the sun than upon their side of the river. A light, easily- 
turned soil was, of course, an object to the poor squaws, upon whom devolved 
the duty of working it with their hoes, and of inserting the rickety posts that, 
with light poles bound to them, made the fence, not exceeding four feet in 
height, but, in general, very respectfully treated by the ponies, the only animal 
liable to intrude injuriously upon their fields. 

" The whole hillside, on its lower slope (for they seldom cultivated it more 
than half-way up), was occupied in this way by the Indians, for some distance 
below the depot fully up to or above the Court House; often the writer, on the 
receipt of some instructions requiring a "talk' with the leading men, in order 
to save time, and to the Indians the trouble of a ride to Agency, has appointed 
some shady spot in one of these patches. 



340 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY • 

" The Indians seldom occupied their permanent villages, except during the 
time of planting or securing their crop, after which they would start out on a 
-short hunt, if the annuity — which was generally paid within the six weeks 
from the 1st of September — had not yet been received. Immediately after 
payment, it was their custom to leave the village for the winter, hunting 
through this season by families and small parties, leading the regular nomad 
lifo, changing their location from time to time, as the supply of game and the 
need — so essential to their comfort — of seeking places near to timbered streams 
best protected from the rigors of Aveather, would require. 

" Hardfishs band of Sacs was composed mainly of those who had been the 
leading parties in the Black Hawk war, and who had been, by degrees, freeing 
themselves from the restraint imposed upon them by the treaty, demanding 
their dispersion among the friendly villages. But, as all unfriendly feeling had 
now subsided, and they were now disposed to conduct themselves with the 
utmost good-will in all their intercourse with the Government ; and as, more- 
over, the Department, with a view to an early effort to acquire possession of 
their remaining lands in Iowa, deemed it most conducive to success in that 
object to pursue toward them a policy apparently oblivious of former strife, the 
writer was instructed, so long as there was no reason to apprehend unfriendly 
designs, to ignore these re({uirements of the treaty, and to avoid all cause for 
re-awakening former strife. 

" For some years previously to the writer's appointment as Agent, Messrs. 
P. Chouteau, Jr., & Co., of St. Louis, had been the only traders among the 
Sacs and Foxes, and the magnitude of their interests was enough to excite any 
rivalry. Col. George Davenport, of Rock Island, had been admitted as part- 
ner to their trade with that particular tribe, and he was looked to to reside 
among them and to carry it on. S. S. Phelps, Es(|., of Oquawka, in connection 
with his brother, Capt. William Phelps, of jovial memory, had been gaining a 
foot-hold on trade for two, three, and perhaps, four yenrs before the treaties of 
1836 and 1837, and after the removal of the Agency from the island, and its 
consequent effect of rendering a change in the location of the chief trading-post 
inevitable, Col. Davenport, who had already acquired a comfortable fortune, 
concluded to withdraw. Mr. S. S. Phelps fell into the position thus made 
vacant in the company, although he relied upon his brother to reside in the 
Indian country, and maintain personal oversight of the company's affairs. A 
new trader now appeared in the field, with at least means enough to prevent the 
old company from being its monopolists. Of course rivalry of feeling and interest 
would now spring up, and every occasion be employed by each rival to gain and 
secure what advantage he could. The writer is not intimating any idea of his 
own that any unfair or dishonorable appliances would be used by the gentlemen 
head* respectively of the rival establishments ; but the employes or others, 
hoping advantage to themselves in the success of either party, might be less 
scrupulous. 

" It was probably through some such strategy that Gov. Lucas became 
impressed with the most sincere conviction that the Chouteau Company sup- 
plied whisky, with their other merchandise, to the Indians, and a conviction once 
fixed with the Governor was pretty apt to stay. So persuaded was he of the 
truth of his belief, that he was never disposed to the least reticence upon the 
subject ; and it was generally believed in Burlington that if the Trading Com- 
pany could be caught, flagrante delicto, it Avould prove a pretty good haul for 
the catcher — certainly not less than the transfer to his own pocket of the half 
value of a large stock of goods. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 341 

" As the writer soon saw that any effort of his own, however reasonable, to 
lead the Governor to a different opinion was opening the way to suspicions 
against himself of some personal interest in the company's affairs, prudence 
naturally admonished him to desist. One morning, Mr. S. S Phelps, to whom 
the Governor's belief — and propensity to express it — was no secret, being in 
Burlington, stepped into a place where the Governor happened at that moment 
to be engaged in his favorite pastime of denouncing Mr. Chouteau's establish- 
ment, etc., and the Governor, totally unac([uainted with Mr. Phelps, still kept 
up in his presence his conversation on the subject. 

" Now, if there was anything Capt. Billy Phelps loved better than another, 
it was to play off a trick ; or if anything he knew better than another, it was 
how to plan and play it. The company had on its license a man named Simp- 
son Vassar, who was better known at the Agency at its various dependencies 
under the sobriquet of 'Suggs." When any deviltry lurked in Capt. Billy's 
mind, ' Capt. Suggs ' was his most reliable assistant in getting rid of it. So a 
scheme was planned. Suggs was sent over on pretext of some message to 
Phelps, at Oquawka, Avith instructions not to leave Burlington until he had exe- 
cuted his part of the programme. 

" A person, who was either the City Marshal, or attached to his official ret- 
inue, soon heard of Suggs in Burlington, and became so ambitious of his 
acquaintance as to introduce himself without delay. He learned from Suggs 
that the latter lived out in the Agency neighborhood ; that he knew the Trading 
Company — in fact, sometimes worked for them when an extra force was needed ; 
clever people ; good paymastei's, with the cash always in hand ; knew nothing 
of their dealing in Avhisky ; had never seen them supply it to the Indians ; and, 
even if he had, as he had heard they were accused of it, a dollar, when needed, 
was not so easily made out there that a man could afford to make enemies out of 
good-paying employers ! After several interviews, Suggs embarked upon the 
ferry-boat. But his newly-made friend was not long in joining him, and during 
the crossing Suggs yielded to the potent arguments and promises that had 
already shaken his sense of personal honor and interest. He admitted that he 
had seen a large lot of kegs, and these not empty, landed by night at the 
trading-house from a boat not long before, and immediately buried upon the 
bank, where most of them were ; and if he could be guaranteed against suspi- 
cion as the informer, and terms arranged to suit — as he expected to remain about 
the place some time after his return — he would put his friend ujion tlie right 
track. The boat having landed them, and all details being adjusted, each party 
went on his way rejoicing — Suggs" way being to Oquawka, and at once back to 
the trading-post to report to Capt. Phelps. 

" Not many days later, an hour or so before dinner-time. Col. Jesse Will- 
iams — later of Henn, Williams & Co., of Fairfield, but then Private Secretary 
to Gov. Lucas — rode up to the Agency, ieing, doubtless, himself disposed (as 
indeed the Agency hospitality would suggest) to consider that an ex|)edition 
which would demand a three-miles ride and several hours of time could be more 
satisfactorily completed as a post-})randial duty, he made no mention of his bus- 
iness. But as soon as the meal was over, he handed to the Agent a package 
from the Governor, containing a deposition in full form, taken before Judge 
Mason, of the Territoiial Supreme Court, by Suggs" Burlington friend, to the 
effect that so many kegs of whisky, etc., etc., and were then secreted, etc., etc., 
in violation of the statute, etc., by the said P. Chouteau Jr."s Company, traders, 
etc., as aforesaid. And there was also a line to the Agent, that, in the execution 
of so delicate a duty, which must involve judicial process, he had deemed it best 



342 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

to send out Col. Williams to assist the Agent. Whatever the motive may have 
been, it is cei'tain that, until both were in their saddles. Col. Williams proved 
himself able to watch the Agent with untiring eye. 

'' Reaching the trading-house, the person Avho took the deposition and a 
companion were found there waiting, they having ' forked-oif ' by another trail 
so as not to be seen. Suggs was on hand, having taken the opportunity to post 
the Burlingtonians about the locality. And also Capt. Billy Phelps, called by 
the Indians Che-che-pe-qua, or the 'Winking Eyes,' was there, those visuals 
fairly gleaming with joy over the anticipated fun. 

'' The Agent proceeded at once to business, expressing to Capt. Phelps his 
regret that so unpleasant a duty should have devolved upon him ; his hope that it 
would prove that so serious a complaint had originated in some erroi-, but sug- 
gesting that, if true, admission of the fact and production of the contraband 
article would be more apt to temper subsequent proceedings with leniency than 
efforts to conceal it would do. The Captain vehemently denied the impeach- 
ment, stating that it would require a much wiser man than himself to discover 
where such an article then was, or ever had been, kept upon their premises. 
The complainant was now appealed to, who led the party a short distance to a 
spot where, with a triumphant air, he pointed to an X that the edge of Suggs' 
boot sole had made in the sandy bank. 

" They began digging, and soon reached some matting that was removed, 
and thus uncovered a lot of lard kegs, too greasy to suggest a thought of any 
other article being contanied within them. The immediate ' sold, by thunder ! ' 
of one of the moiety gentlemen came in accents too lugubrious to be listened to 
without exciting a sense of sadness. Suggs, meanwhile, had come up missing, 
and the ' Winking Eyes " walked off with a most disdainful air, leaving the 
Agent and his party on the spot, whence they soon I'eturned to the Agency, 
where the Agent made his report that the informer had pointed out a place 
where, by digging, a large quantity of lard in kegs was found that had been 
buried to avoid loss by heat, and in the night to conceal the fact from vagabond 
whites and Indians. The disappointed informer and his companion hastened 
homeward, but Col. Williams remained until next morning, and then returned 
bearing the Agent's report. 

" But the unkindest cut of all was six months later, when, about the last of 
February, Capt. Phelps addressed a letter to Gov. Lucas in the most respectful 
and official form, saying, that having heard he had declared his determination 
not to continue in office under such an old Tory as Gren. Harrison, and fearful 
that whoever his successor would be, he might not feel so friendly toward the 
company as he had proved in the matter of exhuming their lard, and as they 
would soon be much in need of some, and the ground was then very hard frozen, 
the company would be under great obligations if he would at once send some 
one out to dig up the rest of it. 

" The village of Hardfish — or Wishecomaque, as it is in the Indian tongue 
— which was quite as respectable in size as any of the old villages, was located 
in what is now the heart of Eddyville, named for J. P. Eddy, a trader, who 
was licensed in the summer of 1840, by the writer, to establish his trading- 
post at that place. He continued to trade there until the treaty of final cession 
in 1842, and was the most fortunate of any of the large traders in finding his 
schedule of claims against the Indians very little reduced by the Commissioners, 
whose part it was, at that treaty, to adjust all outstanding claims against the 
Sacs and Foxes. 



mSTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 843 

" The writer cannot locate the place exactly, according to our State maps, 
although he has often visited it in Indian times : but somewhere out north from 
Kirkville, and probably not over twelve miles distant, on the bank of Skunk 
River, not far above the ' Forks of Skunk,' was a small village of not over fif- 
teen or twenty lodges, presided over by a man of considerable influence, though 
he was not a chief, named Kishkekosh. The village was on the direct trail — 
in fact, it was the converging point of the two trails — from the Hardfish village, 
and the three villages across the river below Ottumwa, to the only other 
permanent settlement of the tribes, which was the village of Poweshiek, a 
Fox chief of equal rank with Wapello, situated on the bank of the Iowa 
River. 

" About the time that Eddy moved out his stock of goods from Burlington 
to his licensed point at the Hardfish village, P. Chouteau, Jr., & Company 
also obtained an addition to their license for a post at the same place, and put 
up a small establishment some fourth of a mile below Eddy, on the river-bank. 
In the same winter, of 1840-41, Messrs. W. G. & G. W. Ewing, of Indiana, 
who had already acquired large wealth in the Indian trade, but never yet had 
dealt with the Sacs and Foxes, obtained a license and had their point assigned 
them just at the mouth of Sugar Creek, on the Ottumwa side, where they soon 
got up a large establishment, filled with a full and valuable stock. This post 
was started, and, for a year or so, conducted by a Mr. Hunt, a gentleman of 
far more education, refinement and culture than is often found among the resi- 
dent Indian traders. 

"Previous to the treaty of 1842, some few changes were made in their 
location, both by the Indians and among the whites. The house at the ' Old 
Garrison ' was broken up, and one established in its stead up in the Red Rock 
region, near the mouth of White Breast ; and Keokuk, also, moved his village 
into the same neighborhood. A second blacksmith was appointed, named 
Baker, son-in-law of Col. Ingraham, one of the pioneers of Des Moines County, 
and a person of considerable character and influence in his county. Baker died 
at Fort Des Moines, still in the service of the Indians ; but wlien appointed, he 
built his residence some half a mile east of the Agency, not far from the claim 
taken by the late William Newell, fiither of L. F. Newell, by whom the prop- 
erty was subsequently purchased and added to his farm. 

"The Sacs and Foxes were quite friendly and manageable; in fact, were 
very pleasant and agreeable people to live among, and all public and personal 
intercourse with them rolled smoothly along the well-worn track, without much 
of incident or marvel, until the final sale of their remaining lov/a domain. 
Sometimes, incidents would occur, possessing excitement or amusement enough 
to encroach for a little upon the monotony that otherwise might have become 
tedious, of which the writer will endeavor to recover the memory of one or two 
that may amuse the reader. 

" The Sacs and Foxes, like all other Indians, were a very religious people, 
in their way, always maintaining the observance of a good many rites, ceremo- 
nies and feasts in their worship of the Kitche Mulito, or Great Spirit. Fasts 
did not seem to be prescribed in any of their missals, however, because, per- 
haps, forced ones, under a scarcity of game or other edibles, were not of impos- 
sible occurrence among people whose creed plainly was to let to-morrow take 
care of the things of itself. Some of these ceremonies bore such resemblance 
to some of those laid down in the books of Moses as to have justified the 
impression among biblical students that the lost tribes of Israel might have found 
their way to this continent. 



344 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

'■ The writer was a witness, one delightful forenoon in May, 1841, of a 
ceremony that seemed full of mystery, even to these of the Indians who took 
no part in celebrating it. A large lodge had been set up for the occasion on 
the level green, near Keokuk's village, and its sides left so entirely open that 
vision of the proceedings conducted within was entirely free. Close around 
was a circle of guards or sentinels, evidently ' in the secret,' as they were close 
enough to hear, but at a distance far enough to prevent eavesdropping of the 
low tones used within the sacred precincts. Inside of these guards was another 
and much larger circle of sentinels, who restrained all outsiders (of whom the 
writer had to content himself with being one) from crossing within their line. Keo- 
kuk seemed to ))e the chief personage among the performers, and the performance 
to be designed for the exclusive benefit of one old fellow of some importance in the 
tribe, who was mainly distinguished from those about him by being clad in a 
much scantier pattern of raiment. Sometimes they would place him on his 
feet, and sometimes on his seat, as they powwowed and gesticulated about him. 
Finally, while in a sedentary position, with a large pile of blankets behind him, 
Keokuk approached in front, pistol in hand, apparently aimed at his fore- 
head 

" There was an explosion, quite audible to us outsiders, and a no small puft" 
of smoke, and the old savage went over on his back in quick time, where he 
was covered up and left among the blankets, Avhile a good many ' long talks ' 
were held around and over him. until at length, Keokuk, taking his hand, 
brought him to the sitting posture, and soon after to his fpet, apparently none 
the worse for having been used as a target. The outside multitude of Indians 
gazed with marked awe throughout the entire performance, and maintained, 
withal, the deepest silence. 

" During the three years that the writer had charge of the Agency, before 
its removal from this place, there were two, and he thinks even three, occasions 
on which he had to remove persons who had ' squatted ' for good on the Sac 
and Fox lands. One of these has already been spoken of, the mishap having 
grown out of some erroneous belief about the boundary. Another originated in 
some opinions of a former head of the St. Louis Superintendency of Indian Affairs, 
drawn from him in correspondence and published in the papers. They were erro- 
neous, and believed to have been in order to embarrass the then Government, 
to which he was politically unfriendly. If correct, they would have opened to 
settlement a valuable tract of the Sac and Fox land bordering on Missouri, 
including their Soap Creek Mill. Gov. Chambers coinciding with the 
Agent's opinion, which was immediately reported to him, as intruders had 
begun to move in, issued a proclamation warning all persons from crossing the 
boundary line as then established ; and the aifair, in due course, reaching the 
head of the Indian service, the Secretary of War, under the law of that time. 
That official, Hon. William L. Marcy, promptly sustained the subordinate pro- 
ceedings, and orders were issued to remove by military force all trespassers 
who, having received reasonable notice, had not retired by a specified day. 
Notices were printed and distributed by a special messenger among the new 
trespassers, and, as some had failed to go by the specified date, a company of 
United States Cavalry was ordered to the Agency to enforce the laws and 
treaties. This duty seemed the more imperative, just at that time, as the De- 
partment was intending to treat, in a few months, with the Sacs and Foxes for 
the purchase of that very land. 

" Such military expeditions would, of course, abound with incidents, some- 
times amusing, sometimes exciting, and sometimes disagreeable and embarrass- 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 345 

dng. We would generally find the men gone, leaving the premises in charge of 
1;he women and children, under the vain belief that they would, in some way, 
get over the trouble. Excuses would be various, mostly of wagons broken in 
the very act of starting, or of oxen strayed and horses lost or stolen just a day 
or so too soon ; sometimes of sickness, though we failed of observing signs of 
it. On one occasion, a soldier overheard a well-grown girl tell a frightened 
junior one not to cry for 'Pap' was just away down the branch, and would 
come back as soon as the soldiers wore gone. And, sure enough, when the 
smoke of the burning cabin curled above his hiding-place, convincing him that 
his plan had proved abortive, ' Pap ' came rushing around a point of the grove, 
apparently out of breath, with a long story of his strayed horses that he 
had hunted till the last day, and then gone to some kindred six or seven 
miles oflF beyond the Iowa State line, who were then on the road with their 
wagons ; and that he having heard the bugle, had left them in order, by short 
cuts across the timber and hollows, to get home in time to save his ' plunder.' 
Well, the Lieutenant told him, there it was all safe, the soldiers had set it out 
carefully without giving his family any trouble to help them ; and if only he 
had time, he would be glad to wait till his Missouri friends arrived, and help him 
load up. The mansion being now burned beyond salvation, the bugle sounded 
to mount, and the troop resumed its march. 

" The next amusing incident was in our encounter, soon after the troop had 
resumed its march, with an old fellow whom we met coming up the somewhat 
dim road just along the edge of the timber, on this side of the river. The 
troop was of between thirty and forty men, with a Lieutenant, the Captain hav- 
ing stayed at the Agency, with the rest of his company, to take care of his sup- 
plies in camp. The Lieutenant and writer were comfortably walking their nags 
along the said road, the troops some distance in the rear, following the same 
easy gait, with their two six-mule wagons behind, when we espied a wagon com- 
ing round a point of the road not far ahead of us. The team soon showed itself 
to be a span of fat, sleek horses, and the entire outfit indicated that the old chap 
in charge of it was not as hard up as his personal look would have led one to 
believe. He was for giving us the entire right of way, but as we turned off" to 
face him, as if we intended to collide, bow on to him, he reined up. 

"According to his own story, he was out for just a pastime drive up the 
ridge, without much motive or object of any kind; but he had a scythe to cut 
grass, a good lot of oats and shelled corn in sacks, an extra wagon sheet that 
would have improvised a comfortable tent in short order, a plentiful supply of 
' grub ' for himself and a boy he had with him, thirteen or fourteen years old, and 
a forty-gallon empty barrel, all suggestive of a contemplated raid upon the bee- 
trees. After some parley, the Lieutenant turned him over to the Sergeant, who 
had in the mean time come up with his men, who, in turn, placed him with a file of 
troopers, as a guard of honor, between the two baggage-wagons. The old 
fellow soon got the hang of Avhat was up from the soldiers, and, as misery loves 
company, he shortly seemed to lose site of his own disgust in contemplating 
that of the inmates of tlie two squatters' cabins we had yet to visit. We soon 
reached the nearest one and found it abandoned, though very recently, as all 
signs proved. Stopping long enough to burn the cabin, we then kept on our 
way to the only remaining trespasser, who had put up his cabin in a grove on the 
Des Moines River side of the ridge we had been all day descending. As we 
turned off" to cross the ridge, our former captive, whom we now released, seemed, 
for a while, as if disposed to relieve himself from the enjoyment of our society 
.as soon as possible. But, in a ^hort time, he changed his mind ; for long before 



846 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

he had traveled the half-mile across the ridge, we saw that he had also turned' 
off and was in pursuit of us. He reached the house almost as soon as did 
the troops, and in full time to say to the Lieutenant and myself what could 
not have been less than an unpleasant feeling of personal sympathy for the fam- 
ily we were about to dislodge. As in several previous instances, the man had 
gone off, leaving the woman to give reasons and offer excuses for his absence. 
It was very near night, and not less that five miles to the nearest house in the 
direction the woman wished to go ; she had several children, of whom not the 
largest, even, was yet of an age to be other than an incumbrance at such a time ; 
nor was there team, wagon or other means of transportation to be seen. While 
she was bitterly complaining of her cruel fate in thus being turned out of her 
house to see it consumed, with herself, children and chattels all night under the 
open heavens, our lately-made acquaintance came to a halt among us, the 
expression of his features indicating a much more enjoyable expectation of wit- 
nessing the scene ahead than was ever felt by any among us, whose duty it was 
to bring it into action. 

" We accordingly concluded to press him into the service, soothing, by that 
proposal, much of the distress of mater familias, who appeared to be a person 
rather superior to the ordinary grade of squatters. The soldiers set about 
removmg her property from the house, and loading into the old fellow's wagon 
such portions of it as she was least disposed to abandon for the night, and, com- 
fortably stowing herself and children upon the load, Ave started him off as soon 
as she was ready to leave, after having placed the rest of her effects in as secure 
a condition as we could. To guard against any possible treachery on the part 
of the old bee-hunter, as well as in view of any break-down before he could 
strike the smoother road, the Lieutenant took the precaution to detach a Cor- 
poral with a half-dozen men, to act as escort over the three miles or so to the 
Indian boundary, beyond which our jurisdiction ceased. 

" The house, with its combustible appendages, having been set on fire, we 
continued our march to a point a mile or two within the civilized part of Iowa 
Territory, where a well-fixed, thrifty settler supplied our commissariat, as well as 
our forage department, with sundry items that a three-days expedition through the 
brush had made acceptable, if not actually needful. Night had fairly set in. The 
Corporal had rejoined the command, and reported the bee-hunter and his cargo to 
be making satisfactory and apparently friendly progress at the point he was ordered 
to leave them. Our camp-fires were soon blazing, and the tents pitched, and,, 
in a short time, a good supper increased the contentment which the Lieutenant 
and Agent could not fail to enjoy over the final conclusion of a most unpleas- 
ant duty. An early reveille, and the next mid-day found us at the Agency. 

" At the accession of Gen. Harrison to the Presidency, in March, 1840,. 
Mr. John Chambers, ex-Congressman of Kentucky, was appointed to replace 
Gov. Lucas as Governor of our then Territory, which office included within its 
commission that of Superintendent over the Indians and their Agencies. For 
several months previous, some feelings of antagonism had existed between the 
old Black Hawk party, whose chief was Hardfish, and the other bands, which 
was excited mostly and kept up by the traders, influenced by their rival inter- 
ests, and the characteristic? obstinacy of Gov. Lucas, who leaned to the Hardfish 
band. Upon the arrival of Gov. Chambers at Burlington, it was, of course, an 
object with Keokuk to gain his favor, or at least to have him committed to a 
strictly impartial course ; while the Hardfish effort would be to induce him to 
follow in the track of his predecessor. Keokuk at once requested the Agent to 
obtain the Governor's consent for him and his chief men to visit him at Burlins-^ 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 34T 

ton. It was the wish, however, of the Indian Department to discountenance 
and prevent such pilgrimages of the Indians through the settlements, and the 
Agent promised Keokuk that he would inform the new Governor of his desire, 
and that, perhaps, he would prefer to make his acquaintance and receive his 
congratulations here at the Agency. The Hardfish band — or rather their insti- 
gators, Eddy and his satellites — less patient, and ignoring their proper channel 
of communication through the Agent with the Superintendency, hastened to 
Burlington in a large body, and having encamped a short way from town, sent 
in a written notice of their arrival and its purpose, with a request that the Gov- 
ernor would cause the needed supplies of food, etc., to be provided for them. 
Under the late Lucas regime, an order on Eddy's Burlington store would have 
soon satisfied this want. But Gov. Chambers sent them word that when he 
sent for any of them to come and see him, he would, of course, be prepared to 
have them fed : that he had no intention of converting his executive head- 
quarters in Burlington into a council-ground for his red children, and that it 
was his purpose to visit them in their own country at a very early day. Hard- 
fish came home with a large flea in his ear ; and the Agent received a commu- 
nication from the Governor informino; him of the facts, and instructin"; him to 
use all means in his power to prevent the intrusion of his charge upon the set- 
tlements, and that he should visit the Agency in a very short time, notice of 
which should be seasonably served. 

'' The Governor at length set his time, the bands were all informed, the 
Governor arrived, and on the next day, at a specified hour, a grand council 
would be opened. Meanwhile, all the Indians, except the Iowa River Foxes, 
indisposed to come so far, had been gathering, and were encamped about the 
Agency, the Keokuk side covering the ground along the branch behind the 
mills, which was then full of plum, hazel and crab-apple thickets ; while the 
Hardfishes w:ere alonsr the edge of the river timber south of the Agency, and 
Avhere the writer now lives (August, 1874), Long before the appointed hour, 
the Hardfish party, arrayed in full toggery, had all arrived, themselves and their 
ponies caparisoned in their richest styles of ornament ; and, having gone 
through the equestrian performances usual on such occasions, had dismounted, 
secured their ponies, and, forming on foot, had marched into the Agency vard, 
where the Governor was to receive them, and where was quite a gathering of 
whites, and Hardfish Avith some of his leading men, having taken the Govern- 
or's hand and said a few words of courtesy, had sat down upon the grass. 

"Now, it was a sacred duty with the Governor to cherish the memory of 
his dear and lately dead friend. Gen. Harrison. He had been Aide-de-camp to 
the General in the war of 1812, iind rumor told that their mutual sentiments 
were more those of father and son than of simple friends. Keokuk had been 
apprised of this, and, as it proved, knew how to ' make it tell.' The appointed 
hour had been a long time passed, but as yet he made no sign of putting in an 
appearance, and at last the Governor began to grow impatient and to use some 
expressions approbatory of the Hardfish promptitude. 

" At length the first faint sounds of Keokuk's music came floating through the 
thickecs, which grew more audible as it neared, but never swelled up to the 
full tone of their more joyous notes ; and as the front of their procession wound 
slowly into view, their lances and staves, instead of being decked in gaudy 
ribbons and feathers to flutter in the bree/>e, were wrapped round with wilted 
grass. No sound of bells responded to the tramp of their ponies ; and their 
own persons, instead of being painted in vermilion and dressed in bright colors, 
bore the usual funeral substitutes of clay and somber hues. In fact, all the 



548 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

paraphernalia of woe betokened some sad affliction. The agent, after a hurried 
-word with the interpreter, told the Governor that this was a funeral march, and 
that some one of their leading men must have died in the night, and lay prob- 
ably yet unburied in the camp. The Hardfishes seemed as much at a loss as 
anybody, wondering who could have died without their knowing it. 

" The solemn dirge ceased, and, dismounting, the several hundred savages, 
forming on foot, with Keokuk leading, marched into the yard and toward the 
Governor, who advanced a step or two to meet him, when Keokuk, ordering a 
halt, signed the interpreter and said : ' Say to our new Father that before I take 
his hand I will explain to him what all this means. We were told not long 
ago that our Great Father was dead. We have heard of him as a great war- 
chief, who had passed much of his life among the red men and knew their 
wants, and we believed we would always have friendship and justice at his 
hands. His death has made us very sad. and, as this is our first opportunity, 
we thought it would be wrong if we did not use it to show that the hearts of his 
red children, as well as his white, know how to mourn over their great loss, and 
we have had to keep our father waiting while we performed that part of our 
mourning that we must always attend to before we leave our lodges with our 
dead.' 

" Then, amid the murmur of approbation from his people, he stepped forward 
and extended his hand. The hearty grasp with which the Governor seized and 
■clung to it, showed he had touched the right spot, and the Hardfishes must be 
content, thereafter, to take a back seat. When, years after, the writer was 
enjoying a day of the Governor's hospitality at Maysville, Ky., and the incident 
coming up in conversation, the Governor was told that he must not credit 
Keokuk with the paternity of the entire 'plot,' but that his ingenuity was put 
into requisition only to manage the details, the kind old gentleman seemed 
greatly amused." , 

'^ '' WAPELLO S DEATH. 

An editorial in the Ottumv/a Oourier of September 13, 1876, is here repro- 
duced, because of its permanent value as an authentic sketch : 

" The old chief died at the forks of the Skunk River, March 15, 1842, and 
his remains were brought to the Indian Agency, near where Agency City is 
now located, in an ox-wagon, and buried toward evening of the same day, with 
the customary Indian ceremonies. At his own request, he was buried by the 
side of Gen. Street, in the garden of the Agency. Gen. Street had been an 
Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien and at Rock Island. He came to the 
Agency of the Sacs and Foxes here in April, 1838, by assignment of the Com- 
missioner of Indian Aifairs, Judge Crawford, and died May 5, 1840. He was 
for many years in the Indian service, and, although always a strong Whig, he 
was yet a man of such experience and sterling integrity that he remained in 
office to the day of his death, in spite of his politics and the changes in adminis- 
tration. He was very popular with the Indians, and hence the desire of Wa- 
pello to be laid by the side of his honest pale-fiiced friend, which wish was grat- 
ified. Gen. Street left numerous children and grandchildren, none of whom 
reside here now. 

" Keokuk, Appanoose and nearly all the leading men among the Indians, 
were present at Wapello's funeral. The dead chief was the successor of Black 
Hawk in rank. If Wapello's name is translated into English, we are unac- 
quainted with the fact. He was chief of the Foxes as well as of the confeder- 
ated tribes of Sacs and Foxes, composed of the bands of Keokuk, Appanoose, 
Hardfish, Poweshiek and his own. Poweshiek succeeded him as the senior 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUIITY. 349 

chief of the confederated tribes, while Poweshiek's tribe-leadership fell to Pashe- 
shamore (Pa-she-sha-more), who, from all accounts, was a good sort of an 
Indian. He went to the Indian Territory with the Sacs and Foxes, where the 
remnants of this dejected race still subsist upon the bount}'^ of the Govern- 
ment. 

"Ere many more years are added to the pages of time, the last of these 
people will have gone to join the spirits of their ancestors in the " happy hunt- 
ing-ground," and will only be remembered in name. Within the last half cen- 
tury they have rapidly diminished in numbers, and from a once aggressively 
brave and warlike tribe, they have fallen into sheerest dejection. There is left 
but little semblance of the spirit of Black Hawk's time and generation. Pas- 
sionless and dejected, like most of the remnants of the other tribes that have 
been congregated in the Indian Territory, they have become hopelessly indiffer- 
ent, and seem to be calmly awaiting the coming of that fate which will remove 
every vestige of the once proud tribe of which they are the only remaining rep- 
resentatives. 



THE FIRST WHITE SETTLERS. 

THE BLACK HAWK PURCHASE. 

On the 21st day of September, 1832, Gen. Winfield Scott concluded a treaty 
with the confederate tribes of the Sauk and Fox Indians, by which the Indian 
title was extinguished to that portion of Iowa known as the Black Hawk Pur- 
chase. " This," said Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his State Address, delivered at 
the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, Thursday, September 7, 1876, " was 
a strip of land on the west bank of the Mississippi River, the western boundary 
of which commenced at the southeast corner of the present county of Davis ; 
thence to a point on Cedar River, near the northeast corner of Johnson County; 
thence northwest to the neutral grounds of the Winnebagoes ; thence to the 
Mississippi to a point above Prairie du Chien, and contained about six million 
acres of land. By the terms of this treaty, the Indians were to occupy this 
land until June 1, 1833." 

This tract of land was forty miles in width, and is sometimes recalled as the 
'• Forty -Mile Strip. ' The western boundary line was fixed with the general 
course of the river, as the reader will see by reference to a map. From the 
starting-point to Cedar River, the course of the line was nearly northeast ; from 
Cedar River to the northern terminus, nearly northwest. As affecting Jeifer- 
son County, the west line of this purchase entered the county not far from the 
center of the southern boundary line, and thence bearing a little east of north, 
left the site of the city of Fairfield about two miles to the west, and left the 
county from the northern center of Penn Township — probably a little west of 
the center. 

With the expiration of the Indian limit of possession, there was a general 
rush of pioneers to the new purchase. As the Indians left the Avest bank of the 
Father of Waters, the bold, adventurous, enterprising pioneers descended the 
eastern bank and crossed over to enter uj)on and possess the land. 

The Black Hawk Purchase was subject to the jurisdiction of the Territory 
of Michigan ; and in September, 1834, the Territorial Legislature divided the 
Forty-Mile Strip into two counties — Dubuque and Des Moines. April 20, 
1836, Congress passed an act creating the Territory of Wisconsin. The act 
went into effect on the 4th of July following, with Gen. Henry M. Dodge as 



350 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

Governor. On the 9tli of September of that year, Gov. Dodge ordered a cen- 
sus of the two counties west of the Mississippi River. That census showed a 
population of 10,531, which entitled the settlers on the Black Hawk Purchase 
to six members of the Territorial Council and thirteen in the House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

The first election for members of the Territorial Legislature was held on the 
first Monday in October, 1836. On the 25th of the same month, the Legisla- 
ture assembled at Belmont, in the present State of Wisconsin. At that session, 
the counties of Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Muscatine, Corfk (now 
Scott), Slaughter (now Washington) and Des Moines were created out of the 
original Des Moines County. 

"An act to divide the Territory of Wisconsin and to establish the Territo- 
rial Government of Iowa" was approved on the 12th of June, 1888, and became 
o[)erative July 3, 1838. 

When Henry County was erected, in 1836, its jurisdiction extended as far 
west as the western boundary line of the Black Hawk Purcliase, as heretofore 
described. 

In 1835, settlements had extended west from the Mississippi River to the 
Skunk River Valley, in Henry County. Until August of this year, it is not 
known that white men had ever penetrated to any part of the territory of the 
county whose history we are writing. At that time, however, John Huft", a 
native of Kentucky, but then a citizen of Hancock County, 111., and now a 
resident of Fairfield, and five other men — William Johnson and four Morris 
brothers, Robinson, John, Daniel and Shelton — came over from the Skunk 
River settlement on a prospecting tour, and spent two or three days in what is 
noAv Round Prairie Township. They were not only "spying out the land.'" 
with a view to future operations, but looking after the haunts of the bee as well. 
At that time, the woods abounded with wild bees, and in the space of two or 
three hours they found ten "bee-trees." They cut a part of them and " marked " 
the others and left them standing for future use. The men were so pleased with 
the lay of the land at Round Prairie and thereabouts, that each of them selected 
a claim. Mr. Huff" "marked for his own" the land on which Thomas 
Lambirth settled in May, 1836, and on which his widow still lives. After 
"setting their stakes," on which they inscribed their names, Huft" and his com- 
panions returned to their homes. Johnson and the Morris brothers never came 
back to improve or occupy their claims. 

When they reached the Skunk River settlement. Huff" set to work to makt' 
some honey-barrels, with a view to visiting the woods along Skunk River and 
its tributaries to hunt the bee and make its industry a source of pecuniary profit 
to himself. He made three barrels from staves manufactured from linn-trees ; 
and about the 1st of October, accora})anied by a young man named Levi John- 
son, he loaded his barrels on a canoe and started up the river. When they 
reached tlie mouth of Brush Creek, they " pitched their tent" and went inta 
camp. In a few weeks they had found and cut enough bee-trees to fill their 
three forty-gallon barrels, lacking about five gallons. By this time, October 
had gone and November had come, cold and bleak, and it was deemed advisable 
to break camp and start for more comfortable quarters. Another canoe, or 
"dug-out," was necessary for the transportation of their honey, camp outfit, 
tools, etc., and a large tree was felled, cut to a suitable length and fashioned to 
suit the purpose. Their stock in trade was taken on board, and the trip to 
Carthage, 111., via Fort Madison, where Huff" expected to find a market for his 
honey, was commenced. When they reached Rome, an untoward accident 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 351 

occurred. The canoe in which the honey, tools, etc., was being transported 
was capsized, and everything that would sink went to the bottom of the river. 
One of the barrels was not quite full, and floated along on the surface of the 
water. It was secured and hauled out on the shore and stored away in a copse 
■of brush, where it remained undisturbed for nearly two weeks, although as 
many as five hundred Indians were encamped there at the time. 

As soon as Huft" found he could not rescue his goods without suitable imple- 
ments, such as hooks, etc., he started for Burlington, and walked the entire dis- 
tance barefooted. He told the writer that he had an opportunity of riding with 
an ox-teara, but that it went too slow to suit his convenience. When night came 
on, he would go into camp with the driver of the team, and when morning came, 
he would remain by his camp-fire until the sun warmed the earth so his feet 
could stand it. The ox-team would move on ; but before nightfall he would 
overtake it and go into camp aga.n. 

He made the trip, secured a pair of shoes and some grappling hooks, and, 
at the end of eleven days returned to the scene of the wreck, and succeeded in 
raising his treasure in an undamaged condition. Where the mishap occurred, 
the water was about fifteen feet in depth, and Huflf offered an Indian |1 if he 
would dive doAvn and get his rifle, which had gone to the bottom with the other 
" traps." As cold as it was, the Indian made two plunges, but failed to bring 
up the gun. Huff tendered him the promised " dollar of the daddies," but the 
Indian said : "No ; me no get him ; half dollar enough." The rifle, a skillet, 
skillet-lid, pot for rendering honey and some other camp utensils were secured, 
when another start was made for the original point of destination, and this time 
successfully reached. 

In January, Huff came back to look after the bee-trees he and his com- 
panions had found in August. During the time he was engaged in this work, 
he visited his claim, but failed to make such " marks " or improvements as 
would give evidence of its being taken, a neglect that resulted in his loss 
of that particular tract of land. In February, he returned to Illinois, where, 
on the 3d day of March (1836), he married Miss Sarah Woodward, of Hancock 
County. In April, he came with his wife to Briggs', on Lost Creek, a short 
distance from Fort Madison. Leaving his wife there, he came on to build a 
cabin on his claim, but when he arrived there he found it occupied by a cabin, 
two of the corners of which had been partially burned away. He had neg- 
lected to comply with the claim-law in vogue among the settlers, and realizing 
that the fault was his own, he went over to what is now Cedar Township 
and made another claim in Section 1, which is now included in a farm owned 
by Tilford Gilmer. June 17, 1836, he brought his wife from a relative's in 
Henry County (whither she had gone from Briggs'), and went into camp. 
There was no shelter other than that afforded by the boughs of the trees. All 
their worldly goods were brought on horseback. The prospect was not very in- 
viting, but they had brave, resolute hearts. Huff cut some forks and poles, and 
peeled some bark from the trees, and out of them made a shelter and protection 
against the hot suns and rains. A place for a cabin was selected. The place 
selected was in the midst of a grove of young hickories, from which enough were cut 
and peeled to fashion a cabin. With the help of his wife and her brother, David 
A. Woodard, then a boy, and one or two neighboring settlers, the cabin was 
raised and made ready for "housekeeping." 

In the month of February, 1836, James Tilford, Samuel Scott Walker 
and Thomas Lambirth came over from Morgan Count v. 111., on a prospecting 
tour, hunting lands for a new home. When they reached Round Prairie, they 



352 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

were so pleased with the " lay of the land," that they determined to " pitch 
their tents " in that locality. Ignorant of the fact that Mr. Huff had been 
there and "staked out" a claim, Mr. Lambirth selected the same ground that 
Mr. Huft" had chosen, and proceeded to the erection of a cabin very nearly at 
the present residence of Mrs. Sarah A. Lambirth, his widow, and J. P. Chezum^ 
her son-in-law. Mr. Walker made a claim on what is now the Haskett farm, 
including the west half of the southwest quarter of Section 25, and the east 
half of the southeast quarter of Section 26. Mr. Tilford made a claim between 
the claims of Lambirth and Walker. After building their cabins, these pio- 
neers returned to their homes in Illinois. 

On the 16th of May following, James Tilford, the father of Mrs. Lambirth, 
with his son Joseph, then a lad of ten years, and Thomas Lambirth and his 
wife, and Samuel Scott Walker and his wife and two children — Elizabeth, aged 
six years, and Mary Frances, aged four years — came to occupy the claims and 
cabins mentioned above. Between the time the cabins had been built, and the 
return of their owners in May, the Lambirth cabin had been partially destroyed 
by fire. Two of the corners had been so nearly consumed that repairs were 
immediately necessary. How or by what means the fire was communicated to 
the cabin, never transpired. By a few, it was supposed some claim-hunters had 
fired it to destroy evidence of the land upon which it was built being claimed. 
Others attributed the work to straggling Indians, who were maddened at the 
thought of white people coming to occupy the country; but no one believed the fire 
to be the result of accident. 

These first pioneers were accompanied by Joseph Craig, James Samuels, 
William and David Brown, Joseph Tibbs and David Stephenson, all unmarried 
men. The Browns were not suited with the country, and, after spending a few 
days in prospecting, went over to near Mount Pleasant and selected claims^ 
where they settled. Samuels, Craig, Stephens and Tibbs were equally dissat- 
isfied, and returned to Illinois. 

IN THE WILDERNESS — CROSSING CEDAR CREEK MRS. LAMBIRTH IN NETTLE^. 

The teams and wagons that hauled the goods and effects of Tilford. Lam- 
birth and Walker from Morgan County, 111., were the first to penetrate this 
part of Iowa. There were but very few, if any, established roads in any part 
of Henry County, and certainly there was not a wagon trail this side of Cedar 
Creek. Hundreds of the first pioneers to the "Forty-Mile Strip" of Iowa had 
no definite point of settlement in view when they left their old homes to found 
new ones in the Far West beyond the Mississippi ; but, bold, fearleas, deter- 
mined and resolute, they pushed on and on until they found a locality to suit 
their fancy, and then pitched their tents or lived in their wagons — those great, 
schooner-like concerns of the Conestoga (Pennsylvania) kind, that would hold 
about as much as an ordinary canal-boat — until cabins could be reared. 

When the pioneer cavalcade, if such it may be called, reached the banks of 
Cedar Creek, it came to a sudden halt. The water was high. There was no 
ferry. The banks were steep. ^o wagon had ever essayed to cross before, 
and it became necessary to cut the banks down so the teams and vehicles could 
descend on ihe one side and ascend on the other. The work was soon accom- 
plished on the one side, and then, mounting horses, two or three of the men, 
with spades in hand, crossed to the other side and cut away the bank. This 
completed, the men crossed back. Lambirth 's wagon, drawn by three yoke of 
cattle, was in the advance, and was first driven down into the water. The rear 
end of the wagon-cover was loosened and turned back, and Mrs. Lambirth 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 35o 

raised to a seat to be carried over. Joseph Tilford sat in the forward end of 
the wagon to guide the wheel-oxen, and Mr. Lambirth rode a horse by the side 
of the forward cattle to guide them to the crossing. When the opposite bank 
was reached, Mr. Lambirth lifted his wife down from the place to which he had 
lifted her but a few moments before, and carried her out on the bank and sat 
her down on a log in the midst of nettles as high as a man's head. And thus 
it came to be recorded that she was the first white woman to cross Cedar Creek. 
Her cousin, Mrs. Walker, the wife of Samuel Scott Walker, was in the next 
wagon, and was the second white woman to cross that stream. The frontier 
cabins were reached soon afterward, where the struggles, hardships and priva- 
tions of pioneer life were commenced in earnest. As an instance of their 
isolated condition, Mrs. Lambirth relates that it was nine and a half months after 
their arrival in Round Prairie Township before she saw a white woman, except 
Mrs. Walker, who accompanied her from Illinois. 

It may be explained here that Mr. Tilford did not bring his family with 
him when he came Avith Lambirth and Walker, but left them at their home in 
Illinois, where they remained until 1840, although he continued to occupy and 
improve his claim. He made frequent visits to his family, but raised a crop on 
his Iowa claim every year from 1836 to the time of his death, December 28, 
1860. 

PLOAVING THE VIRGIN SOIL THE FIRST CROP. 

Soon after the arrival of the above-named pioneers at their frontier cabins, 
arrangements were made for planting a crop of corn, and James Tilford, assisted 
by the lad Joseph, heretofore mentioned, commenced turning over the prairie sod 
with an eighteen-inch breaking-plow, drawn by three yoke of cattle. The 
father held the plow, and Joseph cracked the whip and guided the team. 
Thirteen acres were turned over and planted to corn, which afterward yielded 
about twelve bushels to the acre. A part of the ground thus cultivated in 
1836 is still included in the Lambirth place, and the other part is included in 
the homestead of W. B. Frame, which is a part of the original Tilford claim, 
Mr. Frame having married Miss Harriet, one of the Tilford heirs. A fair crop 
of potatoes was also raised this year, which were the first raised in the 
county. 

Soon after Tilford, Lambirth and Walker had completed their cabins and 
returned to Illinois, John Huff came back to look after his claim interests, and 
found that his claim had been "jumped," and a cabin built upon it. As men- 
tioned elsewhere, he went over to what is now Cedar Township and selected 
another claim, which he went to occupy on the 17th of June. It is thus very 
clearly established that while Huff, William Johnson and the four Morrison broth- 
ers were the first white men to visit this part of the country and select claims, the 
honor of being the first actual settlers and cabin-builders belongs to Thomas 
Lambirth and Samuel Scott Walker and their fiimilies. James Tilford and 
his son Joseph are entitled to at least a share of this honor, for, as already 
shown, they came with the Lambirth and Walker families and remained during 
the summer of 1836, made a crop of corn, etc. The elder Tilford made the 
county his home until his death. Joseph grew to manhood on the "old planta- 
tion," a part of which he now owns. And it is worthy of remark that of these 
first settlers not one of them ever became a party to a lawsuit in any court. 
The land they selected as claims has always remained in the ownership and pos- 
session of the respective families, and, not a foot of it, amounting in all to 
about nine hundred acres, was ever mortgaged for a dollar. 



554 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

During the summer of 1836, a very considerable number of claim-hunters 
visited the country west of Skunk lliver and in the Cedar Creek region. Many 
of them selected claims, which they came to occupy the following season. Some 
made immediate improvements and came with their families to occupy them in 
the summer and fall of 1836. So far as can be remembered by John Huff and 
Mrs. Lambirth, the following list embraces the entire population when the sum- 
mer of that year faded into autumn, and autumn whitened into winter : 

James Tilford and his son Joseph ; Thomas Lambirth and wife ; Samuel 
Scott Walker, his wife and two children ; John Huff and wife ; Amos Lemon, 
his wife and five children ; Isaac Blakely ; James Lanmon, his wife and six 
children ; David A. Woodard (a boy who came with John Huff, now a resident 
of Neosho County, Kan.); Col. W. G. Coop, his wife and three children: 
Noah Wright, his wife and one child ; Harmon J. Sikes and three brothers, all 
unmai-ried ; George Stout, his wife and three children ; Samuel T. Harris, 
liis wife and eight children : David Coop, his wife and two children ; John 

Mitchell and wife ; George Troy, his wife and two children ; Ballard; 

Fred Lyons and Lambeth Morgan, both unmarried ; Isaac Bush and a man 
named Mount, the two last named being the last arrivals in the fall of 1836. 
Total, sixty-nine. The names of the heads of families and the number of 
children here given are quoted from memory, and may not be exactly correct, 
but are believed to be nearly so. 

A majority of those named above settled in Round Prairie, but some of 
them settled in other parts of the new "El Dorado." Samuel T. Harris 
selected a claim and settled about seven miles east of the present city of Fair- 
field. Ballard made a claim some two miles northeast of Fairfield, and built 
a camp in the grove on the land now owned by Eli Hoops. Ballard came to 
the country more as a bee-hunter than with the intention of becoming a per- 
manent settler and tiller of the soil. Ballard's hunts for bees were mostly 
confined to the timber along a small stream that was known to the early settlers 
as " Ballard's Branch," but now called Crow Creek. But in a few years, the 
country became too thickly settled to suit Ballard's idea of prosperity and suc- 
cess, and he moved on further west. 

Mills, stores, groceries, etc., in those days, were " few and far between." 
The nearest place where goods of any kind could be had was at Mount Pleasant. 
The nearest mill was in Schuyler County, 111., known as Rail's Mill, at the 
place now known as Brooklyn, more than one hundred miles distant. In 1836 
and 1837, but little flour was used by the settlers. They used corn-bread 
almost exclusively. Wheat-bread was only used an special occasions. The 
Lambirth and Walker families and Mr. Tilford brought some flour with them 
when they came in May, 1836, but only enough for their own use, for life in a 
ncAV country creates wonderfully good appetites. All the settlers of 1836 
brought some provisions, but in many cases the supply was very limited. 
When they gave out, those who had money would generally fall back on 
Fort Madison. Those who were "short," managed as best they could. And 
there were instances, as will be shown in another paragraph, where fam- 
ilies were reduced to the necessity of living upon elm bark. In such cases, 
when the facts became known, the generosity and goodness of those who 
were more fortunate, showed itself in good .deeds. 

Tilford, Lambirth and Walker raised the only corn and potatoes produced 
in the Round Prairie settlement that year. John Huff' raised some potatoes on 
his claim in Cedar Township. Another squatter living near Huff' also raised a 
•"patch " of corn. These were the first crops raised in what is now Jefferson 




FAIRFIELD 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 357 

County. In the fall of that year, Col. Coop sowed some wheat, which was har- 
vested in 1837, and Coop is believed to be entitled to the honor of raising the 
first crop of that cereal. But very few of the other settlers of that year came in 
time to make a crop, and hence, when the winter came on, the settlers, as a rule, 
were ill prepared to meet and contend against its pressing needs. 

VISIT OF A LEE COUNTY PIONEER TO ROUND PRAIRIE. TROUNCING A MIS- 
SISSIPPI RIVER FERRYMAN. 

In the summer of 1836, Hawkins Taylor, Esq., an early settler in Lee 
County, but now a resident of Washington City, visited Round Prairie and its 
settlers, most of whom were his relatives. While the material for this volume 
was in course of preparation, the attention of Mr. Taylor was called to the 
undertaking through the columns of the newspapers of Fairfield, and under date 
of the Gth of November, 1878, he addressed a letter to the Ledger, giving an 
account of that visit, together with some other reminiscences of that period, 
from which the following paragraphs are selected : 

" In the spring of 1836, Scott and Combs Walker, cousins of mine, James 

Gilmer, Burton Litton, Hardin Butler, Hardin, and probably some other 

families that I have now forgotten, settled in the Round Prairie. They were 
all from Adair County, Ky., the same county that I came from. On the 4th 
of July of that year, was the first sale of town lots in Salem, Henry County. 
The sale had been extensively advertised. I attended it. There was no house 
nearer the town at that time than the timber on Little Cedar, some two miles 
off. There was a large attendance at the sale for that day, probably fifty peo- 
ple. I ate dinner with Father Street, the proprietor of the town, one of the 
most intelligent men I ever met. I intended to go to Round Prairie, to visit 
my friends. There was no road, but the old man Street gave me the course, 
and I succeeded in reaching Scott Walker's that evening. The Cedar Creek 
bottom was then one mass of pea-vine, and for some distance the lower part of 
Round Prairie was a thick mass of black-jack, plum, crab and hazel-bushes. 
It was accidental that I found my way. Round Prairie was then in full 
bloom with prairie flowers, and was a beautiful sight, and a most desirable place 
for a settlement, as I thought. My friends had all built themselves cab- 
ins, and had little patches of corn planted in the edge of the timber, and had 
some prairie broken. There was not a sawed board about their cabins. The 
floors were puncheons, the doors clapboards, and the roof boards laid on ribs 
and weighted down with other poles. They all had cows and plenty of milk, 
corn-bread and butter, and were as content as they could be. 

" Hardin Butler was the grandson of John Butler, one of the most noted 
Indian scouts that ever was in Kentucky. That fall, Hardin, like the children 
of Israel of old, took his young wife and his household goods and went to his 
father's, in Illinois, to winter. His father had plenty, and he had raised no 
crop in Iowa. 

"At that day, nearly the entire immigration to Iowa, south of Skunk, 
crossed the Mississippi River at Fort Madison, and the man who managed the 
ferry there was a rough, brutal bully. When Hardin drove on the ferry-boat, 
one of his cattle ran off". He went for the cow, but just as he got to the boat 
the ferryman cast-off". Butler's wife was not well, and was greatly alarmed at 
crossing the river, and doubly so when she found her husband was not with her. 
Butler waited until the boat returned, said not a word to the ferryman, went on 
to Illinois, spent the winter at his father's, and returned in the spring with his 
family and stock, and with him he brought two or three of his cousins. After 

c 



358 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

he had all safely landed in Fort Madison, he said to the ferryman, ' You were 
on this boat last fall,' and gave him a terrific drubbing, his friends keeping all 
others off until the ferryman hollowed murder, when they took him off. When 
he saw hoAV badly the fellow was punished, he said to his friends, 'Why didn't 
you take me off" sooner?' 'Oh I' said they, 'it was an old debt, and we 
thought you had better pay the interest with the principal.' It was some time 
before the ferryman was on duty again, but it was the last time he was ever 
known to treat a passenger on the boat unkindly. It was to him a good lesson, 
and the people of Fort Madison were greatly delighted that the ruffian had been 
trounced into a good, accommodating ferryman." 

The winter of 1836-37 was a terribly severe one, and the cabins of the set- 
tlers were poor protection against the wintry blasts. Snow commenced to fall 
early in November, and fell to a great depth and continued to cover the ground 
until the first spring month was well advanced, so that it was with difficulty the 
men could get around to attend to their domestic duties or prosecute the plans 
laid out for the "campaign" of the spring and summer. The trails lead- 
ing toward the settlements in Henry County and the trading-places on the Mis- 
sissippi River were so blockaded as to render travel by teams almost, if not 
quite, impossible. Provisions grew scarce, and suffering from hunger fol- 
loAved. 

Among the settlers already mentioned, was the family of Amos Lemon (who 
settled on the farm now owned by Albert Howell), consisting of his wife and 
five children. Mr. Lemon was a preacher of the Baptist faith, and bore the 
name of an excellent man. Like many other preachers, however, he possessed 
but little of this world's goods, preferring rather to lay up his treasures in heaven, 
" where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt." He came to found a home in 
the land of the lowas for his wife and little ones, but came too late to raise a 
crop of any kind. He brought but a small supply of provisions, expecting, no 
doubt, to be able to visit the trading-places before mentioned to procure provis- 
ions as the needs of his family demanded. But the winter came and the snow 
fell so as to render such trips beyond the power of human endurance. Their 
scanty stock of provisions disappeared day by day until the last crust of bread 
was gone, and the family compelled to resort to the bark of slippery-elm trees for 
the means of supporting life. It is said they actually subsisted in that way for 
several weeks before their condition became known, and relief rendered. The 
ordeal was so trying that, in pity and anxiety for her suffering, hungering chil- 
dren, the mother's reason partially gave way, and from which she did not fully 
recover for many a long, weary month. 

The first to hear of the pitiable condition of the Lemon family, and to devise 
means for their relief was Mrs. Lambirth. They had laid in enough of bread- 
stuff" to last the two — her husband and herself — through the winter, but no 
more. W^ith a nobleness of heart that was an honor to her sex, Mrs. Lambirth 
determined to succor the famishing children of her distant neighbor. She 
reasoned thus : " We have breadstuff sufficient to last Thomas (her husband) 
and myself until the winter is gone. Thomas is making rails and doing other 
hard work, and needs bread and meat to preserve his strength. I can live on 
potatoes. The bread I would eat would feed those little children until other 
means can be provided to stay their hunger." Having reached this conclusion, 
she communicated it to her husband the next morning as they sat at their com- 
fortably-supplied table. "Thomas, Lemon's children are starving for bread, 
and I intend to divide our breadstuff in two parts. One part I will make in 
bread from time to time as you need it to preserve your strength that you may 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 359 

go on improving our claim. The other part I will carry to Lemon's, that the 
lives of their children may be saved. I can and tvill live on potatoes." The 
plan was carried out to the letter. Other relief soon came, and the children 
lived to bless the name of their benefactress. Meal after meal Mrs. L. sat at 
the table with her husband, but she kept her resolution, and never touched the 
bread she had set apart for her husband, and which she denied herself that the 
lives of the children of her neighbor might be saved. 

AN INDIAN SCARE. 

When the settlers of 1836 came to exercise dominion in the territory now 
included in Jefferson County, the Indians had disappeared as a body. Occa- 
sionally, however, some straggling ones would come along to frighten the women 
and children with their presence, and annoy the heads of households with their 
begging propensities. But very few of the settlers had ever seen an Indian, 
but they had heard and read of many of their bloody and cruel acts of 
atrocity toward frontier settlers. A goodly number of the pioneers were 
either born in Kentucky, the "dark and bloody ground," or were de- 
scendants of parents of that grand old commonwealth, and it would be 
strange indeed if, when the women came to consider the fact that they were 
on the frontier, on the grounds the Indians had recently occupied, and that 
they might come back some time and massacre the settlers, they did not 
sometimes almost tremble with apprehension. But the Indians came not, 
only as occasional stragglers and beggars. One of these came to the Lam- 
birth claim in February, 1837 ; an account of which is thus rendered by Mrs. 
Lambirth : 

"My husband had eaten his breakfast and gone to work about a mile and a half 
from the house. I was doing up my morning work, when my attention was 
attracted to the fierce and savage barking of our dog. I went out of the door and 
looked in that direction and found the dog had an Indian ' treed ' on the ash-hopper. 
I was scared, expecting that others were concealed near by, but I managed to pac- 
ify the dog, and get him away. The Indian got down from the ash-hopper and 
followed me into the house, where he gave me to understand that he was hungry, 
ahd that he wanted something to eat. I gave him some bread, which he stowed 
away in the folds of his blanket, and then he told me the Indians were coming 
to kill us. I told him that as I had fed him, he ought to be a good Indian, and 
that tliey ought not to kill us for we had never injured them. At last, I got 
him to go out of the house and to start away. He had hardly got out of sight of the 
house till our horse and cattle came running up out of the stock-field like they 
were mad, and believing that they had been scared by the Indians who were 
coming in force to kill us, I commenced calling at the top of my voice for 
Thomas and the other men, never thinking but thai I could make them hear 
me, although they were a mile and a half away. But I took a second thought, 
and, catching the horse I mounted him and started for where my husband 
was at work, screaming at every jump the horse took. At last Thomas 
heard me and came running to meet me, and wanted to know what the 
matter was — if the house was on fire. I told him no, but that there were 
a hundred Indians at the house and that they had come to kill us. We hur- 
ried back to the house, but no Indians were in sight. Thomas wanted to 
know where my hundred Indians Avere. I told him I didn't know, but that 
I was certain there had been one, for I had given him something to eat. Hus- 
band laughed at my fright which was the first and last Indian scare I ever 
experienced." 



360 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



HARD TIMES AND HOMINY-BLOCKS. 



In consequence of the severity and length of the winter of 1836-37, the set- 
tlers who were not fortunate enough to be able to bring a six-months supply of 
provisions with them, were sometimes reduced to very straitened circum- 
stances. There were no mills in the country — the nearest one was an hundred 
miles away, so that for breadstuff the corn raised the summer previous was as 
good as useless, unless some means could be devised to crush it, and the settlers 
fell back on their own ingenuity to meet the exigencies of the times. Hominy 
blocks were substituted for mills. The corn was crushed as fine as possible in 
these primitive concerns, and then sifted through a wire sieve and baked in 
" corn dodgers," Indian " pones " or "johnny-cakes." Such corn as the set- 
tlers used for bread that winter would hardly be considered fit feed for horses 
now, but most of the pioneers of 1836 were glad to get it. Those of them who 
had this kind of coarse bread and "hog and hominy " for a regular diet the 
first winter of the settlement of this part of Iowa were esteemed to be in " good 
fix." Deer, wild turkey, etc., were plenty, and if they grew tired of " pork 
and bacon," or if those articles gave out, the deficiency was easily supplied 
from the forests and prairies. Wild bees were plenty, too, and wild honey was 
to be found upon almost every table. 

As the country settled up, however, mills were built, and " hominy-blocks" 
or " corn-crushers " went out of use until they only exist in memory. As rel- 
ics of the " long ago," a description of them will not be out of place. 

A tree of suitable size, say from eighteen inches to two feet in diameter, was 
selected from the forest and felled to the ground. If a cross-cut saw happened 
to be convenient, the tree was " butted," that is, the " curf " end was sawed off 
so that it would stand steady when ready for use. If there was no cross-cut 
saw in the neighborhood, strong arms and sharp axes were made to do the work. 
Then the proper length, from four to five feet, was measured off, and sawed or 
cut square. When this was done, the block was raised on end, and the work of 
cutting out a hollow in one or the other of the ends was commenced. This 
was usually done with a common chopping-ax. Sometimes a smaller one was 
used, and in some instances a fire would be kindled on the end and carefully 
watched until a cavity or hollow was burned out sufficiently large for the pur- 
pose intended, when the ragged edges would be dressed away with some smaller 
sharp-edged instrument. When completed, the hominy-block somewhat resem- 
bled a druggist's mortar. Then a pestle or something to crush the corn was 
necessary. This was usually made from a suitably-sized piece of timber, with 
an iron wedge attached, the large end down. This completed the machinery, 
and the block was ready for use. Sometimes one hominy -block accommodated 
a whole neighborhood, and was the means of staying the hunger of many 
mouths. 

The houses of those days were only cabins — most of them built from round 
logs. The floors were made of puncheons split from trees of the forest. The 
doors, door-cheeks, window-cheeks, etc., as well as all other " finishing stuff," 
was made in the same way, and then dressed down with a broad-ax. The roof 
was made of clapboards or "shakes," split from some monarch of the forest. 
The boards were held in place by weight-poles laid lengthwise, and kept at con- 
venient and suitable distances by " knees." Very often a cabin would be com- 
pleted without the use of a single nail in the entire structure. A mud-and- 
stick or sod chimney and earthen hearth finished the " cabin." The women baked 
their "corn dodgers" or "johnny-cakes," cooked their venison or roasted the 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 361 

wild turkeys their husbands killed, by these old-fashioned fire-places in skillets, 
pots and ovens just as nicely as cooks and servants bake the bread and roast 
the meats on costly stoves and ranges now. They cooked their meals and 
entertained visitors — people didn't "call" then — at the same time and in 
the same room, and didn't consider it a disgrace either, to be seen molding 
their "johnny-cakes" or bending over their skillets and ovens. And the 
mothers of those days — the brave wives of Iowa's pioneers — were just as happy 
as the wives and mothers who live in costly mansions in 1878. But by and by 
the primitive log cabin gave way to hewed log or frame houses with shingle 
roofs, plank floors with carpets — rag carpets, may be, that prudent housewives 
made themselves. They cut the rags, sewed them together, and, as likely as 
not, wove them with their own hands. Brick or stone chimneys took the place 
of the old-fashioned and primitive mud-and-stick or sod chimneys. The first 
hewed log or frame house was the pride of the neighborhood, and its occupants 
were considered the first families. — the aristocrats — of the settlement. The 
erection of the first frame house in the county is accredited to Thomas Lam- 
birth, and is still standing and occupied as a residence by Mrs. Lambirth and 
her son-in-law, J. P. Chezum. 

In that neighborhood the settlers were mostly of southern descent, if not 
natives of some one of the Southern States. Some of them, and the larger 
part we believe, represented Kentucky customs and habits, and hospitality, and 
in traveling through Round Prairie Township one will notice that to all the old 
houses there are outside chimneys, and very often one at each end of the house. 
In the country districts of Kentucky, Tennessee and the Carolinas an inside 
chimney, until within the last ten or fifteen years, was the exception and not 
the rule. In the Eastern States an outside chimney has always been an excep- 
tion. But as the country of the lowas developed in wealth and prosperity, and 
the people grew rich, the fire-places to the outside chimneys were closed up, 
and heating-stoves substituted as a measure of economy. A large per cent of 
the heat that escaped " up the chimney " is thereby saved, and much less fuel 
is needed to keep a house warm. 

The old primitive log cabins, reminders of the days of small beginnings ! 
But very few of them are in use now. They were abandoned many years ago 
for a better class of buildings, but a great many of them are still standing, and 
used for wash-houses, tool-houses, etc. They ought to be preserved as memen- 
tos of the "times that tried men's souls" (and women's), and vines and flowers 
planted around them. With such surroundings they would make nice summer- 
houses, and an hundred years hence would be a curiosity to the people who 
will then hold and exercise dominion in the commonwealth of Iowa. 

SETTLERS OF 1837 THE OLD VILLAGE OF LOCKRIDGE FIR>ST STORE. 

In the year 1837, ({uite a large number of settlers came and occupied claims 
and commenced improvements in different parts of the county. All had to 
depend on the farms and mills " beyond the Mississippi " for tlieir family sup- 
plies. Rail's mill was the acknowledged depot for breadstuff's. Corn-bread 
was the staple. Flour was only used on special occasions. The bread supply 
was hauled from the mills by ox-team. Joseph M. Parker was millboy for the 
entire settlement during that summer, and in which he made two or three trips, 
each trip occupying twenty-seven to thirty days. 

In 1836, Col. W. G. Coop selected a claim in what is now the northeast 
corner of Section 1, in Cedar Township, In the fall of that year, he went 
back to the vicinity of Alton, 111., and, during the winter, managed to trade some 



362 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

real property he owned there for a stock of goods. In the spring following, he 
shipped the goods by river for Fort Madison. On the way, the boat sunk and 
the goods were thoroughly wet and seriously damaged. In consequence of some 
defect in the insurance papers, Coop was left no redress, and was obliged to 
accept the goods as they were delivered, or suffer their entire loss. He chose 
the former alternative, and as soon as the building could be prepared on his 
claim, the goods were opened to sale, and " Coop's store " became the first trad- 
ing-place commenced within the limits of Jeff"erson County. About the same 
time, he laid oft' a town which he called Lockridge. In those days, the town- 
ship and section lines were established at random. A Congressional township is 
six miles square. The settlers took the last range of regularly surveyed town- 
ships as a basis of calculation, and measured or made a temporary survey there- 
from. When township lines were fixed, it was not a difficult matter to divide 
the township into sections and the sections into quarters, etc. In very many 
cases, the lines fixed by the settlers were almost directly confirmed by the Gov- 
ernment Surveyors. Some times, however, the settlers' lines would be pretty 
widely at fault. It not unfrequently happened that the house of one settler and 
the farm of another would be on the same 160 acres, as established by the United 
States Surveyors. In each township the settlers had a Claim Association, and 
rules and regulations for the protection of each other. The rules required a regis- 
tered description to be kept of every man's claim as he located it. When the 
United States surveys were made, and there were found to be conflicting interests 
among the settlers, the Claim Committee were called together and the claimants 
and their respective witnesses cited to appear. Each party and their witnesses 
told their own story without oath or affirmation, for such proceedings were not 
necessary in those days to get the truth. The word of honor of a " squatter " 
was as good as his oath or his bond. After hearing all the facts in the case, 
the Committee would correct the register according to the evidence, and from 
that correction and the rulings of the Claim Court there was no appeal. An 
old settler says : •" I never knew of injustice being done in a single case." 

When Coop built his storehouse and laid off" his town of Lockridge, he sup- 
posed he was laying it out on the northeast quarter of Section 1, Township 71 
north. Range 9 west. But when Uncle Sara's surveyors came along and fixed 
the line between Townships 71 and 72, they left the most of Lockridge in 
Township 72 (Buchanan). 

At nearly the same time that Coop put up his stock of goods, a rival store 
was opened by Miles Driscoll, Samuel Moore and John Ratliff". This firm, if 
it was a firm, bought a lot of Coop and erected a store-building on it, and com- 
menced business. John Huff' made the clapboards that roofsd the building, as 
also some of the stuff" for shelving, etc. These stores were a great convenience 
to the settlers, but they "had to pay" for almost everything they bought — that 
is to say, goods, groceries, etc. — was enormously high as compared with the 
prices that prevail now. Salt retailed at the rate of $7 per bushel, and corn- 
meal, hauled by ox-teams from Rail's" mill, in Illinois, sold at |1.25 per bushel, 
and almost everything else in the same proportion. 

When Col. Coop laid off' his town of Lockridge, and aspired to found a city 
that would become a metropolis of this part of the "Beautiful Land," he 
" reckoned without his host," for it was written from the first that it should 
never become a great city. His ambition was laudable and praiseworthy. He 
hoped to be the founder of the county seat of a great and prosperous county. 
But all around there were other men equally ambitious, and they managed to 
coop Coop's plans, and he saw his fondest hopes fall to the ground and Lock- 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 363 

ridge's promise depart before the rising glory of Fairfield. When the county 
of Jefferson was created in January, 1839, it was generally believed that Lock- 
ridge would be made the seat of justice. But the Commissioners appointed to 
locate the county seat ruled it otherwise. After one meeting of the Board of 
County Commissioners there, in April, 1889, at which the county machinery 
was put in motion, Lockridge began to fall into decay, and the place and the 
people that once knew it, now know it no more only in name. Its " corner 
lots," public parks, streets and avenues are lost in well-cultivated fields. In- 
stead of thronged streets, crowded stores and busy shops and manufactories, 
there is naught to disturb the stillness but the lowing of herds, and the voices 
of prosperous husbandmen. 

This year there was a very material increase in the population over that 
reported at the close of 1836. Every visitor or prospector to the frontier — 
every one who made claims, was well pleased with the country, and the golden 
stories they conveyed to their friends in the old homes excited admiration and 
a desire to come and possess some part of the land that needed but to be "stirred 
with the plow and tickled with the hoe," to render ample and remunerative 
returns to tillers of the soil. Many came in this year and made claims and 
perfected arrangements to permanently occupy them the next spring. Those 
who came in time, in 1836, to plow and plant that year, raised good crops in 
1837, and prosperity hovered over the frontier settlers. 

In 1836, Keokuk, for himself and immediate adherents, ceded his reserve 
from the Black Hawk Purchase of 1832 to the United States. As he and his 
followers disappeared in the west, "squatters'' appeared on the east. On the 
21st of October, 1837, a treaty was made at the city of Washington, between 
Cary A. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Aifairs, and the confederate tribes of 
Sauks and Foxes, which was ratified on the 21st of February, 1838, by which 
1,250,000 acres were added to the tract of land conveyed by them to the 
United States on the 21st of September, 1832. This strip of land adjoined 
the Black Hawk Purchase on the west, Avas of the same length, twenty-five 
miles in the center, and tapered off" to a point at both ends. Thi«i purchase 
extended west to what is now the west line of Jefferson County. 

In anticipation of this purchase, "squatters" pushed on beyond the limits 
of the "Forty-Mile Strip" long before the purchase was ratified and confirmed. 
Among the first to enter upon this strip was Daniel Morris and his family. 
Morris was more hunter than farmer, and was never contented unless away on 
beyond the limits of civilization. He selected his claim on the extreme limits 
of what it was supposed would be included in the purchase. When the pur- 
chase was ratified and the western line established, it was found that his cabin 
was on the east side of the line and his farming land on the west. The Indi- 
ans, however, granted him permission to cultivate the land, and did not in 
any way interfere with his farming operations. This family, if not the first, 
was among the first white families to settle in what is now Locust Grove Town- 
ship 

AN INDIAN WIFE ON HER iMUSCLE. 

Morris' family and the Indians became very intimate and friendly, and the 
latter were frequent visitors at the cabin of their pale-faced neighbors. 
On one occasion, an Indian named Shi-ash-kah and his wife stopped at the 
Morris cabin, when Shi-ash-kah was in a beastly state of intoxication, and soon 
went into a drunken sleep. Mrs. Shi-ash-kah was about twenty-five years of 
age, and said to have been a remarkably handsome woman. An impudent 
young Indian "buck," named No-tel-us-kuk, liappened to be at Morris' at the 



364 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

time, and like many an one of his "pale-faced" brothers, succeeded in getting 
himself into trouble by attempting to be too familiar with the wife of a drunken 
husband. While Shi-ash-kah was sleeping oflf his drunk, Mrs. Shi-ash-kah 
went out to the stable to attend to her pony, whither she was followed by No- 
tel-us-kuk, by whom she was grossly insulted. She returned to the house, her 
cheeks flushed, and her keen eyes sparkling with anger. The impudent and 
shameless villain soon came in also, and seated himself in one corner of the 
room with as much nonchalance and sang froid as if he had been the most virt- 
uous being in the world. Mrs. Shi-ash-kah began exposing him by calling 
him "kee-ne-ket-chee wal-luki," which being interpreted means "you are a 

d d rascal." Ne-tel-us-kuk, placing his hand upon his breast, declared that 

he was " nee-nee-ket-e-ko-pe" — a "gentleman," and that although he might 
be on the "ragged edges," he was guiltless of the "great transgression." The 
insulted Indian wife asked him, "Wau-ke-low kee-ne-ket-e-ko-pe," or "What 
makes you a gentleman?" " Kee-ne-ku-mo-tee nish-e-neck, a-tos-ke-see She- 
mo-ke-man," which meant "You stole two horses from a white man, and seven 
blankets from the trader." The indignant woman then turned to Mrs. Morris 
and asked her if to steal two horses and seven blankets, and then insult a mar- 
ried woman, when her husband was drunk, made a gentleman ? What answer 
Mrs. Morris rendered is not stated, but after the quarrel had continued some 
time, Ne-tel-us-kuk called Mrs. Shi-ash-kah some disreputable names, which so 
enraged the already angered woman that she attempted to draw her knife ; but 
not finding it where she usually carried it about her person, she sprang at the 
object of her wrath with the agility of a cat, and dealt him such a blow with 
her hand as to send him sprawling to the floor. She then sprang upon him 
like a tigress, and stamped and beat him until the blood ran in profusion over 
his swarthy face, and finally caught him by the hair of his head and dragged 
him out of doors ! 

Mr. Morris subsequently removed to Southwestern Missouri and settled 
among the spurs of the Ozark Mountains. Not long ago, he wrote back that 
his home was in the paradise of hunters ; that bears and other game were plenty, 
and that he was perfectly satisfied with the change from the prairies of Iowa to 
the mountain ranges and rocky slopes of Southwestern Missouri. 



RETROSPECTIVE. 

The preceding pages of this volume cover a period of nearly three years* 
Within • that time there were many occurrences of interest to the settlers, as 
they will be to their descendants and successors, that will be made to form a 
separate chapter. 

THE LAND SALES — SQUATTERS AND SPECULATORS. 

The first sale of Government lands in this section of the Black Hawk Pur- 
chase commenced in November, 1838. The land office at that time Avas located 
at Burlington. Many of the settlers who came to the country and made claims 
in 1836—37-38, had no means, except, perhaps, a yoke of cattle, or a pair of 
horses and a wagon, in which they hauled all their earthly possessions. Some 
of them, as for instance, John Huft", didn't have even that much. When he 
came to his claim, on the 17th of June, 1836, his earthly possessions were car- 
ried on horseback from the home of some of his wife's relatives, near Lowell. 
in the southeast part of Henry County. They were set down on the claim 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 365 

■without any place for shelter. But a shelter was improvised from forks and 
poles and the bark of trees. Many of the other settlers commenced in nearly the 
same way This class of settlers, the bravest among them all, trusted to luck 
and their own brave hearts and industry to earn the means to buy their claims 
when the land sales came on. Some of the other settlers were in better condi- 
tion, and brought money with them, or knew where to get it, when the time 
came to perfect their titles by "bidding in'' the land covered by their claims. 

The Burlington land sales of November, 1838, constituted an epoch in the 
history of this country, and was one of extraordinary interest to two classes of 
people. • First, to the settlers who wanted homes, and had braved the exposures 
incident to frontier life to secure them ; and second, to the " money -sharks " and 
"land-grabbers." The latter class, as soulless as the managers of a Chicago 
savings-bank, were always ready to take advantage of the poverty of a settler, 
and either loan him money at "50 per cent," or buy his home from under 
him. 

In other pages of this book, reference is made to the manner in which the 
settlers protected themselves and each other in their legitimate rights. It was 
also stated that a record was kept of every claim made in the several townships. 
After this register or record was completed, the Claim Association in each town- 
ship elected a bidder to attend the land sales and "bid in" for the occupant 
each particular claim, as the description of the land was called by the land-office 
authorities. In this way, every bona-fide settler was protected in his rights. 
The law never did and never will protect the people in all their rights so fully 
and so completely as the early settlers of Iowa protected themselves by these 
claim organizations. They secured justice to all, and, at the same time, fully 
paid the Government for the lands occupied by them, and who, by their pru- 
dence and industry laid the foundations of that economy that has made the 
commonwealth of the "Beautiful Land" the garden-spot and granary of the 
world. 

" Squatters and Speculators at the First Land Sales," is the title of an 
article written by Hawkins Taylor, Esq., and published in the July (1870) num- 
ber of the "Annals of Iowa." Athough the paper relates more particularly to 
Lee County, it describes so accurately the scenes considered here, that a few 
paragraphs are transferred to tliis history of Jefferson County : 

"The land officers at Burlington, Gen. Van Antwerp and Gen. Dodge, 
most heartily entered into the spirit and interests of the settlers at the land 
sales, in securing them their lands, for which the early settlers honored Gen. 
Dodge, politically, as few men Avere ever trusted by any people. Gen. Van 
Antwerp, fortunately or unfortunately for himself as a politician, never went 
t(» the people for office ; he Avas of the old Knickerbocker chivalry — was edu- 
cated at West Point, and always wore a 'boiled shirt' and starched collar. He 
was full of grit, always true, but never of the masses. God bless, as He will 
surely do, the 'Old Settlers,' generally and collectively, of that day. 

" Strange as it may seem to jieople at this day of free lands to all who will 
settle upon them, at that day, tlie settlers on public lands were held as ' squat- 
ters ' without any rights to be respected by the Government, or land specu- 
lators. Many amusing incidents happened at the land sales, one of which I 
will relate : 

" ' There were thousands of settlers at the sale at Burlington, in the fall of 
1838. The officers could sell but one or two townships each day, and when the 
land in any one township was offered, the settlers of that township constituted 
the army on duty for that day, and surrounded the office for their own protec- 



366 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY • 

tion. with all the other settlers as a reserve force, if needed. The hotels were 
full of speculators of all kinds, from the money-loaner, who would accommo- 
date the settler at 50 per cent, that is, he would enter the settler's land in his (the 
speculator's) own name, and file a bond for a deed at the end of two years, by the 
settler's paying him double the amount the land cost. At these rates. Dr. Barrett, 
of Springfield, 111., and Louis Benedict, of Albany, N. Y., loaned out $100,000 
each, and Lyne Sterling and others, at least an equal amount, at the same, or 
higher rates of interest. The men who come to Iowa now cannot realize what 
the early settlers had to encounter. The hotels were full of this and a worse 
filass of money-sharks. There was a numerous class who wanted to rob the 
settlers of their lands and improvements entirely, holding that the settler was a 
squatter and a trespasser, and should be driven from the lands. You would 
hear much of this sort of talk about the hotels, but none about the settlers' 
camps. Amongst the loudest talkers of this kind was an F. F. V., a class that 
has now about 'give out.' This valiant gentleman was going to invest his 
money as he pleased, Avithout reference to settlers' claims. When the township 
of West Point was sold, it was a wet, rainy day. I was bidder, and the officers 
let me go inside of the office. Just when I went into the office, 'Squire John 
Judy, who lived on Section 32 or 33, whispered to me that he had been disap- 
p<»inted in getting his money, at the last moment, and asked me to pass over his 
tract and not bid it oft'. I did so, but the Virginian bid it off". I was inside 
and could not communicate with any one until the sale was through, and, as I 
did not bid on the tract the outsiders supposed it Avas not claimed by a settler, 
and the moment the bid was made, the bidder left for his hotel. As soon as I 
could get out, which was in a few minutes, and make known that Judy's land 
had been bid off" by a speculator, within five minutes' time not less than fifteen 
hundred of as desperate and determined a set of men as ever wanted homes, 
started for the bold bidder. Prominent in the lead was John G. Kennedy, of 
Fort Madison, who enjoyed such sport. Col. Patterson, now of Keokuk, a 
Virginian by birth, but a noble, true-hearted friend of the settler, and who 
had been intimate with the Virginian, made a run across lots and reached the 
hotel before Kennedy and his army. The Colonel informed the liidder of the 
condition of aft"airs, and advised him at once to abandon his bid, which he did, or, 
rather, he authorized the Colonel to do it for him. Tlie Colonel went out and 
announced to the croAvd that the bid was withdrawn, and that the bidder had 
also withdrawn himself. Both off"ers were accepted, but the latter was bitterly 
objected to, and only acquiesced in when it Avas found that the party had escaped 
the back way, and could not be found. This was the last outside bid given dur- 
ing the sale, and you heard no more talk about outside bidding around the hotel. 
The squatters' rights were respected at that sale.' 

"I will give one case of hundreds and thousands that could be given, of the 
hardships of the early settlers : Alexander Cruickshank, a Norwegian sailor, 
and one of the noblest Avorks of God, an lionest man in all things, settled a few 
miles west of West Point, in Lee County, in 1831, and by hard work made him a 
large farm. When the sale of his land Avas ordered by the Government, he went to 
Western New York and l>orroAved $400 of his brother, to enter his land. This 
was when Martin Van Buren's specie circular Avas in force, and certain desig- 
nated banks Avere made Government depositories. Cruickshank, to be certain 
that his money would be 'land-office money' when he got home, paid a premium 
of three per cent, in Ncav York, to get the bills of a city bank that was a 
Government-deposit bank. His brother gave him $34 to pay his expenses 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 367 

home. At that time there were no railroads. Alexander walked to Pitts- 
burgh, and there took a boat to St. Louis. When he got to New Albany, Ind., 
the Ohio River was so low that there was no certainty of getting to St. Louis 
in time to get home by the day of the sale of his land, and he had no money to 
spare to go by stage. So he crossed Indiana and Illinois on foot, reaching 
home the Friday before the sale on Monday. When he went to Burlington he 
found that his New York money would not be taken by the land office, and he 
had to shave oif his money that he had already paid a premium for to get 'land- 
office money' for 'land-office money,' and pay another premium of 12| per 
cent, reducing his $400 to $350. To make up this $50, he had to sell off a 
part of his scanty stock at less than one-fifth of what the same kind of stock 
would sell for now. I remember the day Alexander started to New York to 
borrow the money to enter his land, and of asking him what he would do if he 
failed. His answer was, ' I will come home and try to borrow at the sale ; but 
if I fail, and lose my land, I will cross the Rocky Mountains but what I will 
have and own my own land.' Of such stuff were the old settlers. Why should 
not the State be great and noble now ? " 

The squatters, in what is now Jefferson County, attended the land sales 
in force. James L. Scott was the bidder for the settlers in Township 71 
north. Range 9 west (Cedar), and Frank Gilmer for the settlers in Township 
71 north, Range 8 west (Round Prairie). They went to Burlington in wagons 
and on foot — any way to get there and be present at the opening of the sale. 
They went prepared for a campaign of several days, taking with them cooking 
utensils, quilts, blankets, etc., fully equipped to " camp out " and wait till every 
settler had secured his claim. They went with a determined purpose, and bound 
together "like a band of brothers," ready to stand by each other to the last. 
It was a dangerous undertaking for any " land-grabber " to attempt to bid 
against any of the hardy, honest squatters, a fact the sharks were not long in 
finding out. They governed themselves accordingly, and took good care not to 
give the despised squatters occasion for helping them away from the vicinity of 
the land office. 

The pioneer settlers of the Forty-Mile Strip, and especially of that part of it 
whose history is under consideration, were a class peculiar to themselves. 
They possessed a keen sense of honor, and a steadfastness of principle and of 
purpose that admitted of no criticism. To the people of the present age it may 
seem a little remarkable, but it is a fact nevertheless, that but few disputes ever 
arose among the settlers about the boundaries of their claims. At that time, 
there were no laws to govern them except the rules adopted by claim associa- 
tions. In almost every instance the people were a law unto themselves. The 
laws of honor prevailed to a much greater extent in those days than at present. 
Men regarded their individual word as good as their bond. When, perchance, 
disputes would arise, instead of seeking their adjustment in the courts of law, 
they were submitted to referees. This was notably so as regarded claim 
disputes, and the decision of the referees was final. No one thought of appeal- 
ing from their judgment. The pioneers had all subscribed to the rules adopted 
by claim associations, and, be it said to their credit, they almost invariably kept 
their faith. As a case in point, the following report of the rulings of a " Claim 
Court" is contributed by W. B. Frame, a citizen of Round Prairie Township, 
who was familiar with the facts : 

" The first settlers were very anxious to secure an abundance of timber. In 
a certain locality a Mr. Jones had ' blazed ' out a claim of eighty acres of tim- 
ber, which a Mr. Smith also claimed. As a consequence, a dispute arose 



368 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

between them. The Claim Committee was notified, and a day was appointed 
to meet the parties interested and their witnesses. The weather was cold and 
the ground covered with a deep snow. The ' Court ' met in the timber, where 
a huge log-heap fire was started. When the preliminary arrangements were 
completed, the parties were notified that the Committee had decided that the first 
thing to be done was to procure a jug of whisky, to be paid for by the contest- 
ants. The whisky was soon provided, and when the jug had twice made the 
circuit of the fire, the case was opened and the parties and their witnesses 
patiently heard. When the evidence was all in, the Committee retired t<» a 
fallen tree some distance from the fire, swept the snow from the log, and sat 
down to deliberate upon their judgment. After a brief consultation, they 
returned to the fire and declared themselves ready to report. The report was 
in the words fallowing : 

" • We find that, aside from this eighty-acre lot, Mr. Jones has claimed all 
the timber land he needs, and Mr. Smith has claimed all he can possibly pur- 
chase at the approaching land sale ; therefore, we decide that Mr. Brown, who 
lately settled among us, and who holds a prairie claim, has no timber, and that, 
as he can get none within a reasonable distance, he shall have this eighty acres 
of timber.' 

" This finding of the Committee was final, and gave the claim to a good man 
who did not claim to have even the shadow of a claim to it. The contestants 
did not appeal, but paid the fees allowed the Committee by the rules of the 
Claim Association, as well as for the whisky. The jug again went around, and 
all present joined in a 'parting pull,' the ' Court adjourned,' and the settlers 
departed for their homes, fully satisfied there ' was many a slip 'twixt the cup 
and the lip.' " 

^ SOCIETY, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, ETC. 

Rough and rude though the surroundings may have been, the pioneers 
were none the less honest, sincere, hospitable and kind in their social rela- 
tions. It is true, as a rule, that there is a greater degree of real humanity 
among pioneers of any country than there is when the country becomes older 
and richer. If there is an absence of refinement, that absence is more than 
compensated for in the presence of generous hearts and truthful lives. They 
are bold, courageous, industrious, enterprising and energetic. Generally speak- 
ing, they are earnest thinkers and possessed of a diversified fund of useful, prac- 
tical information. They are void of hypocrisy themselves and despise it in 
others. They hate cowardice and shams of every kind, and above all things, 
falsehood and deception, and maintain and cultivate a sterling integrity and 
fixedness of purpose that seldom permits them to prostitute themselves to any 
narrow policy of imposture or artifice. 

Such were the characteristics of the men and women who pioneered the way 
to the country of Cedar Creek and Skunk River. Those who visited them in 
their cabins in a social capacity, or settled among them as real occupants of 
the soil, were always welcome as long as they proved themselves true men or 
women. The stranger who came among them and claimed shelter, food and a 
place to sleep, was made as welcome as one of the household. To tender them 
pay in return for their hospitality, was only to insult the better feelings of their 
natures. If a neighbor fell sick and needed care and attention, the whole neigh- 
borhood was interested. If a cabin was to be raised, every man ''turned out, " 
and oftentimes the women, too, and while the men piled tip the logs that 
fashioned the primitive dwelling place, the women prepared the dinner. Some- 
times it was cooked by big log fires at the site where the cabin was building 



1 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUIITY. 869 

In other cases, the meal was prepared at a cabin near by, and at the proper 
hour was carried to where the men were at work. If one neighbor killed a 
beef, a pig, or a deer, every other family in the neighborhood was sure to 
receive a piece of it, and a welcome remembrance it often proved. One of the 
few remaining pioneer settlers of 1836-37 remarked : " In those days we were 
neighborly in a true sense. We were all on an equality. Aristocratic feelings 
were unknown and would not have been tolerated. What one had, we all had, 
and that was the happiest period of my life. But to-day, if you lean against a 
neighbor's shade-tree, he will charge you for it. If you are poor and happen 
to fall sick, you may lie and suffer almost unattended or go to the poorhouse, 
and just as like as not the man who would report you to the authorities as a sub- 
ject of county care, Avould charge the county for making* the report." This 
declaration was made, not because the facts exist as he put them, but to show 
the contrast between the feeling and practices of the pioneers of forty years ago, 
and the people of the present. 

A PREACHER IN THE WILDERNESS. 

" You raised these hallowed walls ; the desert smiled, 
And paradise was opened in these wilds." — Pope. 

The first religous services (preaching) were held in the winter of 1837-38, 
and were conducted by Rev. Mr. Kirkpatrick, who came here as missionary 
under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Conference of Rock River, 111. — 
probably from the vicinity of Galesburg, in that State, although it is not stated 
as a fact that he came from that particular locality. Our informant had lost 
her reckoning on that point ; but from the fact that, as early as 1836-37, that 
, Conference sent missionaries to Cedar and other counties in that part of Iowa, 
it is fair to presume that Mr. Kirkpatrick held his commission from the same 
organized body. Be that as it may, it is certain that the services were of the 
Methodist order. But there is nothing strange about this, for that people are 
noted the civilized world over for their zeal and energy in prosecuting religious 
works. Wherever mankind has gone, the Methodists have gone — first as mis- 
sionaries to spy out the land, next as circuit-riders, with Bible and hymn-book, 
and an energy, industry, perseverance and faith that never "give up." Sing- 
ing their songs of praise, chanting choruses of glory to the great Head of the 
Church, and shouting defiance at the archenemy and tempter of mankind, they 
not only followed close on the heels of the pioneers to every part of the " Great 
West." but have gone wherever humanity has existed that it was possible to 
reach — to the islands of the sea — 

" From Greenland's icy mountains, 
To India's coral strand " — 

wherever the Master's work was needed to be done, there have the truths of 
this branch of the Christian Church been carried. And so came Rev, Mr. 
Kirkpatrick to the " flowery plains " of Iowa at the date mentioned. 

The cabin of James Westfall, who lived on the place now owned by Perry 
B. Hulse, was improvised as a meeting-house. There were not more than a 
dozen people present, and they were there without regard to fashion or display. 
Some of them walked from their houses to the place of meeting ; some of them 
rode there in ox-wagons, and some rode there on horse-back — two of them, 
especially the women, on one horse. The services were held on a Wednesday. 
The preacher occupied a place behind a common table, in one corner of the 
room. There was neither organ nor organized choir to add vocal melody to the 



370 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

occasion. The preacher gave out the hymn, two lines at a time, something after 

the following manner : 

" Before Jehovah's awful throne, 

Ye nations bow with sacred joy ; " 

then, raising his voice, the preacher led in singing. When these two lines were 
rendered, he lined the next two — 

" Know that the Lord is God alone. 
He can create, and He destroy ; " 

and resuming the last measure of the tune, completed the stanza, and so on, to 
the end of the hymn. 

At that meeting, the seeds of Methodism were planted in Jefferson County ; 
the planting, carefully and industriously cultivated, ripened into the fullness of 
a plentiful harvest. 

After preaching, a class was formed, consisting of the following-named per- 
sons : James Westfall and wife, James 0. Kirkpatrick and wife, and Eli Jones 
and wife. Eli Jones was appointed to be Class-Leader. There may have been 
two or three others, but if there were, their names have escaped the memory of 
our informant. 

Of these pioneer representatives of Jefferson County Methodism, James 
Westfall and wife and Mrs. Kirkpatrick have gone 

" Where the saints of all ages in harmony meet 
Their Savior and brethren transported to greet ; 
While the anthems of rapture unceasingly roll, 
And the smile of the Lord is the life of the soul." 

James Kirkpatrick lives in Brighton, Washington County, and Eli Jones 
and wife were living in Allamakee County at last accounts. The Rev. Mr. 
Kirkpatrick, the preacher of the occasion, subsequently returned to Illinois. 

In later years and until church buildings were erected, meetings were held at 
the house of Mr. Lambirth. 

A PRIMITIVE SCHOOLHOUSE "TEACHING THE YOUNG IDEA HOW TO PHOOT." 

When the settlers came to the wilds of the "Forty-Mile Strip," they brought 
with them that love of education which seems to be a part of every true Ameri- 
can; and as early as the spring of 1837, they made arrangements for a school 
for the summer and winter of that year. There was no schoolhouse, as a mat- 
ter of course, nor school districts, nor school money. Educational affairs were 
in chaos — without form or organization — and the pioneer fathers were left to 
their own resources and management. 

A central location, as to the convenience of the neighborhood, was selected 
out on the prairie, now included in the farm of B. F. Bower, Avhere a log build- 
ing was erected for a schoolhouse. Each settler who had children large enough 
to "go to school," volunteered a certain amount of work toward its erection. It 
was neither large nor pretentious. There was one window in each side of the 
structure, and a door in one end. The furniture was of the most primitive 
kind. The floor was made from puncheons — at least, it was commenced with 
puncheons, but school "took up" before it was finished. The seats were made 
of the same kind of stuff, or, may be, from a suitably-sized tree cut in suitable 
lengths, and then "halved," i. t;., split in two. The split sides were dressed 
down with a broad-ax. Holes were bored near the ends of the rounded sides, 
with an inch-and-a-half or two-inch auger, and pins driven in for supports. 
Writing "benches" or desks were made by boring slanting holes in the logs, in 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 371 

which supports or arms were driven, and on which a wide plank or puncheon, 
with the upper side dressed smooth, was laid, and held in place by a 
shoulder that was cut on the lower ends of the supports. This completed the 
furniture, unless, perhaps, an old splint-bottomed chair was added as a seat for 
the teacher. 

The school was attended by about eighteen scholars, and was continued three 
months. The teacher was not very particular about the kind of books, other 
than as to the character of their contents ; and, even if he had been some- 
what imperious and exacting in this regard, it would have been a waste of 
desire to arrange his scholars in classes to economize time and labor, for there 
is a probability that the parents had not the means to buy such books as were 
necessary to the formation of classes. They used such books as they had, 
teachers, pupils and parents bowing in submission to circumstances and exigen- 
cies that surrounded them, and glad to have a school if every individual scholar 
had a different book. The principal books used in that first school were the 
English Reader (the best reader ever used in American schools), Daboll's 
arithmetic, Kirkham's grammar (the author of which fell a victim to intemper- 
ance and died in a state of intoxication in a Cincinnati still-house) Olney's 
geography and Webster's elementary spelling-took; hence, the course of study 
was orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar and geography. 

Orthography was the first great principle of education, for the people in 
those days were of the opinion that no one could ever become a good reader or 
a good scholar unless he was a good speller, and, as a consequence, children 
who were ambitious to become good scholars and noted and honorable men and 
women, were ambitious to become good spellers; and no higher honor could be 
bestowed upon a girl or boy than than to say they were the best spellers in the 
neighborhood. Spelling-schools, or spelling-matches — who of us don't remem- 
ber them? — were frequent. But why distress old fogy minds by recalling those 
happy days, when they used to meet at the old log schoolhouses, choose their 
captains (the best spellers), who would toss up the "master's ruler" for "first 
choice," and then "choose up " their lieutenants, commencing with the ones they 
they regarded as the best spellers, more likely the prettiest girl, and so on until all 
the boys and girls were arranged on benches on opposite sides of the house ? Then 
the fun commenced. The "master" "gave out" the words from side to side. 
How quick a "missed" word would be caught up! Those were happy days, 
and days that are sacred in the memory of the gray-haired fathers and mothers 
who took part in their exercises. It would be a pleasing reflection to them if their 
children, theii; children's children, and the children of their neighbors were per- 
mitted by the modern system of education to indulge in the same kind of old- 
fashioned orthographical exercises. 

The school system of the spelling-school period, and even up until within a 
few years ago, in many localities, was fully described in the backwoods vernac- 
ular of "Pete Jones," in Eggleston's Hoosier Schoolmaster, "lickin' and 
larnin', " the "lickin' " being the indispensable requisite. The perfect or ideal- 
teacher of those days was a man of strong muscular development, with an impe- 
rious frown, a sonorous voice charged with terror, punctual in bringing "hick- 
ories" into the schoolroom, and endowed with a liberal disposition to frequently 
use them as hack applications. 

As rude as the schoolhouses were in their architecture and finish, as unpre- 
tending as were many of the old-time teachers, many of the first men of this 
nation graduated from them, and without any other education than what they 
received there, have gone out in the world and made honorable and noble rec- 



372 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

ords among the distinguished and representative men of the civilized nations of 
the world. 

James T. Hardin was the teacher of the first school above mentioned, and 
is well remembered by the old settlers and scholars of that period. When the 
gold fever reached here from the Pacific Slope, he fell a victim to the mania, 
and about 1850, 1851 or 1852, went to California. Some time after his arrival 
there, when passing from one part of the country to another, he found a watery 
grave, by drowning, while crossing the Sacramento River. 

THE FIRST MILL. 

In 1838, Henry Rowe, a settler, erected a tread-mill on his claim, in the 
northwest corner of what is now Lockridge Township. This mill was a rude 
kind of structure, but a great convenience to the people of that period. Cus- 
tomers found their own power, and paid a small toll for the use of the mill besides. 

THE FIRST AND SECOND MARRIAGE. 

Isaac Blakely, one of the young men who made a claim and settled in 
Round Prairie in the spring of 1836, and Nellie Lanmon were the first couple 
in the new settlement to discard the freedom of singleness and enter upon a life 
of connubial happiness. The license under authority of which they were first 
pronounced man and wife, was issued from Des Moines County, and the cere- 
mony rendered by Rev. Mr. Bradley, at the home of the bride in the territory 
subject to the legal jurisdiction of Henry County, in the spring of 1837. In 
time, the legality of this marriage come to be questioned, and, on the 18th day 
of March, 1839, soon after the machinery of Jefferson County was set in 
motion, they procured a license from the Clerk of the Court of this county, 
and were remarried by Rev. Benjamin F. Chastain. But even under this 
double rendition of the marriage ceremony they did not feel quite safe until 
the passage of a special act of the Legislature legalizing all previous marriages 
in the Territory. 

FIRST BIRTHS. 

It has been maintained by some that Cyrus, son of Samuel Scott Walker, 
was the first male child born in the county. By others, it is claimed that William, 
a son of Col. W. G. Coop, was the first. John Huff is authority for the 
statement that William Coop was born in the last days of July or first days of 
August, 1836, and "backs" up his belief with the additional testimony of a 
Mrs. Wright, still living, who was present at the time of his birth; The state- 
ment of Mrs. Lambirth is, that Cyrus Walker was born in fall — in the month 
of October. 

Mary Frances, daughter of Thomas and Sarah A. Lambirth, was born 
October 15, 1837, and was the first white female child to claim the attention of 
the citizens of Round Prairie. 

FIRST DEATH, ETC. 

The first death was that of a child of Alfred Wright, in the early part of 
1837. David Coop, the first settler in what is now Buchanan Township, died 
at about the same time. 

The first accident, resulting in death, occurred in Round Prairie, in the 
winter of 1838-39. Joseph Hemphill, a young man, was in the employ of 
William Cline, and while engaged driving a team, the horses became unman- 
ageable and ran away. Hemphill was thrown from the wagon, and received 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 373 

such injuries that he died in a short time. His remains were taken to Salem 
for burial. 

FIRST PHYSICIANS. 

Dr. William Stevenson, one of the first physicians to "hang out a shingle " 
in Mount Pleasant, was the first to prescribe cures for such ills as fell upon the 
pioneers of Round Prairie. As a rule, there was but little need of a "doctor/' 
for the first settlers were a peculiarly hardy, healthy, happy class. They relied, 
in the main, upon their strong constitutions and "roots and herbs" to carry 
them through. 

Dr. J. T. Moberly, a native of North Carolina, became the. first resident 
physician, in 1840, and no man, of whatever profession, ever enjoyed a greater 
degree of confidence and respect. The men and women of his time who have 
been spared to the present, still speak of Dr. Moberly as one of the truest and 
best men, as one of the most humane and generous physicians, that ever min- 
istered to the sick and the afflicted. He was known far and near as the poor 
man's friend. No man, no woman, no child, no matter what their condition, 
creed, color or caste, that good Dr. Moberly could reach, was ever allowed to 
languish and suffer for want of medical treatment or medicine. It mattered 
not to him whether they had or had not money. About fee or reward, he never 
stopped to inquire. How to relieve the suffering was his first, his ruling 
thought. He was popular with everybody. If there was a gathering of any 
-kind, Dr. Moberly was the chosen, the honored guest. He was not only a good 
physician, but a good talker, and possessed of a rich fund of humor. No one 
could tell a better story, or relate a more side-splitting anecdote. If a speech 
was called for, Dr. Moberly was ready. He had an excellent command of lan- 
guage, and knew words and their uses, as well as he knew how to compound 
pills, or administer relief to a suffering patient. 

With the Indians who remained here when Dr. Moberly came and com- 
menced the practice of medicine, he was a great favorite. They looked upon 
him as a wonderful man, and come to call him Big Medicine. Almost every 
day, as long as they remained here, his office was besieged by them. They 
came to him with all sorts of excuses for medicine. Even those of them who 
were in perfect health wanted medicine from the Big Medicine Man. When 
the Doctor happened to be absent, they besiged his wife for his medicine. The 
only way she could free herself from their annoyance was to take a stick and 
shake it at them, and tell them " Puck-a-chee ! " (Get out of here.) 

Dr. Moberly continued in the practice of his profession until taken down 
with his last sickness, resulting in death September 1, 1861. His remains 
were first buried in the old Fairfield cemetery, but were afterward exhumed and 
reburied in the new cemetery. 

In the twenty-one years of his residence and practice of medicine in Fair- 
field, Dr. Moberly accumulated a very handsome property, notwithstanding his 
wonderful liberality and generous nature. What was more and better, he 
acquired a good name. His death was universally lamented, and the inffuences 
of his good deeds and noble life are sacred to his memory. 

STARTING AN ORCHARD — THE OLD APPLE-TREE. 

The honor of starting the first orchard belongs to Mrs. Sarah A. Lambirth. 
When they came here from Morgan County, 111., in the spring of 1836, Mrs. 
ij. brought some apple-seeds among her collection of garden-seeds. In time 
and season she planted the seeds, which took root and grew nicely. She says 
she remembers remarking to her husband when planting them, that she sup- 



374 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

posed she would never live to see them mature into beai'ing fruit-trees ; that 
she would never be permitted to pluck an apple from them and give him to eat. 
as Eve did to Adam in the garden of Eden. He replied, " Oh, yes, you will ; 
you will live a long while yet — longer, may be, than I will." Neither of them 
thought anything more about the matter at the time, and the conversation passed 
out of mind and was not recalled till a tree from one of the seeds commenced bear- 
ing apples, when, as the fruit ripened, it was plucked and eaten, and the circum- 
stances and conversation attending the planting were recalled to mind and talked 
and laughed about. Children had been born unto them, and had grown with the 
growth of their fruit-trees. Both of them lived to see fifteen bushels of apples 
gathered from one of the trees, as they had both lived to see the wild prairie 
upon which they settled converted into Avell-cultivated and remunerative farms. 
The prediction of the husband that the wife would outlive him was verified; 
for, after living on his claim for nearly a quarter of a century — every year of 
which was full of usefulness to his family, his neighbors and the community 
generally, Thomas Lambirth, the poor man's friend and helper in all times of 
need, was called from "labor to refreshment" on the 12thday of May, 1857. His 
death was universally lamented in the neighborhood in Avhich he had lived so- 
many years, and where his example left impressions and influences that are 
feelingly cherished not only by the fathers and mothers of his time, but even 
by the young generation who have learned to reverence his memory from hear- 
ing their parents tell of his industry, honesty and open-handed benevolence. 
Mrs. Lambirth, his widow, is still living and in the enjoyment of good health 
and unimpaired mental faculties. At the age of sixty-one years, she is ready 
and waiting for the summons to join her husband in a world of eternal delight. 

troxell's mill-raising and break-down. 

Rowe's horse-power mill, previously mentioned, was the first and only mill 
of any kind in the county until the erection of Troxell's mill on Cedar Creek, 
near the present crossing of the Chicago and Southwestern Railroad, in 1840. 
The raising of this mill and the events associated with it was an occasion the 
old settlers will not alloAv to be forgotten. It Avas regarded as the first event of 
any great importance, socially and otherwise, in this part of Iowa, and many 
things are remembered as happening " about the time Troxell's mill was 
raised." Everybody within fifty miles was invited to the raising. Socially, 
it was intended to be a great fete, and men and women came from Mt. Pleasant. 
Keosauqua and every other point within reach. But, notwithstanding the great 
distances from which they came, and the numbers present, there were only two 
unmarried females in all the crowd. One of these was a daughter of Troxell, 
a dashing madcap, full of fun and reckless of speech. 

Troxell and his good wife prepared a great " lay-out " for the occasion. The 
" bill of fare " was unsurpassed for the times. It included everything the 
" market afforded." Chickens Avere cooked by the score. Venison, wild tur- 
key, wild honey — in fact, everything to be had was prepared for the feast. 
Table-room and dishes were inadequate to the number of guests, and, from 
necessity, were dispensed with. So were knives and forks. Ladies and gentle- 
men governed themselves accordingly, and ate from pots, plates, platters and 
pans — just as it happened. 

In those days, arrangements and preparations for a raising were not com- 
plete without a sufficient quantity of whisky " to see them through." Troxell 
provided a barrel of the fiery liquid. The raising commenced on Saturday, 
and was followed by dancing. The dancing commenced on Saturday night and 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 375 

lasted, without ntcrmission, until Monday. Several amusing episodes occurred 
during the festivities, one or two of which are here related. 

Troxell was a fiddler, and furnished the music for the dancers. At one time 
his daughter was solicited to dance with one of the elderly guests, and, when 
they had taken their position on the floor, she turned to her father and said : 
" Give us something quick and devilish, dad, while I take a trot with this 'ere 
old hoss. I'll make him sweat." At another time, while she was appeasing 
her appetite Avith a potato in one hand and a chicken leg in the other, one of the 
guests made some remark she did not like, when she turned upon him with 
scornful eye and remarked : " Look out, and don't say that again, you goggle- 
eyed old kangaroo, or 111 hit you on the head with this 'tater.'" He "looked 
out," and the dance went on. 

klinkenbeard's flood. 

In the year 1840, there resided in Jefferson County, on Cedar Creek, a 
personage of German extraction named Joseph Klinkenbeard. He was one of 
those original characters found in all communities, but more especially con- 
spicuous in the early settlements, where a man could permit his real character 
to show itself without restraint. He was naturally rough and uncouth, and 
very fond of whisky, and, when under its influence, his peculiarities were very 
marked. He swore like a pirate when affairs went roughly with him, but he 
could pray, and did pray, when frightened into it. 

Klinkenbeard had built a cabin in a depression on the banks of Cedar 
Creek, which was inhabited by himself, wife and children. A miller by trade, 
he naturally felt most at home along the water- courses. 

In the month of August, 1840, a tremendous flood fell upon Cedar Creek 
and its valleys, which, had the country been as thickly settled as now, would 
have marked its course with death and devastation. As it was, however, no 
particular damage was sustained by the settlers, the greatest sufferer being the 
unfortunate Klinkenbeard. On the memorable August night, while the win- 
dows of heaven were opened and the rain was descending, he retired, with his 
family, in fancied security, not dreaming of the ocean of waves that was accu- 
mulating from the many swollen tributaries that poured into Cedar Creek above 
his cabin. The fiimily were awakened from their sweet dreams of peace by a 
sudden heavy blow against the side of the house from some object that struck it 
with all the violence of a battering-ram, causing the very logs to creak in their 
"notches" and "saddles." This afterward proved to be an immense log of 
driftwood carried before the flood. " Klink "' sprang out of bed into water that 
had silently stolen into the cabin to the depth of three feet. As the watery 
element rushed uj) around his surprised limbs in their abbreviated garments, he 
let off a howl that would have done honor to a Dog-Kib Indian. 

"Klink" and his wife. took in the situation, and at once began to lug the 
children and what garments they could lay hold of that were floating around in 
the eddying waters, up the ladder into the loft of the cabin. The waters were 
rapidly rising around them, and at short intervals fallen trees and logs of drift-wood 
struck the cabin with a boom that sounded like young thunder. The unhappy 
Klinkenbeards sought refuge in the loft of their cabin. There was not standing- 
room between the loft and the roof, and they had to accommodate themselves to 
the situation. " Klink " sat with his naked legs hanging down the ladder-hole. 
The flood raged and roared without, and rose higher and higher within. By 
and by " Klink " felt something touch his toes and tickle the soles of his feet. 
With a string of oaths, the use of which had made him conspicuous as the 



376 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

"wickedest man" in Jefferson County, he jerked his knees clear up to his chin, 
then straightened himself up as well as he could, and commenced removing the 
clapboards in the roof above in order to escape thereon. When he had made 
an aperture sufficiently large, he put out his "shocky" head to take a look at 
the situation. But it was pitchy dark, and he could see nothing, until, for a 
second, a flash of lightning revealed to his terrified gaze, the extent of the 
ocean of water that surrounded his cabin. Just then the cabin began to tremble 
to its very sills. The surging, seething water rocked it to and fro. The water 
had reached the loft, and was lifting the boards upon which they had taken 
refuge. " Klink " got out on the roof and lifted his wife and children out after 
him. and anchored them as best he could, while he himself straddled the 
"comb," and braced his naked knees against the wet, slippery clapboards. As 
the frantic flood surged madly on, the doomed cabin quivered for an instant, 
loosened itself from the earth, swung round, and was swept onward with the 
tide, a la Noah's ark, while the unwilling voyageurs clung to the clapboards 
"tooth and toe-nail." Excessive terror had roused in Klinkenbeard the recol- 
lection that there was a Power that ruled the storm, and to that Power he 
turned for relief. He coughed his heart out of his throat, and, as the frequent 
flashes of lightning revealed the lines of anguish in his horror-stricken face, he 
offered the following brief petition for relief to Him that ruled the storm : 

"0, Lord! Old Klinkenbeard has been a very wicked man in his time, but 
he sees the folly of that wickedness now. He has used up a mighty sight of 
'corn juice," too, but it is all washed out now. But, Lord, You promised You 
would never again destroy the world with water, but with fire. Old ' Klink ' 
can stand heat, but neither he nor his family can swim ; and here You come in 

the night, w^hen we are all asleep, with another d d old flood. If You 

can't have mercy on old ' Klink,' have mercy on his family." 

" Klink " prayed on, and onward floated the frail cabin with its living freight, 
every instant expecting to be engulfed in the dark waters of the Cedar, till sud- 
denly a rude shock stopped the progress of the cabin, nearly dislodging the 
family on the roof. When daylight glimmered in the east, and the clouds 
began to break away, Klinkenbeard saw that Providence had heard his rude 
prayer, and that his cabin was fast-wedged between two twin trees that grew on 
the banks of the stream. 

When the neighbors discovered the perilous situation of the miller and his 
family, they hastened to convey them, weak and shivering, in canoes to their own 
homes, where the family was provided for until the father could look about for a 
new building-site. 

The old rhyme that says 

" When the devil was sick, 
The devil a saint would be ; 
When the devil was well, 
The devil a saint was he," 

well applied to the unstable Klinkenbeard. While looking for a site for his 

cabin, he chose a knoll on which to locate, remarking that "he be d^ d if he 

wouldn't build so high this time that God Almighty couldn't get at him with 
His d d old floods. 

ANOTHER FLOOD. 

Another flood occurred in 1851, when the various water-courses in the county 
rose much higher than during the flood of 1840. The country being by this 
time more thickly settled, the water did far more damage to property in the 



• HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 377 

lowlands, which were all overflowed. Along Skunk River, especially, the 
damage was very great, destroying and damaging a large number of houses and 
washing away farm improvements. At Rome, on Skunk River, a shingle was 
nailed to a tree which stands in the bottom near Millspaw's mill, and which still 
bears the shingle, showing the water at that point in the valley to have been over 
fifteen feet in depth. 

^ COOP IN THE LEGISLATURE. 

When Henry County was organized, in 1836, its jurisdiction extended to 
the western line of the Black Hawk Purchase. When the second purchase was 
made, in 1837 (ratified and confirmed in February, 1838), that jurisdiction was 
extended to the western boundary line of Jefferson County. With the enlarge- 
ment of the territory, there was an expansion of settlement. " Squatters " 
came in and made claims in nearly every part of the new purchase. These set- 
tlements were scattering, sometimes miles a part, but so increased the popula- 
tion that, in the early part of 1838, Col. Coop and others began to agitate the 
formation of a new county. Coop had county seat aspirations. He hoped to 
make his town of Lockridge, which he had laid out in the spring of 1837, the 
seat of justice of the new county. In that year (1838), and with such aspira- 
tions. Coop was a candidate for election to the Territorial Legislature from 
this part of Henry County, and was elected. Of that Legislature and Coop's 
scheme for a new county, Hawkins Taylor wrote as follows in a letter published 
in the Fairfield Ledger, under date of November 6, 1878 : 

" In the winter of 1838-39, I served in the first Iowa Legislature with W. 
G. Coop, who then lived on Walnut Creek, and in part represented Henry 
County. That part of Jefferson that had then been purchased from the Indians 
was attached to Henry County for legislative and judicial purposes. In that 
whole Legislature there was but a single member that had ever been in any 
Legislature before. That one was Van Delashmut, who was living, a few years 
since, in Mahaska County. Van was full of fun, and no man liad more of it 
than he did. Not many of the members had ever seen any Legislature in ses- 
sion ; but it was a lively Legislature, and full of business. There was no 
greener member than Coop at that time, but he was thoroughly honest and was 
liked by all the members. On account of my relatives and friends in Round 
Prairie, I took an active interest in having Coop get his new county. At that 
time, Lawson B. Hughes and Doctor Paine were the councilmen from Henry 
County, and they did not like to make the new county. They were Democrats, 
and the new county would be Democratic, while the division would leave Henry 
Whig; but Coop got his new county." 

ORGANIZATION OF .JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

The Territory of Iowa was organized under an act of Congress approved 
June 12, 1838. The law became operative on tlie 3d day of July following. 
Ex-Gov. Robert Lucas, of Ohio, was appointed Governor of the new Territory 
by President Van Buren. Immediately after assuming the duties of his trust. 
Gov. Lucas issued a proclamation directing the election of members of the first 
Territorial Legislature. The election was held on the 10th of September, and 
the Legislature met at Burlington on the 12th of November. Soon after the 
organization of the Legislature was perfected, Mr. Coop introduced a bill 
entitled " An act to divide the county of Henry and establish the county of 
Jefferson." The bill became a law in the words following, to wit. : 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Council and House of Representatives of the Territory of Iowa. 
That all that tract of country lying west and attached to the county of Henry, viz. : Beginnin;^ 



378 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

at the southeast corner of Township Number Seventy-one north, Range Eight west ; thence north 
with said line to the line dividing Townships Seventy -three and Seventy-four ; thence west with 
said line to the Indian boundary line ; thence south with said line to the line dividing Town- 
ships Seventy and Seventy-one ; thence east with said line to the place of beginning, be and the 
same is hereby constituted a separate county, to be called .lefferson. 

Sec. 2. That the said county of Jefferson shall, to all intents and purposes, be and remain 
an organized county, and invested with full power and authority to do and transact all county 
business which any regularly organized county may of right do. 

Sec. ?>. That Samuel Hutton, of the county of Henry, and Joshua Owens, of the county of 
Lee, and Roger N. Cressup, of the county of Van Buren, are hereby appointed Commissioners to 
locate and establish the seat of justice of Jefferson County. The said Commissioners shall meet 
in the town of Lockridge on the first Monday in March next, to proceed to the duties required 
of them, or may meet on any other day they may agree on within one month thereafter, being 
first sworn by any Judge or Justice of the Peace faithfully and impartially to examine the situa- 
tion of said county, taking into consideration the future, as well as the present, population of 
said county ; also, to pay strict regard to the geographical center, and to locate the seat of 
justice as near the center as an eligible situation can be obtained ; and so soon as they have come 
to a determination of the place where they shall locate it, it shall be the duty of said Commis- 
sioners to name the place, so located by them, by such name as they may think proper, and shall 
commit the same to writing, signed by the Commissioners, and filed with the Clerk of the Dis- 
trict Court of the present county of Henry, whose duty it shall be to record the same, and 
deliver over the same to the Clerk of the county of Jefferson whenever he shall be appointed, 
whose duty it shall be to record the same and forever keep it on file in his oflBce, and the place 
thus designated shall be considered the seat of justice of said county. 

Sec. 4. Provided, That in the event of s«id Commissioners being prevented, from any cause 
whatever, from performing the duties required of them, or if a majority of said Commissioners 
shall not be able to agree upon any place for the establishment of said seat of justice, then in 
that case the seat of justice is temporarily established at the house of Sylvanus Harrington. 

Sec. 5. That the said Commissioners shall receive, as a compensation for performing the 
duties required of them, the sum of three dollars per day, to be paid out of the first moneys 
that may come into the treasury of said county of JeflTerson. 

Se{\ 6. That there shall be an election held on the first Monday in April next, for the pur- 
pose of electing all county ofi&cers that may be elective, the same as in other organized counties. 

Sec. 7. That it shall be the duty of the Sheriff of said county to cause written notices to be 
put up at three of the most public places in each of the old precincts in said county of Jefferson, 
stating the time and place and officers to be elected. 

Sec. 8. That the county of Jefferson shall remain attached to the original county of Henry 
for judicial purposes until its officers are appointed and elected, and until said county is properly 
organized, according to law in such cases made and provided. 

Sec. 9. That tiiis act shall be in force from and after its passage. 

Approved January 21, 1839. 

Having thus minutely traced the history of the county from the time the 
first claims were made by John HufiF and his companions in 1835, to the passage 
of the bill under which the county was organized, we come now to consider its 

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, ORIGIN OF NAMES, TIxMBER, ETC. 

The lands are what are known as rolling prairie and woodland, properly 
interspersed for farming purposes, building and fencing timber. The landscape 
from the higher ground is pleasing and attractive to the eye, inviting the 
strano-er to a closer examination of the view before him. The abundance of 
streams, skirted with heavy growths of timber, give a variety and richness to 
the prospect. Along the larger streams, such as Checauqua (Skunk), Cedar, 
Walnut and Competine, the lands are to some extent broken, but none, or but 
few sections at least, are lost to cultivation. 

The central part of the county is the highest ground, the water shedding 
toward the north, south and east, while the sheds of each township are well 
defined and reach to all parts of the land. 

Few counties in Iowa are so favored as to water and timber, almost all of the 
streams furnishing sufficient water for motive power, as well as for stock ; while 
timber for building purposes is to be found in abundance ; black, white, burr 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 379 

and red oak, hard and soft maple, hickory, elm, ash, walnut and birch, being 
the principal varieties. 

The streams occupy a prominent position in the topography of the county. 
Entering the county near its northeast corner, in Section 1 of Walnut Town- 
ship, is the Checauqua River, which flows through the eastern tier of sections 
of that township, its course south ; entering Section 1 of Lockridge Township, 
it changes its course westerly, touching Section 2 ; reversing its course, it flows 
through Sections 12 and 13, leaving the county at the half-section line of Sec- 
tion 13, watering ten sections. 

Burr Oak Creek rising in Section 1 of Penn Township traversing the town- 
in a southeasterly direction, empties into the Checauqua River in Section 2 of 
Lockridge Township, watering twelve sections. The Indian name of Skunk River 
was Che-eau-que, and in fact the early white settlers sometimes applied that name 
to it. In the proceedings of the Board of County Commissioners of this county, 
January 2, 1843, '" Che-cau-que River," is mentioned in connection with the 
location of a territorial road, the orthography being as here given, written in 
the bold legible hand of James T. Hardin, Clerk of the Board at the time. The 
word, in the Sac and Fox tongue, means Skimk. The white settlers of a later 
period certainly evince no great poetical taste by affixing to that stream the 
English translation. The pride of the people, however, is somewhat gratified 
when they call to mind that a certain great commercial emporium of the West 
derives its name from no better source. Chi-ca-go and Che-aau-que are slightly 
different pronunciations of a word said to mean the same thing. 

Big Turkey Creek rises in Section 7 of Lockridge Township, its course 
eastward, along the boundary line of Walnut and Lockridge Townships, pass- 
ing through eight sections, emptying into Walnut Creek near the junction of 
Walnut and Burr Oak. This creek was named by John Huff" because of his 
killing five large wild turkeys on^its banks on one hunt. 

Little Turkey rises in Section 17, Lockridge Township ; enters Skunk River 
in Section 11, same township ; watering eleven sections. 

Brush Creek rises in Fairfield Township in Sections 1 and 2, flowing east- 
ward across Buchanan and Lockridge Townships, entering Henry County from 
Section 36 of Lockridge Township, watering twelve sections. This creek was 
also named by John Huff", because of the thick growth of underbrush found 
along its banks. 

Walnut Creek has three prongs west of Section 23, of Penn Township. 
The north prong rises in Section 3 ; the middle prong rises in Sections 9, 17 
and 21 ; and the south prong in Section 29 of Black Hawk Township. The 
north fork enters Penn Township in Section 7; the middle prong in S:ction 
18, and the south prong in Section 30, watering nineteen sections in Black 
Hawk, ten sections in Penn, nine sections in Walnut, and two sections in 
Lockridge Township, emptying into Checauqua (Skunk) River in Section 2, 
Lockridge Township. Its general course is east. So named because of the large 
walnut-trees along its course. 

Big Cedar enters the county in Section 18, Locust Grove Township, j)as8ing 
through Locust Grove, Fairfield, Li])erty, Cedar and Round Prairie Townships, 
leaves thecounty from Section 35 of Round Prairie Township, traversing thirty- 
-one sections, and, in its windings, makes about sixty-two miles in the county. 

Lick Creek rises in Section 16 of Des Moines Township, passes through 
Liberty Township, and makes its exit from the county from Section 32 of Liberty 
Township, watering eight sections. This stream derived its name from saline 
spots along its course that were frequented by deer. 



880 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY\ 

The western branch of Crow Creek rises in Section 24, Fairfield Township, 
and the eastern fork in Section 20, Buchanan Township. These branches flow 
in a southern direction and unite iri Section 30, Buchanan Township ; thence 
south through Cedar Township, and empty into Cedar Creek from Section 18. 
Crow Creek and its branches waters eight sections. This creek was first known 
as Balalrd's Branch, after the name of the first settler on its banks, whose name 
is elsewhere mentioned as one of the " squatters " of 1836. When the settlement 
and society began to encroach on Ballard's domain, and he "pulled up stakes" 
and moved on west, it came to be known as Dyer's Creek, but W. B. Culbert- 
son and John A. Pitzer rechristened it and named it Crow Creek, from the 
frequent gatherings of large flocks of those birds in the timber skirting the 
course of the stream. 

Little Competine rises in Section 18 of Polk Township, and empties into 
Big Competine in Section 6 of Locust Grove Township, watering five sections. 

Big Competine enters the county in Section 31 of Polk Township, flows 
south through Locust Grove, emptying into Cedar in Section 21, watering 
seven sections. 

An old Indian, among the Sacs and Foxes, of the name of Competine,* 
had a child that died in the western part of the county, near where Daniel 
Morris then lived. The child was buried on the east bank of a small creek 
which passes through Locust Grove Township, and from this circumstance, and 
in honor of the Indian Competine, the settlers called the creek Competine, by 
which name it is still known. The meaning of the word Com-pe-thie, in the 
Sac and Fox tongue, is — a small office. Competine, however, had two other 
names — Ma-eul-ivah and Mich-la-wam-pa-tine. 

Coon Creek rises in Sections 7 and 9 of Polk Township, flowing into Com- 
petine in Section 21 of Locust Grove Township, watering thirteen sections. 
This creek was so named because of the large number of raccoons that were 
found along its course m early days. 

Smith Creek rises in Section 24 of Polk Township, flows south, emptying 
into Coon Creek in Section 3, Locust Grove Township, watering six sections. 
This creek was named after the first settler on its banks. 

Richland Creek rises in Section 18 of Black Hawk, flows north, leaving 
the county from Section 5 of same township, watering three sections. No 
origin for the name of this creek is recorded, but it was probably so named 
because of the exceeding richness of the land through Avhich its course is 
directed. 

Rattlesnake rises in Section 13 of Cedar ToAvnship, flows through Round 
Prairie Township, emptying into Cedar Creek in Section 33 of Round Prairie 
Township, watering seven sections. This creek was so named because of 
the large number of yellow rattlesnakes that used to den among the rocks along 
its course. A son of Henry Simcoe, an early settler, was bitten by one of the 
reptiles, from the eflects of which he died soon afterward. 

Wolf Creek rises in Sections 26 and 27 of Buchanan Township, flows 
eastward, crosses Section 1 of Cedar, passes through Round Prairie, and 

* After the Indians had removed west beyond the boundary line, parties of them frequently visited the eastern 
part of the county, for the purpose of making sugar, aud hunting along the Checauque River. At one time, in 1839, 
Competine and his wife were on their way to the Checauijue — the equaw mounted on a pony, with camp-kettles and all 
their wick-e-up (tent) paraphernalia. They stopped at the cabin of a settler in the neighborhood of the present village 
of Salina, where a white man's horse was tied to the fence. Mrs. Competine, unable to guide her overloaded pony, ran , 
her wiek-e-up traps against the white man's horse, badly injuring him. This so enraged the owner of the horse that 
he took hold of Gompetine's gun and wrenched it from him by force. Competine went to the Indian Agency and 
made complaint, and the white nixn, learning that he was about to get into trouble, gave a friend 85 to take the gun 
to its owner. The messenger proceeded as far as Fairtield, where he took a spree, lost all his money, and could go no 
further. In the mean time, a squad of dragoons came on from the agency, and finding Gompetine's gun in Fairfield, 
returned it to him. and let the offender off, a badly-scared man. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 381 

makes its exit from the county from Section 1 of Round Prairie Township^ 
watering thirteen sections in its course. James McCoy, an early settler, spent 
much of his time hunting wolves, his most successful excursions being along a 
small tributary of Big Cedar, in the southeast part of the county. He there- 
fore called it " Wolf Creek," by which name it is still known. 

Troy's Branch rises in Section 27, Buchanan Township, flows south 
through Cedar Township, empties into Cedar Creek from Section 28 of 
Cedar Township, watering ten sections. Named after Troy, the first settler on 
its banks. 

GEOLOGY. 

In the general history of the State which is given in this volume, will be 
found a somewhat elaborate description of the geology of Iowa, from a scientific 
standpoint. It remains for us to limit the circuit of our work in connection 
herewith to the actual boundaries of Jeiferson County. We shall attempt 
to popularize a most interesting but not generally studied theme, and endeavor to- 
explain, in simple form, what is too often rendered obscure to the uninitiated in 
scientific methods, by technical terms and expressions. Since those who wish 
to do so can turn to the general chapter and learn of the geologic structure of 
the State, let us now bring to a focus the more practical ideas relative to 
the subject of the recent or superficial formations of Jeiferson County. This is 
designed to be only a short popular treatise, so as to interest every man and 
woman of good observation who shall peruse it, and to call their attention, at 
least, to the surface formation of the earth, so that in a few years there may be 
hundreds of observers of interesting geological facts where there is but one at 
the present time. 

That geology commends itself to us as a truthful science will be very 
readily elucidated by a simple statement of a fact within the comprehension 
of all. 

To illustrate : A certain kind of rocks are called Archaean or Laurentian. 
These are the most ancient rocks known to geologists ; at one time they were 
supposed to be destitute of fossils. In all the systems of rocks, they occupy the 
lowest, and consequently the oldest, position ; but in whatever part of the earth 
found, they are always recognizable by the geologist. So the Devonian rocks 
are distinguished by certain fossil fishes that are found in them, and in them 
alone. The Carboniferous rocks are known by certain fossil mollusks ; the 
Cretaceous, by certain reptiles that occur in no other formation ; and so every 
geological period has its characteristic fossils, by means of which the formation 
and its comparative age may always be accurately determined. 

The geologist will always know the coal-bearing rocks from any other class ; 
and this knowledge ought to be possessed by every one interested in explora- 
tions for coal. 

The geologic history of Iowa is but a page in the general history of the 
continent of North America. This continent has been demonstrated to be the 
oldest portion of the earth, notwithstanding the misnomer, "New World." It 
is new only in civilization. The geologist reads is the rocks evidences of age 
that are far more reliable than those which are placed on perishable scrolls by 
the pen of man. The oldest groups of rocks are not found in Iowa, but are 
visible in the Canadas. The first system, underlying all others, in this State, 
is the Azoic, seen only in a small section of the northeast portion of Iowa. 
Next come the Lower and Upper Silurian, the Devonian, the Carboniferous 



S82 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

and the Cretaceous systems. Of the earlier formations we shall say nothing, 
as allusion to them necessitates a far more extended article than we desire to 
prepare. 

The scope of this paper extends back only to the Carboniferous system, at 
the period known as the Subcarboniferous group. In plainer terras, this refers 
to the limestone which underlies the coal formations, and brings the subject at 
once to the visible formations in the valley. This section is rich in coal deposits, 
and a glance at the method of creation will be both interesting and instructive. 

FORMATION OF LIME BEDS. 

Limestones have mainly been formed in the bottom of the ocean ; the older 
and purer kinds in the deep, still sea ; the more recent and less pure in a shal- 
low and disturbed sea. When the great limestone deposits were made in the 
Mississippi Valley, a deep salt ocean extended from the Alleghany to the 
Rocky Mountains, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. This was 
the age of mollusks (shell fish), and the sea bottom swarmed with them. Many 
of the rocks seem to have been wholly made up of conglomerate shells. In 
this age of the world there was no creature living with a spinal column or a 
brain ; but corals, a low order of radiates, as crinoidea, several varieties of 
mollusks, crustaceans, called trilobites (somewhat corresponding to the river 
crawfish), and some lowly worms I These were the highest development of 
animal life when the earlier limestone rocks were being slowly formed. 

This Silurian age was succeeded by the Devonian, characterized as the age 
of fishes, during which were deposited the Hamilton and Carboniferous lime- 
stones. Then came the Subcarboniferous period, during which were deposited 
the limestone beds. These were formed in a comparatively shallow sea, a fact 
proven by numerous ripple marks in the rocks, also by their sandy composition 
in some layers, and farther, by an occasional thin layer of clay intervening 
between the strata of rocks. These were uneasy times on the earth's crust, 
when it was given to upheavings and down-sinkings over large areas. Then 
it was that the whole northeastern and eastern part of the State was up- 
raised. 

THE GREAT COAL BASIN 

was formed west and south throughout Iowa, reaching into Missouri and Kan- 
sas, the Indian Territory and perhaps Texas. Over this vast area there stretched 
a vast, dismal swamp. 

On this vast marshy plain grew the rank vegetation that was in the future 
to be pressed into coal. It was a wilderness of moss and ferns and reeds, such 
as can be found nowhere on earth at the present time. Prof Gunning, in 
speaking of it, says: " To the land forest of coniferas and cycads, and the 
marsh forest of scale trees and seal trees and reed trees and fern trees, add an 
undergrowth of low herbaceous ferns, and you have the picture of a primeval 
landsciipe. Blot from the face of nature every flowering weed and flowering 
tree, every grass, every fruit, every growth useful to man or beast ; go, then to 
the Sunda Islands for the largest club moss, to the East Indies for the largest 
tree fern, to the damp glades of Caracas for the tallest reeds, to the Moluccas 
for their cycad, and to Australia for its pine, to the ponds and sluggish streams 
of America for their quillwort, and place them all side by side over a vast 
marsh and its sandy borders, and you will faintly realize your picture of a prim- 
eval landscape. Dwarf the cycad and the pine, lift still higher the tapering 
column of the tree fern, multiply by two the bulk of the reed and by three 
the club moss, lift the quillwort from the water, and to its long, linear leaves 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 383 

add a fluted stem eighty feet high, and you would fully realize a carbon- 
iferous landscape — realize it in all but its vast solitudes. Not a bird ever 
perched on spiky leaf or spreading fern of a coal forest. No flower had 
opened yet to spread fragrance on the air, and no throat had warbled a note 
of music. Such poor animal life as the carboniferous world then possessed 
left its imprint on wave-washed shore and in the hollow stems of fallen 
trees." 

This was the beginning of the age of amphibians. Then lived the progeni 
tors of the loathsome alligator and lizard. La Conte says : " The climate 
of the coal period was characterized by greater warmth, humidity, uniformity 
and a more highly carbonated condition of the atmosphere than now ob- 
tains." We may, therefore, picture to ourselves the climate of this period as warm, 
moists uniform, stagnant and stifling from the abundance of carbonic-acid gas. 

Such conditions were extremely favorable to vegetable life, but not to the 
higher forms of animal life. Neither man nor monkey nor milk-giving animal 
of any kind, lived for many cycles of time after the Subcarboniferous period ; 
but that vegetation grew rank, scientific facts corroborate ; thus, Prof. Gunning 
says : " It takes between five and eight feet of vegetable debris to form one 
foot of coal. A Pittsburgh seam is ten feet thick, while one in Nova Scotia is 
thirty-five feet in depth. The Pittsburgh seam represents a vegetable deposit 
of from fifty to a hundred feet in depth, and the one in Nova Scotia between a 
hundred and seventy-five and three hundred and fifty feet in thickness. A four- 
foot seam in Wapello County would represent from twenty to forty feet of vege- 
table debris. 

During the growth and decay of this vegetable matter, the surface of the 
earth did not sink ; but this quiescent period was followed by one of submer- 
gence. " The surface, loaded with the growth of quiet centuries, was carried 
down beneath the sea, where it was swept by waves and overspread by sands 
and mud." It was in nature's great hydraulic press, where it remained until 
another upheaval again threw it to the surface, and another long era of verdure 
succeeded the one of submergence. 

Thus, emergence and submergence succeeded each other as many times as 
the coal-seams and the shale, slate or sandstone alternate — in some parts of 
Iowa, three times, in Nova Scotia about forty times ! Who can compute tha 
centuries here recorded t 

The coal-fields of Iowa are extensive. A line drawn on the map of the 
State as follows will about define them : Commencing at the southeast corner 
of Van Buren County, running to the northeast corner of Jefferson, by a wav- 
ing line slightly eastward through Lee and Henry Counties ; thence a few miles 
northward from Jefferson and northwestward, keeping six or eight miles north 
of Skunk River, until the southern boundary of Marshall County is reached a 
little west of the center ; thence three or four miles northeast from Eldora, in 
Hardin County ; thence westwafd to a point a little north of Webster City, in 
Hamilton County, and thence westward to a point a little north of Fort Dodge, 
in Webster County. 

The coal-field in Iowa belongs to the true carboniferous system, and is, 
moreover, the outfield of the vast coal-basin which partly covers this State, 
Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania. It is only in the Alleghanies that 
subterranean action has converted any part of the coal into anthracite. Every- 
where else in the immense basin it is strictly bituminous, varying, however, 
from the article as first prepared by the economic forces of Nature from the 
block coal of Indiana to the cannel coal found in certain parts of Iowa. 



384 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

It appears from the researches of Liebig and other eminent chemists, that 
when wood and other vegetable matter are buried in the earth, exposed to 
moisture and partially or entirely excluded from air, they decompose slowly and 
evolve carbonic acid gas, thus parting with a portion of their original oxygen. 
By this means they become gradually converted into lignite, or wood coal, 
which contains a larger proportion of hydrogen than wood does. A continuance 
of decomposition changes this lignite into common or bituminous coal, chiefly 
by the discharge of carbureted hydrogen, or the gas by which we illuminate 
our streets and houses. According to Bischofi", the inflammable gases which are 
always escaping from mineral coal, and are so often the cause of fatal accidents 
in mines, always contain carbonic acid, carbureted hydrogen, nitrogen and 
defiant gas. The disengagement of all these gradually transforms ordinary or 
bituminous coal into anthracite, to which the various names of glance coal, 
cota, hard coal, culm and many others have been given. 

In explaining the cause of the freedom of coal from impurities of almost 
every description, Sir Charles Lyell gives a paragraph which is interesting in 
this connection. He says: "The purity of coal itself, or the absence in it of 
earthy particles and sand, throughout areas of vast extent, is a fact which, 
appears to be very difiicult to explain when we attribute each coal-seam to a 
vegetable growth in swamps. It has been asked how, during river inundations 
capable of sweeping away the leaves of ferns and the stems and roots of trees, 
could the waters fail to transport some fine mud into swamps ? One generation 
of tall trees after another grew in mud, and their leaves and prostrate trunks 
formed layers of vegetable matter which afterward covered with mud and turned 
to shale ; but the coal itself, or altered vegetable matter, remained all the while 
unsoiled with earthy matter. This enigma, however perplexing at first 
sight, may, I think, be solved by attending to what is now taking place in 
deltas. 

" The dense growth of reeds and herbage which encompasses the margin of 
forest- covered swamps in the valley and delta of the Mississippi, is such that the 
fluviatile waters, in passing through them, are filtered and made to clear them- 
selves entirely before they reach the areas in which vegetable matter may accu- 
mulate for centuries, formins; coal, if the climate be favorable. There is no 
possibility of the least intermixture of earthy matter in such cases. Thus, in 
the large submerged track called ' Sunk Country,' near New Madrid, forming 
part of the western side of the valley of the Mississippi, erect trees have been 
standing ever since the year 1811-12, killed by the great earthquake of that 
date ; lacustrine and swamp plants have been growing there in the shallows, 
and several rivers have annually inundated the whole space, and yet have been 
unable to carry in any sediment within the outer boundaries of the morass, so 
dense is the marginal belt of reeds and brushwood. It may be afiirmed that 
generally, in the cypress swamps of the Mississippi, no sediment mingles with 
the vegetable matter accumulated there from the decay of trees and semi- 
aquatic plants. As a singular proof of this fact, I may mention that when- 
ever any part of the swamps in Louisiana is dried up, during an un- 
usually hot season, and the wood is set on fire, pits are burned into the 
ground many feet deep, or as far down as the fire can descend without 
meeting with water, and it is then found that scarcely any residuum or earthy 
matter is left. At the bottom of these cypress swamps a bed of clay is found, 
with roots of the tall cypress, just as the under clays of the coal are filled with 
stigmaria." 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 385 

CRETACEOUS. 

The next formation above the coal was the cretaceous, or chalk. This 
formation is not seen in this region, being encountered only in the west and 
northwest portions of the State. If any ever existed here, it was carried 
away during the glacial period, which is hereafter explained. The absence of 
chalk brings us to speak next of the 

GLACIAL PERIOD. 

That the surface of Iowa, and, in fact, the whole of North America north of 
the thirty-eighth parallel, is covered by a material known as drift, has become a 
popular opinion. Strewed all over the country, on the hills and in the valleys 
and on the level prairies, covering up the native rocks to a depth of from twenty 
to three hundred feet, is found this peculiar deposit. The well-diggers and the 
colliers, in their excavations, encounter it, and the quarryman has to strip it from 
the surface of this rock bed. It is not all alike ; first there are a few feet of sur- 
face soil, created by recent vegetable deposits ; then a variable depth of clay, or 
clay and sand intimately blended ; then water-worn gravel and sand, and then 
blue clay^ resting upon the country rock. 

Scattered over the continent are frequently seen " lost rocks," or bowlders, 
of various sizes and of different varieties, some of granite, others of gneiss or 
trap, and occasionally some of limestone. These bowlders are also frequently 
found in excavating the earth. 

The blue clay which lies upon the country rocks, or the original formation, 
is the oldest of the drift deposits. It consists of a heterogeneous mixture of 
dark blue clay, sand, gravel, pebbles and irregular-shaped stones and bowlders, 
of various kinds and sizes, unassorted and unstratified, and therefore could not 
have been deposited in water. Sometimes an occasional piece of stone-coal 
and fragments of wood are found in it. This blue clay is bowlder or glacier clay. 
From whence it came and how formed is one of the most interesting subjects 
that scientific minds have investigated. The history of glacial phenomena is 
the history of the deposition of the blue clay formation. 

Too much credit cannot be given to the late lamented Prof. Agassiz and 
Principal Forbes for their discovery of the laws regulating glacial action. These 
eminent savants built a hut on a living glacier, in Switzerland, and studied it in 
all its relations to the past history of the globe. 

Prof. Gunning says : " The area of Greenland is nearly eight hundred 
thousand square miles ; and all this, save the narrow strip which faces an ice- 
choked sea, on the west, is a lifeless solitude of snow and ice. The snow over- 
tops the hills and levels up all the valleys, so that, as far as the eye can reach, 
there is nothing but one vast, dreary, level expanse of white. Over all broods 
the silence of death. Life, there is none. Motion, there seems to be none — 
none save of the wind, which sweeps now and then, in the wrath of a polar 
storm, from the sea over the • ice-sea,' and rolls its cap of snow into great bil- 
lows, and dashes it up into clouds of spray. But motion there is ; activities we 
shall see there are, on a scale of grandeur commensurate with the vast desola- 
tion itself." 

Let the mind go back in the history of our earth, one hundred thousand 
years, when, Prof. Croll, from mathematical deductions, infers the existence 
of a snow cap, covering the whole of North America and Europe, from the 
thirty-eighth parallel to the north pole ; then, in imagination, see the larger 
portion of North America, as you see Greenland now, covered with an " ice- 



386 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

mantle " 3,000 to 6,000 feet thick. A glacier is o, frozen river, having motion 
as a stream of Avater has, but boUnd in gigantic bands by the cold atmosphere. 
Conceive, if you please, a moving block of iron, thousands of tons in weight, 
dragged over a plowed field. The track of this monster is marked by a level 
bed of compressed, pulverized earth. Transfer your imagination to a mass of 
ice covering the entire northern hemisphere, or at least to the thirty-eighth 
parallel (at which point the equatorial heat began to assert itself on the ice- 
walls, and decompose them, carrying the debris of the glacier, in solution, 
southward), moving half a foot or more a day, because of the hydraulic pressure 
from behind and within — the streams which flowed into it — and you can then 
have some faint idea of the incalculable force of a glacier, and the action of the 
ice-mass on the plastic earth. 

The dynamic power of such a continental mass of ice is inconceivable. It 
is fit to be called one of the giant mills of the gods, which are represented " to 
grind slowly, but exceeding fine." It was a monstrous ice-plane, shaving off the 
rugged crags of mountains, leveling up valleys and filling up ancient river- 
beds. Its under surface was thickly set with rock-bowlders, which, with its 
ponderous weight, ground the underlying rocks to powder. This pulverized 
rock was washed from beneath the glacier by the overflowing waters which con- 
stantly gushed forth, and settled on far-off plains as alluvial sand and clay. 
The motion of the glacier was slow, perhaps six inches in twenty-four hours. 
This was the giant mill that ground out the blue clay — the glacier clay — that 
overlies the native formations of the entire country. It doubtless owes its dark 
blue color to the Laurentian and trap rocks of Canada. Well-diggers are 
familiar with it and it is nearly always the same in color and composition. 
Geologists are now unanimous in the opinion that during the glacial epoch the 
whole northern portion of the continent was elevated one thousand to two 
thousand feet above the present level. 

Le Conte says : " The polar ice-cap had advanced southward to 40"^ 
latitude, with still further southward projections, favored by local condi- 
tions, and an Arctic rigor of climate prevailed over the United States, even 
to the shores of the Gulf. At the end of this epoch an opposite or down- 
ward movement of land surface over the same region commenced and continued 
until a depression of five hundred or one thousand feet below the present level 
was attained. 

Le Conte says : " This ice sheet moved, with slow, glacier motion, south- 
eastward, southward and southwestward, over New England, New York, Ohio, 
Illinois, Iowa, etc., regardless of smaller valleys, glaciating the whole surface, 
and gouging out lakes in its course. Northward, the ice-sheet probably extended 
to the pole ; it was an extension of the polar ice-cap.'' 

It is not within the province of this sketch to go into details and give the 
problematic causes of this glacier period. The causes were mainly astronomical. 
Mr. Croll has calculated the form of the earth's orbit a million years back and 
a million years forward. The probable time of the last glacial period was 
100,000 years back ; then the eccentricity of the earth's orbit was very great, 
and the earth in aphelion (or when most distant from the sun, being about 
thirteen millions of miles further than in summer) in midwinter ; then the 
winters were about thirty days longer than now. In summer, the earth would 
be correspondingly nearer the sun, and would receive an excess of heat, thus 
giving the earth in the northern hemisphere short, hot summers and long, cold 
winters. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 38T 

The subsidence referred to above forms the beginning of 

THE DRIFT PERIOD. 

Now let us see how the drift was deposited on the bowlder clay. When the 
continental depression took place, a large portion of the Mississippi Valley was 
submerged. Le Conte says : " It was a time of inland seas. * * * 

Another result, or at least a concomitant, was a moderation of the climate, a 
melting of the glaciers, and a retreat of the margin of the ice-cap northward. 
If was, therefoi'e, a time of flooded lakes and rivers. Lastly, over these inland 
seas and great lakes, loosened masses of ice floated in the form of icebergs. It 
was, therefore, a time of iceberg action." 

For a time the ideas upon the subject of glacial and iceberg action were 
confused, until Prof. Agassiz practically demonstrated the diffierence, on the 
glacier in Switzerland. The iceberg period followed that of the glacier. The 
depression of the continent, from 1,000 to 2,000 feet, created a sea-bed. This 
was filled by the melting of the glacier. Meanwhile, the water supply on the 
glacier continued, but the moderated climate prevented the formation of the ice- 
cap. As a result, the hydraulic pressure from behind forced the glacier, or 
frozen stream, into the sea. The buoyancy of the water counteracted 
on the specific gravity of the glacier, and, when the ice had projected beyond 
a point at which it could resist the upward pressure of the sea-water, great 
masses of it were broken off". These masses floated away, and are known as 
icebergs. 

The glacier was frozen to the bottom of its river-bed, congealing in its 
embrace rocks, gravel, sand and whatever substances lay thereon. These sub- 
stances were held firmly during the progress of the iceberg, after its liberation 
from the parent glacier, until it had floated into warmer waters. Then began 
a gradual dripping of the freight of the berg, until finally the ice itself disap- 
peared in the mild waters of a tropic ocean. 

The opinion prevails among geologists that the glacier motion was frora the 
east of north, but that the Champlain flow was from the northwest. Corrobo- 
rating this hypothesis is the marked diff'erence in color of the bowlder clay and 
the Upper Drift deposit. If the glacier motion was from the north, or east of 
north, it did not produce the beds of our present rivers. Glaciation, or the 
process of leveling the earth's surface by the pressure of moving glaciers, only 
wore off and smoothed down the surface of the country, leaving it a vast undu- 
lating plain of dark blue mud, a heterogeneous mass of clay, sand, gravel and 
bowlders. The old river courses and valleys were completely obliterated. 
That the great beds of alluvium which cover up the blue clay were deposited 
in water, is clearly proven by its stratification, which can be observed in almost 
any excavation where a hill or bluflf has been cut through in constructing rail- 
roads or mills, or where brick clay has been procured. 

But let us see how the Champlain or Drift period was produced. 

A continental subsidence came on and large inland lakes Avere formed. The 
climate became modified ; the glaciers melted more rapidly ; vast icebergs broke 
loose from the mountain-like glaciers and floated over the land, carrying rocks 
and clay and debris with them, and as they melted, strewed them over the sur- 
face, sometimes grounding and excavating basins for future lakes and ponds. 
Thus, year after year and age after age, did the muddy waters and freighted ice- 
bergs flow over the (tountry, the former depositing our present alluvial drift, the 
latter dropping here and there the bowlders and debris that we noAV find scat- 
tered over the country. No erosion or -vVearing away, save from a stranded ice- 



388 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

"berg, occurred at that time, but it was a period of filling in, a period of dis- 
tribution over the submerged land, of powdered rocks, sand and clay, and an 
occasional bowlder. But when the continent emerged from the abyss, and the 
waters flowed oif, and the higher undulations of the land appeared, then the 
erosive action of winds and waves and storms and currents took place. The 
waters, as they flowed toward the sea and Gulf, produced their inevitable 
channels. 

There was much of the drift carried into the streams and borne away in the 
floods to the sea. Then was the stranded bowlder, by wind and wave, stripped 
of its soft, alluvial bed, left high and dry on the surface of the hereafter prairie. 
Then were the gravelly knolls that are found in some parts of the State robbed 
of every fine sediment, and the gravel and stones left to tell the story of the 
floods. Then were the great valleys washed out ; then did the annual wash- 
outs all along the water-courses — rapidly at first, but more slowly in after 
ages — eat away the drift accumulations and form the hills. The hilly districts 
generally lie contiguous to the streams. Back from these water courses the 
land is usually undulating prairie, showing but little erosion. 

The country contiguous to the Des Moines River and its tributaries bears, in 
many localities, unmistakable evidences of the action of the retiring waters of the 
Champlain period. As geology has written its history in the rocks, so the latest 
action of the waters has left its legible records in the drifts — it made tracks., 
and by its tracks we can see where it was and what it did. 

When two currents of water flow together, charged with sediment, where 
the currents meet there will occur an eddy, the eddy-water will throw down its 
load of floating mud and build up a bar. In the valley of every creek in this 
locality, may be found many of those silted-up banks and promontories, the 
deposits of the waters during the later Champlain period. 

If our readers will but notice the action of any swollen creek, they will at 
once perceive how the prairie streams have silted or thrown up the hillocks so 
frequently met with. Notice the little brook that meets the larger creek yon- 
der. At the mouth of the brook is a firmer hit of ground in the slough, upon 
which the horseman, at an early day, safely crossed the miry ford. That firm 
ground was formed by the heavy sediment of the brook. The two streams pro- 
duced an eddy on meeting, and the waters were delayed an instant. Some of 
the sand brought down stream sank during this pause, and a hillock in embryo 
was made. 

Years from this time, the course of that stream will be changed because of an 
impeding elevation of land, and that elevated land will be cultivated, with rich 
returns. So the surface of the prairies was formed into irregular hills and 
dales. 

BOWLDERS 

are frequently found scattered over the surface of the country, and very com- 
monly in ravines or sloughs, because, when denudation was taking place by 
the agency of the subsiding waters, they invariably moved down hill when the 
earth was washed from under them. This readily accounts for their 
being usually found in ravines. 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 

Timber. — Jefferson County is well supplied with timber. Most of the 
kinds peculiar to the West are abundant, among which may be mentioned red, 
black, white, burr and jack oak, white and black walnut, hard and soft maple, 
ash, hickory, elm, honey locust, cottonwood, cherry and birch. 





FAIRFIELD 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 391 

Coal. — There is an inexhaustible supply of bituminous stone coal of as good 
■quality as can be found in the West. Several coal-mines are extensively 
worked, and their products shipped by the Burlington & Missouri River (C, B. 
& Q.) to Mount Pleasant, Burlington and other points. The coal is found in 
three principal seams, cropping out at different points. The lower seam is that 
which is most principally worked, the upper has nowhere been found thick enough 
to work, except about two miles west of Fairfield, where it is about three feet in 
thickness. One mile and a half directly south, at Read's Mill, this seam dimin- 
ishes to a thickness of but two inches. At this point the second or middle 
seam is six inches, and the third or lower, is three feet and three inches thick. 
The coal found in the vicinity of Fairfield is much sought after for mechanical 
purposes, because of the small proportion of the sulphuret of iron. 

Penn Township is the principal coal center, within which township several 
banks are Avorked with profit. The mines at Coalport are also in successful 
and pi'ofitable operation. [A more comprehensive reference to the operations 
of these several coal-banks will be found in a history of the industrial inter- 
ests of the county.] Coal has been discovered in all the townships of the 
county but Walnut. 

Building Stone. — It is stated in the State Geological Report, of Prof. 
James Hall, that Jefferson County is not well supplied with good building- 
stone, her main resource being the sandstone of the coal-measures, which are 
not very reliable when exposed to atmospheric agencies, etc. Since that report 
was made (1858), the Burlington & Missouri Railroad Company have used, for 
heavy masonry, stone obtained in this county, and it is found that it is reliable 
when exposed to the air. The abutments of the railroad bridge over Big Cedar 
are constructed from stone obtained in the immediate vicinity in 1859, and 
seem to have increased in solidity by atmospheric exposure. The same may be 
remarked of the stone used in the construction of the Court House, which has 
not crumbled away after an exposure of nearly thirty years to the atmosphere, 
besides supporting a heavy brick superstructure. A portion of the stone used 
for the Court House Avas quarried in Walnut Township, in the northeast corner 
of the county. The rest was obtained in other localities in this county, but all 
have proved alike durable. 

Quicklime. — The concretionary limestone is the main source for the manu- 
facture of quicklime, and no better article for that purpose need be desired than 
that afforded by the different quarries in the eastern part of the county, on 
Brush Creek, Walnut Creek, and nearly all the smaller tributaries of Skunk 
River. 

Fire-Clay. — Beds of fire-clay are found in various parts of the county in 
connection with the coal-seams. Near Brush Creek, on the northeast quarter of 
Section 36, in Lockridge, there is a bed of this material about fifteen feet in 
thickness. It rests on concretionary limestone, with a few inches of iron ore 
between. The lower part of the bed is somewhat slaty in texture, but the 
upper part is of excellent quality. 

Brick-Qlay. — An abundant supply of this material is furnished by the drift 
deposit in all parts of the county. The clay is accessible immediately below 
the subsoil. 

Sand. — A good grade of sand for building purposes is found along the 
breaks of the streams where the sandbeds of the deposit have been exposed by 
the action of the water. 

Soil. — There is a variety of soil and surface. Portions along Skunk River 
and Big Cedar are somewhat broken and uneven in surface, but the soil is pro- 



392 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

ductive and especially adapted to the raising of wheat. The northwest part 
has a larger proportion of prairie, nearly all of which has been brought up to 
a high state of cultivation. Corn, wheat, rye and oats are the principal crops. 
Most kinds of vegetables are produced in great abundance and perfection. For 
meadows, the farmers sow clover and timothy ; but blue grass and the various 
other kinds of grasses do well. Fruits do well. Apples, grapes and strawber- 
ries especially, grow to great perfection and seldom fail. Several parties have 
made the raising of grapes for the manufacture of wine a special feature of their 
industry. The Catawba has been the favorite wine-grape. The Clinton, Concord, 
Delaware and Hartford Prolific do well. Cherries, plums, gooseberries, currants 
and other varieties of small fruits yield abundantly with proper attention. 

ORIGIN OF THE PRAIRIES. 

Prof. Hall, in his Geological Report of Iowa, says : 

The subject of the origin of the prairies, or the cause of the absence of trees over so exten- 
sive a region, is one which has often been discussed, and in regard to which diametrically 
opposite opinions are entertained. 

The idea is very extensively entertained throughout the West, that the prairies were once 
covered with timber ; but that it has been deen destroyed by the tires which the Indians have 
been in the habit of starting in the dry grass, and which swept a vast extent of surface every 
Autumn. A few considerations will show that the theory is entirely untenable. 

In the first place, the prairies have been in existence at least as far back as we have 
any knowledge of the country, since the tirst explorers of the West describe them just as 
they now are. There may be limited areas once covered with woods and now bare ; but, in 
general, the prairie region occupies the same surface which it did when first visited by the white 
man. 

But, again, prairies are limited to a peculiar region — one marked by certain characteristic 
topographical and geological features, and they are, by no means, distributed around wherever 
the Indians have roamed and used fire. Had frequent occurrence of fires in the woods been the 
means of removing the timber and covering the soil with a dense growth of grass, there is no 
reason why prairies should not exist in the Eastern and Middle States, as well as in the Western. 
Tlie whole northern portion of the United States was once inhabited by tribes diifering but little 
from each other in their manner of living. 

Again, were the prairies formerly covered by forest trees, we should probably now find 
some remains of them buried beneath the soil, or other indications of their having existed. 
Such is not the case, for the occurrence of fragments of wood beneath the prairie surface is quite 
rare. And when they are found, it is in such position as to show that they had been removed to 
some distance from the place of their growth. 

It has been maintained by some that the want of sufficient moisture in the air or soil was 
the cause of the absence of forests in the Northwest ; and it is indeed true that the prairie region 
does continue westward, and become merged in the arid plains which extend along the base of 
the Rocky Mountains, where the extreme dryness is undoubtedly the principal obstacle to the 
growth of anything but a few shrubs peculiarly adapted to the conditions of climate and soil 
which prevail in that region. This, however, cannot be the case in the region of the Mississippi 
and near Lake Michigan, where the prairies occupy so large a surface, since the results of 
meteorological observations show no lack of moisture in that district, the annual precipitati'n 
being fully equal to what it is in the well-wooded country farther east in the same latitude. 
Besides, the growth of forest trees is rich and abundant all through the prairie region under 
certain conditions of soil and position, showing that their range is not limited by any general 
climatological cause. 

Taking into consideration all the circumstances under which the peculiar vegetation of the 
prairie occurs, we are disposed to consider the nature of the soil as the prime cause of the 
absence of forests, and the predominance of gi-asses over the widely-extended region. And 
although chemical composition may not be without influence in bringing about this result, which 
is a subject for further investigation, and one worthy of careful examination, yet we conceive 
that the extreme fineness of the particles of which the prairie soil is composed is probably tJie 
principal reason why it is better adapted to the growth of its peculiar vegeiation than to the 
development of forests. 

It cannot fail to strike the careful observer that where the prairies occupy the surface, the 
soil and superficial material have been so finely comminuted as to be almost in a state of an 
impalpable powder. This is due, partially, to the peculiar nature of the underlying rocks and 
the facility with which they undergo complete decomposition, and partly to the mechanical 
causes which have acted during and since the accumulation of the sedimentary matter from the 
prairie soil. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 393 

If we go to the thickly-wooded regions, like those of the northern peninsula of Michio-an, 
and examine those portions of the surface which have not been invaded by the forest, we shall 
observe that the beds of ancient lakes which have been filled up by the slowest possible accumu- 
lation of detrital matter and are now perfectly dry, remain as natural prairies and are not 
trespassed upon by the surrounding woods. We can conceive of no other reason for this than 
the extreme fineness of the soil which occupies these basins, and which is the natural result of 
the slow and quiet mode in which they have been filled up. The sides of these depressions, 
which were lakes, slope very gradually upward, and berng covered with a thick growth of veo-e- 
tation, the material brought into them must have been thus caused. Consequently, when the 
former lake has become entirely filled up and raised above the level of overflow, we find it cov- 
ered with a most luxuriant crop of grass, forming the natural meadows from which the first 
settlers are supplied with their first stock of fodder. 

Applying these facts to the case of the prairies of larger dimensions farther south, we infer, 
on what seems to be reasonable grounds, that the whole region now occupied by the prairies of 
the Northwest was once an immense lake, in whose basin sediment of almost impalpable fineness 
gradually accumulated ; that this basin was drained by the elevation of the whole region, but, 
at first, so slowly that the finer particles of the deposit were not washed away, but allowed to 
remain where they were originally deposited. 

After the more elevated portions of the former basin had been laid bare, the drainage 
becoming concentrated into comparatively narrow channels, the current thus produced, aided, 
perhaps, by a more rapid rise of the region, acquired sufficient velocity to wear down throu<rh 
the finer material on the surface, wash away a portion of it altogether, and mix the rest so 
effectually with the underlying drift materials, or with abraded fragments of the rocks in places 
as to give rise to a difterent character of soil in the valleys from that of the elevated land. The 
valley soil being much less homogeneous in composition and containing a larger proportion of course 
materials than that of the uplands, seems to have been adapted to the growth of forest vegetation- 
and in consequence of this we find such localities covered with an abundant growth of timber. 

Wherever there has been a variation from the usual conditions of soil, on the prairie or in 
the river bottom, there is a corresponding change in the character of the vegetation. Thus on 
the prairie we sometimes meet with ridges of coarse material, apparently deposits of drift, on 
which, from some local cause, there never has been an accumulation of fine sediment. In such 
localities we invariably find a growth of timber. This is the origin of the groves scattered over 
the prairies, for whose isolated position and peculiar circumstances of growth we are unable to 
account in any other way. 

The condition of things in the river valleys themselves seems to add to the plausibility of 
this theory. In the district which we have more particularly examined, we have found that 
where rivers have worn deep and comparatively narrow valleys, bordered by precipitous bluffs, 
there is almost always a growth of forest; but where the valley widens out, the blufls become 
less conspicuous, indicating a less rapid erosion and currents of diminished streno-th • there 
decomposition takes place under circumstances favorable to the accumulation of prairie soil, and 
the result has been the formation of the bottom prairie, which becomes so important a feature of 
the valleys of the Mississippi and Missouri below the limits of Iowa. Where these bottom 
prairies have become, by any change in the course of the river currents, covered with coarser 
. materials, a growth of forest trees may be observed springing up, and indicating by their rapid 
development a congenial soil. 



LOCATION OF THE COUNTY SEAT. 

In obedience to the requirements of the law under which they were ap- 
pointed, Messrs. Samuel Hutton, Joshua Owens and Roger N. Cressup, the 
Commissioners to locate the county seat of Jefl'erson County, met at the town of 
Lockridge on the first Monday in March, 1839, and, having been first duly 
sworn according to law, proceeded to discharge their trust. It had been gen- 
erally believed that Lockridge would be named as the county seat, and there 
was some disaj)pointment when the Locating Commissioners selected a different 
site. In their wisdom, and that wisdom has never been seriously questioned 
the Commissioners selected the southwest quarter of Section 25, in Township 72 
north, Range 10 west, and declared it to be the site of tha seat of justice for 
Jefferson County. 

In Section 8 of the act under which the county was organized, it was pro- 
vided that the Locating Commissioners should commit their report to writing 
and file the same with the Clerk of the District Court oi Henry County, whose 



394 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

duty it should be to record the same, and deliver over the same to the Clerk of 
the county of Jeflferson whenever he should be appointed, whose duty it should 
be to record the same and forever keep it on file in his office, etc. A careful 
examination of the records in the office of the County Auditor (formerly County 
Clerk) and in the office of the County Recorder failed to discover this report, 
and resort was had to the old records of Henry County at Mt. Pleasant, but 
with no better success. That report is lost, and there are no data to be found 
from which even a synopsis of the report can be given. 

Henry B. Notson, it is learned, had filed some sort of claim to the quar- 
ter-section on which the county seat was located, but his claim was of no vital 
force, and he cheerfully relinquished all " his right and title " in favor of the 
county. 

The location selected is a desirable one, near the geographical center of the 
county, on an elevated prairie, skirted on the north, east and west with timber. 
Crow Creek rises north of Fairfield, circles to the east and south, within a short 
distance of the city. The natural surface is rolling, giving a good opportunity 
for a perfect system of drainage from the central part of the city in every 
direction. It is geographically situated in latitude 41° V and longitude 91° 
57', or 14° 56' west of Washington, and 940 feet above the level of the sea. 
The original streets were named by the Commissioners as follows : Sears, Wal- 
nut, Madison, Monroe, Church and Chastain, running east and west ; Smith, 
Williams, Washington, Jefferson, Jackson and Hueston, running north and 
south. 

The land was entered on the 13th day of May, 1842, before the Land Office 
was removed from Burlington. There was no money in the county treasury, 
and the Commissioners borrowed the sum needed from Ebenezer S. Gage, with 
interest at the rate of 20 per cent per annum. When the Gage note became 
due, the Commissioners were again forced to borrow money to pay him. Each 
time money Avas borrowed, a mortgage was given on lots situated in the western 
part of the city as security. The first public sale of lots was held on the 15th 
day of May, 1839, when Alexander Kirk, by public outcry, made the sale. 
The deeds for these lots were signed by the Commissioners as the " Board of 
County Commissioners," the seal upon these documents being the liberty side 
of a silver dime. 

Of the first sale of lots in Fairfield, Hawkins Taylor relates the following : 

" With John A. Drake, then of Fort Madison, but now of Drakeville, 1 
attended the first sale of lots in Fairfield. John J. Smith was one of the County 
Commissioners, and he was a Whig. The whole county attended the lot sales, 
and a good many outsiders were there, especially from the Agency, then a 
military post. Among others, there was one of the characters of that day ; I 
do not now recollect his name, but he gambled, run horses, and was ready for 
anything. He had that day a sweatcloth and chuckaluck box, and whenever he 
could get a crowd he started his game. That night. Squire Drake and I 
stopped with a man who, I think, was one of the Commissioners, living about 
two miles east of town. There was but one room, and there were others there 
besides us. The floor was covered with what they called beds. Drake and I 
laid down, but the landlord had brought home a jug of ' Alston's best,' and he 
and his other guests were having a good time. The landlord had won 50 cents 
during the day, and was telling about it with much enjoyment, when 1 said to 
Drake, ' 'Squire, you will have to look into that gambling.' The landlord 
changed his tune, and was by no means certain that he had made a winning at 
all ; in fact, he was not even certain that he had even seen any gambling that 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY, 395 

day. After lie had fully denied it, Drake said to me, so that the landlord could 
hear him, that Jefferson County was outside of his jurisdiction, and the landlord 
then concluded that he certainly did win 50 cents, and could have broken the 
bank had he tried."' 

Section 6 of the act entitled " An act to divide the county of Henry and establish 
the county of Jefferson," provided that an election should be held on the first Mon- 
day in April (1839) for the purpose of electing all county officers that were 
elective ; and Section 7 provided that it should be the duty of the Sheriff of said 
county to cause written notices to be put up at three of the most public places 
in each of the old precincts in said county of Jefferson, stating the time, place, 
and officers to be elected, etc. To carry out the provisions here quoted, Gov. 
Lucas appointed Frederick Lyon to serve as Sheriff until one should be elected 
and qualified. 

At the time of the first election, there were not more than two or three 
precincts or voting-places within the limits of the new county. These voting- 
places cannot now be recalled, nor the number of voters. The poll-books, like 
many other important papers, have been lost. 

John J, Smith, Daniel Sears, and Benjamin F. Chastain were elected 
County Commissioners ; John W. Sullivan was elected Treasurer ; James L. 
Scott, Sheriff; John A. Pitzer, Recorder ; and William Bonafield, Surveyor. 
[The lands were not yet surveyed, and the survey and transfer was not com- 
pleted until May 13, 1842, when Ezekiel Gilham, Daniel Sears and Barraca S. 
Dunn were chosen Trustees, for the purpose of transfer. 



POLITICAL ECONOMY. 

EXPLANATORY. 

From the organization of the county in the spring of 1839 to August, 
1851, the management of county affairs was vested in a board of three Com- 
missioners chosen by the people, and was recognized and known as a Board of 
County Commissioners. This system of county management originated with 
Virginia, whose early settlers soon became large landed proprietors, aristocratic 
in feeling, living apart in almost baronial magnificence on their own estates, and 
owning the laboring part of the population. Thus the materials for a town 
were not at hand, the voters being thinly distributed over a great area. The 
county organization, where a few influential men managed the whole business 
of the community, retaining their places almost at their pleasure, scarcely 
responsible at all, except in name, and permitted to conduct the county con- 
cerns as their ideas or wishes might direct, was, moreover, consonant with their 
recollections or traditions of the judicial and social dignities of the landed aris- 
tocracy of England, in descent from whom the Virginia gentlemen felt so much 
pride. In 1634, eight counties were organized in Virginia, and the system 
extending throughout the State, spread into all the Southern States and some 
of the Northern States, unless we except the nearly similar division into "dis- 
tricts" in South Carolina, and into "parishes" in Louisiana, from the French 
laws. 

In 1851, a County Court was created (see Code of Iowa, 1851, chap. 15). 
The act creating the Court gave the County Judge jurisdiction of probate 
affairs and clothed him with all the powers previously exercised by the Board of 
County Commissioners. In short, it legislated the Commissioners out of exist- 
ence. 



396 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



THE TOWNSHIP SYSTEM. 

On the 22d of March, 1860, the State Legislature passed an act entitled 
an act creating a Board of Supervisors and defining their duties (see Revision 
of Iowa, page 48). This law went into eftect July 4, 1860, and provided for 
the election of one Supervisor from each civil township. When assembled 
together for the transaction of county business, these town representatives were 
known as the Board of County Supervisors. 

The township system had its origin in Massachusetts, and dates back to 
1635. The first legal enactment concerning this system provided that, whereas, 
"particular towns have many things which concern only themselves, and the 
ordering of their own affairs and disposing of business in their own town," 
therefore, " the freemen, of every town, or the major part of them, shall only 
have power to dispose of their own lands and woods, with all the appurtenances 
of said towns, to grant lots, and to make such orders as may concern the well- 
ordering of their own towns, not repugnant to the laws and orders established 
by the General Court." They might also impose fines of not more than 20 
shillings, and "choose their own particular officers, as constables, surveyors for 
the highways, and the like." Evidently this enactment relieved the General 
Court of a mass of municipal details, without any danger to the powers of that 
body in controlling general measures of public policy. Probably, also, a 
demand from the freemen of the towns was felt, for the control of their own 
home concerns. 

Similar provisions for the incorporation of towns were made in the first 
Constitution of Connecticut, adopted in 1639; and the plan of township organi- 
zation became universal throughout New England, and came westward with the 
emigrants from New England into New York, Ohio, and other Western States, 
including the Northern part of Illinois ; and there being a large New England 
element among the population of Iowa, it is fair to presume that their influence 
secured the adoption of this system in Iowa, as created in the act already quoted. 
One objection urged against the county system was that the heavily-populated 
districts would always control the election of the Commissioners to the disad- 
vantage of the more thinly populated sections — in short, that under that sys- 
tem, equal and exact justice to all parts of the county could not be secured. 

It seems, however, that the township system did not find general favor with 
the people of the State, for in 1871, the system was almost entirely abrogated. 
At least the law was so far repealed or modified that the Board of County 
Supervisors was reduced from one member from each civil township, to three 
members (see Code of Iowa, chap. 2). From the time this law went into eftect 
in 1871, there has been no change in public management. The County Auditor 
is Clerk to the Board of Supervisors. 

COUNTY OFFICERS IN SUCCESSION. 

William Bonafield, the first Surveyor, has been succeeded by .John Rosa, D. Switzer, S. 
Whitmore, Robert H. Greenland, Samuel Jacobs, John Snook, A. R. Fulton, H. R. Skinner, A. 
R. Fulton, Isaac H. Crumley and Charles Reed. 

J. W. Sullivan, the first Treasurer, has been succeeded by Willis C. Stone, J. T. Moberly, 
J. Rafliff, Greenup Smith, Jesse Woollard, Anson Ford, Samuel H. Bi-adley, H. P. Warren, T. 
B. Shamp, Robert Brown, Joseph A. McKemey, Geo. W. Pancoast, William S. Moore, L. P. Vance, 
Ira G. Rhodes, L. P^ Vance and Samuel K. West. 

.James Saunders, the first Recorder, has been succeeded by W. Y. McGaw and Anson Ford. 
In 1851, the office was consolidated with that of Treasurer. The following Treasurers perform- 
ing the duties of Recorder: Samuel H. Bradley, H. P. Warren, T. B. Shamp, Robert Brown, 
Joseph A. McKemey and George W. Pancoast. Since the separation of the office from that of 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 397 

the Treasurer in 1805, Samuel H Bradley, George H. Case, D. B. Miller, H. C. Rock and J. A. 
Montgomery. R. H. Stephenson elected in October, 1878, to succeed Montgomery. 

The County Assessors were R. B. Allender and David J. Evans. In 1851, the system was 
changed and Township Assessors elected. 

In 1851, Charles Kyle was elected County Road Supervisor: but this office was abolished in 
about two years, and the present system of District Supervisors established. 

During the continuance of County Commissioners, John J. Smith, Daniel Sears, B. F, 
Chastain, William Hueston, Henry B. Notsm, Robert Brown, Ezekiel J. Qilham, B. S. Dunn, 
Thomas Mitchell, Smith Ball, William A. Hendricks, William Brown, A. L. Connable, William 
Judd, Daniel Mendenhall, George Hannewalt and James H. Turner were members of the Board. 
The Board was abolished in 1851. 

John A. Pitzer, Samuel Shuffleton, James T. Hardin, John Shields and Samuel H. Bradley 
eerved as Clerk to the Board of Commissioners. 

In 1851, Henry B. Notson was elected Probate Judge. He was succeeded by Charles 
Negus and Barnet Ristine. 

The County Judges were Moses Black, Thomas McCulloch, Samuel H. Bradley, William K. 
Alexander. A. R. Fulton and Thomas Morgan. 

The Board of Supervisors was then established. J. H. Allender, M. W. Forrest, W. T. 
Burgess, Thomas Pollock, R. T. Gilmer, H. B. Mitchell, Thomas Charles and Robert Dougherty 
have served as Supervisors. 

The office of County Auditor was also established. Thomas Morgan, D. B. Miller and S. 
M Boling have filled this office. 

The office of School Fund Commissioner existed from 1847 to 1857, Robert Brown, F. M. 
Allen, W. C. Jones and W. K. Alexander serving successively in that capacity. 

The system of County Superintendent of Schools being adopted, the otlice has been filled 
by Reed Wilkinson, Robert S. Hughes, S. V. Sampson. David Heron, J. N. Edwards, W. H. 
McCrackin, T. A. Robb, McKenney Robinson and John Grinstead, the present incumbent. 

RESUME, 

The first meeting of the Board of County Commissioners was held at the 
village of Lockridge, on the 8th day of April, A. D. 1839. Only two of the 
Commissioners, as appears from the entry in the old journal, were present 
when the first order was made. That order is in the words following: 

Ordered, That John A. Pitzer be appointed Clerk of the Board of County Commissioners, 
in the county of Jefferson. 

Mr. Pitzer subscribed to the following oath : 

Terkitory of Iowa, Jefferson County : 

I, John A. Pitzer, do solemnly swear that I will truly enter on record all the orders and 
proceedings of the Board of Commissioners of Jefferson County, and that I will ftiithfuUy and 
impartially perform all the duties of Clerk of said Board, while I shall remain in office, to the 
best of my abilities. So help me, God. 

(Signed) John A. Pitzer. 

Sworn and subscribed before me this 8th day of April, A. D. 183!). 

April the 8th, 1839. Daniel Sears, J. P. 

The Board was then declared to be fully organized according to law, and 
ready for the transaction of county business, when it was 

Ordered, That the Surveyor of Henry County be employed and ordered by the Clerk to 
attend on Wednesday, the 17th day of April, A. D. 1839, for the purpose of surveying and lay- 
ing out the town of Fairfield, in the county of Jefferson. 

It was further ordered that there be a sale of lots in the county seat of 
Jefferson County, on Wednesday, the 15th day of June, 1839, and that the 
sale be advertised in the towns of Fort Madison, West Point, Salem, Mount 
Pleasant, Keosauqua, at Pickerell's Mill, Farmington, Lockridge, William Vin- 
son's, John Mellen's, Henderson's Mill, John Morgan's, Enos Elraaksr's shop, 
Moffatt's Mill, and by four insertions in the Burlington Gazette. B. F. 
Chastain was directed to post up the advertisements at Pickerell's Mill, John 
Milieu's, John J. Smith's, Enos Elmaker's and John Morgan's. Daniel Sears 
was directed to post notices of the sale at Salem and Henderson's Mill. John 



398 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

J. Pitzer, the Clerk, was directed to "have the same advertised at Mounr 
Pleasant, Fort Madison, Farmington and Keosauqua." 

Terms of Sale. — One-third of the purchase money to be paid in six months, and the bal- 
ance in twelve months, with bond and approved security. In case of failure of the purchaser 
to meet the payments, the property to be held responsible for the purchase money. 

This "order'" bears the signature of all the Commissioners. 
The oath of John A. Pitzer, as Recorder, was next entered of record, 
when it was 

Ordered, That all taxable property in this county be taxed at the rate of 50 cents per flOO. 
Ordered. That Samuel Moor be paid $26 for summoning grand and petit jurors, advertising 
election and notifying Commissioners to locate the county seat of Jefferson County. 

Ordered, That the Board of Commissioners adjourn — fees be reduced to $2.00 per day, and 
that the Board adjourn until Wednesday, the 17th inst.. at 10 o'clock A. M. 

(Signed) John J. Smith, 

Daniel Sears, 
B. F. Chastain, 

Commissioners . 

If a meeting of the Commissioners was held on the 17th, no record was 
made of their proceedings. The next meeting of which any record appears, 
was held on the 1st of May, when it was 

Ordered, That Alexander Kirk and Baker Alender be appointed Constables until the next 
general election. 

Ordered. That County orders be issued to the amount of $50, for stationery for the use of 
the county. 

William Bonafield filed his official oath as County Surveyor. 

There is no entry showing when this session adjourned. The journal 
entries abruptly terminate with the record of Bonafield's official oath. The 
next order appears under date of May 17, when it was 

Ordered, That James M. Snyder be paid $68 for services in laying out the town of Fairfield. 

After which the Board adjourned until the 25th of May. At that meeting^ 
it was " Ordered, That the liberty-side of a dime be the seal of said Board."' 
It waa also 

Ordered, That William Olney be paid |200. 

There is nothing on the journal to show for what purpose this order was 
issued ; but it is learned from other authority that it was in part payment for 
the erection of the first Court House, which was built on Lot 8, Block 14, at 
the southwest corner of the park, on the lot now occupied in part by Allmayer's 
clothing house. The old "temple of justice" was completed and ready for 
occupancy in December, 1839. This building served the purpose for which it 
was erected until the present brick Court House was built. When the business 
of the county began to demand more business houses, and the space around the 
square was required for their occupancy, the old frame building was removed 
to the corner directly west of its original position, and is now occupied by J. 
J. Gibson as a cabinet-shop. 

FIRST ELECTION PRECINCTS. 

June 27, 1839, the Commissioners being in session, it was " Ordered, that 
a precinct be organized embracing Township 73 in Range 9 west, and also 73 
in Range 8 west (now Walnut and Penn Townships), to be called the Pleasant 
Prairie Precinct." Elections were ordered to be held at the house of John 
Mellen. William Pickerell, Josiah Lee and John Mille rwere appointed to 
be Judges of Elections. " Also, a precinct embracing Township 72, Range 8 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 399 

west, and also Township 72, in Range 9 west, to be called Brush Creek Pre- 
cinct" (now Lockridge and Buchanan Townships). Elections were ordered to 
be held at. the house of David Keltner, and Samuel Berry, John Parsons and 
Joseph Aikenbottom were appointed to be Judges of Election. "Also, a pre- 
cinct embracing Township 71, in Range 8 west, and 71, in Range 9 west, to 
be called Round Prairie Precinct" (now Round Prairie and Cedar Townships). 
The house of James Lanman was designated as the voting-place, and James 
Gilmer, James Lanman and Samuel S. Walker were appointed to be a "return- 
ing board" or Judges of Election. "Also, a precinct embracing Township 71, 
in Range 10 Avest, and Township 71, in Range 11 west (Liberty and Des 
Moines) to be called Cedar Creek Precinct." Elections were ordered to be 
held at the house of Frederick Fisher, and Joseph S. Roll, Greenup Smith and 
Frederick Fisher were appointed to be Judges of Election. "Also, a precinct 
embracing Township 72, in Range 10 west, and Township 72, m Range 11 
west (Fairfield and Locust Grove), to be called Locust Grove, the elections to 
be held at the house of William Vincent ; and William Vinson, Reuben Root 
and John D. Glenn" were appointed to be Judges of Election. 

Two Justices of the Peace and two Constables were ordered to be elected in 
each of the precincts at the next general election. At the same session it was 

Ordered, That Roger N. Cressup be paid $21 for services in locating the county seat of Jef- 
ferson County ; and also, that Joshua Owens be paid $21 for services in locating the county seat 
of Jefferson County ; and also, that Samuel Hutton be paid $24 for services in locating the county 
seat of Jefferson County. 

John A. Pitzer was allowed $23.33^ for " services as Clerk of the Board of 
County Commissioners up to the 18th day of May, to be paid by the 15th of 
November." Joseph Parker was allowed $1.50 " for carrying the surveyor's 
chain one day while locating the county seat of Jeiferson County, to be paid 
six months after date." George W. Troy was allowed the same sum for the 
same kind of service, and payable at six months. Money was scarce, and the 
county was a " new beginner." 

It was also " Ordered, that any person wishing to build in the town of Fair- 
field, is hereby authorized to build on lots that will not be reserved by the Com- 
missioners, according to the manner of reserving lots as heretofore. Lots num- 
bered 2, 4, 6 and 8 in each block will be so reserved. Persons building on 
those lots that are not reserved shall have them at an average price with those sold 
at public sale of a similar situation." It was also " Ordered, that any person 
making a selection of a lot shall have twenty days to commence improving said 
lot." The Board then adjourned. 

Between this adjournment and the general meeting in July, following entry 
appears of record : 

" This day came Andrew Kennedy, of the town of Fairfield, Jefferson County, Iowa Terri- 
tory, and pre-empted Lot No. 6, in Block No. 8, according to an order of the Board of County 
Commissioners of said county, on the 8th day of June, 1889, authorizing persons to improve lots 
in the town of Fairfield, June 29, 1839. And Thomas H. Grey came on the same day and done 
as above. "John A. Pitzer, Clerk.'" 

Mr. Kennedy seems to have been the first person to pre-empt a lot in the 
new county seat. Whether Mr. Grey pre-empted a lot is not (juite clear from 
the record quoted. 

At the July session, James Gilmer was allowed " $44 for assessing taxable 
property, to be paid six months after date." 

There are no records or books to be found in the county offices to show the 
value of the personal property assessed by Mr. Gilmer, nor is there anything 



400 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

on record to show when he was appointed. In fact, many of the early records 
and papers are lost. In the garret of the Court House there is a huge mass of 
papers relating to county affairs, but they are in mixed confusion. To attempt 
to find any particular paper would belike trying to find a needle in a hay-stack. 
Instead of having been carefully preserved, as the law and interests of the 
oounty demand, bushels upon bushels of the old papers have been bundled away 
in a dark, obscure place, to become nests and hiding-places for rats and mice. 
It is a condition of affairs that ought not to be tolerated. In the event the 
Court House should take fire, these records would become a total loss. The 
■chances of such a loss ought to be removed by carefully overhauling the papers, 
assorting, labeling and filing them away. If the people of the county are wise, 
they will see that it is done, and done at once. This condition of affairs shows 
a gross and criminal carelessness on the part of the officials to whom the peo- 
ple intrusted the management of their public affairs. 

On the 1st of July, the Board " Ordered, that in addition to an order author- 
izing citizens to improve town lots in the town of Fairfield, that persons mak- 
ing selection of lots in said town will be required to reasonably progress with a 
building on said lot, or otherwise said lot, together with all the labor, if any be 
done, shall be forfeited." 

On the 21st of July, it was further " Ordered, that the order authorizing 
persons to build on lots in the town of Fairfield, shall be amended by saying 
that Lots 1, 3, 5 and 8, in Block 4, will be subject to settling according to the 
order on the 8th of June, 1839." 

Another order for $200 was directed to issue to William Olney, Court 
House contractor, payable on or before the 15th day of November. 

THE FIRST ROAD. 

July 29, 1839, the first road survey was ordered in these words: 

Ordered, That there be a road surveyed and laid out in the county of Jefferson, commencing 
at the town of Fairfield, in said county ; thence the nearest and best route to John J. Smith's 
ford, on Big Cedar; from thence the nearest direct route to Frederick Fishers; from thence 
the most eligible route to the county line on the direction to lowaville or Keokuk's old village, on 
the Des Moines River. And that George W. Troy, James L. Scott and John Morgan are hereby 
appointed Commissioners to review and establish said road — the Commissioners to meet at the 
town of Fairfield, and proceed to lay out said road as the law directs. 

The time when the Commissioners should meet was not quoted — an oversight, 
perhaps, in the Clerk. 

At the same date with the above order, a second sale of lots in Fairfield was 
ordered to be held on the 10th day of '"September next, which will be contin- 
ued from day to day, if the Commissioners think it necessary ; the condition of 
said sale to be the same as the first sale, or the sale on the 15th day of May 
last." And 

Ordered, That Alexander Kirk be paid '$'2 for crying the sale of lots on the 15th ilay of 
May last. 

The old journal shows that a meeting of the Commissioners was held on the 
3d of August, 1839, at which session the Board made some change? in the 
Judges of Elections, as previously appointed, and audited and allowed sundry 
accounts. Daniel Sears, one of the Commissioners, was allowed $28 for official 
services ; B. F. Chastaiu was allowed $12, and the Clerk was allowed $25 for 
services as Clerk of the Board, $4.84 for recording town plat, etc., and $5 for 
extra services in the District Court. John Payton was allowed $1.50 for 
services in laying out the town of Fairfield. These several sums were ordered 
to be paid "'on or before the 15th day of December next." 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 401 

This was the last session previous to the reguhir election. Ad interim, 
licenses were granted to John W. Edwards for vending merchandise for the 
term of two months from the 4th day of August, and to Sullivan S. Ross for 
the same business for the term of six months from the same date. A peddler's 
license was issued at the same time to David Switzer for the terra of four months. 
There are no entries or figures to show the amount of revenue accruing to the 
county from this source. Unquestionably, there was a price fixed, but from 
some cause the Clerk and Commissioners failed to make a record of the same. 
Among others licensed to keep " grocery " in the early days of Fairfield, was 
U. S. Senator Nesmith, of Oregon, who was then a young man, ambitious, but 
rather verdant. 

FIRST REGULAR AND GENERAL ELECTION. 

The first regular and general election held in Jefferson County, was under 
provisions of an act entitled " An act providing for and regulating General 
Elections in this Territory," approved January 25, 1839. Section 1 provided 
that an election for members of the House of Representatives and for county 
oflficers, should take place on the first Monday in that and each succeed- 
ing year, and that an election for Delegate to Congress, for members of the 
Council and County Recorder should take place on the first Monday in August, 
1840, and on the same day in every second yedr thereafter. 

Two of the old Board of County Commissioners — John J. Smith and Daniel 
Sears — held over. William Hueston was elected to succeed B. F. Chas- 
tain. Section 2 of an act entitled " An act oi'ganizing a Board of County 
Commisssioners in each County in the Territory of Iowa," approved December 
14, 1838, provided that the person having the highest number of votes should 
serve three years ; that the person having the next highest number of votes 
should serve two years, and the person having the next highest number of votes 
should serve one year. From the fact that Mr. Hueston come to succeed Mr. 
Chastain, it would seem evident that he had received the lowest number of 
votes at the first election, and that he was only entitled to serve until the next 
general election. 

The new Board met and organized on the 19th of August. After the organ- 
ization, the Board adjourned until the first Monday in September. The old 
journal shows that the business of this session was conducted by the old Board 
— John J. Smith, Daniel Sears and B. F. Chastain. Whether the Clerk made 
a mistake in attaching the signatures of the Commissioners, or whether it was 
found that the term of Mr. Chastain had not expired, is a proposition that 
we will not attempt to determine. We simply present tlie facts. 

The examination and allowance of accounts, the granting of road views, 
the appointment of Viewers, management and disposition of town lots, etc., etc., 
occupied most of the subsequent sessions of that year, and are of no special 
historic interest, hence no attempt has been made to give the " orders " of the 
Board in detail. Suffice to say that the first and second Boards were gov- 
erned by a commendable spirit of economy in all their official ti'ansactions. The 
following order would indicate that an " unpleasantness" of some nature came 
up between the Board and its Clerk : 

Ordered, That Samuel Shuffleton be appointed Clerk of the Board of County Commissioners, 
in place of John A. Pitzer, removed. 

But the order does not reveal the cause of the removal. Shuffleton was 
sworn and entered upon the duties of the office. 



402 HiaTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

November 29, at a special meeting of the Board, it was " Ordered that the 
town of Fairfield be and the same is hereby constituted a precinct for election 
purposes." John T. Moberly, L. VV. Saunders and William Olney were 
appointed to be Judges of Election. 

At the same meeting, Samuel Shuffleton was appointed agent to manage the 
sale of town lots, receive money therefor, etc. 

At a special meeting, on the 21st day of December, 1839, present, John J. 
Smith and Daniel Sears, the Board " proceeded to examine the Court House, 
and find that the county is indebted for the building, painting and extra work 
on said house, $195.50." Of this amount, the sum of $113.l3i was garnished 
at the instance of Augustus Jackson, a creditor of Olney's. Judgment was 
rendered against the Commissioners for that amount, which left a balance due 
Mr. Olney of $82.36J, which was allowed and ordered to be paid. 

COURT HOUSE FURNITURE, ETC. 

At the January meeting, 1840, the Commissioners directed the Clerk to 
" issue notices of the letting of the following work, to be done by the 20th of 
March : The making of one bench for the Judge of Court, eight and one-half 
feet in length and four feet wide, paneled front ; two jury-seats, each eight feet 
long, well backed ; one seat, eight feet long, to be placed opposite the Judge's 
bench. Also, a rough plank partition, eight by twenty feet ; also the erection 
of one flight of stairs, ten feet high, with good and sufficient railing ; said stairs 
to be erected and an entrance made for the same in the northwest corner of the 
Court House, and the entrance now opened in the southwest corner to be 
closed." Such were the "finishings" and furniture of the pioneer Court 
House. The contract for the above work was awarded to Gilbert M. Fox : 
price, $175. The lathing and plastering of the Court House was awarded to 
Thomas D. Jones, at 45 cents per square yard. This contract was awarded at 
the regular July meeting, 1840. 

FIRST TAX-RECEIPT AND FIRST FINANCIAL EXHIBIT. 

For reasons already stated — the absence of many of the early records from 
the proper offices, there is no means of presenting the amount of the first tax- 
assessment. Unless some one of the few surviving tax-papers and settlers of 

1839, have the total amount of the tax-levy for that year in their heads, as also 
the total appraised value of the taxable property, the tacts are completely and 
effectually lost. 

John Hufi" has carefully preserved the following tax-receipt, which is be- 
lieved (although not stated as a positive fact), to be the first tax-receipt issued 
from the Treasurer's office of Jefferson County. If such is the fact, he has 
the honor of paying the first taxes in Jefferson County. The receipt, as the 
reader will observe, does not give the day or the month when the taxes were 
paid : 

Receiyed of John HuflF, one dollar and forty-eight and one-half cents, being his tax in full 
for the year A. D. 1839, Jefferson County, I. T. James L. Scott, Sheriff. 

The first financial exhibit was entered of record under date of January 6^ 

1840, and is in the words and figures following, to wit. : 

Dr. To amount of receipts of taxes, fines, etc $540 89 

" " borrowed of proceeds of town lots 112 69 — $653 58 

Cr. by amount paid expenses of courts, officers, elections, etc. 

(estimated) 653 58 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 403 

Receipts and Expenditures appertaining to Town Lots, etc. 

Dr. To amount of cash received for town lots $1,309 08 

notes for lots, due 10th March, 1840 453 40 

" 15th May, 1840 1,910 51 

" 10th September, 1840.... 919 00 
" 15th November, 1840 ... 393 76 —$4,985 75 
Cr. By amount of expenses of locating county seat, build- 
ing Court. House, etc $1,102 90 

" " " balance now due for lots 3,882 85— $4,985 75 

A third sale of town lots was ordered to be held on the 20th day of April, 
and was ordered to be continued from day to day " so long as the Commission- 
ers might deem necessary." No detailed statement of the sale appears of 
record, hence the writer, as well as the people of Jefferson County, is " left in 
the dark " as to the number of lots sold or the amount realized. 

TAX LEVY FOR 1840 TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION VOTE ORDERED. 

July 7, 1840, it was " Ordered, that a tax of four-tenths of one per cent be 
levied on all the taxable property in the county, and a poll-tax of 50 cents on 
each person liable by law to pay said poll tax." 

The Clerk was also directed to give notice that a vote would be taken at the 
next general election to be held in the county to test the matter whether or not 
the county should be organized into townships. 

At the same meeting of the Board, it was 

Ordered, That Blue Point Precinct shall embrace Township 73 north, Range 10 west, and 
Township 73 north, Range 11 west (Black Hawk and Polk). 

From a subsequent entry, under date of January 5, 1841, it seems that a 
majority of the voters cast their ballots in favor of township organization, for 
on that day it was ordered that the following should be the boundaries of the 
different townships : 

That Township Seventy-one, Range Eight west, shall constitute a township for township pur- 
poses, to be known as Round Prairie Township. The election to be held at the town of Glasgow. 

That Township Seventy-two, Range Eight west, and the east half of Township Seventy-nine 
west, shall constitute a township, to be known as Lockridge Township. The election to be held 
at the house of David Keltner. 

That Township Seventy-three, Range Eight west, shall constitute a township, to be known as 
Walnut Township. The election to be held at the house of John Pheasant. 

That Township Seventy-one, Range Nine west, shall constitute a township, to be known as 
<'edar Township. The election to be held at the house of Joseph Parker. 

That Township Seventy-three, Range Nine west, shall constitute a township, to be known as 
Penn Township. The election to be held at the house of Joseph Dillon. 

That Township Seventy-one, Range Ten west, shall constitute a township, to be known as 
Liberty Township. The election to be held at the house of Seaton L. Harness. 

That the west half of Township Seventy-two, Range Nine west, and two-thirds of the east 
of Township Seventy-two, Range Ten west, shall constitute a township, to be called Fairfield 
Township. The election to be held at the Court House. 

That Township Seventy- two. Range Eleven west, and the west one-third of Township Sev- 
enty-two, Range Ten west, shall constitute a township, to be known as Locust Grove Township. 
The election to be held at the house of William Vincent. 

That Township Seventy-three, Range Ten, and Township Seventy-three, Range Eleven west, 
shall be known as Black Hawk Township. The election to be held at the house of Jesse 
Reigles. 

That Township Seventy-one, Range Eleven west, shall constitute a township, to be known 
as Des .Moines Township. The election to be held at the house of Messrs. Cutting and Gordon. 

At a special session of the Board of County Commissioners, held on the 
28th day of January, 1845, it was 

Ordered, That Township Seventy-three. Range Eleven west, shall constitute a township, to 
be known as the township of Polk. The election to be held at the house of George Emerick. 



404 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

Town 72, Range 9 west, was set off from Fairfield and Lockridge in 1856, 
and organized as an independent township, and called Buchanan. 

MORALS OF THE PIONEERS. THE FIRST JAIL. 

The first settlers of many of the counties in Illinois and Iowa, and, in fact, 
of nearly every other State in the great Northwest, were annoyed by a class of 
disreputable and outlawed characters, who preyed upon the property of the 
honest, industrious pioneer with reckless and daring impunity. In Ogle County, 
111., this class of human vultures was so numerous as to control the affairs of 
that county for many years. They laughed at jails and mocked the courts. 
The gang — for there was a Avell-organized gang — was under the direction of 
keen, shrewd, far-seeing fellows, who so managed their affairs as to secure the 
election of some of their number to the offices of Justices of the Peace and 
Constables in nearly all the different townships ; and by some sort of manip- 
ulation that no honest man could find out, they ahvays secured the presence of 
more or less of their number on the grand juries. If any of them happened to 
fall into the clutches of the law and were brought to trial, a jury Avas demanded ; 
and such juries were almost invariably corrupted with the presence of some of 
the defendant's friends. If this did not happen to be the case, and sufficient 
evidence Avas found to hold the prisoner to the higher courts, bail was always 
ready to secure his freedom from imprisonment. Some of the members of the 
ugly fraternity, many of them, in truth, were wealthy, and as they were sworn 
to stand by and defend each other, their oaths were always kept. 

In Ogle County, 111., they carried things so far as to burn the first Court 
House erected there, just as it was completed and ready for a session of court. 
At last, they became so bold that the honest settlers banded themselves together 
as vigilantes and commenced a war of extermination. 

The gang that reigned in terror over the people of the Rock River A'alley for so 
many years, followed the settlers to Cedar and Linn Counties, in Iowa Terri- 
tory. They became almost as bold and daring in those counties as in Illinois; 
and, for a number of years, the settlers lived in a constant state of dread and 
fear. And it was not until the people rose in their might and scourged the vil- 
lains from the country that there was safet}' for valuable property of any kind. 

Jefferson County appears to have been always remarkably free from the 
blighting influence of such lawless characters ; and, if the court records are to 
be taken in evidence, it may be stated as a fact that the moral character of the 
people, from the date of the first settlement, in 1836, to the present time, is 
unsurpassed by any other county in the State. Tiiere have been crimes, but, 
as a rule, they have been of the minor grades. So generally law-abiding were 
the people, that two years passed after the county was organized before any 
steps were taken to secure the erection of a jail. Nor do the records show any 
expenditures for keeping prisoners in other county prisons, nor for guarding 
prisoners at home. One of two facts is apparent : either there were no lawless 
characters within the county, or else they Avere so shrewd and cunning as to 
be past finding out. 

January 7, 1841, '-plans and specifications were received from sundry per- 
sons for the building of a jail, agreeable to advertisements by the Clerk, where- 
upon it was ordered that a jail be built, of the following description, and the 
same be let at public outcry to the loAvest bidder, and that the Clerk give notice 
thereof. 

'"'' Description. — To be built of logs, tAventy-four by eighteen feet, double 
wall ; first story with a space between said double walls of seven inches ; 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. . 405 

eighteen feet high : two lower floors to be of square timbers one foot thick ; 
flooring-plank on top of lower floor to.be spiked in such manner as to prevent 
boring through the ceiling for upper story." 

On the 13th of February, the contract was let at "public outcry." Differ- 
ent parts of the work were let to diff"erent individuals, who were required to give 
bonds for a faithful performance of the work. 

On the 25th of March, it was " Ordered, that the Jail be built on Lot No. 4 
in Block No. 23." The lot is now occupied by the residence of D.- B. Wilson. 
That old log Jail continued to serve the purposes of a county prison until the 
erection of the present brick structure, in 1858. When the new Jail was 
completed, the old log structure was sold to Daniel Mendenhall, who tore it 
down, hauled the logs away, and such of them as could be sawed, were made into 
different kinds of stuff, and some of them were cut into fire-wood. 

FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTY JANUARY 3, 1842. 

" James L. Scott reported to the Commissioners that he had collected taxes 
for the year 1841 to the amount of $1,083.33." Receipts from licences during 
the year, $202.50 ; fines, $15. Total receipts, $1,300.83. The total amount 
of expenditures for the same period was $1,573.76, leaving a balance against 
the county of $262.93. In those days, it appears that the closest economy was 
practiced by the county authorities. There was no source of revenue except 
from the tax assessed against personal property, licenses collected from mer- 
chants, grocers, etc., and fines for misdeeds. The latter were small, amounting 
to only $15 for the year ending on the 31st day of December, 1841. 

LAST MEETING UNDER TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION. 

The last meeting of the Commissioners under Territorial jurisdiction was 
held on the 3d day of November, 1846. The following were their last oflScial 
orders previous to the admjssion of Iowa Territory into the Union as a sovereign 
and independent State : 

Ordered, That the Treasurer pay William Brown |10 for four days' services as County 
Commissioner. 

Ordered, That the Treasurer pay Albert L. Connable $10 for four days' services as County 
Commissioner. 

Ordered, That the Treasurer pay Smith Ball $10 for four days' services as County Commis- 
sioner. 

Ordered, That the Treasurer pay John Shields, Commissioners' Clerk, $22, as per bill 
on file. 

Ordered, That Court adjourn until the first Monday in January, 1847. 

(Signed) William Beown. 

Albert L. Connablk. 
Smith Ball. 

The transition from Territorial dependency to State independency Avas 
easy, and involved no change in the management of county affairs. The Janu- 
ary session was governed by the same rules, and everything went along as 
smoothly as if " nothing had happened." Wolf-hunters were present in force, 
and the most of the first day was devoted to the examination of prairie-wolf 
scalps and the allowance of premiums for the taking thereof. Two full pages of 
the old journal are taken up with orders, of which the following two are ver- 
batim copies : 

1170. Ordered, That the Treasurer pay H. C. Ross $1 for one prairie-wolf sculp, as per 
certificate on file. 

1174. Ordered, That the Treasurer pay W. L. Hamilton, assinee of Joseph Scott, $3 for 
three prairie-wolf sculps, as per certificate on file. 



40t5 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

Forty-five dollars were " ordered " paid for this branch of hunters' industry, 
and it hadn't been a very good season for wolf-sculping, either. 

From the date of the first meeting of the County Commissioners at the 
town of Lockridge, on the 8th day of April, A. D. 1839, to the present — a 
period of thirty-nine years — the business of the county has gone smoothly 
along. The county increased in population and wealth from year to year, until 
now it is among the foremost counties in the State in all that goes to make a 
people proud, prosperous and happy. The economy commenced by the early 
Commissioners has been rigidly enforced, and, as a result, the credit of the 
county is as " good as gold." 

Commencing with the first presence of white men in the territory now 
included in Jefferson County in August, 1835, the history of its settlement and 
development down to the organization of the county, in 1839, was as carefully 
and accurately traced as possible. The incidents occurring previous to that 
date, and which are made to form a part of these pages, were gathered from 
such of the old settlers as have been spared to the present. That some errors 
will be detected by critical readers, the writer has no doubt. But the cause of 
the errors, if errors there be, does not rest with either the writer or his author- 
ity. The incidents are all quoted from the memory of such of the surviving 
settlers as could be seen. Not one of them had ever been committed to paper, 
and to treasure and preserve such a multiplicity of events, dates, names, etc., 
intact and unbroken, and recall them in regular order after the lapse of nearly 
half a century, without written data, is beyond the power 6f man. 

The history of the organization of the county, and the modus opercmdi of 
starting the county machinery and of its political economy, is gathered from 
such of the county records as have been preserved. It was not the purpose to 
follow in detail and transfer to these pages the entire proceedings of the Board 
of County Commissioners, County Judge and Board of County Supervisors, 
but only to quote sufficiently therefrom to preserve the history of the first pub- 
lic acts and establish the economy of the early county authorities. Having 
accomplished this purpose, we leave the general details of county management 
and will only note a few of the more important events, such as the building of 
the present Jail, the Court House, the railroad enterprises, Poor-Farm, war 
record, Agricultural Society, etc. 

SECOND COURT HOUSE AND SECOND JAIL. 

At the January session (1848), the Commissioners directed the Clerk to 
" insert a notice in the Iowa Sentinel^ offering a premium of $25 for the best 
plan and specifications for a Court House, to be 40x70 feet, to be built of brick, 
with good stone foundations, to be received until the 22d instant, at which time 
they will be opened." 

From some cause, not explained on the journal, the Commissioners did not 
'' open and examine the plans and specifications " on the day designated. No 
further mention is made of "plans and specifications," but under date of the 
22d of January, the Clerk was ordered to advertise in the loiva Sentinel and 
Burlington Q-azette for proposals for the " erection of a Court House on the 
public square, in the town of Fairfield, according to the plans and specifications 
on file in the Commissioners' office, to be let to the lowest and most responsible 
bidder." 

Saturday, March 26. — This being the ilay appointed for the opening of proposals for build- 
ing a Court House in the town of Fairfield, in the county of Jefferson, when, upon opening and 
«xamining the said bids, it was decided by the Board that the same be let to 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. .407 

Right there the entry stops, and ho further mention is made of the contract 
-or the building until October, 1849. It is stated, however, by George Craine, 
that the lowest bid was made by a man named Seman, but that James Thomp- 
son and Joseph Knott entered into an arrangement with Seman, by which, for 
a consideration, he withdrew or released his bid to Thompson and Knott, and 
that they became the recognized contractors. When several months had passed,' 
Thompson and Knott sublet the contract to John Shields, Thompson retaining 
an interest. Shields and Thompson got some of the material on the ground, 
and the foundation walls nearly completed, but they finally relinquished the 
contract to the Commissioners. Daniel Mendenhall, one of the County Com- 
sioners, on behalf- of the Board, entered into a verbal agreement with George 
Craine to complete the building and take in part payment the old Court House 
and the lot of ground on which it stood, at $600. Craine was making arrange- 
ments to commence operations, when Mendenhall advised him that he could not 
have the contract, but that he himself had determined to build the Court 
House. Mendenhall then advertised (but not according to law, so it is said) 
the old Court House and grounds for sale, and did sell it for about $300 — one- 
half less than Craine had agreed to give for it and take it in part payment for 
building a new Court House. Mendenhall soon found, however, that he could 
not go on with the erection of the building, and tendered the contract to 
Craine, which the latter gentleman, through the intercession of a Whig friend, 
finally accepted at an advance of $100 over his first " bid," and, on the 27th of 
October, 1849, a contract was entered into between the Commissioners, on the 
part of the county, and George Craine, by which the latter gentleman agreed 
to complete the Court House for $7,''')00. The contract specified that he was to 
take the materials on the ground, and the work already done at the prices paid, and 
deduct the same from the contract price; "also, the amount to be paid for haul- 
ing the brick from Shelton's, and for stone furnished and to be furnished by 
John G. Lembarger, and also to pay D. Mendenhall $25 for his services as 
Building Superintendent up to date," etc. 

Under these conditions, Mr. Craine perfected his ai'rangements, and, in the 
spring of 1850, commenced work. The stone used in the foundation was hauled 
from the Cedar and Walnut Township quarries ; the cut-stone was all taken 
from the Walnut Creek quarry, near Pheasant's Ford ; the brick were made, 
in part, at John Shuffleton's yards, and, in part, at Medley Shelton's, and were, 
laid in the wall by the Hoffmans — father and two sons ; the carpenter work was 
done under the immediate direction and supervision of Craine, who is a practi- 
cal carpenter. The building was completed in January, 1851, The first term 
of court held in the new building came on in March following. 

The present Jail was built in the fall of 1858, at a cost of $7,300 — George 
Craine, contractor and builder. The stone used in this building were from 
the two quarries of Clinton & Baldwin and Elliott & Clinton. The dressed 
stone were reduced to the desired facings by John Turney. The brick were 
made at Shuffleton's yard. 

POOR-FARM. 

Prior to the occupancy of the present County Poor-Farm, those unfortunates 
who were the charges of the county were distributed among the people, and the 
care and expense borne by the tax-payers. As the population increased, with a cor- 
responding increase of feeble-minded and indigent, it became necessary to provide 
a place where better attendance at less cost to the people could be furnished them. 



408 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

At the election in the fall of 1866, the question of buying a Poor-Farm at a* 
cost not to exceed $6,000 was submitted to the people of the county and car- 
ried by a large majority. 

A selection was not made until the next year, when, through William Hop- 
kirk, J. H. Collins and W. F. Dustin, a committee appointed for the purpose, 
what was known as the "Traverse Farm," in Liberty Township, was purchased. 
This consisted of the north 140 acres of the northwest quarter of Section 22, 
and south 96 acres of the southeast quarter of Section 15. There was a build- 
ing on the farm at the time of the purchase, 34x18 feet, with an "L" 16 feet. 
In 1869, H. B. Mitchell, William Alston and William Long were appointed a 
Committee to prepare buildings for the reception of paupers. They erected a 
new building 36x40 feet, two stories in height, which was completed the same 
year, and the next year built a barn 36x40 feet. Other improvements have 
been made since. In 1875, a story was added to the old building, and there is 
now in course of erection a kitchen 28x30 feet, two stories high. These build- 
ing are of frame, well arranged, and of ample capacity for the present need of 
the county. The average number of inmates for the years 1876 and 1877 was. 
twenty-one, which has increased the present year to twenty-five. James Arm- 
strong is the present Superintendent. 



DISTRICT COURT. 

Section 1 of an act entitled " An act fixing the terms of the Supreme and 
District Courts of the Territory of Iowa, and for other purposes," provided for 
holding two terms in each of the several organized counties in each year. " In 
Henry County, on the first Mondays of April and August." 

Section 1 of an act entitled " An act to authorize the holding of the Dis- 
trict Courts in the county of Jefferson," approved January 25, 1839, provided 
" that the time of holding the District Courts in the county of Jefferson, shall 
commence on the Thursdays preceding the times of holding the District Courts 
in the county of Henry." 

According to this act last quoted, the first term of the District Court for 
Jefferson County ought to have commenced on the last Thursday in March, 
1839, and the County Commissioners made arrangements to that end by select- 
ing grand and petit juries, etc. ; but for some reason the Judge did not put in 
an appearance, and the Court was not held. The first term held commenced on 
Thursday the 2d day of August, 1839 ; Judge Joseph Williams* presided. 
John A. Pitzer, Clerk. The Court ordered that Willis C. Stone and Oliver Stone 
act as Constables, and that Alexander Kirk act as crier during the term. 

The first order of the District Court relating to this county, was " that the 
eagle side of a 10-cent piece of money of the American coin be the seal tem- 
porarily for the District Court of Jefferson County, Iowa Territory." This 
order bears date February 26, 1839. "At the same date, Frederick E. Lyon^ 
Sheriff, appointed Samuel Moore, Under-Sheriff." 

The following persons composed the first grand jury : Henry Shepherd, 
John Gillam, William Vincent, William Precise, John Ankrom, Joseph Higgin- 
bottom, William Ilueston, David Cowan, Josiah Lee, John Parsons, David Pee- 
bler, John Miller, Jonathan Turner, James Coleman, James Lanman, Henry 

* Judge Williams was a Pennsylvanian by birth and education, and came to Iowa under Presidential appointments 
Boon alter the Territory was organized, and settled at Bloomington near Muscatine. He subsequently removed to 
Kansas, and settled at Fort Scott, where he died a few yeare ago. 



H [STORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 409 

McCauley, Frederick Fisher, James Gilmer, Archer Grau, Aiden Nordyke, Rod- 
ham Bonafield, Jonathan Dyer and Enos Elmaker. 

After being sworn, the grand jury retired to a strip of timber about half a 
mile north of the Fairfield of those days to deliberate. 

The following persons were the first })etit jurors: Wiley Jones, Abraham 
Louden, Isaac Blakely, Isaac Whitaker, Edward Busic, Isaac McCalla, John 
Vincent, George C. Parker, Charles Holloway, George W. Troy, John Eastepp, 
David Eller, John Reager, John W. Johnson, Michael Feebler, Benjamin Mount, 
Greenup Smith and Alfred Aikes. 

The attorneys present at this first term of the District Court, so far as their 
names appear of record, were Van Allen, Buckland, Teas, Cyrus Olney and 
Samuel Shuffleton. ShuflSeton was admitted to practice as an attorney on the 
presentation of a certificate to practice as an attorney in the State of New York. 
Olney was appointed to act as Prosecuting Attorney for the term. 

The title of the first case called was " Hosea Hall vs. Isaac Bush," and 
seems to have been a suit for damages. The case was tried before a jury, and 
after being out all night, the jury returned a verdict of $5 for the plaintiff. 
The court ordered that the plaintiff" recover that sum and costs. Three indict- 
ments for gambling and one for perjury were found at this term. At the next 
term in April, 1840, they were all disposed of, all the parties being discharged 
except in the case of the United States vs. John Payton, charged with gam- 
bling. He pleaded " guilty," and was fined $10 and costs of suit. 

When Iowa Territory was organized. President Van Buren appointed Joseph 
Williams, Charles Mason and Thomas S. Wilson as Territorial Judges. Under 
an act of the Territorial Legislature, approved January 21, 1839, Charles 
Mason was assigned to the district composed of the counties of Henry (to which 
Jeff'erson was attached). Van Buren, Lee and 1 )es Moines ; Joseph Williams 
was assigned to the district composed of the counties of Louisa, Muscatine, 
Cedar, Johnson and Slaughter (now Washington), and Thomas S. Wilson was 
assigned to the district composed of the counties of Jackson, Dubuque, Scott 
and Clayton. When the time for holding the August (1839) term of the Dis- 
trict Conrt of Jefferson County came on. Judge Mason could not be present to 
preside, and Judge Williams came in his place ; and so it came that he presided 
at the first term of the District Court held in Jefferson County. Cyrus Olney 
was the first Judge elected in the district under State jurisdiction. Judge Olney 
has been succeeded by J. C. Knapp, William A. Seevers, Caleb Baldwin, H. 
B. Hendershott, William M. Stone, William Loughridge, E. S. Sampson and 
H. S. Winslow. Circuit Court — L. C Blanchard. J. C. Cook, of Jasper 
County, was chosen at the October election, 1878, to succeed Judge Winslow. 

Of these, Joseph Williams, Caleb Baldwin and William H. Seevers have 
served on the Supreme Bench. Chailes Mason has filled the office of Commis- 
sioner of Patents ; W. M. Stone, the office of Governor of Iowa, and E. S. 
Sampson has represented his district in Congress. 

John A. Pitzer was the first Clerk of the District Court, and has been suc- 
ceeded by John W. Culbertson, Sawyer Robinson, David J. Evans, Robert F. 
Ratcliff, William Long, George 11. Case and M. S. Crawford. A. W. Jaques 
Avas elected at the last election, October, 1878, to succeed Mr. Crawford. 

Frederick Lyon filled the office of Sheriff by appointment until April, 1839. 
when James L. Scott was elected. He has been succeeded by James T. Hardin, 
John Shields, Samuel S. Walker, G. M. Chilcott, Jesse Long, George Shriner, 
James A. Galliher, J. F. Robb, James A. Cunningham., Jacob S. Gantz, James S. 
Beck and James M. Hughes. Hughes was elected at the October election, 1878. 



410 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY t 

Cyrus Olney, tlie first Prosecuting Attorney, has been succeeded by George 
Acheson, Ezra Drown, Caleb Baldwin, Samuel Clinton and Charles Negus, as 
County Prosecutors. George D. Woodin, H. S. Winslow, M. A. McCord, S. 
G. Smith an<l G. W. Lafferty have been District Prosecutors. Ed. W. Stone, 
of Washington County, succeeded Lafferty after January 1, 1879, by virtue of 
the election in October, 1878. 



CRIMINAL MENTION. 

A DOUBLE TRAGEDY — LYNCHING OF KEPHART. 

On Saturday, the 29th day of June, 1860, T. B. Barnett, while fishing in 
Cedar Creek, one mile and a half north of Batavia, in Jefferson County, dis- 
covered, in a state of nudity, the dead bodies of a woman, a little girl about six 
years old, and a boy apparently aged about twelve years. The woman and the 
girl had drifted partially under a tree that had fallen into the creek, and the 
boy was found a short distance below under a log. Mr. Barnett spread the 
alarm through the neighborhood, and a messenger was sent to Fairfield about 
midnic^ht after the Sheriff and Coroner. The latter held an inquest on the dead 
bodies and elicited the facts embodied in the report of the Coroner's jury, which 
were as follows : 

S^atc of Iowa, Jefferson County, ss. — An inquisition held in Batavia, .Jefferson County, State 
aforesaid, before Thomas Barnes, Coroner of said county, upon the bodies of three persons lying 
dead, found in Cedar Creek, near where the lowaville and Lancaster State road crosses the said 
creek, there Iving dead, by the jurors whose names are hereunto subscribed. The said juroi's, 
upon their oath, do say, that the said persons, names unknown, came to their death by some 
per3on, as there are four large cuts on the head and face of the woman ; one on her forehead, 
and just before her right ear; jaw broken ; and behind her right ear, skull broken ; and on the 
back part of the head, skull broken, and her left shoulder broken. The boy had wounds on his 
forehead, skull broken, and the br.ains oozing out ; another wound on the back part of the head, 
skull mashed, with a bruise on the left arm. The girl had her right cheek, with part of her 
upper lip and part of her nose, upper jaw-bone and teeth, cut off, with her under-jaw consider- 
ably fractured. 

We, the jury, are of the opinion that the wounds were suflBcient to produce immediate death. 
The woman had blue eyes, dark auburn liair, and was about thirty years of age. The boy had 
also blue eyes and auburn hair, and was about eight or nine years old. The girl had blue eyes 
and auburn hair, and was about three years old. 

All of which we submit this first day of .Tuly, 1860. A. Collins, 

H. P. Holmes. 
John Adams, 

Thomas Barnes, Coroner of Jeflerson County. Jurors. 

The County Judge, with commendable energy, immediately issued the fol- 
lowing handbill, offering a reward for the arrest of the murderer : 

MURDER I TWO HUNDRED DOLLARS REWARD ! 

A woman and two children were murdered in this county on Friday evening last, and the 
bodies thrown into Cedar Creek, about nine miles west of Fairfield. The murderer is supposed 
to be about six feet high, of ordinary weight, dark complexion, without whiskers, and when 
seen on Friday afternoon, was unshaven and was wearing a half-worn Leghorn hat and dirty white 
shirt • he was without a coat or vest. He was driving two yoke of oxen to a wagon. The wagon was 
an old lio'ht two-horse wagon, muslin cover, dirty and old, but sound. The lead yoke of catile 
was the smallest, and of a yellowish-red color with some white ; the other yoke was dark-red and 
brindle the brindle being on the near side. An old-fashioned red and match-work coverlet was 
over the fore end of the wagon. With the team were two dogs, one a reddish-yellow, long-haired 
do"- • the other, a puppy four or five months old, of a bluish-black color. From the tracks where 
the bodies were carried to the creek, it is supposed there were two persons concerned in the 
murder. 

On behalf of the county of Jefferson, I otter a reward of $'200 for the apprehension of the 
murderer or murderers. William K.Alexander, County Judge. 

Fairfield, Iowa, July 1, 1860. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNJY. 411 

An additional reward was r.-iised by subscription among the citizens of 
Fairfield. 

Sheriff Robb started at once for Batavia, where he learned that an old man 
and a little boy, with an ox-team, answering to the description given in the 
hand-bill issued by the Judge, had been seen on the road on the day of the 
murder, near where the bodies had been found. The Sheriff, David R. Huff- 
stutter. Harrison Smith, William A. Tegarden, H. A. Miller, Andrew Smith, 
Lewis Spurlock and Samuel Espe started in hot pursuit on the Sunday follow- 
ing the tragedy, and eventually tracked the party described to Upton, Scotland 
Co., Mo., four miles south of which place they found the team and man and boy. 

The old man, whose name they learned was John Kephart, aged sixty 
years, gave up without resistance. The little boy seemed alarmed and fled 
crying to one of the party for protection. The little fellow told the Sheriff that 
his name was Willis; that the dead woman was his mother, and that he did not 
see her killed ; awaking in the night, he saw her lying in the wagon, dead, with 
a large gash in her head. He saw Kephart kill his little sister and brother. 
They awoke, too, when his mother was killed, and jumped out of the wagon, and 
Kephart had some trouble to catch them, as they ran under and around the 
wagon to keep out of his reach. 

The boy first remembered seeing Kephart in Muscatine, Iowa, when he 
came to move his (the boy's) parents and family south. His fathers name was 
William Willis. It was ascertained that Kephart and the Willis family lived 
in Cherokee County, Mo., for a time, where he kept a grocery and sold 
whisky to the Indians. In the spring of 1860, he started for Iowa. The boy 
further stated that his mother, whose name was Jane Willis, and the children, 
whose names were Joseph S., aged twelve, and Maria Jane, aged six years, were 
killed near Eddyville, Iowa, and that the bodies had been hauled a distance of 
thirty miles. 

Some account of Kephart's career was gathered from various sources. He 
had resided near Trenton, in Henry County, in 1850, and was considered a 
man of considerable means. He was at one time a preacher in the church of 
the United Brethren, and, at the time of the murder, had his certificate, or 
license to preach, with him. He was the father of nine children, all respecta- 
ble citizens, and at the time of the murder had a wife living in Washington 
County, Iowa. While a resident of this section, he was engaged in a number 
of disreputable transactions, falling into the clutches of the law and being con- 
fined in jail. Kephart was for a time associated with the noted land pirate, 
John A. Murrill, whose rendezvous was a cave situated some distance below 
Louisville, Ky. In the year 1833, in Lancaster, Fairfield Co., Ohio, for having 
been concerned in several murders with that noted criminal, he was a prisoner 
at the bar, and was condemned to death, but contrived to make his escape. 

As soon as the Sheriff reached Fairfield with his prisoner, a preliminary 
trial was held before the County Judge. He waived an examination, and was 
then regularly committed to jail. On the first night of his incarceration, the 
Sheriff, on entering the Jail, found his prisoner hanging by the neck against 
the door of his cell, and immediately cut the rope. The would-be suicide fall- 
ing heavily to the floor, received a very severe contusion of the skull, which 
almost knocked what life out of him still remained after his attempt at 
hanging. He was, however, eventually restored. He had secured a rope with 
which his captors had bound his feet together when he was first taken, and 
which was still fastened about one ankle when he was committed to jail, and 
which he had secreted about his person. 



412 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

On Thursday morning after the murderer was secured, a large body of well- 
armed men, on horseback, in wagons and on foot, marched into town in good order, 
proceeded directly to the jail, which they surrounded, and called for the keys. 
The lynchers, as they proved to be, were mostly from Wapello and Jefferson 
Counties — the citizens of Fairfield being generally opposed to their summary 
mode of procedure. Speeches were made to the mob by Judge Alexander, 
Messrs. Wilson, Acheson, Negus, Slagle, Lamson and others, who made every 
offer that might satisfy them that the prisoner would be safely kept until a fair 
trial, according to law, could be given him. Their off'ers and arguments were 
answered by loud cries to open the doors, with increased turbulence and excite- 
ment. Several of the mob procured a post, which they brought to bear as a 
battering-ram against everything that stood between them and their victim. 
The doors soon gave way and the murderer was immediately seized and borne 
by four men to a wagon and driven off" under guard. The wagon containing the 
prisoner stopped at nearly every house on the road, in order that all should 
see the fiendish murderer. As he was quite faint during the trip, buckets 
of water were thrown over him. When the procession arrived at the place 
of execution — at the spot where the bodies of the murdered woman and her 
and her children had been found — the crowd had been augmented to 1,200 per- 
sons, and there were 2,500 people — some from a distance of thirty miles — 
awaiting their arrival on the ground, about four hundred women being included 
among the number, who had here gathered together to witness the execution of 
a human being. The roundabout road by which the prisoner had traveled made 
the distance about thirteen miles from Fairfield. 

About 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the prisoner was brought forward by 
two men, who assisted him up the ladder to the platform of a gallows that had 
already been prepared. There was no trial, as all were convinced of his guilt; 
the services of a minister were neither offered nor asked for, and ten minutes 
were allowed for confession, which he employed by stating that he was innocent 
of the murder of the woman. He also asked if his shroud was made; on 
hearing which, he was shown his grave, and told by some one in the crowd that 
he would get no shroud. After his hands had been secured behind his back, a 
handkerchief fastened over his face and the rope placed around his neck, the 
rope that held the trap-door under his feet was severed by a blow from a hatchet 
in the hands of one of the party, and the prisoner was launched into eternity 
directly over the spot where the bodies of his victims had been found. 

Resolutions were then passed, disposing of the property of Kephart, which 
were to the eff"ect that the money discovered in the wagon — amounting to $428, 
which had been found concealed in a keg of soap-grease — the wagon itself and 
the oxen, should be given for the benefit of the living boy of the murdered 
woman ; and a guardian was then and there appointed for him. The body was 
then taken in charge, for the purpose of dissection, by some physicians who 
were on the ground. The citizens soon afterward dispersed to their homes to 
attend to the peaceable avocations of life, and the remembrance of the part that 
they had taken in launching a red-handed murderer into the presence of a 
higher tribunal than that of man, sat easily on their minds. 

THE MATHEWS HOMICIDE. 

At Fairfield, on Thursday morning. May 28, 1867, was enacted a tragedy, 
the bloody details of which are as shocking and blood-curdling as those of any 
murder which has ever blackened the criminal records of the State of Iowa. 
On the morning in question, Joseph Mathews, a laborer, between the hours of 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 413 

7 and 8 o'clock, when everyone but himself and wife, Mrs. Sarah A. Mathews, 
had quitted the premises, when the latter had no thought of the murderous 
intent in the mind of her husband, and while she stood with her back turned 
toward him, seized an ax and deliberately hewed her head to pieces. This 
terrible crime was enacted on a bright, beautiful morning of the pleasantest 
month of the year, when all the better and holier instincts of man and bird and 
beast seem to reign with the fullest sway. 

Early after the tragedy, news of which had been conveyed abroad by 
James Frank Mathews, a twelve-year-old son of the victim and her un- 
natural husband, who had returned home in time to witness a portion of 
the tragedy, an anxious crowd surrounded the dwelling. Mathews, when 
arrested and conveyed to jail, offered no resistance, remaining as immovable 
and impassive as a beast. Various and conflicting feelings pervaded the mul- 
titude ; some were filled with the deepest indignation at the enormity of the 
crime, and clamored loudly for speedy and certain vengeance ; some, taking into 
consideration certain well-known peculiarities in the character of Mathews, 
gave better counsels. These prevailed, and the matter was left to its proper 
<?ourse. 

C. E. Noble, Cox'oner, summoned J. M. Shaffer, J. L. Myers and John R. 
Shaffer as a jury of inquest, and proceeded to view the remains of the mur- 
dered wife and mother. The following facts were elicited : 

The body of Mrs. Mathews, when first discovered by the citizens, was lying 
on the right side in a small room on the north side of the house, nearly opposite 
the residence of Mr. G. D. Temple. The face was to the floor, and large pools 
of blood were under the head and shoulders. To the north of where the mur- 
dered woman lay, and near the window, stood two barrels, and on the other side 
of the dead body, along the south side of the room, was ranged a row of boxes. 
Erom the nature of the contents of some of these, it may be supposed the wife 
was busy about her household cares, and that she had entered the fatal chamber 
for some article used in her culinary duties. An ax. the head and blade of 
which were found dripping with the life-blood of the faithful woman, who scarcely 
an hour before was so full of life and vigor, lay near the bleeding body. The 
hair was disheveled and clotted with blood, and the Avounds and marks of vio- 
lence were quite distinct, and the jagged edges indicated that the murder had 
b(!en effected with a blunt instrument. There were fully nine wounds — any one 
of which might have caused the death of the woman — *' poor dumb mouths," 
which bore their ghastly testimony to the ferocious and savage instincts of the 
brutal and unreasoning husband. The left sleeve of the dress was torn from 
the shoulder, and a purple bruise on the back of the right hand, indicating that 
a blow had been warded off", showed tlie desperate struggle of the wife and 
mother in the vain endeavor to preserve her life. 

Mrs. Mathews was buried the day following the murder, at 2 o'clock in the 
afternoon, a vast crowd assembling at the Methodist Church to attend the 
obsequies, showing the universal respect in which she was held by all who knew 
her. Never had the slightest breath assailed her good name. All things 
tended to shroud the murder in the darkest mystery ; and in vain was the 
search for a motive that would lead to the commission of so horrible a crime. 

She had been married about sixteen years, having come to Iowa with 
Mathews and her parents, Joseph and Sarah Hudgell, in 1856. At the time 
of her marriage, she was about nineteen years of age, being more than twenty 
years younger than her husband. Their married life did not vary from that 
common to persons in their station of life. The struggles "against the wolf" 



414 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

were not an exception ; he with his ax and shovel working industriously among 
the people, and she with prudence, care, economy and neatness, managed the 
affairs of the household. They accompanied each other and their children to 
church, and to all public places of" entertainment, where Christian men and 
women might be found, and enjoyed in company the social re-unions so common 
in village and country life, seemingly a happy pair. 

At the time of the homicide, Joseph B. Mathews, the murderer, was nearly 
fifty-six years of age, having been born October 11, 1811, in the State of New 
Jersey, from whence he had moved to Ohio, and from there to Iowa with his 
wife in 1856. He was a remarkably taciturn, reserved and quiet man, rarely 
commencing a conversation, and, when addressed, generally replying in mono- 
syllables, and never entering with spirit into the discussions common among 
the people. His education Avas limited: he could read and write, but did little 
of either, finding no company in books and papers, and passing his hours, 
unoccupied by labor, in communings with his own spirit, or in listless inatten- 
tion to the matters surrounding him. For some years, he had been a member 
of the Methodist Church, regular in his attendance, and neglecting none of his 
religious duties in the church or the family. No one suspected that he was 
capable of so horrible a crime : no one dreamed that murder was in his heart ; 
no one imagined that, in an evil hour, he would inbrue his hands in the blood of 
his aifectionate and loving wife. With all this showing, then, it was not won- 
derful that the quiet communit}' of Fairfield should be startled upon the 
announcement of the murder. 

On the 2.3th day of May, Mathews was taken from jail and brought before 
'Squire Evans for a preliminary examination. The prisoner pleaded " Not guilty,"' 
and was remanded to jail to be tried at the ensuing term of the District Court. 
"When the case was called for trial at the September (1867) term of Court, a 
motion was made to postpone it until the January term, which motion was 
granted. The case came on for trial at the January (1878) term of Court. 
Messrs. Slagle and Atcheson, attorneys for defendant, applied for a change of 
venue, and the case was taken to Washington County. Court commenced in 
Washington on the 27th day of April, and, all parties being in readiness, the 
trial proceeded. The evidence elicited in the case agreed with the events above 
recorded, with the additions of depositions taken of some of the prisoner's rela- 
tives in Ohio, who testified to the fact that insanity was hereditary in the 
family ; that his mother became insane some time previous to his birth, and 
that his sisters and other members of the Mathews family were victims of that 
malady. There were also certain other marked peculiarities in the character 
•of the prisoner that led to the belief that he was of unsound mind and subject 
to melancholia. 

The trial was before Judge E. S. Sampson, and his charge to the jury was 

regarded as a masterly summing-up of the deductions to be drawn from the 

evidence. The following sentiment taken from Judge Sampson's charge to the 

jury on this occasion, is well worthy the consideration of all readers: 

The doctrine, which some doctors sufrgest, that every person who commits some enormous 
offense is more or less insane or of unsound mind, is one to which I cannot subscribe. To my 
mind it is a dangerous doctrine to the welfare of society, and is calcu'ated to mislead the mind 
when drawing the distinction between the acts arising from a wicked heart, and such as have 
their origin in a diseased mind. When we find the highwayman striking his stilletto to the 
heari of the benighted traveler, securing his gold, and reveling on his ill-gotten treasure ; or, 
when we see the husband stealthily, through pretense of affection and love, slipping to the lips 
of his lawful wife the cup of poison in order tliat he may take to his arms the alluring para- 
mour, we see at once, and justly, too, it is not the unsound brain that commits the crime, but 
the rotten and diseased heart. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 4-15 

On Monday, the 4th day of May, 1868, the case was given to the jury, 

who, at half-past 1 o'clock in the afternoon, returned the following verdict: 

We, the jury, fiml the defendant, Joseph R. Mathews, guilty of murder in the second 
degree. 

On the Friday following, the Judge sentenced the prisoner to imprisonment 
for life. He was taken to the Penitentiary at Fort Madison, by the Sheriff of 
Jefferson County, and given into the custody of the Warden of that institu- 
tion, there to remain for the term of his natural life. Mathews conducte i 
himself there as he had done ever since the murder. He could not be made to 
understand that he must work, and the shower-bath was twice brought into 
requisition before his stubborness could be overcome. However, he eventually 
fell into the ways of the institution, and became a good workman among the 
convicts. 

• THE BUTLEK-WOODARD AFFAIR. 

In the latter part of June, 1856, a shooting affray occurred between Har- 
din Butler and John Woodard, both residents of Cedar Township, and liv- 
ing only one mile apart, which resulted in the death of the latter, when he 
had but lately returned from California. 

When Woodard set out for that far-off State, he left his wife at home. 
She was a thrifty woman, industrious and economical every way, and, having 
a number of cows, turned her attention to butter-making, from the sale of 
which she received considerable sums of money. 

On one occasion she sold a lot of butter, and took a note of hand in pay- 
ment therefor. She subsequently sold the note to a man named Scott, who 
held it until it was "outlawed." Scott then went to Mrs. Woodard and made 
her believe that she was responsible to him for the payment of the same, and 
that she must pay it, which she did. 

Hardin Butler lived a neighbor to Mrs. Woodard, and two -or three times, 
when she had butter to convey to market she rode to town with him, when he 
happened to be going with his wagon. Butler learned how she had been 
imposed upon bj Scott, and urged her to commence suit against him to recover 
the value of the note. When Scott learned of Mrs. Woodard's determination, 
he sought to "get even" with her by circulating insinuations that there had 
been an undue intimacy between her and Butler. 

When Woodard returned home from California, these reports came to his 
knowledge, and he swore that he would avenge his honor by killing Butler on 
sight. The two men soon met a few rods from the line, between Cedar and 
Round Prairie Townships, when, as was supposed, Woodard drew his pistol and 
fired, but missed his aim, and that Butler returned the fire, mortally wounding 
his assailant. 

Butler gave himself up to the authorities, and was held for murder in the 
first degree. The trial occasioned considerable interest ; but as Butler was 
enabled to prove clearly that Woodard fired the first shot, and as he had been 
heard, by several persons, to threaten the life of Butler, the latter was finally 
discharged, it having been shown that the shot was fired in self-defense. 

Butler now resides in Missouri, near La Plata. The widow of Woodard 
married again and removed to Cass County. John Huff, Woodard's brother- 
in-law, stated that the latter had been successful in the land of gold, and that 
he knew that, previous to his death, he had buried somewhere near his resi- 
dence $500, all in $20 gold pieces, which has never been found, so far as 
known. 



416 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



A POLITICAL MURDER. 



Another fatal encounter took place at Batavia, in the latter part of October, 
1860, just previous to Lincoln's first election. Party spirit ran high at 
that time, and the affray here mentioned grew out of a political dispute. It 
appears that six men, whose names were Silas McCart, Pleasant McCart. Isaac 
Gerringer, John McQuerry, and two other men, went to the house of John A. 
Mix, on Friday, for the purpose of attacking it, or some person in it. Amos 
Wimer, who was boarding with Mr. Mix, told them not to come near. The 
house was then stormed with brickbats ; and, during the siege, Silas McCart 
struck Wimer with a brick, when the attacking party rushed, in a crowd, upon 
him. Wimer succeeded in drawing a small spring dirk-knife from his pocket, 
with which he stabbed McCart four times, the latter dying of his wounds the 
following Sunday. , Wimer made his escape and kept himself concealed for some 
time, for fear of being lynched. He afterward joined the army and fell in the 
Union cause at the battle of Shiloh. 



EDUCATIONAL. 

In no one interest of the county have forty-two years marked such wonder- 
ful and gratifying changes as in the educational. 

Fifty years ago, a knowledge of the higher branches of education could only 
be obtained at the colleges of the older States — Yale, Harvard, Amherst, Dart- 
mouth, and their cotemporaries. Now, there is not a graded school in Jeffer- 
son County that does not furnish advantages almost equal to a majority of the 
colleges of that period. On all the prairies, neat and comfortable schoolhouses 
are to be seen, while the teachers are proficient, and competent to impart 
instruction in any of the branches necessary to the ordinary pursuits of life. 
In reality, tltey are the people's colleges, and no system is dearer to the people 
than the system that supports and maintains them. To make war upon this 
system would be making war upon the nation's life. 

It is unnecessary to enter into a detailed mention of those who engaged in 
the laudable work of teaching in the pioneer days of Jefferson County, for their 
name is legion. But it is due alike to them and their patrons to say that they 
all made good records as educators. As the population increased in town and 
country, schools increased in like proportion. As the years increased and the 
people increased in wealth, the old log schoolhouses, with their mud-and-stick 
chimneys, puncheon floors and puncheon seats, greased-paper windows, and 
other primitive accommodations, went down before those more in keeping with 
the progressive march of time. But the old log schoolhouses and the old teach- 
ers are kindly remembered by the leading men of the country. 

STATISTICAL. 

The following statistics are taken from the last report of the County Super- 
intendent of Public Schools : 

Number of district townships 9 

Number of subdistricts 67 

Number of independent districts 27 

Number of ungraded schools 91 

Number of graded schools 3 

Average number of months taught during 1877 7 

Number of male teachers 72 

Number of female teachers 105 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 417 

Average compensation of males per month $ 33 33 

Average compensation of females per month 25 00 

Highest wages paid to male teachers Ill 10 

Highest wages paid to female teachers 50 00 

Lowest wages paid to male teachers 20 00 

Lowest wages paid to female teachers 18 00 

Number of children of school age 6,643 

Number of children enrolled in puhlic schools 4,763 

Total average attendance 3,361 

Total cost of tuition per pupil f 10 25 

Total amount paid teachers 25,295 87 

Total amount of school funds received 56,006 00 

Total amount of school funds expended 42,799 87 

Balance on hand 13,206 13 

Number of first-grade certificates issued 56 

Number of second-grade certificates issued 71 

Number of third-grade certificates issued 49 

Number of applicants rejected 80 

Number of schools visited 120 

JEFFERSON COUNTY SABBATH-SCHOOL ASSOCIATION. 

The association known as the Jefferson County Sabbath-School Association 
was organized at Fairfield, Iowa, December 11, 1867. The prime movers in 
the organization were W. Maynard, Pastor Presbyterian Church ; J. H. Wells, 
Superintendent Congregational Sunday School ; J. A. Spielman, Assistant 
Superintendent Lutheran Sunday School ; Thomas Merrill, Pastor Congrega- 
tional Church ; Chauncey Darby, Pastor Baptist Church ; A. Axline, Pastor 
Lutheran Church ; C. H. Whiting, Superintendent Presbyterian Sunday School ; 
W. C. Shippen, Pastor Methodist Episcopal Church ; A. B. Ferguson, Super- 
intendent Methodist Episcopal Sunday School ; A. Watrous, Superintendent 
Baptist Sunday School ; Mary Henn, Assistant Superintendent St. Peter Epis- 
copal Church ; W. F. Cowdery, Assistant Superintendent St. Peter Episcopal 
Church — all of Fairfield. 

The sole object of the Association is to advance the noble and glorious 
work of the Sunday school. 

At the called meeting for organization there were represented 24 schools of 
the county, there having been 119 delegates appointed and in attendance to rep- 
resent the schools. The following persons were chosen as officers of the perma- 
nent organization : President, Rev. C. Darby ; Vice President, Daniel Brown. 

The first annual meeting of the Association was held April 14, 1868, in 
tlte Presbyterian Church in Fairfield. The following persons were elected offi- 
cers for the ensuing year : President, Thomas D. Evans ; Vice Presidents, N. 
S. Averill, B. Giltner, J. A. Spielman ; Treasurer, John A. Wells ; Secretary, 
Daniel Brown. 

The second annual meeting was held April 13, 1869, in the Congregational 
•Church in Fairfield. President Evans in the chair. The following report from 
the Secretary shows the work to be progressing : 

Reports were received from 8 townships, showing the number of schools 
therein to be 42, the total enrollment of which is 2,647, and the amount 
of money collected to sustain them, $615.43. No report was received from 
Polk, Penn, Buchanan and Cedar Townships. 

The following Avere elected the officers : President, Thomas D. Evans; Vice 
Presidents, N. S. Averill, B. Giltner, J. A. Spielman ; Treasurer, George 
Stever ; Secretary, Daniel Brown. 

The third annual convention was held May 17, 1870, in the Lutheran 
Church, Fairfield. Seven townships reported at this convention, showing that 



418 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

24 schools had elected delegates to the same, the total membership thereof 
being 2,140. President, Thomas D. Evans ; Vice Presidents, 0. 0. Sheldon, 
Daniel Rider and A. Watrous; Treasurer, G. A. Unkrich; Secretary, C. S. 
Byrkit. 

The fourth annual convention met at Batavia, Iowa, June 6 and 7, 1871, in 
the Pi'esbyterian Church. This convention will be long remembered by those 
who were in attendance, it being the best in point of interest, freedom of dis- 
cussion and attendance, of any of the meetings of the Association. Thirty 
schools were reported by 10 townships, with a membership of 2,300, and Avere 
represented by 168 delegates. President, T. D. Evans; Vice Presidents, Bev. 
A. Axline, T. A. Robb and 0. 0. Sheldon ; Treasurer, G. A. Unkrich ; Sec- 
retary, C. S. Byrkit. 

The fifth annual meeting of the Association was held at the Congregational 
church, Fairfield, June 4 and 5, 1872, At this meeting, 11 townships 
were represented, reporting 39 schools in the county, with a member- 
ship of 2,879. President, Thomas D. Evans; Vice Presidents, J. A. Ireland, 
N. S. Averill and Benjamin Andrews ; Secretary, B. Giltner ; Treasurer, Hon. 
William Hopkirk. During the year, the Secretary (B. Giltner) removed from 
the State, and, on the 12th of April, 1873, at a meeting of the Executive Com- 
mittee, T. Y. Lynch was appointed Secretary. 

The sixth annual convention met in the Methodist Episcopal Church at 
Fairfield, June 3 and 4, 1873. Owing to the removal of Mr. Giltner, and the 
necessary appointment of a new Secretary, to whom the work was new, the 
interest in the convention was not as great as at former sessions, for want of 
proper advertisement. Only 36 schools were reported at this convention, there 
being reports but from 7 townships, the total membership of the schools 
being 1,972. As shown by report of the Treasurer, there was $176.04 in his 
hands, the amount having been raised by a railroad excursion to Burlington. 
President, Thomas D. Evans ; Vice Presidents, William Hopkirk, William 
Claridge and A. B. Scott ; Secretary, T. Y. Lynch ; Treasurer, J. A. Spielman. 

The seventh annual meeting was held in the Lutheran Church in Fairfield, 
June 2 and 3, 1874. The weather being very unfavorable, the attendance the 
first day was less than was hoped for, but the second day's meeting Avas largely 
attended and great interest was taken - in the work. The reports showed 
there were 49 schools in the county, 39 of which reported and elected 
delegates to this meeting, the total membership of which was 3,080. The 
report of the Treasurer shows the financial condition of the Association to be 
good, there being in his hands |189.95. President, Rev. William M. Sparr : 
Vice Presidents, Eld. Allen Hickey, N. S. Averill and William Hopkirk ; 
Secretary, T. Y. Lynch ; Treasurer, J. A. Spielman. 

The eighth annual convention met at Glasgow, June 1 and 2, 1875, in the 
Congregational Church. The weather throughout the whole convention was 
very unfavorable for delegates from abroad attending, still the meeting was 
interesting and very profitable. One of the enjoyable features was a basket 
dinner on Wednesday, prepared by the friends in and about Glasgow. Reports 
were received from 9 townships, reporting 40 schools in the county, 34 of 
which reported and elected delegates to this convention. Total membership, 
2,761. There was in the Treasurer's hands, $115.45. The expenses of the 
Association were largely in excess of previous years because of payments 
to the State Association and a Fourth of July Sunday-school picnic. Presi- 
dent, Rev. H. E. Wing ; Vice Presidents, William Hopkirk, David Webster 
and Rev. J. Barnett ; Treasurer, J. A. Spielman ; Secretary, T. Y. Lynch. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 419 

The ninth annual meeting of the ^convention was held in the Presbyterian 
Church in Pleasant Plain, June 6 and 7, 187<3. This was perhaps the largest 
and most interesting convention the Association ever held, there being in 
attendance over 800 members. The reports from schools are not as large as 
expected or hoped for, because of a necessary change in the method and form of 
reporting which the Superintendents did not seem to understand. Still there 
were reported 27 schools from 9 townships, with a membership of 2,142. The 
amount in Treasurer's hands, $100.11. President, Rev. J. Barnett; Vice 
Presidents, David Webster, T. D. McClelland and William Hopkirk ; Treas- 
urer, J. A. Spielman ; Secretary, T. Y. Lynch. 

The tenth annual meeting of the Association was held at Salina, June 6, 
1877. Owing to a very heavy rainstorm during the night of June 4, whereby 
many of the bridges over the larger streams in the county were destroyed, 
rendering it almost impossible to reach Salina, there was no session on June 5, 
and but few present from a distance on the 6th, still those who were present 
had an interesting and instructive convention. Officers elected : President, 
Rev. C. Reed: Vice Presidents, B. C. Andrews, William Hopkirk and H. C. 
Rock : Treasurer, J. A. Spielman ; Secretary, T. Y. Lynch. 

The eleventh annual convention was held at Libertyville, June 4 and 5, 1878, 
the M. E. Church. From the very outset, this W9,s a most interesting conven- 
vention, the workers working with great earnestness and zeal, each subject 
being opened and discussed in a manner that showed much thought and careful 
preparation. A committee, viz.: J. French, J. A. Spielman and T. Y. Lynch 
were appointed to organize conventions in each township, if possible, in order to 
arouse and enlist the workers in a hearty co-operation in the work throughout 
the county. Number of schools reported in the county, 61 ; number of schools 
reporting at the convention, 39 ; membership of those reporting, 5,864. 
Officers, President, Rev. W. M. Sparr ; Vice Presidents, B. C. Andrews, 
W. B. Frame and A. Loomis ; Treasurer, J. A. Spielman ; Secretary, T. Y. 
Lynch. 

At present writing, the committee have organized the following conven- 
tions : Polk Township, September 24. ; Liberty and Des Moines, October 12 ; 
Penn, at Pleasant Plains, October 19 ; Round Prairie and Cedar, November 2 
and 3 ; Locust Grove, November 9 ; Walnut, November 17 ; Buchanan and 
Lockridge, November 24 ; Fairfield, December 1, and Black Hawk, Decem- 
ber 8. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

" MARRYING AND GIVING IN MARRIAGE." 

The following is a list of marriage licenses issued in Jefferson County, dur- 
ing the year 1839 : 

March 14. Harmon J. Aikes and Miss Martha Frost. 
March 16, Isaac Blakely and Miss Ellen Lanman.* 
March 25, J. S. Chandler and Miss E. Bonafield. 
April 28, N. Ogden and Miss Mahala Cassida. 
May 3, L. Morgan and Miss Mary Francis. 

* These parties were first married in 1837. The license nnder wliicli they were married at that time was issued 
from Des Moines County. The marriage service wa'* rendered liy llev. Mr. Bradley, at the residence of the bride's 
parents, in what is now Round I'rairie Township, and then suhject to the jurisdiction of Henry County. The iiues- 
tion of the legality of the marriage under such circumstances was raised, and hence the second marriage. But even 
with a second marriage, the Blakelys and Lanmans did not feel safe until a special law was passed legalizing all mar- 
riages previously solemnized. Kev. B. F. Chastain pronounced the couple " man and wife " the second time. 



420 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

May 22, 0. H. Mitchell and Martha C. Green. 
June 11, Jasper Coons and Miss Susan Byrnes. 
June 14, 0. 0. Kinsman and Miss H. Dinsmore. 
June 21, J. J. Bradshaw and Miss Mary M. Hutson. 
July 20, T. R. Brown and Teressa Shelton. 
July 24, Thomas D. Cox and Eveline Tandy. 
August 27, John Harris and Elizabeth Coop. 
September 27, William J. Stout and Letitia Sears. 
September 27, James L. Scott and Mary L. Gilmer. 
October 5, D. H. Lowery and Aurelia Bowman. 
October 7, William Hoskins and Eleanor Pickering. 
October 16, N. D. Prouty and Sarah A. Miller. 
October 21, S. T. Harris and Adaline Hickenbottom. 
October 22, Milton Moor and Elizabeth Smith. 
November 9, G. T. Brownell and Catherine Wall. 
November 18, David T. Morgan and Sarah A. Coleman. 
December 9, Aaron Woodard and Arcanda Whittington. 
December 18, John Morgan and Nancy Coleman. 
In 1840, 36 licenses were issued, and 47 in 1841. 

RECORD OF DEEDS, AVILLS, ETC. 

The first order of Henry B. Notson, the first Probate Judge, was the appoint- 
ment of Sampson Smith guardian of Eliza Koons and Martha Koons. Bond, 
$1,000. March 9, 1841. David Eller, surety. 

Edward T. Williams was the first administrator; appointed to administer the 
estate of John L. Williams, deceased. Bond, $600. May 28, 1841. Daniel 
D. Jones and Medley T. Shelton, sureties. 

First ministerial credential, 1839. 

The first recorded deed, April, 1839, James L. Scott to W. G. Coop ; con- 
sideration, $50 ; executed November 22, 1838, before William Griffey, Justice 
of the Peace for Henry County, conveying the northeast quarter of the south- 
east quarter of Section 1, Township 71, Range 9 west. Witnesses, A. L. Grif- 
fey and Henry Woolard. Recorded as of Henry County. 

The first deed recorded as of Jefferson County, was for the consideration of 
love, affection, the better preferment in marriage and $1, of Andrew J. Cassida, 
executed by his father Martin Cassida, before Henry B. Notson, Justice of the 
Peace, June 17, 1839, John A. Pitzer, witness ; conveyed " quarter-section of 
land in the rich Avoods ; 5 horses ; 1 mare, called 'Fan; ' 1 chestnut sorrel eight 
years old ; 1 mare, called ' Sal ' ; 1 bright sorrel, eight years old ; 1 horse, 
called Oliver ; 1 chestnut sorrel, two years old ; 2 yoke of oxen ; 3 milk cows, 
1 called ' pink ; 1 white and 1 ghent, said cows to have calves ; 2 steer year- 
lings ; 8 head sheep, 3 of Avhich are Avethers ; 1 ram ; 4 yeAvs ; 39 head of 
hogs, 2 of Avhich have a black list round them, the residue of the body black 
and black and white spotted. The above named stock is marked Avith a smooth 
crop and underbit in the right ear ; 2 wagons ; 3 ploAvs ; 5 bee hives ; the crop 
of corn and vegetables ; household furniture ; 5 beds and bedding ; 1 clock ; 1 
table ; Avith $500 in cash ; 1 cross-cut saAv and other carpenter's tools. 

BLACK LAAVS — DEED OF FREEDOM. 

The time was, and not many years ago, either, when the " color line" was 
as clearly defined in Iowa as in any other part of the country. The act under 
which Jefferson County Avas organized was approved January 21, 1839. The 



HISTORY' OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 421 

same day an act was also approved that was intended to prevent black or 
mulatto persons from coming into the Territory. That act provided that from 
and after the 1st day of April, 1839, ■' no black or mulatto person shall be per- 
mitted to settle in the Territory, unless he or she shall produce a fair certificate 
from some court of the United States, of his or her actual freedom." 

The act was powerless as to its purpose, for "black" and "mulatto" per- 
sons did come and settle in the Territory. When Gen. Street came as Indian 
Agent, to what is now Agency City, in Wapello County, he brought with him 
a colored man named Charles Forrester. In 1843, when Fairfield had grown 
large enough to maintain a barber-shop, Forrester came here to commence busi- 
ness. Some of the people were so "shocked" at the thought of a negro doing 
business "on his own hook," that they made complaint to the County Commis- 
sioners, and asked for an enforcement of the law herein quoted. The Com- 
missioners made application to George Acheson, who was then Prosecuting 
Attorney, to have Forrester arrested and "hired out," under the provisions of 
the law. Acheson refused, on the ground that Forrester had come to the Ter- 
ritory before any of them — that, in fact, he had been brought here by Gen. 
Street, an agent of the United States Government, and that he was just as 
much entitled to the freedom of the country as "any other man." There the 
matter rested. Forrester opened a barber-shop, and managed to make and save 
money. He finally drifted out of sight ; but the attempt to have him arrested 
and sold remains as one of the memories of "slavery days" in Iowa. 

The following "deed of freedom," copied from the records in the Recorder's 
office, is not without interest. The object of the "deed" was, no doubt, 
intended to save the deeded woman from the annoyance busybodies might 
occasion her under the Black Laws of the 21st of January, 1839: 

Know all men by these presents. That we, Alary Mosley, of the village of Fairfield, in the 
county of Jefferson and State of Iowa, widow of Thomas Mosely, late of Davis County, Ken- 
tucky, deceased, and George W. Mosely, of the same village, son of the said Thomas Mosely, do 
hereby certify and declare that the said Thomas died in the said county of Davis, possessed of 
Caroline, a slave, who is a mulatto girl now aged about thirty-nine years, about four feet three 
inches high, stout, bony frame, but not corpulent, large face, strongly-marked features, hazel 
eyes, ordinary mulatto complexion, of about half-blood, with some small moles or specks scat- 
tered upon the face, the two principal being one on the right side, low on the forehead, even 
with and to the right of the eyebrow: the other, on the top of the nose; of neat habits, rather 
intelligent and cheerful and free of speech, with hair mostly straight and beginning to turn gray 
on dose inspection, hut otherwise black; and that the said Thomas, by his last Will and Testa- 
ment, recorded in said county of Davis, bequeathed the said Caroline to his widow for life, with 
remainder over to the said George, his son ; and that we, the said Mary and George, afterward 
emigrated to the State of Illinois, and thence to the State of Iowa, bringing with us into those 
States successively, the said slave, (Caroline, as our own free and voluntary act of emancipation, 
knowing and intending that the said Caroline would and did become free by our said act in car- 
rying her into said free States ; and we do certify and declare that the said Caroline did thereby 
become and is manumitted and free to all intents and purposes whatsoever ; and that we do not, 
nor either of us, claim, and will never claim any authority over her, or right to her services, or 
ownership of her, as a slave or otherwise, except so far as she may voluntarily and of her own 
free-will and pleasure, accompany the said Mary, her former mistress, as a personal attendant 
and companion in the capacity of a free woman of color. 

In testimony whereof we have hereunto set our hand and affixed our seals this nineteenth 
day of October, A. D. 1849, at Fairfield aforesaid. Mary Moskly. [seal.] 

Witness: G. W. Mosely. [seal.] 

Wm L. Kamilto.n. 

Lucy M. Hamh/ion. 

y\cknowleflged before Cyrus Olney, District Judge. 

The above instrument of "freedom" is recorded under date of October 30, 
1849, twelve years before the commencement of the great and final conflict between 
freedom and slavery, the result of which was to render such instruments of writing 
and record relics of barbarism. 



422 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

In this connection it may be mentioned that Fairfield was an approved sta- 
tion on the line of 1;he underground railroad, along which many hundred men, 
women and children were conveyed in the later days of slavery. The old house 
— a two-story one — is still standing in the southern part of Fairfield. The 
keeper is still in the enjoyment of life, health and happiness, and many a poor, 
panting, fleeing slave that he succored, blesses the name of Benjamin Pierce. 

RAILROADS. 

The first announcement of a railroad meeting was in the Sentinel of October 
6. 1848. The first railroad meeting was held January 6, 1849, Capt. Daniel 
Rider, Chairman, and Dr. William L. Orr, Secretary. C. Negus, J. Rider, 
William I. Cooper, William G. Coop, Arthur Bridgman and William Pitkin, 
were chosen Trustees to solicit subscriptions in Jefferson County. V. P. Van 
Antwerp, S. J. Bayard and C. W. Slagle, a committee to memorialize Con- 
gress for a grant of land. 

In 1858, the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad was completed through 
the county, having twenty-seven miles within the county, being assessed at $12,- 
000 per mile. In 1856, the county, by vote, authorized the County Judge to sub- 
scribe $100,000 to the capital stock of this road. Thirty thousand dollars of the 
bonds were issued and delivered to the Company. It was decided by the Supreme 
Court, in 1862, that such subscriptions were illegal, without authority and void. 
Under this decision the County never issued the remaining ^70,000 of bonds, 
but enjoined the Company from negotiating all that it had on hand and 
actually tied up, and also enjoined $15,000 of the $30,000 issued, which only 
left $15,000 of the bonds for the county to pay and which it has paid with the 8 
per cent interest. In 1877, the county brought suit against the Railroad Com- 
pany for recovery of the whole amount paid, which, with the interest, amounts 
to more than $50,000. The suit was brought on the ground that inasmuch as 
the bonds were issued without authority of law are ultra viris, and were, in 
fact, but accommodation paper. The suit is still pending, with D. P. Stubbs 
as attorney for the county. 

In 1870, the Chicago & Southwestern Railroad was completed through the 
county, crossing the Burlington & Missouri at Fairfield. It has 26 4-5 miles 
in the county, being assessed at $3,700 per mile. The citizens of the county 
subscribed $135,000 to secure the Chicago & Southwestern Railroad. 

The survey of the St. Louis, Keosauqua & St. Paul Railroad has been 
made through the county intersecting the Chicago k Southwestern Railroad and 
the Burlington & Missouri Railroad at Fairfield. 

A tax of $40,000 was voted in 1871 to aid in building the Ft. Madison & 
Northwestern Railroad. 

The first train of cars entered Fairfield over the Burlington & Missouri 
Railroad on Wednesday, September 1, 1858. Immense preparations had been 
made to celebrate the happy event. A meeting of the citizens was held August 
24 previous, over which Samuel Jacobs presided, and of which James Eckert 
was Secretary. 

A stirring address was issued calling the people to attend the celebration, 
and committees appointed : 

On the Dinner — G. W. Honn, A. R. Fulton, W. B. Rowland, William 
McLain, James S. Beck, Daniel McDonald, J. L. Myers, C. S. Shaffer and D. 
Mendenhall. 

To ineet the cars at Mt. Pleasant on the day of celebration — Dr. J. C. 
Ware, George Craine and C. H. Green. 



\ 




HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 425 

On Arrangements — James Thompson, A. M. Scott, W. R. Alexander, 
Samuel Jacobs, James Eckert, C. W. Burnham, E. S. Gage and William L. 
Hamilton. 

On Toasts — A. R. Fulton, A. M. Scott and D. B. Littleton. 

September arrived and was ushered in at sunrise by the firing of cannon, 
which continued every half-hour until 10 o'clock. The whole surrounding 
country was in town by this time. A table had been prepared in the park, 
stretching around the entire inclosure. 

At 11 o'clock a train of seventeen cars filled with military and fire com- 
panies and citizens from Burlington and Mt. Pleasant, also the several bands of 
music from those cities. 

The military fired salutes. The fire companies "squirted" water to the 
astonishment and delight of the quiet country people, who had never witnessed 
such exhibitions before. At 12 o'clock, the regular train arrived from the East 
bringing several hundred passengers. An appropriate address of welcome was 
delivered by A. M. Scott and responded to l)y Hon. W. F. Coolbaugh, recently 
deceased in Chicago, but at that time a banker at Burlington. After dinner in 
the park, the regular toasts were read by A. R. Fulton, Chairman of the Com- 
mittee : 

1. ^^ Iron — The metal which transcends in value the finest gold; its magic 
tissues make distant nations neighbors." 

Responded to by Senator James Harlan. 

2. " Steam and Electricity y 

Responded to by Prof. J. T. Roberts, of Burlington. 

3. " The Iron Horse — May the time speedily come when he will stop to take 
a drink in the Missouri and anon quench his thirst in the waters of the Pacific." 

Response by J. L. Corse, of Burlington. 

4. " The Burlington ^ Missouri River Railroad Company." 
Response by W. W. Walbridge, of Burlington. 

5. ^''Agriculture.'' 

Response by Dr. Stebbins, of Mt. Pleasant. 

Other regular toasts followed to the number of fifteen, when volunteers were 
oflFered, among which was one by " a citizen " : Woman — "May her virtues be 
as large as her hoops and her imperfections as small as her bonnet." 

Two mammoth pyramidal cakes had been prepared by the ladies, and, 
through Mr. A. M. Scott, were formally presented to Des Moines and Henry 
Counties. In the evening, a grand ball came ofif at Wells' new hall, at which 
about one hundred couples were present. 

Gov. Ralph P. Lowe, Hon. J. W. Rankin, of Keokuk, and Hon. Francis 
Springer, of Louisa County, sent congratulatory letters. 

The track of the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad crossed the Burlington 
k Missouri River Railroad track at 4 o'clock P. M., Saturday, September 29, 
1)^70. Hundreds of people were out to witness the " crossing." 



JEFFERSON COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

In the summer and fall of 1851, was inaugurated the first movement for the 
establishment of a County Fair. A notice was published in the Fairfield Ledger 
calling the citizens together at the Court House on the 24th of January, 1852. 
The meeting was called to order by appointing D. Rider, Chairman, and Caleb 
Baldwin, Secretary. iVrticles of Incorporation were drafted, which were recorded 

G 



426 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

October 16, 1852. At this meeting, ofiBcers were elected: Benjamin Robin- 
son, President ; James Beatty, Vice President ; Caleb Baldwin, Secretary ; 
Charles Negus, Treasurer ; W. P. Pearson, P. L. Huyett, D. C. Brown, David 
Switzer and L. T. Gillett, Managers. 

The first premium-list was published April 17, 1853, with premiums offered 
amounting to $125, and the first fair appointed for the second Tuesday of Octo 
ber following. But little interest was manifested, and the sum total awarded in 
premiums amounted to $45. This sum was distributed as follows : 

Best stallion, J. Fletcher, |5 ; second best, P. Cloffenstine, $3 ; best mare. 
W. D. Stephens, $3 ; second best, J. W. McCormick, $2 ; best two-year- 
old colt, B. Travis, $3 ; best jack, L. T. Gillett, $3; best jenny, H. B. Mitchell. 
$3 ; best two-year-old mule, L. T. Gillett, $3 ; best milch cow, D. McLean. 
$3 ; second best, M. Ramsey, $2 ; best bull-calf, D. Mowry, $1 ; best boar. 
J. Gillett, |3 ; best butter, W. D. Stephens, $2 ; second best; S. S. Clapp, $1 : 
best oats, J. Gillett, $3 ; second best, L. T. Gillett, |2 ; best tin and sheet-iron 
ware, T. Dare, $2 ; second best, J. W. Runnels, $1. 

Other articles exhibited, for which no premiums had been offered, were hon- 
orably mentioned in the committee's report. " The specimens of apples exhib- 
ited by T. Duncanson were the finest ever exhibited in this county, and cannot 
be beaten anywhere in the State." 

The weather during the first fair was inclement, and many who would have 
been exhibitors were kept away. The officers were not discouraged, however, 
and a fair for the next year was provided for on the 12th and 13th of October, 
with premiums offered amounting to $301. This fair was a marked improve- 
ment over the previous year, and premiums were awarded amounting to $274. 
The officers for 1853 were P. L. Huyett, President ; J. W. Culbertson, Vice 
President ; Charles Negus, Treasurer ; Caleb Baldwin, Secretary ; H. B. 
Mitchell, James Beatty, Robert McCord, D. Switzer and B. B. Tuttle, Mana- 
gers. 

In 1854, Dr. J. M. Shaffer was elected Secretary, which office he continue! 
to hold for the next ten years, when his duties as Secretary of the State society 
rendered a successor necessary. 

In 1856, the fair was held on the Society's own grounds, ten acres for which 
had been purchased of J. M. Slagle, southeast of Fairfield. At this fair, pre- 
miums were awarded to T. J. Hill on large yield of corn — 144 bushels to the, 
acre ; L. T. Gillett, 560 bushels Ii-ish potatoes per acre ; J. A. Galliher, 440 
bushels sweet potatoes to the aci'e : David Mowery, 160 bushels of corn to the 
acre, and Jerome Parsons, 47 bushels fall wheat per acre. 

In 1861, the constitution of the Society had been amended so as to have a 
Director in each township of the county, and, in 1866, the Directors decided 
upon erecting a fine-art hall and fitting up the grounds in a creditable manner. 
The cost was estimated and divided among the different townships, $300 being 
apportioned to Fairfield, and $50 to each of the eleven remaining townships. 
Each Director was appointed a canvasser in his own township to raise by sub- 
scription the amount of his assessment. The hopes of the Society were not 
realized. The sums c'bllected were as follows: Fairfield, $270,50; Liberty, 
$10.50; Black Hawk, $8.50; Cedar, $3; Des Moines, $22; Penn, 
$10; total, $324.50. Walnut, Polk, Locust Grove, Buchanan, Lockridge, 
Round Prairie, did not respond. In the mean time the Directors, having faith 
in the support of the different townships, had began a fine-art hall 36x60 feet 
and other improvements, which could not be left unfinished, and they were 
completed at a cost of over $1,000. The fair of 1866 was a greater success 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 427 

than any previous exhibition, and the excess of receipts over expenses and 
premiums was applied, but the close of 1866 found the Society $687 in 
debt. 

H. N. Moore succeeded Dr. Shaffer as Secretary in 1864, but held the 
office only one year. He was succeeded by John R. Shaffer, who resigned in 

1874, having been elected to succeed Dr. J. M. Shaff'er, as Secretary of the 
State Society. 

In the year 1870, a trade was made by the Society with Dr. Steele for 
forty acres of land two and a half miles north of Fairfield, in which he 
accepted in part payment the ten acres owned by the Society since 1856. 

This purchase was thought to be too far from town, and the Directors hesi- 
tated to make the improvements necessary for its occupancy as a fair-ground. 
In 1872, another trade was made with David Alter for twenty-five acres from 
the southwest quarter of his farm, the new purchase being but one and a quar- 
ter mile from the city limits. The price paid was |2,500. Alter received in 
payment the land purchased of Steele at $30 per acre, in all $1,200, and the 
Society's three notes for $433.33 each, payable January 1, 1873, 1874 and 

1875, secured by mortgage on the land sold to the Society. 

The Directors proceeded at once to erect suitable buildings and track which 
were completed in a substantial and permanent manner, but when finished they 
found themselves in debt some $7,000. About this time, the stringency in 
financial aff'airs began to be felt. The Society was unable to meet its obliga- 
tions and its grounds were sold under foreclosure of mortgage. A fair was 
held in 1875, but in 1876 and 1877, it was not thought advisable to make the 
attempt. The present year, 1878, it was determined to make an effort to re- 
organize, and a successful exhibition was the result. The grounds, which 
remain as when sold under the mortgage, are beautifully located and admir- 
ably fitted up and there is no doubt but the Society will regain possession, 
and, with an improved condition of affairs, will again be in successful opera- 
tion. 

THE STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

The Iowa State Agricultural Society, which has just held its twenty-fifth 
annual exhibition, was born in Jefferson County, and, belonging to the county 
history, it is but proper that its origin should be mentioned in this connection. 

At the meeting of the Board of Directors of the Jefferson County Agricult- 
ural Society, held October 13, 1853, it was, on motion of C. W. Slagle, 

Resolved, That the officers of the Society be instructed to take immediate steps to effect the 
organization of a State Agricultural Society, and that the officers use their influence to have said 
Society hold its first annual exhibition at Fairfield in October, 1854. 

The following persons at that time constituted said officers : P. L. Huyett, 
President ; Caleb Baldwin, Vice President ; J. M. Shaffer, Secretary. 

Charles Negus, Joseph Fill, John Andrews, Jacob Ramey, William S. 
Lynch and James Beatty. 

The above committee reported at the regular meeting of the Board of 
Directors held November 26, 1853. 

The following circular letter embodies their report. This was made up by 
a subcommittee consisting of P. L. Huyett, Caleb Baldwin and J. M. Shaff'er. 

The undersigned, appointed a committee of the Jefferson County Agricultural Society to 
confer with the different agricultural societies in the State of Iowa, for the purpose of organizing 

a State Agricultural Society, respectfully invite your Society to be represented by delegates 

nine in number — to meet at Fairfield, Jefferson County, on December 28, 185:5, to confer with 
delegates from the other county societies. 



428 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

You are earnestly solicited to be present, that the immediate organization of a State Society 
may be completed, and that the time and place of holding our first State fair may be determined 
upon. Associations not notified through their officers are also invited to be represented. Papers 
throughout the State favorable to the organization of such an association will please copy the 
above notice. P. L. Hiyett, i 

C. Baldwin, [- Committee. 

J. M. Shaffer, ) 

Pursuant to this call, a number of delegates met at the Court House in 
Fairfield. D. P. Inskeep, of Wapello, was called to the chair, and D. Shew- 
ard, of Jefferson, appointed Secretary. 

The credentials of delegates showed a representation from five counties — 
Henry, Jefferson, Lee, Van Buren and Wapello. 

Communications from Scott and Muscatine were read, and also one from 
Hon. James W. Grimes, of Des Moines County ; after which, on motion, a 
committee of one from each county society represented was appointed to draft a 
Constitution and By-Laws. 

The committee was as follows : Thomas Sivetor, Henry County ; P. L. 
Huyett, Jefferson County ; Josiah Hinkle. Lee County ; Timothy Day, Van 
Buren County ; J. W. Frazier, Henry County ; with J. M. Shaffer, Secretary 
of Committee. 

The Constitution reported and adopted provides that " The style of the 
Society shall be ' The Iowa State Agricultural Society,' " and its object the 
promotion of agriculture, horticulture, manufactures, mechanics and household 
arts. Any citizen of the State became a member by payment of not less than 
$1 on subscribing and $1 annually thereafter. 

The officers to consist of a President, Vice President and three Directors 
from each county society, who together constituted a Board of Control. 

The committee suggested Fairfield as the most suitable place for holding the 
first annual fair, and proceeded to the election of officers, which resulted as 
follows : 

President, Thomas W. Clagett, Lee County ; Vice President, D. P. 
Inskeep, Wapello County ; Recording Secretary, J. M. Shaffer, Jefferson 
County ; Corresponding Secretary, C. W. Slagle, Jefferson County ; Treasurer, 
W. B. Chamberlin, Des Moines County. 

Also three Managers from each of the following county societies : Lee, Van 
Buren, Henry, Jefferson, Wapello, Mahaska, Polk, Des Moines, Louisa, Mus- 
catine, Dubuque, Johnson and Scott. 

On motion of Mr. Sheward, a committee of five was appointed to memorial- 
ize the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, praying for the passage of a bill 
rendering pecuniary aid to the furtherance of a permanent establishment of a 
State Agricultural Society in this State. 

On motion, it was resolved to hold the first annual fair at Fairfield, 
Wednesday, October 25, 1854. 

A paper being prepared, the following agreed to become members of the 
Iowa State Agricultural Society : 

Charles Negus, J. M. Shaffer, D. P. Inskeep, Aaron Lapham, J. W. Frazier, 
Josiah Hinkle, J. T. Gibson, Stephen Frazier, Evan Marshall, Thomas Siveter, 
John Andrews, B. B. Tuttle, Eli Williams, P. L. Huyett. 

The newly-elected officers went to work with enthusiasm to prepare for the 
coming exhibition. Early in February, 1854, Judge Clagett, the President, 
issued a stirring address to the farmers of Iowa, which was followed in April 
by one from Secretary Shaffer, in which the officers were requested to meet in 
Fairfield on Tuesday, June 6, to arrange a list of premiums. The premium-list 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 429 

prepared at this meeting was small compared with the present abilities of the 
Society, amounting to $1,171. It was but natural that in preparing the first 
premium-list there should be many omissions. " Louisa " having complained in 
the loica Farmer that no award was offered for female equestrianship, Presi- 
dent Clagett replied in the same paper : 

I can assure your fair correspondent " Louisa," that the cause of her comphiint was not 
overlooked by the officers of the society in making out the list of premiums, but we were afraid 
that our funds might be insufficient for the purpose. My gallantry, however, will not permit 
her appeals to go unanswered ; consequently, I have directed a premium to be oifered at my own 
expense, of a fine gold watch, to the boldest and most graceful female equestrienne who shall 
enter the list, each lady to be accompanied by a cavalier. The premium to be awarded under 
the direction of a cc^mmittee composed of ladies and gentlemen. 

Now, come on, Miss •' Louisa," with all your female friends, as this is to be a fair test of 
superior horsemanship among the ladies of Iowa. There must be no backing out now, as the 
banter is accepted and the watch will be ready for delivery to the fair winner. 

T. W. Clagett, President. 

Caleb Baldwin, J. M. Shaffer, B. B. Tuttle, D. Sheward and J. M. Slagle 
were appointed a committee to prepare the grounds for the coming fair. 

They secured six acres of ground adjoining the town, on land owned by 
Gage, now occupied by the Chicago & Rock Island depot, which they inclosed 
with ''a substantial straight rail fence ten feet high," erected sheds and stalls 
upon all sides of the inclosure and sixty rail pens for sheep, hogs, etc. A'track 
1,500 feet in length and 20 feet wide was prepared, with a rope guard around 
the same. The amount expended for lumber, canvas, rails, labor, etc., was 
$322.20. The Secretary had received up to this time for membership fees $62, 
which was turned over to the committee, who borrowed $220 additional, to be 
paid immediately after the close of the fair. The admission price was fixed at 
25 cents for each visitor eacli day. Members of the Society and their families, 
except males over twenty-one, admitted free. 

Such is a brief sketch of the primitive origin of the society. There were 
many difficulties to contend with. Predictions of failure were heard in every 
direction ; but with all these embarrassments, with all these unfavorable auspices, 
with such discouraging coldness and indifference, the management looked for- 
ward to the fair day — the final test of their labors — with fear and alternate hope. 

Too much praise cannot be said of the untiring energy and laborious atten- 
tion of Judge Clagett, the President, nor to Messrs. Baldwin, Tuttle and Shaffer, 
the committee to procure and arrange grounds suitable for the exhibition. 
Without a dollar in the treasury, wi+hout the assurance of assistance, with the 
very doubtful credit of the Society, they prepared a place for the fair, as ample, 
convenient and comfortable as could be expected. 

For some weeks previous, in common Avitli many other parts of the United 
States, this region suffered a severe drought ; a scarcity of water was anticipated, 
but, on Saturday before the fair, copious rains fell which filled up the wells and 
furnished an abundant supply of water. The weather during the whole exhibi- 
tion was most delightful ; every one, even the disappointed competitors, seemed 
cheerful; good feeling and harmony prevailed; no profanity shocked the sensi- 
bilities of those jjresent; sobriety, decorum and good order marked the entire 
assembly. 

From the list of premiums awarded, we note some of the successful com- 
petitors from Jefferson County, mentioning only those who carried off first pre- 
mium: On cattle, P. L. Huyett, Moses Dudley, J. R- Parsons. W. B. Row- 
land exhibited the best thorougli-bred stallion ; William Pitkin, the best brood- 
mare and colt, in draught animals, and W. S. Lynch, same in horses of all 
work. 



430 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

At that time very little attention was given to the breeding of mules, and 
the show in that class was meager. It was stated by an extensive dealer that 
at that time there was not a first-rate jack in Iowa. The best span of mules on 
exhibition was from Lewis County, Mo. 

John Andrews was awarded first premium on long-wooled, and T. M. 
Finch for fine-wooled, sheep. Joseph Dale owned the best brood-sow. 

The display of choice poultry was creditable. John W. Dubois, George 
Acheson and P. L. Huyett were the principal exhibitors. James M. Slagle 
was the best harness-maker, and J. Throckmorton excelled on boots. 

In the departments of household manufacture, pantry stores, etc., the good 
housewives of Jeiferson County were highly honored. Mrs. L. F. Boerstler 
was first on butter, fine white hose, preserves, apple and peach butter and jelly; 
Mrs. D. McLean, best mixed full cloth; Mrs. P. L. Huyett, best fringed mit- 
tens and pickles; Mrs. G. W. Sinclair, best rag carpet; Miss S. L. Boerstler 
excelled in ornamental needle-work, and Miss Wheeler in plain needle-work. 
Mrs. Caleb Baldwin baked the best pound-cake. Alex. Fulton exhibited the 
best fall wheat in 1854, and has maintained his reputation down to the present 
time. P. L. Huyett was awarded $5 for the best ham. E, 0. Stanard, then 
of Van Buren County, but now a distinguished citizen of St. Louis and ex- 
Lieutenant Governor of Missouri, was one of the committee. 

In those days, the people had little opportunity to cultivate the fine arts, but 
Miss Jane Funk earned the |1 awarded for best floral painting. Dr. J. M. 
Shaffer had, at that early day, laid the foundation for his present extensive col- 
lection ill natural history, and was awarded first premium for best collection of 
snakes. 

A prominent feature of this exhibition was a 360-pound cheese presented to 
Hon. James W. Grimes by certain citizens of Lee County. 

The contest for the prize in female equestrianism was not concluded until 
the last day of the fair. The contestants were : Miss Eliza Jane Hodges, 
Johnson County ; Miss Emma Porter, Henry County ; Mrs. Louisa Parks, Lee 
County ; Mrs. Green, Lee County ; Mrs. Ann Eckert, Jefferson County ; Miss 
Kate B. Pope, Henry County ; Miss Belle Turner, Lee County ; Miss Maria 
Minton, Van Buren County, and Misses H. and Cynthia Ball, of Jeftersou 
County. 

The order of riding was as follows : A lady to ride once around the circle 
with a cavalier at her side ; the second time, the cavalier to ride around at some 
distance from the ring, then the lady four times around. Each lady was known 
by a ribbon of a particular color. After each lady had completed the exercise, 
all were called in front of the stand. Gen. Morgan, Chairman of the Com- 
mittee, then addressed them in the following language : 

Ladies : It affords me pleasure to express to you assurances of the unqualitied admiration 
of the committee, and of the entire association, for the elegant and triumphant manner in which 
you have each and all acquitted yourselves on this occasion. Your performances, while novel in 
character, have been eminently gratifying to the thousands whose good fortune it has been to 
witness them — performances which we shall all remember — as among the most pleasing reminis- 
cences of the past, and to which you may ever recur with feelings of just pride. You have, by 
your courage and skill, added a new and brilliant wreath to the brow of beauty which already 
adorns our State, and at the same time won for yourselves a most honorable distinction and a 
most enviable applause. Where there is so much to challenge admiration, it is, of course, diffi- 
cult to decide. The committee, in the delicate duty assigned them, feel the force of this embar- 
rassment. You have had your trial, ladies ; ours is about to commence. Congratulating you 
once more on the beauty and excellence of your achievements, we beg you to be assured that we 
shall seek through the utmost impartiality to arrive at a proper judgemnt. 

The whole troop then rode slowly around the circle during the decision of 
the committee. All were again brought to the stand, and the prize awarded to 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 431 

Miss Belle Turner, of Lee County. Judge Clagett, with his usual liberality, 
then presented each lady with a gold ring. 

This decision was not received with satisfaction by a large portion of the 
audience, and w^ quote from the Fairfield Ledger of November 2, 1854 : 

The great attraction of the day was the female equestrianism, which came off at 2 o'clock in 
the afternoon of the second day and at 10 o'clock A. M. of the third day. The prize was a gold 
watch, valued at $100, and ten ladies, accompanied by their cavaliers, entered the list to contend 
for it. The number of persons who were present to witness this attractive feature of the fair 
was immense. The committee awarded the prize to a Miss Turner, of Keokuk, much to the dis- 
appointment of the people, who were decidedly in favor of awarding it to Miss Eliza Jane 
Hodges, '■ the Iowa City girl," and we were one of the people. 

We had intended saying something about, how they were dressed, but so Soon as we learned 
how the prize was awarded, we were so "put out" that we had no inclination to note their 
dress, and forgot every thing else but the " Iowa City girl." In our humble opinion, Mrs. John 
Eckert, the lady dressed in blue, was decidedly the most graceful rider on the ground. When i 
the award was made known, the people set about it and made up a purse of $155 for Miss Eliza 
J. Hodges, and some other presents, and further made provisions for her attendance, free of 
all charge, for three terms at the Female Seminary at this place and one term at the seminary at 
Mt. Pleasant, all of which she gratefully accepted, as a sensible girl would — particularly the 
educational portion. Miss Hodges is quite young, being but thirteen or fourteen years of age ; 
but she certainly displayed the best horsemanship we ever saw displayed by any female. The 
bold manner in which she fearlessly galloped around the inclosure was intensely exciting. The 
Marshals could not keep the people from showing their approbation in loud shouts, ^liss Kate 
B. Pope was there. We know Kate to be a fine rider, but she rode a miserable hack for a horse ; 
i^he did well, however. We suppose the committee, in awarding the prize, acted conscientiously, 
but there was a large majority of the people against them ; and we want it distinctly understood 
that we were one of them. 

In his report after tlie close of the fair. Dr. Shaffer, the Treasurer, pro tern., 
has to say that " owing to the very irregular manner in which the money was 
handed him, he is unable to make a perfectly accurate return of the receipts," 
but they amounted to not less than $1,000, about $50 of which was counterfeit 
or other worthless money. At any rate, they had enough to pay all expenses 
and premiums, and what more did they care for at the first fair ? Its success 
was beyond their most sanguine expectations. They had a gloriously good time 
aiid everybody was happy. 

The opening address was delivered by George C. Dixon, of Keokuk. 



HURRICANES. 

According to the memory of the "oldest inhabitant" of the county, John 
Huff, whose knowledge of the incidents and happenings of this bailiwick dates 
back to 1835, six notable hurricanes or windstorms, have swept through 
different portions of the county, five of which are here mentioned. 

The first of these storms occurred in 1842. Its force was so terrific that 
great trees were twisted of!" as if they had been but pipe-stems. The barn of 
a Mr. Gray was entirely demolished. Live-stock that chanced to be grazing 
in its course were lifted up from the pasture, carried high up in the air and 
then dashed to death on the earth below. After leaving the vicinity of Mr. 
Oray's farm, the storm passed to the open prairie beyond, where its force was 
lost in open, unoccupied wastes. Fortunately no human lives were victims to 
its fury. 

Old settlers say the liurricane of 1851, was the most destructive that ever 
visited the vicinity of Fairfield. It came from the southwest and first struck 
the earth between 3 and 4 o'clock P. M., on Cedar bottom, near the southwest 
corner of H. B. Mitchell's farm, where large hickory-trees were twisted off as 
if they had been weeds. The first building damaged was the University of 



432 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

Fairfield, the roof of which was taken off and the walls partiall;y demolished. 
Mr. Hoffman's house next suffered, the roof of the rear portion, which was log, 
deposited on the brick portion higher up. Reed Wood's dwelling-house, a 
quarter of a mile north of town, occupied by John Fulton, was completely 
destroyed. Mr. Fulton was away from home and Mrs. Fulton, with her boy 
five and little daughter three years old, was alone. Tlie mother lost con- 
sciousness through fright when the wind first struck her dwelling, and her last 
recollection was of hanging to an upright studding of the house and her feet 
''flapping in the wind like a rag." When she recovered her understanding 
physically and mentally, she was on the ground near the house, her little boy 
clinging to what clothing was left about her. The sides of the house and roof 
were gone, and the ceiling lying on the floor. Her first thought was of her little 
girl whom she last saw playing on the floor near a large iron pot. She fled, 
screaming that her child was killed, and assistance soon arrived to discover the 
little girl between ceiling and floor, saved without a scratch, by the good iron 
pot. A wagon standing near the house was rudely treated by the angry 
wind. One wheel was broken short off and carried nearly a mile away, another 
wheel three-quarters and another a quarter of a mile. The remaining portion 
of the wagon was picked up bodily and deposited a few rods distant, with such 
force that the coupling-pole was driven into the ground nearly four feet. The house 
of Mr. John Clinton, half a mile north of the present city limits, suffered the loss 
of a summer-kitchen attached to the rear. A corn-pen built of rails was carried 
awa^, and the corn with which it was filled, was left in the shape of a hay-stack, 
the ears trimmed from the sides and corners, amounting to about one hundred 
bushels, scattered over the prairie. After damaging the brick house of Mr. 
Tweed and the dwelling of John Noble, short distances further north, the 
cyclone left the earth and was no more heard of. The damage to fences was 
very considerable, as well as to timber, orchards and out- houses. 

Again in 1853, Jefferson was "taken in" in the course of another hurri- 
cane, that played many fantastic tricks. Trees two and three feet in diameter 
were either twisted off like twigs, or dragged out by the roots and carried up 
in the air and deposited at great distances, as if they had only been a feather's 
weight. The track of the storm did not reach the more thickly-settled dis- 
tricts, and hence the damage to farm improvements was but trifling. 

On the 22d of March, 1858, Round Prairie was visited by a windstorm 
that leveled fences, entirely demolished some houses, and unroofed many oth- 
ers. Among the houses unroofed was the dwelling of Joseph Tilford. The 
storm was no respecter of persons, and "cavorted" around the home of this 
old pioneer as recklessly as if he had been the meanest "claim-jumper'" that 
ever sought to infringe upon the rights and possessions of honest "squatters." 
Fortunately, however, no damage was inflicted on persons, and after whirling 
around among the farms and farmhouses for awhile, the hurricane hurried 
away to the open, unoccupied prairie, where it soon lost its force. 

On a Sunday afternoon, in the month of , 1878, a furious hur- 
ricane crossed the county from west to east passing Fairfield about one mile to 
the north. A few houses in the course of the storm fiend were almost com- 
pletely demolished, and others were seriously damaged, but fortunately no per- 
son was killed. The cyclone struck the German Church building in Lockridge 
township, while services were in progress, and, in the twinkling of an eye, the 
congregation were piled up in a promiscuous heap in the center of the floor, and 
the roof and walls of the building picked up and carried away. Strange to say. 
only one person, a young lady, was severely injured. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 433 



OLD SETTLERS. 

On the 23d of February, 1858, a meeting of those who resided, or were 
doing a business, in Fairfield, or were citizens of the county on the 1st of Janu- 
ary, 1846, was held in Fairfield, for the purpose of forming an old settlers' 
association. The exercises were opened with an address by Charles Negus, 
Esq., on the first settlement of the town and county. After the address, a 
resolution was adopted recjuesting each one present who came to the county 
prior to January 1, 1846, to register his name and, as near as possible, the 
exact date of his settlement. Under the resolution, the following-named 
*' pioneers " appended their names : 

J. A. Gallaher, February 22, 1849 ; B. B. Tuttle, November, 1840 : 
Charles Negus, March, 1841 ; R. H. Van Dorn, May, 1841 ; D. Mendenhall. 
May, 1842 ; George Craine, October 5, 1842 ; J. A. Cunningham, August, 
1842 ; J. M. Slagle. November 10, 1842 ; Thomas D. Evans, November 13, 
1842 ; Anson Ford, January 11, 1843 ; C. W. Slagle, April 23, 1843 ; George 
Acheson, April 23, 1843 ; J. E. Cummings, November 13, 1843 ; T. W. Titus, 
November 20, 1843 ; W. W. Junkin, April 20, 1844 ; George Stever, May 6, 
1844 : A. H. Brown, July 5, 1844 ; Jesse Byrkit, October 28, 1844 ; S. H. 
Bradley, November 4, 1844 ; William Myers, May 1, 1845 ; E. C. Hampson, 
May 15. 1845. 

In Response to a toast, " The Historian of Fairfield," Mr. Negus said that 
when he came here, seventeen years ago, there were only 110 inhabitants in the 
place (Fairfield), and then proceeded to give the names of all the men who were 
here, with a short history of each one. He said that of the number who lived 
in town when he first came here, there was not one present on this occasion. 

The meeting, after styling itself the Old Settlers' Club, adjourned to meet 
February 22, 1859. 

At the date of the second meeting of the Old Settlers' Club, February 22, 
1859, Wells' Hall was occupied by the meetings of the Baptist Church, and 
the address which was to have been delivered was indefinitely postponed. 

The old settlers, to the number of twenty-three, met at the National Hotel, 
where supper was served. J. M. McClelland, being the oldest settler present, 
was made President, and W. W. Junkin, Secretary. New names were regis- 
tered as follows : 

J. M. McClelland, February 12, 1838 ; E. R. Norvell, October 10, 1842 ; 

William Long, September, 1842; W. L. McLean, , 1843; Mungo 

Ramsey, , 1844 : J. D. Jones, March 30, 1845 ; William Myers, May 

1, 1845 : W. K. Alexander, May 20, 1845 ; Bernhard Henn, June 30, 1845 ; 
John Fore, , 1845. 

The meeting was addressed by Judge Negus, who gave short sketches of 
nearly all the first inhabitants. He gave as a toast, " The Memory of Willis 
Cheek — Funnel me again, boys ! " Other toasts were responded to, and a 
good time was had generally. 

At this meeting, a committee of seven was appointed, to consist of the 
seven present who had resided longest in the county, to perfect a plan for the 
organization of the Old Settlers' Club. These were J. M. McClelland, Charles 
Negus, R. H. A'an Dorn, William Long, J. M. Slagle, James Cunningham. 
B. B. Tuttle. 

A movement was begun to erect a monument over the remains of Thomas 
Gray, one of the early settlers, beloved by all who knew him. 



434 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

After these proceedings, the meeting adjourned for one year ; but, as no 
records of subsequent meetings can be found, and there being no Old Settlers' 
dub in existence now, it is fair to presume that was the last meeting of the 
kind ever held — a fact that is to be regretted. 



POLITICAL PARTIES. 

Previous to the organization of the Republican party, in 1856, the people 
•of Jefferson County were divided between Whigs and Democrats, with a good 
working majority in favor of the latter. In local contests, party lines were not 
always closely defined, and a Whig was sometimes elected to fill some county 
office. In the election of members of the Legislature, the Democrats generally 
pulled together and elected their men. The first break in this long-established 
rule was made in 1852. 

In that year there were three members of the House and two members of 
the Senate to be elected from this county. The Democrats nominated Samuel 
Whitmore, James Thompson and W. J. Rogers for the House, and Col. W. G. 
Coop and Dr. Ramage for the Senate. The W^higs nominated Dr. Edward 
Meacham, H. B. Mitchell and John Andrews (as now remembered) for the 
House, and John Park and Thomas 0. Wamsley for the Senate. The canvas 
was closely contested. Both parties put in their "best licks." The r^ult was 
a divided delegation. The Democrats elected two members of the House — 
Samuel Whitmore and W. J. Rogers, and the Whios elected H. B. Mitchell, 
who has the honor of being the first Whig elected from Jefferson County to the 
Iowa House of Representatives. Coop, Democrat, and John Park, Whig, were 
•elected to the Senate. 

In 1856, when the Republican party had fully organized and presented 
candidates for President and Vice President, thereby asserting its national 
strength, the Republican spirit, that had been slumbering in Jefferson County, 
began to assert itself, since when the Republican party has had everything 
pretty much its own way. Occasionally, however, as in the case of the present 
County Treasurer, a Democrat has been chosen to fill some of the county 
ofiices, just as a Whig used to be in ante-Republican days. 



ROLL OF HONOR. 

Jefferson County has been represented in the State Senate by William G. 
Coop, J. R. Teas, Robert Brown, John Howell, John Park, William M. Reed, 
James F. Wilson, J. M. Shaffer, D. P. Stubbs, A. R. Pierce and M. A. 
McCoid. 

In the House of Representatives, by Alexander Wilson, Richard (juinton, 
Stansberry, J. W. Culbertson, R. R. Harper, J. H. Flint, S. Whit- 
more, J. R. Bailey, W. H. Lyons, George Weyand, William Baker, Andrew 
Collins, Thomas McCuUoch, Charles Negus, H. D. Gibson, W. J. Rodgers, 
H. B. Mitchell, J. Wamsley, R. Stephenson, Edmund Meacham, William Bick- 
ford, C. E. Noble, Louis Boeder, J. F. Wilson, Thomas Moorman, Mathew 
Clark, Peter Walker, W. W. Cottle, A. R. Pierce, Owen Bromley, George C. 
Fry, John Hayden, A. R. Fulton, William Hopkirk, Joseph Ball, Edward 
Campbell, Jr., W. L. S. Simmons and John Herron. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 435 

In 1844, Robert Brown, Samuel Whitmore, J. L. Murray, Hardin Butler 
and S. S. Ross, were elected Delegates to the State Constitutional Convention. 
The Constitution submitted was rejected by the people, and, in 1846, a second 
Convention was called. William G. Coop and S. S. Ross were sent as Dele- 
gates. James F. Wilson was chosen a Delegate to the Convention of 1856, 
for the revision of the Constitution. 

Two citizens of the county have represented the Fii'st Congressional Dis- 
trict of Iowa in the United States Congress — Bernhart Henn in the Thirty- 
third and Thirty -fourth Congresses, from 1851 to 1855, and James F. Wilson in 
the Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, Thirty ninth and Fortieth Congresses from 
1862 to 1869. M. A. McCoid, of Fairfield, was elected as Representative to 
Congress at the October election, 1878. 



WAR HISTORY. 

If there is any one thing more than another of which the people of the North- 
ern States have reason to be proud, it is of the record they made during the dark 
and bloody days of the war of the rebellion. When the war was forced upon 
the country, the people were (juietly pursuing the even tenor of their ways, 
doing whatever their hands found to do — making farms or cultivating those 
already made, erecting homes, founding cities and towns, building shops and 
manufactories — in short, the country was alive with industry and hopes for the 
future. The country was just recovering from the depression and losses inci- 
dent to the financial panic of 1857. The future looked bright and promising, 
and the industrious and patrioti.c sons and daughters of the Free States were 
buoyant with hope — and, looking forward to the perfecting of new plans for the 
ensurement of comfort and competence in their declining years, they little 
heeded the mutterings and threatenings of treason's children in the Slave States 
of T-he South. True sons and descendants of the heroes of the " times that tried 
men's souls'" — the struggle for American independence — they never dreamed 
that there was even one so base as to attempt the destruction of the Union of 
their fathers — a government baptized with the best blood the world ever knew. 
While immediately surrounded with peace and tranquillity, they paid but little 
attention to rumored plots and plans of those who lived and grew rich from the 
sweat and toil, blood and flesh of others — aye, even l)y trafficking in the offspring 
of their own loins. Nevertheless, the war came with all its attendant horrors. 

April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter, at Charleston, South Carolina, Major Ander- 
son, U. S. A., Commandant, was fire upon by rebels in arras. Although basest 
treason, this first act in the bloody reality that followed was looked upon as 
mere bravado of a few hot-heads — the act of a few fire-eaters whose sectional 
bias and hatred of freedom was crazed by excessive indulgence in intoxicating 
potations. When, a day later, the news was borne along the telegraph wires 
that Major Anderson had been forced to surrender to what had at first been 
regarded as a drunken mob, the patriotic people of the North were startled from 
their dreams of the future — from undertakings half completed — and made to 
realize that behind that mob there was a dark, deep and well-organized pur- 
pose to destroy the Government, rend the Union in twain, and out of its ruins 
erect a slave oligarchy, wherein no one would dare question their right to hold 
in bondage the sons and daughters of men whose skins were black, or who, 
perchance, through practices of lustful natures, were half or three-quarters 
removed from the color that God, for His own purposes, had given them. But 



436 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

they "reckoned without their host." Their dreams of the future — their plans 
for the establishment of an independent confederacy were doomed, from their 
inception, to sad and bitter disappointment. 

Immediately upon the surrender of Fort Sumter, Abraham Lincoln, Ameri- 
ca's martyr President, who, but a few short weeks before, had taken the oath 
of office as the nation's chief executive, issued a proclamation calling for 75,000 
volunteers for three months. The last word of that proclamation had scarcely 
been taken from the electric wires, before the call was filled. Men and money 
were counted out by hundreds and thousands. 

The people who loved their whole government could not give enough. 
Patriotism thrilled and vibrated and pulsated through every heart. The farm, 
the workshop, the office, the pulpit, the bar, the bench, the college, the school- 
house — every calling offered its best men, their lives and foutunes in defense of 
the Government's honor and unity. Party lines were, for the time, ignored. Bitter 
words, spoken in moments of political heat, ^vere forgotten and forgiven, and, 
joining hands in a common cause, the masses of the people repeated the oath of 
America's soldier statesman: '•'• By the great EternaJ., the Union must and 
s/iall be preserved.'' 

The gauntlet thrown down by the traitors of the South in their attack upon 
Fort Sumter was accepted, not, however, in the spirit with which insolence 
meets insolence, but with a firm, determined spirit of patriotism and love of 
country. The duty of the President was plain under the Constitution and laws, 
and above and beyond all, the masses of the people from whom all political 
power is derived, demanded the suppression of the rebellion, and stood ready to 
sustain the authority of their representatives and executive officers. 

April 14, A. D. 1861, Abraham Lincoln, President of the L'nited States, 
issued the following 

PROCLAMATION. 

Whereas, The laws of the United States have been and now are violently opposed in several 
States, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed in the ordinary way ; I therefore call for 
the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of 7o,000, to suppress 
said combinations and execute the laws. I appeal to all loyal citizens to facilitate and aid in 
this effort to maintain the laws, the integrity and the perpetuity of the popular government, and 
redress wrongs long enough endured. The first service assigned to the forces, probably, will be 
to repossess the forts, places and property which have been seized from the Union. Let the 
utmost care betaken, consistent with the object, to avoid devastation, destruction or interference 
with the property of peaceful citizens in any part of the country ; and I hereby command per- 
sons composing the aforesaid combination to disperse within twenty days from date. 

I hereby convene both Houses of Congress for the 4th day of .July next, to determine upon 
measures for public safety which the interest of the subject demands. 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 

Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of Slate. President of the United States 

Seventy-five thousand men were not enough to subdue the rebellion. Nor 
Avere ten times that number. The war went on and call followed call, until it 
began to look as if there would not be men enough in all the Free States to 
crush out and subdue the monstrous war traitors had inaugurated. But to every 
call for either men or money, there was a willing and a ready response. And 
■ it is a boast of the people that, had the supply of men fallen short, there were 
women brave enough, daring enough, patriotic enough, to have offered them- 
selves as sacrifices on their conntry's altar. Such were the impulses, motives 
and actions of the patriotic men of the North, among whom the sons of Jeffer- 
son made a conspicuous and praiseworthy record. 

The readiness with which the first call was filled, together with the embar- 
rassments that surrounded President Lincoln in the absence of sufficient laws to 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



437 



authorize him to meet the unholy, uulooked-for and unexpected emergency — an 
emergency that had never been anticipated by the wisest and best of America's 
statesmen — together with an underestimate of the magnitude of the rebellion, 
and a general belief that the war could not and Avould not last more than three 
months, checked rather than encouraged the patriotic ardor of the people. But 
very few of the men, comparatively speaking, who volunteered in response to 
President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers for three months, were accepted. 
But the time soon came when there was a place and musket for every man. 
Call followed call in quick succession, until the number reached the grand total 
of 8.339,748, as follows : 

April 16, 1861, for three months 75,000 

May 4, 1861, for five years 64,748 

July, 1861, for three years 500,000 

July 18, 1862, for three years 300,000 

August 4, 1862, for nine months oOO.OOO 

June, 1863, for three years 300,000 

October 17, 1863, for three years 300,000 

February 18, 1864, for three years 500,000 

July 10, 1864, for three years 200,000 

July 16, 1864, for one, two and three years 500,000 

December 24, 1864, for three years 300,000 

3.339.748 

The tocsin of war was sounded, and meetings were held over the North to 
consider the situation and devise ways and means to meet the President's call. 

The first war-meeting in Jefferson County was held in Fairfield on Wednes- 
day, April 17, 1861. Mayor Stubbs was chosen President, Ward Lamson 
and Dr. 8. W. Taylor, Vice Presidents, and W. W. Junkin, Secretary, of the 
meeting. 

At the reading of the call for volunteers, there was a ready response from 
those of the required age, and one hundred names were soon enrolled. The 
paper signed by the volunteers was headed by the following : 

We, the undersigned, able-bodied men between the ages of eighteen and forty years, hereby 
tender our services to Gov. Kirkwood, and obligate ourselves to be in readiness to march in de- 
fense of our country as occasion may require, subject only to such regulations as may hereafter 
be enacted by the Government for the regulation of volunteers : 

NAMES. 

George Strong, Moses A. McCoid, David B. Wilson, 

Henry A. Millen, Robert Lock, George Balding, 

W. T. Killough, J. G. Kirkpatrick, Bill Hampsen, 

George H. Case, William Scott, Daniel W. Brown, 

G. H. Myers, A. K. Updegraph, C. A. Miller, 

W. F. Smith, J. M. Hughes, R. M. Rhamey. 

Daniel Smith, David P. Long, George W. Hill, 

John Swansou, Isaac Olds, George W. Fetter, 

John T. McCuUough, D. B. Johnson, John Locke, 

Manford Hall, Thomas Hoffman, John R. McEldary. 

Charles J. Reed, N. Howard Ward, David Jones, 

William H. Cusick, Jacob Fox, J. A. Whitley, 

W. C. Hendersen, Owen Bromley, Samuel B. Woods, 

William Hill, Brainerd Kerr, James F. Crawford, 

John J. I'ayton, R. P. Moore, Jacob Young, 

Harry Patrick, W. S. Moore, William Leith, 

H. G. Ross, Matt Hilbert, W. T. Hendricks, 

McDonald Parshall, Sol. D. B. Welch, William H. Baker, 

J. W. Workman (drum), James Ross, David Pierson, 

Samuel Turner, George Heaton, William W. Maxwell, 

John T. Russell, A. R. Wilson, James M. Dudley, 

Reuben Coop, John J. McKee, Wesley Summers, 

Silas Pearson, Samuel H. Simms, J. W. Robinson, 



438 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

Elijah Newby, Benjamin Mikesell, Ostin Sebrin, 

D. W. Garber, Lester Daley, R. G. Foregrave, 

Wiley S. Simms, John C. Duncan, Daniel Moore, 

Steven D. Gorsuch, Jackson Hefner, Henry T. Harris, 

■William Pattison, U. M. D^ivis, J. W. Messick, 

W. Bauder, Frederick F. Metzler, J. L. Thompson, 

M. Page, A. P. Heaton, William F. Lowery, 

Mark F. Carter, Timothy W. Austin, Robert Stam, 

G. W. Hammond, J. S. Longary, L. D. Boone, 

W. H. Pierson, Marion York, J. H. Forgrave, 

James Young, R- B. Partridge, La Torry Webster. 

Remarks of a patriotic character were then made by C. W. Slagle, J. C- 
Kirkpatrick, Robert Brown, George Strong and others. 
The following resolution was unanimously adopted : 

Renolved, That all true men will stand by the Government in its hour of need, and any man 
who will not lend such support is unworthy of its protection. 

By a unanimous vote of those who volunteered, their services were at once 
tendered to the Governor, and a committee of five, consisting of R. C. Brown, 
S. W. Taylor, D. Young, R. Gaines and J. H, Allender, was appointed to pro- 
cure the signatures of those who were willing to assist the families of those vol- 
unteers who went into the service of the United States. 

After ordering the proceedings to be published, the meeting adjourned with 
three rousing cheers for the Union, the Constitution and the enforcement of the 
laws. The proceedings of this meeting were signed by D. P. Stubbs, President. 
and W. W. Junkin, Secretary. 

This, the first company of volunteers raised in Jefferson County, was enrolled 
on the 6th of May, 1871, and mustered into the United States service by Maj. 
Lauman. It was the original intention that it should be made a part of the First 
Regiment of Iowa Volunteers, but failing to be ready in time to leave the State 
with that regiment, the company eventually became Company E of the Second 
low^a. The company was at first organized with Frederick F. Metzler, Captain ; 
George Strong, First Lieutenant, and Stephen D. Gorsuch, Second Lieutenant. 
Shortly afterward, however, John T. McCullough was commissioned Captain, D. 
B. Wilson, First Lieutenant, and S. B. Woods, Second Lieutenant. 

On Friday, the 24th day of May, the day on which the company started 
for Keokuk, a beautiful silk flag, the work of the fair hands of the patriotic 
ladies of Fairfield, was presented to the company composed of their husbands, 
brothers, lovers and friends, who were so soon to become familiar with the man- 
ifold horrors of the tented field. 

The presentation speech was made, on behalf of the ladies, by Miss Helen 
E. Pelletreau, a very estimable young lady of Fairfield. The company, with 
the Fairfield Guards and the Home Guards, surrounded by a large assemblage 
of citizens, who had gathered to witness the presentation, was drawn up in the 
park, facing an elevated platform, when Miss Pelletreau arose and delivered an 
appropriate and impressive address. Her voice was clear, full and distinct, and 
her manner that of one fully impressed with the gravity of the occasion, and 
the critical condition of the country. She spoke as follows: 

Citizen Soldiers : You have enlisted at the call of your country to defend our rights. We 
honor you for so doing, and rejoice in being able to manifest our approval of your hearty response 
to that call by presenting you this flag. These are the same stars and stripes under which our 
fathers fought and bled — " The Star Spangled Banner " — which has been to all nations an emblem 
of our devotion to liberty and freedom. Take the gift, guard it well. Bear it to the very front 
of battle, and fight valiantly under its folds until victory is yours. Then, and not till then, we 
charge you to return it to us unstained by dishonor, and you shall be welcomed home with hearts* 
full of gratitude. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 439' 

This is a proud day for us and for you. For us, that we can freely give up our husbands, 
brothers and sons for the sake of our country ; for you, that you can sever the ties thai bind you 
to home and friends and go forth "armed with the panoply of war " to fight for our liberties. 

May the same spirit which actuated our forefathers inspire you with zeal and undaunted 
courage in the great and glorious cause which you have espoused. Be assured our prayers will 
follow you through all the privations, toils and dangers you may encounter, and we believe that 
that God who protected and sustained Washington in the hour of his greatest need, will be with 
you and nerve your arms to strike a death-blow to the foes of the " Flag of our Union." 

During Miss Pelletreau's remarks, many an eye was wet with tears and 
sobbings were heard in many portions of the assemblage. When she had con- 
cluded her address, the flag was received by Lieut. Strong, who had been 
appointed by the company for that purpose. This officer responded in a few 
appropriate remarks, and other members of the company also spoke pertinent 
to the occasion. A few feeling Avords by Capt. Metzler concluded the cere- 
monies, after which the company marched to the scene of departure, and were 
soon en route for Keokuk. 

This beautiful memento of home and friends, the presentation of which is 
described above, was destined to have a very eventful history, carried as it was 
throughout the entire four years of conflict. It was with Company E through 
the bloody, hard-fought fields of Donelson, Shiloli, Corinth, Bear Creek, Resaca, 
Atlanta and other engagements equally bloody. It accompanied them with 
Sherman on his victorious march to the sea, and was, for a time, carried as the 
colors of the regiment, but throughout all its vicissitudes the silken emblem was 
never stained with dishonor. This relic of the days of strife, tattered and torn 
with time and exposure, is still preserved at Fairfield, in the law office of Mr. 
Moses McCoid, one of the original members of the company. 

For one month after their departure, the ladies of Fairfield plied themselves 
most assiduously to making one hundred suits of clothes, one for each member. 
The garments were in due time completed and sent to the boys, but scarcely had 
they got them well fitted to their persons before an order came from the War 
Department that every regiment in the service should be clothed in the regula- 
tion blue, which subsequently became so familiar to all throughout the length 
and breadth of the land. These suits prepared on this occasion by the Fairfield 
ladies were of gray, such as were provided for the soldiers during the first three 
months of the war. As a matter of course, the new habiliments were at once 
discarded, which was a great disappointment to the ladies who had labored so 
assiduously in their work of patriotism and love. 

The same spirit of patriotism pervaded the other townships of Jefferson 
County. 

Union meetings were held at all the principal points in the county, and 
an account of the proceedings of one held March 26, in Black Hawk 
Township, may not prove uninteresting. 

Union Hall Avas well filled. Moses Dudley was called to the chair and A.. 
Defrance appointed Secretary, after which the Chairman stated the object of 
the meeting. Mr. Bleakmore was then introduced and made an able and elo- 
quent Union speech. He was followed by^R. Gaines, E. Davis and Moses Dud- 
ley. A committee, consisting of Messrs. Gaines, Davis and Bleakmore, was 
appointed to draft resolutions setting forth the sense and feeling of the meeting. 
This committee reported as follows, the report being adopted without a dis- 
senting voice. 

WnKREAs, These United States are now involved in civil war, actual hostilities having been 
commenced by the bombardment of Fort Sumter ; and 

Whereas, Our national capital is threatened with invasion and our Government with over- 
throw ; therefore, Resolved, 



440 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

1. That we are unalterably attached to the American Union, and we deplore and condemn 
the attempts to dissolve it ; 

2. That we are, as heretofore, on the side of our country now and forever, and that we will 
obey, maintain and support the Constitution and laws of the United States and of the State of 
Iowa; 

3. That Abraham Lincoln has been constitutionally and legally elected and inaugurated as 
President of the United States, and that our very loyalty to the Constitution binds us to protect 
and defend the Government (of which the Administration wields the executive power) from 
insult, invasion and overthrow ; 

4. That, as many persons present in this meeting have condemned, and still do condemn, 
the unnatural and violent opposition to the Mexican war of many noted personages, during its 
continuance, and as history also denounces the still more unpatriotic opposition to the war of 
1812, so strongly manifested in other States of the Union, so do we now discountenance opposi- 
tion, for the sake of opposition, to the policy of the Administration ; especially do we advise 
against such opposition as may induce those who have taken up arms against the Constitution 
and the Union to suppose they have friends and supporters in the loyal States ; 

5. That the Administration and the Republican party, and all other parties, should and 
will be hereafter severally held to strict account for any errors they may have committed, or may 
in future commit, in regard to the secession movement ; 

C>. That we are not Abolitionists, and that we make no war upon the slave property of the 
Southern States ; 

7. That civil war has no charms for us, and that we hope and pray for its speedy and 
happy termination, without an attack upon Washington City, and without further devastation 
and bloodshed ; but come what may, we abide by the Constitution and the flag of our Union : 

8. That, if the storm must rage without, we should have peace and union at home, and we 
do strenuously advise courtesy, toleration and forbearance among our own citizens toward each 
other; we condemn the use of abusive epithets, such as "traitors" and "secessionists," as 
applied to men, all of whom are loyal to their country and her flag ; and we are not in favor of 
the revival of the sedition laws of John Adams, nor of the enactment here of the treason laws of 
Henry the Eighth, of England, which not only put men to death for their deeds, but also for their 
words ; and not only for their words, but also for their thoughts. 

The meeting then organized a '' Home Guard," of which the following were 
enrolled at that meeting as members : 

Richard Gaines, J. H. Baker. C. Defrance, 

Perry Summers, Zach Baker, John Nefl", 

William Summers, John Davis, S L. Statkup, 

W. B. Houdersheldt, W. D. Alston; George J. Fee, 

R. M. Moyer, J. P. Wray, Daniel Harter, 

Eleazer Morgan, James Defrance, Joseph Summers, 

W. S. McKey, George Eyerly, A. K. Hite. 
A. Defrance, 

The proceedings of this meeting were ordered published in the Fairfield 
Ledger and the Burlington Hawk-Eye. 

In Penn Township, a meeting was held at Miller's schoolhousc, April 27, 
for the purpose of forming a military company for home protection, and a Home 
Guard was organized, the roll of which was signed on this occasion by twenty- 
nine citizens of that township. 

At Abingdon, in Polk Township, on May 27, a Home Guard was formed, 
consisting of eighty members, and officered as follows: Captain, P. W. Wilcox; 
First Lieutenant, M. M. Campbell; Second Lieutenant, Joshua Wright; Color 
Sergeant, J. J. Sperry. This company was banded together for the purpose of 
repelling invasion, protecting their homes, and, if called upon by the President, 
to tender their services to go out of the State and assist in maintaining the 
honor of the American flag. Companies of Home Guards were also organ- 
ized in Liberty and Round Prairie Townships. 

An old Mexican war soldier of this county, who knew how it was himself, ani- 
mated by a humanitarian spirit and a fatherly solicitude for the comfort and gen- 
eral welfare of the young and inexperienced volunteers who were about to start for 
the sea tof war, and dare the untried dangers of the march, the camp and 
the battle-field, ofi"ered the following timely suggestions, the observation of 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 441 

which by the soldiers of the county, added greatly to their general health and 
comfort : 

1. Remember, That in a campaign more men die from sickness than by the bullet. 

2. Line your blankets with one thickness of brown drilling. This adds but four ounces in 
weight, and doubles the warmth. 

3. Buy a small India rubber blanket (only |1.50) to lay on the ground or to throw over 
your shoulder when on guard duty during a rainstorm. Most of the Eastern troops are pro- 
vided with these. Straw to lay upon is not always to be had. 

4. The best military hat in use is the light-colored soft felt, the crown being sufficiently 
high to allow space for the air over the brain. You can fasten it up as a Continental in fair 
weather, or turn it down when it is wet or very sunny. 

5. Let your beard grow, so as to protect the throat and lungs. 

6. Keep your entire person clean. This prevents fevers and bowel complaints in warm 
•climates. Wash your body, if possible. Avoid strong coifee and oily meat. Gen. Scott said the 
too frequent use of these, together with neglect in keeping the skin clean, cost many a soldier 
his life in Mexico. 

7. A check of perspiration by chilly night air often causes fever and death. When thus 
exposed, do not forget your blanket. 

In the latter part of May, a meeting of the officers of the various organ- 
ized military companies of Jefferson County was held at Fairfield, of which 
W. S. Linch was Chairman, and J. H. Winder, Secretary, the object of which, 
as stated to the meeting by W. M. Clark, was to arrange the preliminaries for 
a grand military parade. In order to preserve some record of the number of 
companies then in the county, a list is here given of those represented on that 
occasion : 

Fairfield Home Guards, by W. M. Clark, Captain. 

Black Hawk Home Guards, by R. Gaines, Captain. Drill at James H. Baker's. 

Penn Township Home Guards, by 0. J. Westenhaver, Captain. Drill at W. C. Coop's. 

Salina Home Guards, by J. H. Allender, Captain. Drill at Salina. 

Prairie Home Guards, by J. H. Strong, First Lieutenant. Drill in Round Prairie Township. 

Prairie Home Guards, horse company, by H. Gaylord, Captain. Drill at Glasgow. 

Jeiferson Home Guards, by P. Walker, Captain. Drill at Libertyville. 

Fairfield Guards, by W. K. Alexander, First Lieutenant, Drill at Fairfield. 

It was decided that the companies should all meet for general drill at Fair- 
field, June 1, at 10 o'clock. The officers of the day, as appointed for the occa- 
sion, were W. P. Huyett, Colonel ; P. Walker, Lieutenant Colonel ; J. H. 
Allender, Major. Saturday, the 1st of June, came, and with it the heaviest 
shower of rain of the season, which threw a wet blanket over the proceedings, 
spoiling all the beauty and drowning all the fun out of the parade. The mili- 
tary organizations were on hand in the morning, as well as a large concourse of 
people from other portions of the county. The troops were marched to the 
depot grounds, where they were formed and brought into town, and dispersed 
again until 1 o'clock, at which hour the companies assembled around the Park 
and were getting into order, when the windows of heaven were again opened 
and the floods descended, causing considerable marching in " double quick " 
time. 

The Board of Supervisors of Jefferson County, realizing that as the natural 
protectors of many families of the country were absent in the army, several 
were beginning to want for the necessaries of life, ordered a special meeting of 
the Board on Saturday. June 8, to consider the situation. At this meeting, the 
following resolution was adopted : 

lienolved, That the Board of Supervisors of Jetferson County, Iowa, do . hereby appropriate 
the sum of $l,(tOO for the relief of families of citizens of said county enlisted in the service of 
the Government, to be disbursed by William K. Alexander, William Long and George Acheson, 
they to render a statement of the disbursements at tlie next regular session of the Board, and 
authorizing the Clerk to draw warrants on the treasury for the amounts. 

H 



442 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY, 

October 8, 1861, the Board of Supervisors being in session, it was 

Ordered, That the Board of Supervisors do hereby appropriate out of the county funds of 
this county the additional sum of |500, for the support of the families of those persons who have 
volunteered and are in the actual military service of either the United States or of the State of 
Iowa, who are in destitute circumstances, and whose families resided in this county at the time 
of their enlistment and whose families still reside in this county. 

In addition to these appropriations by the County Board, a paper began to 
circulate when enlistments first commenced, for voluntary subscriptions for the 
benefit of the families of volunteers. No man refused to contribute something, 
and in this way over $2,000 were provided for the purpose named. It was 
money cheerfully given, and was the means of carrying gladness to the heart 
of many a wife and mother at home and husband and father on the tented field. 

.A systematic plan was adopted for disbursing these amounts, and, be it said 
to the credit of the people of Jeiferson County who remained at home during 
the war, that not one of any of the soldiers' families was left to suffer when it 
was known, or could be known, that they were in need of food, fuel, clothing, 
shelter or medical assistance. 

In the charges on Fort Donelson, the Second Iowa Regiment lost over two- 
thirds of its members, and the report reached Fairfield that Company E was 
included among those who had suffered the most severely. The sorrowful news 
of this battle brought mourning into the households of all those who had friends 
and relatives in the Second Regiment, and no one among them knew how soon 
the probability that some dear one was either killed, wounded or taken prisoner 
— on the arrival of more definite information — would be converted into a cer- 
tainty. 

In the midst of these harrowing doubts, a number of the citizens of Fair- 
field met together for mutual condolence and to devise some plan for sending 
assistance to the victims of the carnage before Fort Donelson. At this meeting, 
Dr. C. S. Clark proposed that he would himself go to the scene of the late battle, 
which proposition met with general approbation. Mrs. M. E. Woods immedi- 
ately proposed that she would accompany the Doctor on his mission of mercy to 
the wounded and dying, which also received the assent of the meeting. It was 
finally decided, however, that Dr. Clark should first go as far as Cairo and 
ascertain definitely just what was the situation, and what was needed in the 
way of nurses and sanitary supplies. The report came back from Dr. Clark 
that there was a crying need for competent nurses, and that the sanitary sup- 
plies were low. 

It was then arranged for Mrs. Woods to procure the necessary credentials as 
Sanitary Agent and Nurse, and the papers for transportation, which she did 
accordingly. On the 3d of April, 1862, she made her first visit to Keokuk 
with a supply of sanitary stores, and entered heart and soul upon that mission 
to the sick and wounded who came within her department, in the faithful fulfill- 
ment of which she eventually became so distinguished. After distributing the 
sanitary supplies sent in her care, Mrs. Woods remained for some time in Keo- 
kuk, nursing and caring for the sick and wounded, and then returned home, but 
only remained long enough for another supply of stores to be collected, with 
which she started, in November, for Springfield, Mo., where the Nineteenth 
Iowa was quartered. 

Returning to her home in Fairfield for a short time, in the month of March. 
1863, Mrs. Woods started with another extensive supply of stores for Pilot 
Knob, Mo., where the Third Regiment of Iowa Cavalry was quartered. 
In the latter part of March, she went from Pilot Knob to Helena with supplies 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 443 

that were much needed by the Fourth Iowa Cavalry, which at that time was 
stationed there. She then proceeded on her first trip down the river en route for 
Milliken's Bend and Vicksburg, arriving at the former place about the 1st of 
April. Mrs. Woods was in the rear of Vicksburg with the Union army during 
the bombardment of that city by Gen. Grant's forces, when the gunboats on the 
Mississippi succeeded in running the blockade, and for a time herself Avas under 
fire when the shot and shell from the enemy's guns were falling so thick and 
fast that she was obliged to keep up an active movement in order to avoid the 
range of the exploding shells, which, with the blazing guns, so illuminated all 
things in that vicinity at night that one could readily see to read by the light 
thev made, and even see to pick up a pin on the deck of a gunboat. 

This energetic and patriotic woman made nine trips to the seat of conflict 
and the various military stations with supplies for the soldiers in amounts vary- 
ing in bulk from ten to thirty-seven tons each time, and continued her ministra- 
tions throughout the entire war. During the time Mrs. Woods was engaged in 
this good work, the Government and all with whom she came in contact, and on 
all occasions, reposed in her the most implicit confidence, and many is the 
wounded, suffering soldier that has occasion to remember her more as a minis- 
tering angel than as woman. 

The following letter of acknowledgment is inserted here as one of many of a 
like character received by Mrs. Woods, showing the appreciation in which her 
services were held by that portion of the army with which she had communica- 
tion as Nurse and Sanitary Agent : 

Headquarters 15th Army Corps, "I 
ScoTTSBOROuoH, December 31, 1863. / 

Mrs. Woods, Headquarters First Division, Madam : Maj. Gen. Logan desires to express his 
hearty appreciation of your kindness in bearing us in mind on the approach of the New Year. 
Allow me, madam, on his part and for the entire staff, to tender you our thanks. 

The bearer will bring the articles you intend for us, and in " doing them justice " we will 
not fail to remember you and the noble women who, with you, have done so much to smooth the 
rough and stormy paths of a soldier's life. 

Wishing you, madam, a happy New Year, and many of them, 

I am very truly your obedient servant, 

J. H. Hammond, 
Adjutant General and Chief of Staff 15th Army Corps. 

Not all the credit is due to Mrs. Woods for this good work — for the glad- 
ness and comfort carried to Jefferson's "Boys in Blue," as they languished in 
hospitals or stood exposed on the outposts of duty. Behind her were the wives, 
and mothers, and sisters, and daughters, who had watched their soldier-hus- 
bands, sons and brothers march away to meet, repel and conquer a rebellious 
foe. They provided, and Mrs. Woods was the trusted agent whom they com- 
missioned to deliver to their representative soldiery what they prepared. Nobly, 
bravely, fearlessly did Mrs. Woods discharge that duty. Faithfully, lovingly 
did the noble, patriotic daughters of Jefferson do theirs. Fairs and festivals 
were held in almost every schoolhouse in the county. Speeches were inter- 
dicted. Work, not talk, was the purpose. On occasions of fairs and festivals, 
the walls of the buildings were adorned with wreaths of evergreens and mot- 
toes like these : Ladies' Aid Society, The Soldier's Friend, ^ The Love of 
Country Guides Us," '• Where Liberty Dwells, There is My Country," " He 
Who Gives Pi'omptly, Gives Twice as Much." 

The ladies of Jefferson County caught the spirit of the hour in a manner 
that showed them to be imbued with the noblest ambitions of American women ; 
and from the hour when those who were near and dear to them first were called to 
the field, their patriotism never wavered, nor did they allow their interest in 



444 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



the cause to flag, until the victorious troops "came marching home with glad 
and gallant tread." 

While the women were almost, constantly employed in gathering supplies 
and hurrying them to the soldiers already in the field, others were enlisting 
and joining the companies and regiments to which they were assigned. Many 
pages could be written of the patriotic ofi"erings made by the people of Jeffer- 
son County during the years involved in the great and final struggle between 
freedom and slavery, but those ofterings were recorded in deeds more sacred 
and lasting than words. Out of a population of 15,038, in 1860, as shown by 
the United States census for that decade, this county furnished over one thou- 
sand six hundred soldiers — a record unequaled by any other county of the 
same population in the United States. The Adjutant General's report for 1866 
shows 966 enlistments from this county, but, as many citizens of the county 
entered the army at other points, it has been ascertained that the total number 
who fought in the war of the great rebellion will approximate 1,600. 

Many of these men sleep in unmarked graves, far away from home and 
kindred, but their names and their memories live in the hearts of a grateful 
people. We can oifer a no more fitting tribute to their patriotic valor than a 
full and complete record, so far as it is possible to make it, that will embrace 
the names, the terms of enlistments, the battles in which they engaged, etc. 
It will be a wreath of glory encircling every brow, and a memento which each 
and every one of them earned in defense of their country's honor, integrity 
and unity. .<, 



VOLUNTEER ROSTER. 

TAKEN PRINCIPALLY FROM ADJUTANT GENERAL'S REPORTS. 



.A.BBEaETrX.A.I'IOItTS. 



Adit Adjutant 

Art Artillery 

Bat Battle or Battalion 

Col .'.*.'.*.*.*.'.' Colonel 

Capt...... Captain 

Corp Corporal 

Comsy Commissary 

com commissioned 

cav. '.'..! cavalry 

captd..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.". "..'.'. captured 

desrtd deserted 

disab disabled 

disd discharged 

g enlisted 

excd! exchanged 

hon. disd honorably discharged 

inir invalid 



inf infantry 

I. v. I Iowa Volunteer Infantry 

kid killed 

Lieut Lieutenant 

Maj Major 

m. o mustered out 

prmtd promoted 

prisr prisoner 

Regt Regiment 

re-e re-enlisted 

res resigned 

Sergt Sergeant 

trans transferred 

vet veteran 

V. R. C .Veteran Reserve Corps 

vpd ..wounded 



SECOND INFAxS^TKY. 

[Note. — The non-veterans of this regiment were mustered 
out at expiration of term of service, April, May and June, 
lS6!f The veterans and recruits irere consolidated into six 
companies, known as Second Veteran Infantry, which was 
consolidated with three companies of the Third Veteran 
Infantry, Nov. S, 1S6U ; was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., 
July u, iscr,.] 

Chaplain Andrew Axliue, com. Sept. 1, 

1861, resd. Aug. 31, 1862. 
Fife Maj. Willis E. Hall, com. May 6, '61. 

Company E. 

Capt. Frederick F. Metzler, com. May 28, 
1861, resd. Sept. 1, 1861. 



Capt. John T. McCullough, e. as private 
May 6, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. June 8, '61, 
prmtd. to capt. Nov. 1, 1861, resd. May 
23, 1864. 

First Lieut. George Strong, com. May 28, 

1861, died at St. Joseph, Mo. 
First Lieut. Samuel B. Woods, com. 2d 

lieut., prmtd. 1st lieut. Nov. 1, 1861. resd. 

May 30, 1864. 

First Lieut. David B. Wilson, e. as corp. 
Mav 6, 1861. prmtd. 2d lieut. Nov. 1, '61, 
prrntd. 1st lieut. Dec. 24, 1861. 

Second Lieut. Stephen D. (Tursuch, com. 

Mav 28, 1861, resd. June 7, 1861. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



445 



Second Lieut. Moses A. McColcl, e. as 
Corp. Mav 6, 1861, piintd. 2d lieut. Dec. 

25, 1861, resd. May 23, 1864. 

First. Sergt. K. G. Forgrave, e. May 6, '61. 
First Sergt. George Heaton, e. May 6, '61. 
Sergt. Jas. AV. Messick, e. JNIay 6, 1861. 
Sergt. AVia. F. Smith, e. May 6, 1861. 
Sergt. Jacob Fox, e. May 6, 1861. 
Sergt. John W. Kol)insoii, e. May 6, 1861, 

disd. Aug. 20, 1863. 
Sergt. J). W. Brown, e. May 6, 1861, wd. 

at Sliiloh. 
Sergt. H. A. Millen, e. May 6, 1861, disd. 

Sept. 6, 1862. 
Corp. Wm. H. Hampton, e. Mav 6, 1861. 
Corp. Geo. F. Bulding, e. May 6, 1861. 
Corp. Geo. H. Case, e. May 6, 1861. 
Corp. Benjamin Eol)inson, e. Mav 6,1861, 

died March 1, 1862. 
Corp. Thomas J. Patton. e. Mav 6, 1861. 
Corp. Geo. W. Fetter, e. May 6, 1861. 
Corp. Abel Stephenson, e. ' Sept. 8, 1861, 

kid. at Corinth. 
Corp. Thomas L. Stallcup, e. Sept. 8, 1861, 

wd. at Sliikih. 
Austin, T. W., e. May 6,1861, wd. Corinth, 

disd. 1863. 
Baker, Wm., e. May 6, 186], disd. Oct. 22, 

1862, disab. 
Boone, L. D., e. May 6, 1862, disd. Kov. 

26, 1861. 

Bleakmore, J. D., e. May 6, 1861, prmtd. 

Corp., disd. Sejit. 11,1861. 
I'.oggs. Theo., e. INIav 6, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, 

died May 13, 1862*; 
Bromley, Owen, e. May 6, 1861, disd. Aug. 

15, 1862. 
Coop, John, 6. Aug. 12, 1861. 
Craff, Geo., e. Sept. 8, 1861, disd. July 29, 

1862. 
Coop, Reuben, e. May 6, 1861, wd. at Don- 

elson and Shiloh. 
Coop, liunsom, e. Aug. 12, 1861. 
Carter, M. F., e. May 6, 1861, disd. June 

15, 1862. 
Dougherty, G. L., e. Sept. 8, 1861, disd. 

May 25,'1862. 
Dudley, J. M., e. May 6, 1861, died Sept. 6, 

1861. 
Derek, John, e. May 6, 1861, died March 

15, 1862. 

Duncan, J. C., e. May 6, 1861, wd. at 

Shiloh. 
Dorman, Wm., e. May 6, 1861, disd. Nov. 

16, 1861. 

Evans, John, e. May 6, 1861, wd. at 

Iron ton. 
Fitzpatrick, S. G., e. May 28, 1861, died 

April 6, 1862. 
Hammond, G. W., e. May 6, '61, disd. Nov. 

26, 1861. 
Horton, John, e. Marcli 8, 1864. 
Hilbmt, M., e. .Mav 6, '61, disd. July 16, '61. 
Hughes, J. II., e. Mav 6, 1861. 
Hill, G. W., e. May 6^ 1861, wd. Donelson. 
Hall, Manford, e. May 6, 1861, disd. Oct. 

24, 1862. 
Hall, W. M., e. May 6, '61, disd. Oct. 24, '61. 



Hooverstick, J. C, e. May 6, 1861, kid. at 

Shiloh. 
Hefnar, Jackson, e. May 6, 1861. 
Hoffman, Thomas, e May 6, 1861. 
Hottersley, Samuel, e. May 6, '61, deserted 

Aug. 1, 1861. 
Jones. David, e. May 6, 1861. 
Johnson, D. B., e. May 6, 1861, disd. Feb. 

12, 1863. 
Keltuer, G. F., e. Sept. 3, 1862. 
Kimball, Geo., e. May 6, 1861. 
Kerr. Brainard, e. May 6. 1861, disd. July 

21, 1862. 
Kirkpatrick, Jos., e. May 6, 1861. 
Luck, John, e. May 6, '61, died Jan. 11, '62. 
Locke, liobt., e. May 6, 1861. 
Leith. Wm., e. May 6, '61, disd. Oct. 17, '61. 
Laughlin, John, e. May 6, 1861, died Sept. 

15, 1861. 
Long, David P., e. May 6, 1861, disd. July 

21, 1862. 
McElday, John R., e. May 6, 1861. 
McKee, John J., e. May 6, 1861. 
Moore, Wm. S., e. May 6, 1861. 
McCoy, L. (;., e.Sept. 3, 1862. 
Mikesell, Benj., e. May 6, 1861. 
Mikesell, Peter, e. Aug. 20, 1861, disd. July 

19, 1862. 
Meyers, Geo. H., e. May 6. 1861, disd. Dec. 

18, 1861. 
Mathews, Luther, e. May 6, 1861, disd. 

Sept. 12, 1861. 
Newby, Elijah, e. May 6, 1861, kid. at 

Shiloh, 
Olds, Isaac, e. May 6, 1861. 
Partridge, Robt. B., e. May 6, 1861, disd., 

date unknown. 
Page, Michael, e. May 6, 1861, wd. at Don- 
elson, 
Patrick, Harry, e. May 6, 1861, disd . Sept. 

11, 1861. 
Pierson, David, e. May 6, 1861. 
Pearson, Young S., e. May 6, 1861, disd. 

July 21, 1862. 
Reed, C J., e. May 6, 1861, wd. at Shiloh. 
Ripley, Chas., e. Sept. 8, 1861, vet. Dec. 23, 

1863. kid. at Nick-a-Jack. 
Ross, James, e. May 6, 1861, wd. at Shiloh 

and Corinth. 
Ready, Robt., e. May 6, 1861, died of wds. 

received at Donelson. 
Swanson, Jt)hn, e. May 6, 1801, disd. Dec. 

28, 1861. 
Sisson. Warren, e. May 6, 1861, disd. Aug. 

28, 1862. 
Stam, Robt., e. May 6, 1861, wd. Donelson. 
Sommers, Wm., e. May 6, 1861, died of 

wds. received at Corinth Oct. 6, 1862. 
Templeton, H. S., e. May 6, 1861, disd. 

Aug. 16, 1862. 
Utly,W. W., e. May 6, 1861. 
Updegraph, A. K.,e. May 6, 1861. 
VV aimer, Daniel, e. May 6, 1861, captd. at 

Shiloh. 
Ward, N. H., e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
Webster, L. T., e. Mav 6, 1801. 
AVelsh, S. P., e. May 6, 1861, disd. Dee. 

31, 1861. 



446 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



Williams, Elwood, e.'^May 6, 1861, wd. at 

Corinth. 
Whitley, James A., e. July 20, 1861, died 

May 12. 1862. 
Workman, Jas. W., e. May 6, 1861, disd. 

Nov. 0, 1861. 
Young, James, e. May 6. 1861. 

Company I. 

Erskine, John B., e. May 5, 1861, disd. Dec. 

4, 1861. 

Company K. 
Corp. James T. Gillette, e. May 6, 1861, 

wd. at Corinth, disd. March 3, 1863. 
Foster, Samuel A., e. May 6, 1861, disd. 

Aug. 27, 1862. 
Ward. Noah H., e. Aug. 23, 1861. 

COMPANY UNKNOWN. 

Cross, Lemuel, e. Dec. 23, 1863. 
Diekerson, Jas. H.,e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Duncan, Wm. H., e. Jan. 1, 1864. 



SECOND VETERAN INFANTRY, 
FIELD. 

Willis E. Hall, e. May 5, 1861. yet. Dec. 
23, 1863. 

Company E. 

Capt. George Ileaton, comd. May 24, 1864, 

wd. Atlanta. 
First Lieut. George^F. Balding, comd. 2d 

lieut. May 24, 1864, prmtd. 1st lieut. 

Noy. 10, 1864. 
Second Lieut. Thomas L. Stallcup, comd. 

Nov. 10, 1864, from sergt. 
Corp. Reuben Cook, e. May 6, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 23, 1863. 
Corp. Robert Stamm, e. May 6, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 23, 1863. 
Corp. Jacob Fox, e. May 6, 1861, vet. Dec. 

23, 1863. 
Corp. A. B. Pantzer e. Sept. 8, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 23. 1863. 
Corp. John J. McKee, e. May 6, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 23, 1863. 
Musician David Jones, e. May 6, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 23, 1863. 
Wagoner Isaac Olds, 'e. May 6, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 23, 1863. 
Battorl", Felix, e. Jan. 30, 1864. 
Beatty, Theo., e. March 14, 1864. 
Coop, Ransom, e. Aug. 2, 1862 
Coop, John, e. Aug. 3, 1862. 
Cross, Lemuel, e. Dec. 23, 1863. 
Cory, Philip, e. Feb. 20, 1864. 
Duncan, John ('., e. May 6, 1861. 
Duncan, W. H., e. Jan. i, 1864. 
Dickinson, J. K., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Fee, James P., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Forr, David, e. Feb. 4, 1864, died at 

Keokuk. 
Grant, J. H., e. Jan. 15, 1864. 
Gains, C. C, e. Feb. 26, 1864. 
Gorsuch, S. D., e. March 14. 1862. 
Heaton, Hiram, e. Eel). 3, 1864. 



Horton, John, e. March 12, 1864, wd., disd. 

May 24, 1865. 
JacolJson, John, e. March 12, 1864. 
Kimball, George, e. M-ay 6, 1861, yet. Dec. 

23, 1863. 
Keltner, George F., e. Sept. 3, 1862. 
McCoy, Lewis G., e. Sept. 3, 1862. 
McElderry, John R., e. May 6, 1861. vet. 

Dec. 23,^1863. 
Pierson, David, e. May 6, 1861, vet. Dec. 

23, 1863. 
Ruggles, C W., e. Feb. 4, 1864. 
Stamm, John F., e. March 31, 1864. 
Stedwell, Lyman, e. Feb. 18, 1864, kid. at 

Eden Station, Ga. 
Shomaker, B. D., e. Feb. 4, 1864. 
Turnbull, W. R., e. Jan. 30, 1864. 
Vance, J. M., e. Feb. 3, 1864. 
Vabary, Aug., e. Feb. 8, 1864. 
Walker, M. B., e. Jan. 20, 1864, wd. July 

4, 1864. 
Ward, N. H., e. Aug. 23, 1862. 



SEVENTH INFANTRY. 

[Note. — This regiment was viuslered out at LoiiUville, Ky., 
July I'J, 1S65.] 

Company D. 

Ban, W. R., e. 1861. 

Company E. 

Lewman, John W., e. Feb. 2, 1864. 
Stafford, Henry, e. July 28, 1861. 

Company F. 

Long, Thomas N., e. Feb. 9, 1864. 
McCart, A. R., e. Feb. 9, 1864. 

Company K. 

Sergt. Herman T. Besse, e. July 11, 1861. 
Sergt. Chas. Pleasant, e.Julv 19, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 22, 1863. 
Corp. Samuel Goodwins, e. July 11, 1861. 
Corp. James M. Campbell, e. Oct. 15, 1861. 
Corp. Hugh Duke. e. July 11, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 4, 1864. prmtd. sergt. 
Corp. Natlian Talbert, e. July 11, 1861. 

vet. Dec. 22, 1863. 
Corp. Edw. W. Herman, e. July 11. 1861. 
Corp. Jos. Stoltze, e. July 19, 1861. 
Corp. Henry Sperry, e. July 19, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 4, 1864. 
Angstead. Hiram, e. Aug. 19, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 25, 1863. 
Bales, J. L., vet. Jan. 4,' 1864. 
Black, Wm., e. Feb. 22, 1864. 
Bense, Bernard, e. July 19, 1861, died May 

1, 1862. 
Burns, Jos., e. July 11, '61, vet. Dec. 26, '63. 
Campbell. C. A., e. Oct. 15, 1861, disd. 

April 10, 1862. 
Courtney, Geo., e. Aug. 26, 1862, kid. at 

Lav's Ferry, Ga. 
Davis, Wm. C., e. Sept. 10, 1862. 
Dunlap, James, e. Feb. 20, 1864, died Aug. 

23, 1864. 
Ellis, Walter, e. Feb. 20, 1864. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



447 



Presh, John IL, e. July 19, 1861. 

rieenor, R. W., e. Feb. 20, 1864. 

Frazier, O. E., e. July 19, 1861, kid. Lay's 

FeriT, Ga. 
Grahani. Thomas J., e. Aug. 27, 1863. 
Hildebrand, M., e. Sept. 1, 1861. 
Harrison, Geo. W., e. Sept. 10, 1862. 
Hockett Jesse H., e. Feb. 20. 1864. 
Harding, A. J., e. July 19, 1861, vet. Dee. 

26, 186;J. 
Hannawalt, E. R., e. March 14, 1863. 
Harrison, Geo., e. July 19, 1861, disd. Jan. 

OQ IggO 

Harding, 'm. V-, e. Sept. 25, 1863. 
Ja(iues," John H., e. Feb. 3, 1863. 
Johnston. John, e. July 19, 1861, disd. 

April 4, 1862. 
Knerr, John A., e. July 19, 1861, wd. at 

Shiloh. 
Leffler, Jacob, e. Aug. 37, 1863. 
Leffler, Peter, e. Aug. 37, 1863, wd. Lay's 

Ferry, Ga., died Xashville. 
Leffler, Henry, e. Aug. 37, 1863. 
Leffler, Jos., e. July 19, 1861. 
Lon§-, John, e. Aug. 39, 1863. 
Leisine, Jos. A., e. July 19, 1861. 
:McCurtcher, John, e. Xov. 39. 1861, vet. 

Dec. 23, 1863. 
Mann. Chris, e. July 19, 1861. 
Montgumerv. James, e. July 19, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 33, 1863. 
Miller, I., e. July 30, '61, disd. Oct. 30, '61. 
Morris, Wm., e. July 11, 1861. 
Myers. L. G., e. Feb. 33, 1864. 
Morris, J. H . e. July 11, 1861. 
Xeal, Nicholas, e. Aug. 36, 1863. 
Paul. Jacob, e. Feb 30, 1864. 
Roedolph, John. e. July 11, 1861. 
Roberts, Samuel, e. Feb. 30, 1864. 
Sfhaeffer, C. H., e. July 19. 1861, vet. Dec, 

34, 1863. 
Sperry, John W., e. Oct. 17, 1863. 
Stafford, A. X., e. July 19, 1863, wd. at 

Fort Donelson. vet. Dec. 33, 1868. 
Simpson, S. E., e. Feb. 30, 1864. 
Schaffer, Jacol), e. Julv 19. 1861, disd. May 

5, 1863. 
Statts, G. W. B., e. Oct. 17, 1863. 
Stats, F. B., e. July 11, '61, vet. De(-. 24, '63. 
Stafford, H., e. Aug. 6, '61, vet. Dec. 23, '63. 
Truman, W. C, e. July 11, '61, kid. Shiloh. 
Taucev, John W., e. Jan. 11, 1864. 
Taylor. John M., e. July 11, 1861. 
Williams, Jesse, e. July 11, 1861, vet. Dec. 

36, 1863. 
AViggins, Bert. e. Julv 11, 1861, died Oct. 

22 1861 
Wilson, John S., e. Julv 11, 1861. disd. 

Jan. 33, 1862. 
Wheeler, Thos. H., e.Feb. 20. 1864. 



SEVENTEENTH INF ANTRY. 

[Note. — Thie regiment was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., 
■Jvly i6, 1866.] 

Company C. 

Hall, J. M., e. March 4, 1862. vet. March 
7, 1864. 



Hall, Wm., e. March 4, 1863, wd. at Jack- 
son, Miss., trans, to Inv. Corps Jan. 15, 
1864. 

Huff, W. H., 6. March 10, 1863. 

Hhamy, R. M., e. March 17. 1863. 

Company D. 

Capt. Amon Park, e. as sergt. March 30, 

1863, prnitd. 3d lieut. Mav 8, '63, prmtd. 

1st lieut. Feb. 11, '64. captd. at Tilton, 

Ga., com. capt. June 38, 1865, m. o. as 

1st lieut. 
First Lieut. Andrew Nichelson, e. as 

private March 33, 1863, com. 1st lieut. 

June 38, 1865, m. o. as sergt. 
Corp. John Miller, e. March 18, 1863, wd. 

at Vicksburg, died at Memphis. 
Corp. Lycurgus Forrest, e. March 18, '63, 

wd. at luka, diecl "Oct. 34. 1864. 
Corp. Irvin Angstead, e. March 18, 1863, 

vet. March 35, 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
Corp. Amos W. Emire. e. March 17, 1862, 

wd. at Corinth, vet. March 31, 1864. 
Corp. V. V. Fleak, e. March 34, 1863, 

captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
Bovster, H. C, e. March 8, 1863. wd. at 

luka, vet. March 30, 1864. 
Frasher, G. H., e. March 18, 1863, vet. 

March 31, 1864. 
Hil)bs, W. B., e. March 18, '63. vet. March 

39, 1864. 
Mann, John, e. March 30, 1863, wd. at 

Champion Hills, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
McCov, J. B., e. March 19, 1863. 
Mead, A. P.. e. March 13, 1863, vet. March 

31, 1864. 
Miller. Godfret, e. March 17, 1863, captd. 

at Tilton, Ga. 
Nicholson, Andrew, e. March 33, 1863, vet. 

March 26. 1864, prmtd. sergt. 
Pickett, J. D., e. March 10, 1863, vet. 

March 31. 1864. 
Speelman, Frederick, e. March 19, 1863, 

died Sept. 1, 1863. 
Stoker, Ezra, e. March 23, 1863, kid. at 

Champion Hills. 
Schmadak, H. W.,e. March 19, 1863, captd. 

at Tilton, Ga. 
Smitli, Jacob, e. March 18, '63, vet. March 

36, 1864. 
Spainhower, M. D. L., wd. at Champion 

Hills, vet. March 31, 1864. 
Sinn, Adam, e. March 34. 1863, died at 

Corinth. 
Thompson, F. M., e. Feb. 5, 1863, wd. at 

Champion Hills, vet. March 30, 1864, 

captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
Thorn, Lewis, e. March 34, 1862, disd. Jan. 

3, 1863. 
Williams, Jonathan, e. March 39, 1863, wd. 

at Jackson, Miss., vet. March 38, 1864. 
Winder, J. E., e. March 13, 1863, vet. 

Marcli 39, 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 

Company E. 

Henry, A. J.,e. Marcli 35. 1863. died June 
26, 1862. 



448 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY 



Company F. 

Clavbaugh, Wm., e. March 17, 1862, disd. 

Nov. 10, 1862. 
Menelv, (leorge, e. March 12, 1862, died 

Oct."9, 1863. 
Sparry, W. S., e. March 12, 1862, vet. 

March 29. 1864. 

Company I. 

Capt. Henry N. Moore, com. April 11' 

1862, resd. June 26, 1862. 
Capt. Jolm C. Snodgrass, e. as 1st sergt. 

March 25, 1862, pnntd. 2d lieut. Jnlv 4, 

1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Dec. 9. 1862, prmtd. 
capt. March 1, 1863, m. o. May 26, 1865, 
term exp. 

.First. Lieut. Jas. H. McOullough, com. 

April 32, 1863, not mustered, wd. at 

.lackson. Miss., and died May 27, 1863, 

while sergt. Co. K. 
Second Lieut. Amon Stever, e. as private 

March 24, 1862. prmtd. 2d lieut. June 3, 

1863, m. 0. May 26, 1865. 

Seigt. A. W. Laughlin, e. April 4, 1862. 
Corp. Thomas Morgan, e. April 7, 1862. 
Corp. Basel E. Wiggins, e. April 4, 1862, 

died July 22, 1862. 
Corp. John D. Hendershelott, e. April 9, 

1862, disd. 1862. 
Collins, G. P., e. April 3, 1862, disd. April 

28. 1862. . 
Hoch, Jacob, e. March 24, 1862, wd. at 

Missionary Ridge, captured at Tilton, 

(ia. 
Knerv, Jacob, e. March 22, 1862. 
Lee, Ct. W., e. April 3, 1862. 
Maxson, G. N., e. March 24, 1862, died 

Aug. 20, 1862. 
Mikesell, George, e. March 28, 1862, disd. 

Pec. 8, 1862. 
Murray, D. S., e. March 24, 1862, captd. at. 

Tilton, Ga., disd. May 26, 1865. 
Murray, J. 1., e. March 24, 1862, wd. at 

Jackson, Miss., missing at Missionary 

Ridge. 
Pierson, W. H., e. March 25, 1862, died at 

Helena, Ark. 
Russell, J. D., e. April 8, 1862, trans, to 

Inv. Corps Feb. 15, 1864. 
Summers, Wm., e. April 9, 1862, wd. at 

Jackson, Miss., Champion Hills and 

Vickslnirg, died July 6, 1863. 
Stortz, F., e: March 20, 1862, disd. Nov. 

21, 1862. 
Schaffer, Adam, e. March 22. 1862, missing 

at Missionary Ridge. 
Welch, H. A., e. March 27. 1862. 
Walker, J. G., e. March 2, 1862, disd., date 

unknown. 
AVofford, Josephus. e. 1862, died Aug. 5, 

1862. 

Company K. 

Second Lieut. John A. Speelman, com. 

Nov. 28, 1862, from 1st sergt. 
Sergt. James H. McCullough, e. March 

1, 1862. 



NINETEENTH INFANTRY. 

[Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Mobile, Ala.. 
July 10, lSe5.] 

Lieut. Col. Harry Jordan, comd. capt. Co. 

B Aug. 18, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove. 

prmtd maj. March 11, 1864, prmtd. lieut. 

col. July 3, 1865, m. o. as maj. 
Sergt. Maj. C B. Buckingham, e. Aug. 

14, 1862. kid. Dec. 7. 1862, at Prairie 

Grove. 
Com. Sergt. F. A. Hitchcock, e. Aug. 14. 

1862. 

Company B. 

Capt. John M. Woods, comd. 1st lieut. 

Aug. 18, 1862, prmtd capt. Aug. 13, 1864. 

hon. disd. March 11, 1865. 
Capt. Arthur S. Jordan, comd. 2d. lieut. 

Aug. 18. 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 13. 

1864, prmtd. capt. March 25, 1865. 
First Lieut. John E. Roth, e. as Sergt. 

July 21, 1862, captd. Atcliafalaya, La., 
prmtd. 1st lieut. March 16, 1865. 
Second Lieut. James S. Mount, e. as sergt. 
Aug. 4, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. July 1, 

1865, m. 0. as sergt. 

First Sergt. A. M. Roth, e. Aug. 14, 1862, 

died Memphis. 
Sergt. Joseph D. Rambo, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 

trans. March 25, 1863, for promtn. 1st 

Ark. Inf. 
Sergt. H. C. Frisbie, e. Aug. 9, 1862, kid. 

Atchafalaya, La. 
Sergt. W. R. Hendricks, e. Aug. 9. 1862. 

captd. Atchafalaya, La. 
Sergt. Thomas A., istalabarger, e. Aug. 8. 

1862, captd. Atchafalaya, La. 
Corp. W. S. McKee, e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
Corp, Richard Bird, e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
Corp. Danl. F. McLean, e. Aug. 8. 1862, 

disd. March 8, 1863, disab. 
Corp. Isaac Rummer, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 

wd. Prairie Grove, Ark., and Atchafa- 
laya. La. 
Corp. Danl. R. Comegys, e. Aug. 11, 1862. 

captd. Atchafalaya, La. 
Corp. Samuel Mount, e. Aug. 6, 1862. 
Corp. John H. Young, e. Aug. 5, 1862. 
Corp. Richard H. Dixon, e. Aug. 8. 1862. 

disd. Feb. 11, 1863. 
Corp. Silas H. Hicks, e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
Corp. John A. Montgomery, e. Aug. 9. 

1862, captd. Atchafalava, La. 
Corp. Chas. Leach, e. Aug. 6, 1862. 
Corp. George Major, e. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. 

Spanish Fort. 
Wagoner Daniel Ilarter, e. Aug. 2, 1862. 

died March 21, 1863, disab. 
Ashl)rook. A. J., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at 
Brownsville, Texas. 
Byrkit. F. M.. e. Aug. 8, 1862. disd. Sei)t. 

30, 1863, appt. pavmaster's clerk. 
Burget, H. O.. e. Feb. 24, 1864. 
Baker, George P., e. March 21, 1864. 
Birdsell, Horace, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Cool, Thompson, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Caulk, Robert B., e. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. at 

Prairie Grove, Ark. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



449' 



Colburn, Abraham, e. Aug. 5, 1862. 
ClaiTidge, N. P., e. Aug. 9, 1863. 
Dudley, A. F., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died New 

Orleans. 
Driskill, Jolui, e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. Atch- 

afalaya. La. 
Darling, Edward, e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. 

Atchafalava, La. 
Driskill, Davis, e. July 26, 1862, disd. Feb. 

3, 1863, disab. 
Dutton, Enos, e. ,1 uly 28, 1862, captd. Atch- 
afalava. La. 
Frv, a: C, e. Aug. 9. 1862 
Fulton, James L, e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
Fryman, George S., e. Aug. 5, 1862. 
Gift, Jacob, e. Aug. 9. 1862. 
Garber, Samuel, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. June 

15. 1864, disab. 
Gibson, J. J., e. Julv 29, 1862. 
(Jift, James W., e. Aug. 9. 1862. 
(irammar. Henry, e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
Heaton, James M., e. Feb. 29, 1864. 
Howard, Robert, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at 

Fayetteville, Ark. 
Ilaymond, James, e. Aug. 9. 1862. 
Hitchcock, F. \, e. Aug. 18, 1862. 
Heald, Louis, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Prairie 

Grove, died on steamer J. Raymond. 
Heald, David, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at 

Vicksburg. 
Hoper, John F., e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Henderson, John W., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. 

Feb. 8, 1865, disab. 
Hudgel, J., e. Aug. 9, 1862, captd. Atcha- 

falaya. La. 
Hooper, W. H., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died New 

Orleans. 
Hall, Manford, e. July 25, 1862, wd. Prairie 

Grove, captd. Atcliafalaya, J^a. 
Hall. W. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Jan. 29, 

disab. 
Ivins, Beniamin, July 26, 1862. 
Jones, Ellis B., e. Aug. 6, 1862, died Vicks- 
• Inirg. 
Jinkins, Joseph, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Jan. 

24, 1863. disab. 
Karns, L. A., e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. Feb. 

19. 1864, disab. 
Locke, Gilbert, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. Prairie 

Grove. 
McCully, Joseph, e. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. 

Prairie Grove. 
Moore. H. R., e. Aug. 6, 1862. 
Metzler. David, e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
Miller, John H., e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Moore, Thomas H., e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
McCormick, William, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. 

Prairie Grove, died at Favetteville, Ark. 
McMorrow, John, e. July 26, 1862, died 

Springfield, Mo. 
McMurray, Joseph, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. 

Prairie Giove, died there. 
Manning, H. M., e. Aug. 11, 1862, died 

Barrancas. Fla. 
Ottman, John D., 'e. Feb. 27, 1864, died 

April 27. 1864. 
Orrick, John D., e. July 26, 1862, disd. 

March 18. 1863, disab. 



Polston, Philip, e. Aug. 18, 1862. 
Reynolds, D. L., e. Feb. 27, 1864. 
Ru'shton, Enos, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Ruunells. John L., e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Rock, David, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Jan. 24,. 

1863, disab. 
Rowland, Richard, e. Aug. 9, 1862, cUsd. 

Jan. 23, 1864. disab. 
Shion, D. A., e. March 30, 1864. 
Stanford, I. F., e. Aug. 9, 1862. wd. Prairie 

Grove, died at Brownsville, Tex. 
Scott, Jas. W., e. Aug. 4, 1862, disd. June 

30, 1863, disal). 
Straight, H. A., e. Aug. 5, 1862, disd. Feb. 

12, 18G3, disab. 
Sampson, Thos., e. Feb. 29, 1864. 
Snook, John G., e. August 9, 1862, disd. 

March 8, 1863, disab. 
Skeen, Robt. H., e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Slimmer, Jacob N., e. Aug. 9, 1862, captd.. 

at Atchafalaya, La. 
Shattuck, Calvin, e. Aug. 26, 1862. 
Taylor, Wm., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. Prairie 

Grove. 
Titus, Thos. W., e. Aug. 6, 1862, died Port 

Hudson, La. 
Triggs, Eli F.. e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
Towne, John M.. e. Aug. 6, 1862, captd. at 

Atchafalaya. J^a. 
Vanderoost, Jas., e. Feb. 29, 1864. 
Vaught, Jacob, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Washburn, Thos. S.,e.Aug.9, 1862, captd. 

at Atchafalaya, La. 
Walkup, Jas., e. Aug. 18, 1862, captd. at 

Atchafalaya, La. 
Walters, Theo. S., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. 

Jan. 9, 1864, disab. 
Ward, Geo. R., e. Feb. 29, 1864. 

Company D. 

Capt. Joshua Wright, com Aug. 20, 1862, 

wd. at Prairie Grove, resd. March 12, 

1863. 
Capt. Wm. S. Brooks, com. 2d lieut. Aug. 

20, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove, prmtd. 

capt. March 13, 1863, com. lieut. col. 3d 

Ark., July 7, 1863. 
Capt. Th<is. A. Robb, e. as 1st sergt. July 

26, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut March 13, 1863, 

prmtd. capt. July 8, 1863, wd. and captd. 

at Sterling Farm, La. 
First Lieut. Harrison Smith, com. Aug. 

20, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove, resd. Aug. 

23. 1863. 
First Lieut. B. D. Mowery, e. as sergt. 

Aug. 14, '62, prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 24, '63. 
Second Lieut. D. M. Buckingham, e. as 

priv. Aug. 22, 1862. captd. Atchafalaya, 

La., prmtd. 2d lieut. July 1, 1865, m. o. 

as 1st sergt. 
Sergt. C. A. Campbell, e. Aug. 8, 1862, wd. 

at Prairie Grove, trans, for ]n-omotion 

to 56th U. S. col. troops Mav 3, 1864. 
Sergt. G. W. Robinson, e. Aug. 14, 1862,. 

disd. March 19, 1863, disab. 
Sergt. E. F. Cowger, e. July 25, 1862, 

trans. June 23, 1865, for promotion to 

U. S. Col. Inf. 



450 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



Sergt. W. S. Gresg, e. Jiily 26, 1863, wd. at 

Prairie Grove, died Fayetteville, Ark. 
Sergt. Wm. Robinson, e. Aug. 12, 1863, 

trans. May 3, 1864, for promotion to U. 

S. col. troops. 
Sergt. Wm. H. Lewis, e. Aug. 13, 1862, 

disd. March 15, 1863, disab. 
Sergt. Wm. M. Campl>ell, e. Aug. 15, 1863, 

wd. at Prairie Grove, di^d. Marcli 7, 

1863, disab. 
Sergt. Jas. Barnes, e. Aug. 18, 1863, captd. 

at Atchafalaya, La. 
€orp. Jacob Burris, e. Aug. 7, 1863, disd. 

Marcli 8, 1863, disab. 
Corp. Wm. A. Teagarden, e. Aug. 14, 1863, 

wd. and died at Springfield, Mo. 
Corp. John H. Lagle, e. July 26, '62, captd. 

at Atchafalaya, La., wd. Spanish Fort. 
Corp. P. C. Harrison, e. July 25, 1862, 

captd. at Atchafalaya, La. 
Corp. Geo. McCreary, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. 

Prairie Grove, disd. March 25, '63, wds. 
Corp. Wm. L. Lindley, e. Aug. 6, 1862, 

disd. Jan. 21, 1863, disab. 
Corp. Leander Powelson, e. Aug. 8, 1863, 

wd. Prairie Grove, disd. April 20, 1863, 

disab. 
Corp. Jesse Fisk, e. July 25, 1862, wd. at 

Spanish Fort. 
Corp. Wm. H. C Jaciues, e. Aug. 13, 1863, 

trans. April 25, 1864, for promotion to 

2d lieut. U. S. col. tioops. 
Corp. Geo. W. Ream, e. July 35, 1863, kid. 

at Prairie Grove. 
•Corp. D. B. Brooks, e. July 26, 1863, kid. at 

Atchafalaya, La. 
iJorp. Henry Cline, e. Aug. 6, 1863. 
Musician ISTelson E. Hall, e. Aug. 7, 1863, 

captd. at Atchafalaya, La. 
Wagoner Jacob Garver, e. Aug. 14, 1863, 

disd. Feb. 14, 1864, disab. 
Burris, Miles, e. Aug. 12, 1862, captd. at 

Atchafalaya, La. 
Burris, Samuel, e. Aug. 7, '62, disd. March 

10, 1863, disab. 
Black, Wm. A., e. March 23. 1864. 
Berry, John, e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
Burris, Daniel, e. July 30, 1862. 
Burris, Stephen, e. Aug. 23, 1862, wd, at 

Prairie Grove. 
Booten. B. G., e. Aug. 22, 1862, trans, to 

V. R. C. Jan. 1, 1865. 
Ball, J. F., e. Aug. 13, 1862, kid. at Prairie 

Grove, Ark. 
Crowner, John, e. Aug. 12, 1862, kid. at 

Prairie Grove. 
Carson, J., e. Aug. 13, 1862, wd. at Atcha- 
falaya, La., disd. Feb. 1, 1865, wds. 
Cline, Jacob, e. Aug. 6. 1862. 
Campbell, C B.. e. Aug. 12, 1862, captd. at 

Atchafalaya, La. 
Calhoun, Joseph, e. July 36, 1863. 
Clelland, J. W., e. Aug." 13, 1862, kid. at 

Prairie Grove. 
■Clark, Lewis, e. Sept. 4, 1862, died at 

Springfield, Mo. 
Davis, W. F., e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Feb. 

14, 1863, disab. 



Filer, W. H., e. Julv 26, 1862, disd. March 

28, 1863, disab. 
Elder, Jonathan, e. July 29. 1862, captd. 

at Atchafalaya, La. 
Fleenor, M., e. July 25, 1862. 
Ford, Seborn, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. Fel). 

13, 1863, disab. 
Fleenor, Willard. e. July 25, 1862, wd. at 

Prairie Grove, captd. at Atchafalaya. 
Gray, J. J., e. March 22, 1864. 
Goode, James, e. Aug. 2, 1863. 
Gardner, Thtmias. e. Aug. 14, 1863. 
Huddleston, John, e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. at 

Prairie Grove, captd. at Atchafalaya, 

died at New Orleans. 
Henderson, S. H., e. Aug. 13, 1862, trans. 

to Inv. Corps, Julv 21, 1865. 
Hanks, J. B., e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
Hand, Swain, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Huddleston, Uriah, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Holmes, A. J., e. Aug. 21, 1862, wd. at 

Pruirie Grove. 
Jones, Henry, e. July 26, 1862. 
Kenyon, R., e. March 35, 1864. 
Kaylor, J. C, e. Aug. 15, 1863. 
Knoles. J. M., e. March 3t, 1864. 
Lewis, W. H., e. Aug. 12, 1863. 
Lilly, P. R., e. Aug. 7, 1863, disd. Jan. 26, 

1863, disiib. 
Lagle, J. H., e. Juiv 26, 1862. 
Lock, J. D., e. AiTg. 11, 1863, captd. at 

Atchafalava, La. 
Lewis, A.J. ;e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Oct. 

14, 1863, disab. 
More, G. W., e. Aug. 9. 1862. 
Mick, Charles, e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
Mowery, J. K. P., e. Aug. 1, 1862. 
Marlow, Marion, e. Aug. 12, 1862, kid. at 

Prairie Grove. 
Miliken, Wm., e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
McCart, James, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
McReynolds, W. F., e. July 25, 1862, kid. 

at Prairie Grove. 
Morris, Shelt(m, e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
Marlow, Caftrev, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
McReynolds, A. H., e. March 31, 1864. 
McReynolds, L. A., e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. 

at Prairie Gi'ove. 
Pofflnbarger, D., e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. 

March '8, 1863, disab. 
Parrott, Jasper, e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
Peters, J. R., e. July 21. 1863. 
Plymere, Samuel, e. Aug. 6, 1862. disd. 

March 8, 1863. disab. 
Pope, Edmund, e. April 38, 1863. 
Pope, J. H., e. Aug. 13, 1863. 
Remine, Flavins, e. Aug. 8, 1863, captd. at 

Atchafalaya, La. 
Roberts, J. W., e. Aug. 6, 1863, kid. Prairie 

Grove. 
Robinson, McKenny, e. Aug. 13, 1862, 

captd. at Atchafalaya. 
Scott, Hugh, 5. Aug. 8, 1863, disd. Oct. 14, 

1863, disab. 
Scott, Jonathan, e. Aug. 1, 1862. 
Shellv, Jasper, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Scott, Wm., e. Aug. 8, 1862, died Spring- 
held, Mo. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



451 



Smith, J. B., e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. Sept. 

14, 1864, disab. 
.stump, Adam, e. July 31, 1862, captd. at 

Atchafalaya, La., died at New Orleans. 
Sylvester, Z.' T., e. July 25,. 1862, kid. at 

Prairie Grove. 
Sperry, J. J., Aug. 22, 1862. 
Schooiey, T. E., e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. Feb. 

9, 1863, disab. 
Thompson, M., e. March 12, 1863. 
Trobee, F. M., e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
Vanness, J. E., e. July 21, 1863, died at 

Brownsville, Texas. 
Williams, H., e. Julv 26, 1862. wd. Prairie 

Grove, disd. March 17, 1863, wds. 
Wright, J. M., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. March 

16, 1863, disab. 
Wright, G. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Feb. 

13, 1863, disab. 
Wilson, G. E., e. July 25, 1862, wd. Prairie 

Grove. 
W^est, Lemuel, e. Aug. 12, 1862, died Dec. 

12, 1862. 
Wolf. David, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Walkup, John, e. Aug. 2, 1862. 
Webl), J. H., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Prairie 

Grove, disd. April 29, 1863, wds. 
Waechter, A. J., e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. jan. 

31, 1863, disab. 
Walkup, David, e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at 

Atchafalaya, disd. March 24, '64, wds. 

Company H. 

Harris, D. C e. Oct. 6, 1863. 



THIllTIETH INFANTRY. 

[Note. — This regiment loae mustered out at Waskinglori, 
D. C, June 5, 18G5.] 

Major Robt. D. Creamer, comd. capt. Co. 

G, Sept. 23, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post. 

prmtd. maj. May 29, 1863. 
Asst. Surg. Peter Walker, comd. Sept. 9. 

1862, resd. Dec. 26, 1862. 
Asst. Surg. Chas. G. Lewis, comd. Sept. 9, 

1862, resd. Jan. 30, 1863. 
Chaplain Jno. Burgess, mustered in Nov. 

1, 1862, resd. Jan. 29, 1863. 



THIRTIETH INFANTRY, FIELD. 

€om. Sergt. Elias Gray, e. Aug. 5, 1862, 
trans. Nov. 20, 1863, for promotion to 
asst. sui;g. 6th Miss. Inf. 

F. Major Eljer Ogden, e. Aug. 13, 1862. 

Company E. 

Sergt. N. R. Cole, q. Aug. 9, 1862, died at 
Vicksburg. 

€orp. Thos. Talbert, e. Aug. 15, 1862. 

Corp. Enos C. Hobson, e. Aug. 13, 1862. 

Corp. Peter Thompson, e. Aug. 9, 1862, 
wd. Taylor's Ridge, Tenn., died at Chat- 
tanooga. 

Bowman, Benj., e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at 
Milliken's Bend. 



Bales, Jas. L., e. Aug. 12, 1862, died Black 

River Bridge, Miss. 
Ellis, Amon, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died on 

steamer D. A. Januarv. 
Ellis, Phmeas, e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Graham, Marshal, e. Aug. 15, 1862, kid. at 

Cherokee Station, Ala. 
Heston, Wm. C.,e. Aug. 15, "62, died Nov. 

5, 1862. 
Morris, M. Y. B., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Myers, Geo., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 

Company C. 

Capt. Edwin B. Kerr, e. as Sergt. Aug. 9, 

1862, promtd. capt. June 24, 1863. 
First Lieut. Edward B. Heaton, comd. 

Sept. 23, 1862, resd. Aug. 3, 1863. 
First Lieut. Simpson J. Chester, comd. 

2d lieut. Sept. 23, 1863, wd. at Vicks- 
burg, prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 4, '63, resd. 

March 30, '64. 
Sergt. Jas. H. Strong, e. Aug. 18, 1862, 

died at Memphis. 
Sergt. Wm. Kirkpatriek, e. Aug. 5, 1862, 

died on hospital boat at Nashville. 
Sergt. Jas. AVorkman, e. July 28, 1862, 

died at St. Louis. 
Sergt. L. D. Parker, e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
Cori). Luther Simmons, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 

trans, to Y. R. Corps Dec. 1, 1863. 
Corp. Allen King. e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. 

March 13, 1863, disab. 
Corp. A. H. Frazee, e. Aug. 12, 1862, khl. 

at Kenesaw Moimtain. 
Corp. Harvey Walters, e. Aug. 12, 1862, 

died at Memphis. 
Corp. Thos. D. Dav, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at 

Yicksburg, disd. March 23, 1863, disab. 
Corp. Wm. Hopkirk, e. Aug. 5, 1862, died 

on steamer City of Memphis. 
Corp. Nathan Hendricks, e. Aug. 20, '62. 

died at Yicksburg. 
Corp. B. R. Campbell, e. Aug. 13, 1862, 

wd. Ringgold, Ala., disd. June 14, 1865. 
Corp. Orlando Weitz, e. Aug. 13, 1862, 

died at Black River Bridge, Miss. 
Corp. Wm. B. Sigler, e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. 

Yicksburg, disd. July 27, 1863, disab. 
Musician Eber Ogden, e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
Wagoner Armstrong Hill, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Archibald, Jno. W., e. Aug. 12, 1862, died 

a* St. Louis. 
Blackman, Wm., e. Aug. 12, 1862. 
Bedinger, W. S., e. Feb^ 29, 1864. 
Bankhead. Geo., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at 

Black River Bridge, Miss. 
Brown, David L., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at 

Yicksburg, disd. March 23, 1865, disab. 
Bragg, J. D., e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
Bradley, Daniel, e. Aug. 9, 1863, died at 

Memphis. 
Barnes, C C, e. Aug. 9, '62, died St. Louis. 
Billingsley, Wm. R., e. Aug. 8, 1862, died 

at Helena, Ark. 
Carter, Geo. A., e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Campbell, J., e. Feb. 29, 1864. 
Clover, T. D., e. Aug. 13, 1862, missing at 

Black River Bridge. Miss. 



452 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



Crane, S. S., e. Aug. 2, 1862, missing at 

Black Kiver Bridge, Miss. 
Chapman, E. E., e. Aug. 13, 1862, wd. at 

Arkansas Post. 
Campbell, C H., e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at 

St. Louis. 
Carter, Tazwell, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at 

Vicksburg. 
Dunlap, Thus. H., e. Aug. 12, 1862. 
Davis, N. M.. e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. Feb. 

6, 1863, disab. 
Eckels, Francis, e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
Edwards, Wm. H., e. Aug. 12, 1862, died 

Nov. 22, 1862. 
Gregg, Jas. M., e. FeV). 27, 1864, wd. at 

Jonesboro, Ga. 
Gaines, Francis, e. Aug. 12, 1862. 
Gift, Wm., e. Aug. 9, 1862, w^d. at Kesaca 

and .Atlanta. 
Goin, T., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. Yicksburg. 
Howard, .Tames, e. Aug. 12, 1862, died at 

Memphis. 
Hall, C. B., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. Vicks- 

Ijurg. 
Harper, Stephen, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. 

Aug. 8, 1863, disab. 
Howard, John, e. Aug. 12, 1862. 
Hugulet, Henry, e. Aug. 5, 1862, died at 

Black River Bridge. Miss. 
Heaton, A. L., e. July 20, 1862, died at 

Memphis. 
Horton, Jos., e. Aug. 20, 1862, wd. at Ken- 

esaw Mountain, disd. June 21, 1865. 
Howell, Albert, e. Aug. 13. 1862. 
Hammans, F. G., e. Feb. 27, 1864. 
Kerr, E. ^Y., e. March 31, 1864, wd. at 

Resaca, died at Chattanooga. 
Johnson, Albert, e. Aug. 13, 1862, died 

Vicksburg. 
Kirki)atrick, N., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at 

Young's Point, La. 
Kimball, Joseph, e. July 30, 1862, died St. 

Louis. 
King, William, e. Aug. 12, 1862, died Jef- 
ferson vi lie, Ind. 
Kirkpatrick, H. H., e. Dec. 28; 1863. 
Larson, G., e. Aug. 12, 1861. 
Litton, John W., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. 

Kenesaw Mountain. 
Lee, John H., e. Aug. 11, 1862, supposed 

to be dead. 
Lamberth, R., e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
Litton, John. e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Vicks- 
burg. 
Lunchbaugh, Lewis, e. Aug. 12, 1862, died 

St. Louis. 
Maxwell, H. C, e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. 

Vicksburg. 
McDonal, Israel, e. Aug. 12, 1862, died 

Memphis. 
Metz, Samuel J., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. 

April 2, 1868. disab. 
McCullum, A., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died 

Helena, Ark. 
McCullough, James N., e. Aug. 8, 1862, 

died Milliken's Bend. 
McElderry, James S., e. Aug. 12, 1862. 
Morris, Jared, e. Aug. 11. 1862. 



Meneely, George, e. Aug. 6, 1862. wd. . 
Cherokee, Ala. 

Murdock, W., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died St. 
Louis. 

Nickel, John S. B., e. July 31, 1862. wd. 
Nov. 27, 1863. 

Nelson, John M., e. Aug. 13, 1862. 

Peck, William, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. Ar- 
kansas Post and Jonesboro, Ga. 

Parker, James, e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at 
Young's Point, La. 

Parker, Benjamin, e. Aug. 13, 1862. 

Parker, John, e. Aug. 13, 1862, died St. 
Louis, Mo. 

Summers, Lewis, e. Aug. 8, 1862, died on 
hospital boat, Nashville. 

Stewart, Jesse, e. Aug. 2, 1862, trans. Inv. 
Corp. March 15, 1864. 

Smith, H. C, e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. Mis- 
sionary Ridge. 

Taylor, R. E., e. Aug. 8, 1862, wd. Jones- 
boro, Ga. 

Unkrick, Lewis, e. Aug. 8, 1862. 

Van Vlearn, Thomas, e. July 30, 1862, 
died Mound City, 111. 

Wilson, James B., e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. 
Ringgold, Ga., died Chattanooga. 

Yount, Harrison, e. Aug. 8, 1862. 

Company H. 

Capt. John B. Drayer, com. Sept. 23. 

1862, resd. March 17, 1863. 

Capt. Matthew Clark, com. 1st lieut. 
Sept. 23, 1862, i)rmtd. cai)t. March 18, 

1863, wd. Cherokee, Ala., died at home 
of wds. Dec. 2, 1863. 

Capt. Samuel H. Watkins, e. as sergt. 

Aug. 13, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. March 

18, 1863, prmtd. capt. Dec. 16, 1863. 
First Lieut. Jacob C. Fry, com. 2d lieut. 

Sept. 23, 1862, prmtd 1st lieut. March 18, 

1863, resd. April 15, 1864. 
First Lieut. Charles D. Donaldson, e. as 

private Aug. 12, 1862, prmtd. 1st. lieut. 

April 25, 1864. 
First Sergt. James A. McAllister, e. Aug. 

12, 1862, died St. Louis. 
Sergt. Henry Gregg, e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. 

Arkansas Post, died Walnut Hills, Miss. 
Sergt. H. J. Duncan, e. Aug. 12, 1862. 

captd. Aug. 12, 1863. 
Sergt. A. B. Ferguson, e. Aug. 12, 1862, 

trans, to Inv. Corps Aue. 1, 1863. 
Sergt. David Gantz, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died 

at Vicksburg. 
Corp. John Murray, e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. 

Cherokee Station, Ala., ;ind died there. 
Corp. I. N. Williams, e. Aug. 15, 1862, 

trans. Inv. Corps Dec. 15, 1863. 
Corp. Christian Turner, e. Aug. 14, 1862,. 

disd. April 15, 1863, disab. 
Corp. Henry Cloke, e. Aug. 22, 1862, died 

Memphis. 
Corp. Jacob Nibarger, e. Aug. 11. 1862- 
Corp. Geo. M. Pope, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. 

Resaca, disd. Oct. 1, 1864. 
Corp, John Adams, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. 

March 18, 1863, disab. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



453 



■VoY\>. James White, e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. 

March 18, 1865, disab. 
i'orp. John Davies, e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
Musician John A. Fetter, e. Aug. 16, 

1862, died Yicksburg. 
Asher, Reiiben, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. Aug. 

14. 1863, disab. 
Anderson, Charles I.,e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. 

Sept. 8, 1863, disab. 
Alfred, Steward, e. Aug. 15, 1862, trans. 

Sept. 1, 1863, to Inv. Corps. 
Abraham, John, e. Aug. 19, '62, wd. Resaca. 
Abraliani, James H., e. July 22, 1862. 
Alexander, H. G„ e. Julv 22, 1862. 
Beck. W. H., e. July 14, 1862, captd. Black 

River, Miss., died at Belle Isle, Va., 

while prisoner. 
Bell. Wm, C;., e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Yicks- 
burg, disd. Feb. 5, 1864, disab. 
Bradshaw, M. V, B., e Aug. 15, 1862. died 

Helena, Ark. 
Bradshaw, Joseph P., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Beck, John E., e. Aug. 18, 1862, died St. 

Louis. 
Baker, Jacob, e. Aug. 22, 1862, died Mem- 
phis. 
Bunch, Andrew, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. 

March 30. 1863, disab. 
Bradshaw, C. C. P., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Carver, John A., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at 

Corinth. 
Cunningham, J. L., e. Aug. 15, 1862, died 

St. l.ouis. 
Campbell, James, e. Aug. 18, 1862. 
Canaihiy, James L., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Carpenter, Albert, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died 

Jefterson Barracks, Mo. 
Chadduck, Charles R., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Dickson, M. A., e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at 

Vicksljurg. 
Dunn, Henry, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. Jan. 

13. 1862, disab. 

Evins, Jtis. W., e. Aug. 16, 1862. wd. at 

Ringgold, Ga., trans. Inv. Corps May 

0. 1864. 
Eller. John, e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Frakes, James, e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
Famulener, Jas., e. Aug. 12. 1862, died 

Memphis. 
Fisher, Milton, e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
Fisher, Allen R., e. Aug. 13. 1862, died 

at Memphis. 
Fishell. Martin, e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. Jan. 

20. 1863, disab. 

Ferguson, C. S., e. Aug. 16, 1862, died St. 

Louis. 
Franklin. Jos., e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at 

Vicksburg. 
Grier, David M., e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at 

Resaca. 
GroA'es, C. H., e. Aug. 22, 1862, died at 

Milliken's Bend. 
HoH>rook, (ieo. A., e. Aug. 14, 1863, died 

at Vicksburg. 
Hestoii. Wm., e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
Holbert. Scot, e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
Hall, Geo. W., e. Aug. 16, 1862, died at St. 

Louis. 



Hutchin, Thos. I., e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at 

Cairo, 111. 
Johnson Albert, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Jackson, Chas., e. Aug. 21, 1862. 
Kaufman, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at 

Milliken's Bend. 
Kuhn, Abraham, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Lief, Andrew P., e. Aug. 14, 1862, trans. 

to Inv. Corps Aug. 1, 1863. 
Laughlin, Wm. M., e. Aug. 15.-1862. 
Lewman. David, e. Aug. 15, 1862. died 

Aug. 16, 1862, at Helena, Ark. 
Lewman, P. W.. e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Metzler, Get). M., e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. at 

Kenesaw Mt. 
Meyers, Wm., e. Aug. 18, 1862, died at 

Nashville, Tenn. 
Mahaffv, Saml., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Mahaffy. Jno., e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. at 

Black River, Miss., died in Annaiiolis, 

Md. 
Peterson, Chas. I., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. 

June 27, 1863, disalj. 
Pollock, Geo. A., e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
Ross, II. G., e. Aug. 12. 1862, died Vicks- 
burg. 
Raines, Geo., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at St. 

Louis. 
Snook, L. D., e. Aug. 13, 1862, captd. at 

Ogeechee River, Ga. 
Sumner. Thos., e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. Dec. 

8, 1862, disab. 
Snook, Wm. A., e. Aug. 13, 1862, wd. May 

18, 1863, died luka. 
Shalmon, Jno. A., e. 14, 1862, died Black 

River ISridge. 
Summers, Jos., e. Aug. 11, 1862. wd. at 

Ringgold, Ga.,disd. June 14, 1865. 
Sage, Wm. H., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at 

Memphis. 
Smith, C. e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. March 28, 

1863, disab. 
Stoneburner, J., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Sidoreous. Jacob, e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Starr, Chas. F., e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. 

Black River, Miss., died Andersonville. 
Tinsley, David, e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Troy, Jno. II.. e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. March 

18, 1863, disab. 
White, Reuben, e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. 

June 3. 1863. disab. 
Westling, Peter, e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
Webb, Jas. S., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Zeigler, Saml., e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. Vicks- 
burg. 

FORTY-FIFTH IXFANTRY. 

(One hundred days.) 

[Note. — This Regiment was vmstered out at Keokuk, Sept. 

ir,, miU.] 

Company B. 

Musician Wm. H. Wood, e. May 4, 1864. 
Trine, Samuel L.. e. May 4, 1864. 

Company E. 

Anderson, (has. E., e. May 20, 1864. 
Crenshaw, Leonard, e. Mav 16, 1864. 



454 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



McMunay, John A., e. Mav 9. 1864. 
Travis, E. P., e. May 9, 1864. 
Vorheis, T. A., e. May 16, 1864. 
Wright, eJolin, e. May 16, 1864. 

Company I. 

Capt. "Win. K. Alexander, com. May 25, '64. 
First Lieut. D. R. MoCracken, com. May 

25, 1864. 
Second Lieut. Lemon J. Allen, com. May 

25, 1864. 
First Sergt. Wm. H. EUer, e. April 30, '64. 
Sergt. John Carmichael, e. April 27, 1864. 
Sergt. Wni. B. Campbell, e. May 10, 1864. 
Sergt. Isaac N. Smock, e. May 5, 1864. 
C'orp. Peter Mikesell, e. May 16, 1864. 
Corp. T. I^. Keck, e. May 5. 1864. 
Corp. T. S. Waters, e. May 7, 1864. 
Corp. P. O. Green, e. May 3, 1864. 
Corp. John C Curfman, e. May 6, 1864. 
Corp. Geo. C. Ilgenfritz, e. May 5, 1864. 
Corp. Wm. C. Ball, e. May 5, 1864. 
Musician Wm. Paine, e. May 3, 1864. 
Musician Saml. McElderry, e. May 5, '64. 
Musician Geo. Workman, e. May 2, 1864. 
Adams, Oliver, e. May 10, 1864. 
Baxter, Geo. B., e. May 10, 1864. 
Burns, T. H., e. May 17, 1864. 
Baldwin, L. J., e. May 9, 1864. 
Christy, Van B., e May 4, 1864. 
Canaday, Wm. H., e. May 2, 1864. 
Cline, Wm., e. May 10. 1864. 
Carmichael, J. P., e. May 30, 1864. 
Cross, Isaac, e. May 27, 1864. 
Crawford, Jas. F., e. Mav 27, 1864. 
Clinenbeard, H., e. May 14, 1864. 
Dodds, A. G., e, May 30, 1864. 
Duncan. A., e. May"27, 1864. 
Davis, Moss C, e. May 9, 1864. 
Frush, Geo. II., e. May 16, 1864. 
Ferguson, Wm. R., e. May 4, 1864. 
Gage. Theo. S., e. May 4, 1864. 
Hill, James, e. May 27, 1864. 
Hill. John, e. May 9, 1864. 
Huffman, Hiram, e. May 10, 1864. 
Huffman, John S., e. May 10, 1864. 
Harrison, Wm. H., e. May 10, 1864. 
Hall, R. R., Jr., e. May 26, 1864. 
Hudson, Jos. T., e. May 10, 1864. 
Hinkle, Geo. W.,e. May 12, 1864. 
Ilgenfritz, Benj. F., e. May 14, 1864. 
Ja(iues, A. W., May 10. 1864. 
Kimes, Marion, e. Mav 9, 1864. 
Lunchbaugh, D., e. April 30, 1864. 
Lynch, B. E., e. May 5. 1864. 
Loehr, J. F., e. May 10, 1864. 
Loomis, Nelson, e. Mav 9, 1864. 
Mikesell, George, e. May 16, 1864. 
Moorman, W. T., e. May 2, 1864. 
Miner, T. B., e. May 13, 1864. 
Miner, Robert, e. May 20, 1864. 
Morrison, R. S., e. April 27, 1864. 
McCreery, J. A., e. May 10, 1864, died at 

Moscow, Tenn. 
McLean, J. W., e. May 16, 1864. 
Peterson, Andrew, e. Mav 7, 1864. 
Parrett, C. L., e. Mav 10, 1864. 
Pattison, J. M., e. May 15, 1864. 



Pratt, J. C., e. Mav 24, 1864. 

Quillen, Samuel, e. :sray 3, 1864. 

Quillen, Martin, e. ]May 5. 1864. . 

Rock, H. C, e. May 5, 1864. 

Ramey, H., e. May 16, 1864. 

Rayl, S. G.. e. May 10, 1864. 

Robinson, S. W., e. April 10, 1864. 

Richards, J. S., e. May 7, 1864. 

Smock, H. C, e. May 2, 1864. 

Steve, D. H., e. May 5, 1864. 

Sampson, E., e. May 10, 1864. 

Whitmore, John, e. May 16, 1844. 

Wertz, H. M., e. May 16, 1864. 

Walmer, Joseph, e. April 27, 1864. 

Young, T. W.. e. May 18, 1864. 

Company K. 

Jackson, O. D., e. May 7, 1864. 

THIRD CAVALRY. 

[Note. — TMs regiment was mustered out at Attanla, Ga.^ 
Aug. 9, 1865.] 

Hosp. steward John W. Havden, e. Aug. 

26, 1861. 
B. S. M. Curtis Clark, e. Sept. 4, 186L 

from private returned to Co. F. 
Saddler Ser. N. E. Carpenter, e. Sept. 4, 

1861, returned to F. 

B. V. S. John Minor, e. Sept. 4, 1861, disd. 
Sept. 15, 1862, disab. 

Company F. 

Capt. Andrew M. Robinson, com. Aug. 

30, 1861, resd. March 31, 1862. 
Capt. Benj. F. Crail, com. 1st lieut. Aug. 

30, 1861, pruitd. capt. April 1, 1862. 
First Lieut. C. L. Hartman. com. 2d lieut. 

Aug. 30, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. April 1. 

1862, m. o. May 26, 1865. 

First Lieut. M. S. Crawford, e. as sergt. 

Aug. 26, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. April 1. 

1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. May 26, 1865. 
Second Lieut. Richard Gaines, e. as corp. 

Aug. 26, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 9, '65. 
First Sergt. Lewis G. Balding, e. Aug. 26. 

1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. near Inde- 
pendence, Mo., died Oct. 28, 1864. 
Q. M. Sergt. Wm. Parr, e. Aug 26, 1861. 

vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Com. Sergt. John McCaulev, e. Aug. 26, 

1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Com. Sergt. John F. Mayer, e. Aug. 2ft, 

1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Sergt. R. S. Hilton, e. Aug. 26, 1861, disd. 

March 20, 1863. 
Sergt. C. W. Moorman, e. Aug. 26, 1861. 

disd. Feb. 8, 1862. 
Sergt. John C. Lowry, e. Aug. 26, 1861. 

vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Sergt. George Bond, e. Aug. 26, 1861, disd. 

for disability. 
Sergt. James t. Caiiady, e. Aug. 26, 1861, 

disd. June 26, 1863. 
Sergt. Richard Gaines, e. Aug. 26, 1861, 

vet. Jan. 1. 1864. 
Sergt. Wm. McCormick, e. Aug. 26, 1861, 

trans, to Inv. Corps Aug. 15, 1863. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



455 



Corp. John F. Mayer, e. Aug. 26, 1861. 
Corp. John T. Jones, e. Aug. 26. 1861. 
Corp. Win. R. Henderson, e. Aug. 26, "61, 

kid. at Ripley, Miss. 
Corp. Johnson Laughlin, e. Aug. 26, 1861. 
Corp. Chas. B. Davis, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864. 
Corp. Wm. Gantz, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864. \vd. at Montevallo, Ala. 
Corp. John Beall, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864. 
Corp. Jolni D. Gudgell, e. Aug. 26, 1861. 
Corp. Jas. H. Craine, e. Aug. 26, 1861. 
Corp. Samuel A. Giltner, e. Aug. 26. 1861, 

vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Bugler Benj. F. Gudgel. e. Aug. 26, 1861, 

vet. Jan. 1, 1861. 
Bugler Richard Gudgel, e. Aug. 26, 1861, 

vet. Jan. 1, 1864, prmtd. corp. 
Farrier Jno. E. Cummings, e. Aug. 26, '61. 
Farrier Jas. E. AVatkins, e. Aug. ^26, 1861. 
Farrier H. V. Fuller, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864. 
Saddler B. E. Ristine, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1. 1864, wd. Montevallo, disd. Aug. 

21, 1865. 
Wagoner W. W. Maxvi^ell, e. Aug. 26, '61, 

vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Teamster Andrew Gantz, e. Aug. 26, 1861. 
Teamster Wm. H. Hamilton, e. Aug. 26. 

1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Alverson, Jos., e. Feb. 26, 1864. 
Armstrong, Warren, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Independence, Mo., 

and Montevallo, Ala., died April 3, 

1865. 
Barrow, H. B., e. Oct. 8, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864. 
Bradfield, W., e. Aug. 31, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864. 
Bickford, Washington, e. Aug. 26, 1861, 

trans, to gunboat service, died Feb. 

25, 1862. 
Bradfield, Geo. e. Feb. 11, 1864. 
Badger, John, e. Aug. 26. 1861, trans, to 

gunboat service Feb. 18, 1862. 
Brown, Wm. A., e. Aug. 26, 1861. 
Clapp, Thos. W., e. Aug. 26, 1861, died at 

St. Louis. 
Clapp. Thos. J., e. Aug. 26, 1861, died Dec. 

4, 1862. 
Creek, Samuel, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864. 
Coleman, James, e. Aug. 26, 1861. 
Case, James H., e. Aug. 26, 1861, kid. at 

Bolt's Farm, Mo. 
Cunningliam, AVm. A., e. Feb. 29, 1864, 

captd. near Franklin, Miss. 
Creek, Samuel, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864. 
Curfman, Geo. W., e. Feb. 13, 1864. 
Dailey, Chas. D., e. Aug. 26, 1861. 
Dixon, Theo., e. March 2, 1804. 
Dale. Geo. A., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
D.I vis, C, e. Feb. 11, 1864. 
Denning, D. W., e. Dec. 4, 1863. 
Evans, D. J., e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864. 



Evans, John, e. Aug. 26, 1861, disd. Dec. 

6. 1862. 
Elder, Moses, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864. 
Fletcher, Edward, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

-Jan. 1, 1864, disd. July 29, 1865. 
Flower, C. S., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Franklin, Wm., e. April 3, 1863, died at 

Helena, Ark. 
Franklin, Erastus, e. Aug. 26. 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1. 1864, died at Memphis. 
Faunce, L., e. Feb. 13, 1864. 
Garbee, D. W., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Giltner, E. T., e. Aug. 26, 1861, killed at 

Spring Valley, Mo., accidentally. 
Glotfelty, J., e.Feb. 21, 1864. 
Gorman, Benj., e. Aug. 26, 1861. 
Goughmour, p., e. Fel). 20. 1864. 
Gow, J. T., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Greenfield, A., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Greenfield, L., e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1. 1864. 
Hampson, John W., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Huffman, Isaac, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864. 
Hartman, John R., e. Aug. 26. 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864, trans, to 56th U. S. Inf. 
Herron, John T., e. Aug. 26. 1861. 
Hall, C. C, e. Aug. 26, 1861, died Jan. 19, 62„ 
Johnson, Chas., e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864. 
Kirkpatrick, H. H., e. Aug. 26, 1861, disd. 

Dec. 6, 1862, disab. 
Kirkpatrick. Daniel, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864. 
Kimes, B., e. Feb. 27, 1864. 
Longharty, Jno., e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864. 
Long, Win. D., e. Aug. 26, 1861, disd. Nov. 

4, 1862, disab. 
Miller, Hiram C, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1. 1864. 
Malone, M. W., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Maxwell, A. B., e. Aug. 26, 1864. 
McBride, Jas., e. Aug. 26, 1861, disd Oct. 

28, 1801, disab. 
Meneely, James, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864, prmtd. corp. 
McBurnev, Jno. W., e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864. 
Morrison, Jas. A., e. Aug. 26, 1861, trans. 

to V. R. C. Sept. 30, 1803. 
Mikesell, Jacol) R., e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864. 
Moore, Richd. P., e. Aug.'26, 1861. trans. 

to V. R. C. Sept. 5, 1863. 
Neif, R., vet. Jan. 1. 1864. 
Ornduff, Volney, e. March 11, 1804. 
Onuluff, Samuel, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864. 
Ornduff, Franklin, e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864. 
Pitt, Samuel, e. Dec. 4, 1863. 
Pariett, Jos., e. Aug. 20, 1861, disd. Sept. 

27, 1802, disab. 
Pierson, Silas, vet. Jan. 1, 1804. 
Poulten, Jno. M., e. Aug. 26, 1861. 
Palmer, Jno. T., e. Aug. 26, 1861. 



456 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



Eobb, F. E., e. Feb. 11, 1864. 
Ray, G. W., e. Feb. 22, 1864, died Nash- 
ville. 
Sinclair, Jas. W., e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864. 
Stewart. W. H.. e. Feb. 13, 1864. 
Sullivan, Wm. H., e. Aug. 26, 1861, disd. 

Jan. 24, 1863, disab. 
Scott. John, e. Feb. 18, 1864. 
Stewart, James, e. Aug. 26, 1861. 
.Snook, Casper, e. Nov. 9, 1863. 
Summers, Wesley, e. Aug. 26, 1861, died at 

Keokuk. 
Smith, Daniel, e. Aug. 26, 1861, trans, to 

gunlioat service. 
Scovall, J. A., e. Aug. 26, 1861. 
Vandervert. Tlieo., e. Feb. 29, 1864. 
Workman, John, e. Aug. 26,1861. 
^Valesser, Jno., e. Aug. 26, 1861, died in 

Mexico, Mo. 
Woodward, Jas. P., e. Feb. 13, 1864, died 

July 28, 1864. 

Company H. 

Sergt. Jas. V. Blair, e. Aug. 28, 1861. 
Sergt. Jas. Kerr, e. Sept. 9, 1861, disd. July 

4,1862. 
Blair, Wm. W., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Oowen. C. T., e. Aug. 28, 1861. 
Dunlavy, R. B., e. Aug. 28, 1861. 
Foster, V. D., e. Sept. 9, 1861. 
Famuelener. J., e. Sept. 1, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864, wd. 
Johnston, Jos. M., e. Aug. 28, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864. 
Johnston, Wm. I., e. Feb. 25, 1864, captd. 

near Wliite Station, Tenn. 
Owen, Lewis H., e. Aug. 28, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864. 
Stansbury. F. S., e. Aug. 28, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864. 
Stanbury, A. W., e. Aug. 28, '61, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864, wd. at Little Rock. 
Tidball, A. K., e. Aug. 28, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864. 
Tidball, D. A., e. Aug. 28, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864. 
Vansickle, S.. vet. Jan. 1, 1864, captd. at 

Whitewater, Mo. 
Vansickle, H., vet. Jan. 1, 1864, captd. at 

Whitewater, Mo., wd. Tupelo, Mo. 

Company L. 

Casper, Scott M., e. March 15, 1864. 

UNASSIGNED. 

Dennim, David W., e. Dec. 16, 1863. 
Pitt, Samuel, e. Dec. 14, 1863. 
Oantry, Jno. S., e. Fel). 11, 1864. 

FOURTH CAVALRY. 

[Note.— TAis regiment was mmtered out nt Atlanta. Ga 

Aug. 10, lS6o.] ' ' 

jSIaj. Abial R. Pierce, com. caiit. Co. M 

prmtd. maj. Sept. 13, 1863. 
Asst. Surg. Samuel W. Tavlor, com. June 

4, 1864. 



Hospital S. Wm. F. Scott, e. Aiig.26, 1861, 
vet. Nov. 23, 1863, prmtd. sergt. maj. 
Jan. 1, 1864. 

Farrier Jos. Ennis, e. Nov. 10, 1861. 

Drake, Henry, e. Sept. 30, 1861. 

Walker, Geo. W., e. Sept. 30, 1861. 

Company A. 

Capt. J. Marshall Rust, com. 2d lieut. bat. 

Q. M. Dec. 25, 1861. prmtd. regt. Q. M. 

April 12, 1862, prmtd. capt. June 5, 1862. 

res. Feb. 2, 1863. 
Lucer, Jackson, e. Jan. 28, 1864. 
Drake, Henry, e. Sept. 30. 1861, vet. Dec. 

12, 1863. 

Company B. 

Miller, John, e. Nov. 25, 1861, died ]Mav 

25, 1862. 
Morris, Alfred, e. Dec. 14, 1862. 

Company C, 

Sergt. Gustaff Cassel, e. Oct. 5, 1861, died 

Dec. 27, 1862. 
Corey, Jno., e. Oct. 5, 1861, vet. Dec. 12, '63. 

prmtd. sergt. 
Danielson, John, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Hoakison. John, e. Oct. 5, 1861, vet. Feb. 

29, 1864, wd. at Guntown, disd. Dec. 

17, 1864. 
Hilgrew, Chas., e. Oct. 5, 1861, vet. Feb. 

29, 1864, wd. at GuntOAvn. 
Lundquist, Jno. E., e. Oct. 5, 1861, disd. 
Peterson, A. A., e. Jan. 8, 1862, vet. Feb. 

29, 1864, wd. at Guntown, Miss. 
Swan, Chas. G., e. Oct. 5. 1861. 
Save, Chas., e. Oct. 15, '61, vet. Dec. 12, '63. 

Company D. 

Ogden, Burzin, e. Jan. 8, 1864, died Mav 
11, 1864, Memphis, Tenn. 

Company C. 

Gard, Wasson, vet. Dec. 20, 1863, missing- 
near Selma, Ala. 

Hall, Geo. W., e. Jan. 13, 1862. 

Harris, Nathan, e. Dec. 14, 1861, died Feb. 
2, 1862. 

Hewett, Darius, e. Dec. 14, 1861. 

Williams, Jno. W., e. Dec. 8, 1861, kid. at 
Little Creek, Ark. 

Williams, Wm. H. H., e. Dec. 14, 1861. 

Company H. 

Downey, E. H., e. Dec. 9, 1861, trans, to 
Co. M, disd. Feb. 20, 1862. 

Company L. 

Byers, Jno. Y., e. Dec. 14, 18&1. 
Laughlin, John, e. Sept. 13, 1861, died Jan. 
13, 1862. 

Company M. 

Capt. Fred. S. Wliitiiev, com. 1st lieut., 

prmtd. capt Jan. 19. 1864. 
First Lieut. Dan'l J. ^'ance, e. as sergt. 

Oct. 22, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 19, 

1864. 




m 



W'i 
^^^^r n 



h. 




HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



459 



Second Jjieut. Aaron J. Newby, com. Oct. 

30, 1861. pimtd. adjt. 11th Miss. Cav. 

Dec. 15, 1863. 
Second Lieut. M. V. B. Sheafer, e. as 

corp. Nov. 12, 1861, prmtd. 3d lieut. 

Jan. 19, 1864. 
Sergt. Nicholas Hogate, e. Oct. 10, 1861, 

disd. Dec. 5, 1862. 
•Sergt. David Thompson, e. Nov. 21. 1861, 

vet. Feb. 20, 1864. 
Sergt. Eli G. Deardutt', e. Nov. 12, 1861. 
Sergt. David Thompson, e. Nov. 21, 1861. 
Sergt. T. H. McConnaughev, e. Oct. 10, '61. 
Corp. Robt. Young, e. Oct. 22, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 11, 1863. 
Cori). H. T. Harris, e. Nov. 12, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 11. 1863. 
Corp. Wm. Henderson, e. Nov. 27, 1861, 

wd. at Mechanicsburg, Miss., vet. Dec. 

11. 1863. 
Cori). C. F. Mickey, e. Oct. 30, 1861. disd. 

Feb. 27, 1862. 
Corp. Jolm Munson. e. Nov. 2, 1861. 
Corp. Jacob S. Gantz, e. Nov. 25, 1861, wd. 

disd. Aug. 21, 1865. 
Corp. ]lol)t. Stevenson, e. Nov. 12, 1861, 

disd. Fel). 25, 1863, disab. 
Corp. M. F. Warner, e. Nov. 2, 1861, died 

June 14, 1862. 
Corp. James Mundel. e. Oct. 26, 1861, disd. 

Aug. 9, 1863. 
Corp. Henry Shiver, e. Oct. 21, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 11, 1863. 
Corp. Samuel H. Long, e. Jan. 10, 1862. 
Corjt. Geo. E. Steele, e. Nov. 2, 1861. died 

Nov. 12, 1863. 
Bugler Thos. R. Morgan, e. Nov. 5, 1861, 

disd. Oct. 7, 1862. 
Bugler Sam'l B. Turner, e. Nov. 26, 1861. 

vet. Dec. 11, 1863. 
Farrier Wm. J^owerv, e. Nov. 12, 1861. 
Farrier A. H. Heaton, e. Nov. 12. 1861. 

disd. Jan. 19, 1863, disab. 
Anderson, Rol)t.. e. Nov. 2, 1861, died 

June 9, 1863. 
Birkheimer. Wm. E., e. March 21, 1864. 
Beall, James M., e. Nov. 5. 1861. disd. 

March 19. 1863. 
Bates, H. G.,e. Oct. 22, '61. vet. Dec. 11, '63. 
Bvers. Jno. Y.. vet.. Dec. 20. 1863. 
Barnes. Sam'l. e. Nov. 27, 1861. 
Carson. John, e. Dec. 9, 1861, vet. Dec. 

11. 1863. 
Coleman. David, e. Nov. 2, 1861, disd. 

Dec. 2, 1862. 
Chester, 0. F., e. March 21, 1864. 
Chester, Lemon, e. Oct. 22, 1861. 
Carter. Wm. J., e. March 28, 1864. 
Collar. John, e. Oct. 22, 1861, vet. De('. 11. 

1863. died at Benton Barracks. 
Clutter, Geo. W.. e. Feb. 8, 1864. 
Croy, Mathias, e. Nov. 15, 1861. 
C-raft. Michael, e. Nov. 25, 1861. 
Carson. Wm. H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Dunn, Andrew, e. Nov. 2, 1861, disd. July 

23, 1864. disab. 
D(nnian. W. H., e. Feb. 27, 1862, vet. Feb. 

27. 1864. 



Duncanscm, Edw., e. Oct. 26. 1861. disd- 

March 2, 1862, disab. 
Dougherty, Geo. L., e. March 1, 1862, vet. 

Feb. 9, 1864. 
Downing, Jacob, e. Oct. 22, 1861, vet. Dec. 

11. 1863. 
Ferree, Wm. E.. e. Nov. 22, 1863. 
Fry. Jacob C, e. Nov. 2, 1861. 
Flanders, N. A., e. Oct. 18, 1861, disd. 

April 3, 1863. 
Green, M. B., e. Nov. 7, 1861, vet. Dec. 

11, 1863. 
Gard, Henry, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Green, A. J., e. March 19. 1864. 
Hogan, J., e. Sept. 8, 1863. 
Hewitt, Thos. J., e. March 22, 1864. 
Hewitt. D., e. March 32, 1864. 
Henderson, D. T., e. March 19, 1864. 
Hogate. Jesse, e. March 28, 1864. 
Hopkirk, Robt., e. Feb. 3, 1864, wd. at 

Riplev, died at Memphis. 
Hopkirk, Wm. H.. e. Feb. 15, 1864, died of 

wds. June 38, 1864. 
Hays, B. L.. e. Jan. 31. 1863. disd. Nov. 

35, 1863. 
Hewett, Artemus. e. Nov. 3, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 11, 1863. 
Hudson. J. B., e. Jan. 9, 1863, disd. July 

39, 1862, disab. 
Hampson, J. W. P., e. Nov. 6, 1861, prmtd. 

2d lieut. reg. U. S. A., April, 1861. 
Hallowav, A. M., e. Oct. 9, 1861, died 

Marcli^. 1862. 
Hewett. Wm., e. Nov. 20, 1863. 
Junkin. Jos., e. Nov. 12, 1861, disd. July 

29, 1862. 
Kelley, Robt., e. Oct. 5. 1861. 
Lee, t'zel, e. Dec. 1, 1863. 
Lather, James, e. March 21, 1864. 
Lee, Morgan, Oct. 31, 1861, disd. June 26, 

1862, re'e. as vet. Dec. 1, 1863. 
Lee, Lewis, e. Sept. 8, 1863. 
Long. S. H., e. Jan. 10, 1862. 
Morgan, Thos. R., e. Nov. 5. 1861, disd. 

Oct. 7. 1862. 
Majors, A. A., e. Feb. 27, 1862, vet. Feb. 

26. 1864. 
Marker, Wm. C, e. Nov. 2. 1861, died May 

5, 1862. 
M(tKnight, Thos., e. Jan. U, 1862. 
McCullough, E. B., e. Nov. 6, 1861, died 

April 26, 1862. 
McKee, D. E., e. Dec. 1. 1863. 
McMurrv, Tiios. F., e. Oct. 22, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 11, 1863. prmtd. corp. 
Miller, D. B., e. March 31, 1864. 
McCracken, D. R., e. Xov. 14, 1861, m. o. 

as member of band July, 1^62. 
McCracken. Wm. W., e. Nov. 7, 1861, m. 

o. as member of band July, 1862. 
Norris, Jolm D., e. Nov. 4, 1861. 
Nolen, Peter, e. Nov. 12. 1861. 
Nevin, Wm. !{., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Parker, Harrison, e. Oct. 26, 1861, disd. 

May 3, 1862. 
Ripley. Wm.. e. Oct. 23, '61, vet. Jan. 3, '64. 
Richie, C. C. e. Dec. 1, 1863. 
Ross, S. S., e. Nov. 11, '61, vet. Dec. 11, '63. 



460 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



Sawyer, C. C., e. Jtin. 4, 1864. 

Skeers, Jesse, e. Oct. 23, 1861. died near 

Bridgeport, Miss. 
Skeers, Eli, e. March 2, 1862, vet. Feb. 29, 

1864, died Nov. 15, 1864. 
Skeers, Clias., e. Nov. 7, 1861, vet. Dec. 

11, 1863. 
Smithburg, A. D., e. Oct. 19, 1861, vet. 

Dec. 11, 1863. 
Smith, Win. C, e. March 21, 1864. 
Smitliburg, G., e. Oct. 22, 1861, vet. Dec. 

11, 1863. 
Sheffield, H. C, e. Nov. 7, 1861, disd. April 

1, 1863, disab. 
Scott, W. Q., e. Dec. 14, 1868, prmtd. hosp. 

steward. 
Sandbloom, Jno., e. Oct. 19, 1861, disd. 

Feb. 2, 1862. 
Stevenson, T. VV., e. Nov. 22, 1861, died 

June 8, 1862. 
Toothaker, C. W., e. Jan. 20, 1864. 
Turner, Jas. I., e. Nov. 2, 1861, disd. Feb. 

24, 1862, re-e. as vet. Dec. 11, 1863. 
Teeter, David, e. Oct. 22, 1861, vet. Dec. 

11, 1863. 
Teeter, John. e. Oct. 25, 1861. vet. Dec. 

11, 1863. 
Trower, VVm., c. Oct. 21, died Feb. 18, '62. 
Taylor, James, e. Nov. 25, 1861, vet. Dec. 

11, 1863. 
Taylor, Elliot, e. Nov. 25, 1861, vet. Dec. 

11. 1863. 

Updegraff, Jacob, e. Nov. 2, 1861, captd. 

Sept. 30, 1862, vet. Dec. 11, 1863. 
Vanolare, Thos., e. Oct. 25, 1861, disd. 

Feb. 24, 1862, disab. 
Wilcox, P. W., e. Nov. 27, 1861. 
White, Samuel K., e. Oct. 22, 1861, captd. 

Clinton, Miss., died at Andersonville. 
Walters, Jno. B., e. Oct. 22, 1861, vet. Dec. 

11, 1863. 
Walgreen, August, e. Oct. 19, 1861. 
White, Leverett, e. Dec. 14. 1863. 
Warner, Wilson, e. Jan. 11, 1862, vet. Jan. 

11. 1864. 

Webb, A. G., e. Sept. 1, 1862. 

COMPANY UNKNOWN. 

Danelson, John, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Downing. E., e. Dec. 28, 1863. 
Lee, Morgan, e. Dec. 1, 1863. 
Lee, Uzell, e. Dec. 1, 1863. 
McKee, D. E., e. Dec. 7, 1863. 
Richie, C. C, e. Dec. 1, 1863. 
Scott, W. Q., e. Dec. 4, 1863. 
Sawyers, C C, e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Tabor, Burdell, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Westenhaver, M. H., e. Dec. 23, 1863. 
White, L. M., e. Dec. 13, 1863. 

SEVENTH CAVALRY. 

[Note — This regiment was mustered out at Leavenworth, 
San., May 17, 1866.] 

Company A- 

Second Lieut. George- H. Smith, e. as 
Corp. Oct. 10, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. Nov. 
14, 1865, m. o. Nov. 24, 1865, as sergt. 



Com. S. N. Huddleston, e. Sept. 28, 1862. 
Sergt. John C. Smith, e. Sept. 24, 1862. 
Corp. L. B. Spurlock, e. Nov. 12, 1862. 
Farrier Jesse L. Collins, e. Sept. 24, 1862, 
Collins, G. W., e. Sept. 14, 1862. 
Collins, Alex., e. Oct. 7, 1862. 
Collins, T. J., 6. Sept. 24, 1862. 

Company B. 

Pattison, J. J., e. April 15, 1863. 

Company C. 

Corp. Wm. Glenn, e. March 12, 1863. 
Hunt, Wm., e. March 12, 1863. 
Jackson, Andrew, e. Jan. 26, 1863. ■ 

Company D. 

First Sergt. Dudley L. Haywood, e. Nov. 

20, 1862. 
Corp. James De France, e. Jan. 24, 1863. 
Breckinridge, George, e. March 13, 1863. 
Baker, J. H., e. Jan. 24, 1868, disd. March 

8, 1864, disab. 
Ewan, Wilford, Jan. 1, 1863. 
Teasel, Thomas, e. Jan. 1, 1863. 
Teasel. John, e. Jan. 1, 1863. 

Company C. 

Saddler William Mount, e. May 29, 1863. 

Company H. 

First Sergt. Curtis Clark, e. May 1, 1863. 
Sergt. Thomas B. Moore, e. July 6, 1863, 

disd. Jan. 12, 1866. 
Creek, G. C, e. July 6, 1863. 
Graves, J, W., e. June 25, 1863. 
Harrison, Andrew, e. June 29, 1863. 
Kimes, Lebanon, e. July 6, 1863. 

Company L. 

Langford, James, e. Feb. 26, 1864. 

Company M. 

Second Lieut. William Angstead, e. as 

farrier Oct. 15, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. 

May 24, 1865. 
Farrier Wm. F. Angstead, vet. Feb. 28, 

1864. 
Edwards, J. D., e. Oct. 15, 1861, vet. Feb. 

28, 1864. 
Edwards, J. N., e. Mav 7, 1864. 
Mathews, A., e. Feb. 19, 1864. 

EIGHTH CAVALRY. 

[Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Macon, Ga. 
Aug. IS, 1S65.] 

Maj. James W. Moore, com. 1st lieut. Co. 
C Sept. 30, 1862, prmtd. capt. April 8, 
1864, captd. at Newnan, Ga., prmtd. 
maj. May 22, 1865. 

Hosp. Steward John Jones, e. June 26, '63. 

Company B. 

Capt. Joshua W. Holiday, e. as sergt. July 
4, 1863, i)rmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 10, 1864, 
prmtd. capt. July 10, 1865, m. o. as 1st 
sergt. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



461 



First I.ieut. R. S. Hilton, com. Sept. 30, 

1863, wd. at Pulaski, Tenn., resd. Aug. 
12, 1864. 

Sergt. John A. Koons, e. Aug. 3, 1863, died 

at Nashville, 
(^orp. W. J. M. Smith, e. July 15, 1863, 

disd. Sept. 22, 1864. 
Corp. H. H. Dean, e. July 4, 1863, captd. 
'- at Newnan, Ga. 
Corp. W. G. Ball, e. July 17. 1863, wd. at 

Florence, Ala. 
Trump. Nathan Gerson, e. July 20, 1863, 

captd. at Newnan, Ga. 
Saddler Wm. J. Clark, e. Julv 25, 1863. 
Argabright, J. M., e. Aug. 17, 1863, captd. 

at Newnan, Ga. 
Bivins, J. W., e. Ai\g. 4, 1863. 
Bray, Madison, e. Aug. 7, 1863. 
Coger, D. L., e. Aug. 10, 1863, captd. at 

Tuscaloosa, Ala. 
Donahev, G. W., e. July 15, 1863. 
Evans. J. W., e. July 15, 1863. 
Fulton, B. F., e. Aug. 3, 1863. 
Groff, B. F., e. Aug. 1, 1863, died Poplar 

Springs Hospital. 
Hall, R. R., e. July 20, 1863. 
Long, Cleopis, e. July 8, 1863. 
Lewis, S., e. July 25, 1863, wd. at Pu- 
laski, Tenn. 
McCrackin, Joseph, e. July 4, 1863. 
McCoid, W. B.,e. July 17, 1863, wd. Camp- 

bellsville, Tenn., disd. April 17, 1865. 
Pickerd, H. C, e. July 4, 1863, wd at 

Campbellsville, Tenn,, trans, to V. R. C. 

April 21, 1865. 
Reno, L.D.,e. July 1,1863. 
Ramey, E. A., e. Aug. 4, 1863. 
Schooler, J. (\, e. Aug. 4, 1863. 
Scott, Samuel, e. Aug. 3, 1863. 
Scott, Simeon, e. July 1, 1863. 
Sampson, W. G., e. July 8, 1863. wd. at 

Burnt Church, Ga. 
Sens, G. A., e. July 4, 1863. 
Shear, A. J., e. July 4. 1863, captd. July 

30, 1864. 
Stansbury, R.. e., July 18. 1863, disd. Feb. 

18, 1864. 
Schooley, T. C, e. Julv 10, 1863. 
Tate, D. O.. e. Sept. 3," 1863. 
Walters, Ransom, e. July 4, 1863. 
Walkup, S. S., e. July 25, 1863. 

Company C. 

First Lieut. John F. Watkins, e. as sergt. 
July 25, 1863, prmtd. 2(1. lieut. Aug. 20, 

1864, prmtd. 1st lieut. June 24, 1865. 
First Lieut. James W. Moore, e. Aug. 1, 

1863. 
Second Lieut. John B. Looniis, e. as sergt. 

July 29, 1863, prmtd. 2d lieut. April 18, 

1864, kid. Newnan, (Ja. 
C<jm. Sergt. Henry Ranev,e. July 25, 1863, 

disd. Dec. 22, 18i34. di.sab. 
Sergt. Edvv. J. Smith, e. .luly 27, 1863. 
Corp. Coleman Paine, e, July 25, 1863. 
Elliott, Cliarles, e. July 28, 1863, captd. 

Newnan, Ga. 
Foster, Samuel A., e. Aug. 26, 1863. 



Heuston, John C, e. July 25, 1863. 
Patterson. John W., e. July 27, 1863. 
Patterson. William M., e. July 27, 1863, 

captd. Newnan, Ga. 
Skinner, E. H., e. July 28. 1863, captd. 

Pleasant Ridge, Ga. 
Smith. P. D.. e. July 25. 1863, disd. March 

21, 1865, disab. 
Wills, James R., e. Aug. 26, 1863. 
Young, Philii), e. Aug. 29, 1863, disd. 

March 12. 1864, disab. 

Company C. 

Kerr, Joseph, e. Aug. 10, 1863. 



NINTH CAVALRY. 

Company D. 

Trumpeter William Stortz, e. Sept. 19, '63. 
Farrier Christian H. Gross, e. Sept. 19, '63. 
Leivick, Henry, e. Oct. 18, 1863. 
Minter. William H., e. Aug. 8, 1863. 
Schaffer, J. F., e. Oct. 13. 1863. 
Talbert, J., e. Oct. 28, 1863. 

Company I. 

Second Lieut. James Kerr, comd. Nov. 

30, 1863, resd. July 27, 1864. 
First Sergt. James M. Beall, e. Sept. 20, 

1863, served in Co. M. 4th Cav., died 

Benton Barracks, Mo. 
Corp. Richard H. VanDoren, e. Sept. 

28, 1863. 
Corp. Robert T. Wray, e. Nov. 1, 1863. 
Blacksmith T. S. Tilson, e. Sept. 25, 1863. 
Saddler William. F. Scott, e. Oct. 18, 1863. 
Brown, William I., e. Nov. 1, 1863. 
Carney. George, e. Oct. 15, 1863. 
Canady. John W., e. Oct. 24, 1863. 
Coleman, R. M., e. Oct. 16, 1863. 
Good, David, e. Oct. 16. 1863. 
Grammar, William, e. Oct. 22, 1863, died 

St. Louis. 
Grammar, George W., e. Sept. 25, 1863. 
Maring, Alfred, e. Sept. 25, 1863, died Du- 

vall's Bluff. 
Minor, John, e. Sept. 20. 1863, served as 

private and vet. surg. in 3d. Cav. 
Schultz, A., e. Sei)t. 30, 1863. 
Smith, Daniel, e. Sept. 21, 1863. 
Smith, J. M., e. Oct. 28, 1863. 
Snook, John G., e. Nov. 7, 1863. 

Company K. 

Campbell, George A, e. Oct. 10, 1862. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
First (nfantry. 

{OOlh U. S. v., A. D.) 

Second Lieut. William B. Murray, com. 

Marcli 16, 1864, from private Co." B, 14th 

Inf., m. <). Oct. 15, 1865. 
Sergt. Harry Reynolds, e. Sept. 17, 1863, 

m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 



462 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



Teamster Stewart Taylor, e. Sept. 36, '63, 

died March 1, 1864, at Helena, Ark. 
Bates, John, e. Sept. 17, 1863, m. o. Oct. 

15, 1865. 
French, Robt., e. Sept. 18, '63, died March 

17, 1865, at Little Rock, Ark. 
AVillianis, Jos., e. Sept. 27, 1863, m. o. Oct. 

15, 1865. 

Fourth Infantry. 

rirst Lieut. G. B. Ivirkpatrick, e. as Corp. 
Julv 10. 1861. prmtd. Q. M. sergt., 
prnitd. 1st lieut. Jan. 14, 1864, died at 
Fairtield Xov. 16, 1864. 

Fifth Infantry. 

[NoTK. — This Regiment was disbanded in 186/f, term ex- 
pired.] 

Corp. Daniel Moore, e. June 24, 1861. 
Hendricks, Wm. T., e. June 24, 1861, disd. 

Oct. 14, 1862. disab. 
Hill, Wm. H., e. June 24, 1861. 
Smith, Waslungton. e. June 24, 1861, disd. 

April 3, 1862. 
Stoner, P. G., e. June 34, 1861. 
Shuftieton, John P.. e. June 24, 1861, wd. 

at battle of luka. 
Sampson, Samuel, e. June 24. 1861. 
Wheeler, Geo. 0., e. Dec. 22, 1863. 

Sixth Infantry. 

Sergt. Jos. W. Travis, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. 

Kenesaw Mountain, m. o. July 21, 1865. 
Cogan, John J., e. Jan. 1, 1864. m. o. July 

21, 1865. 
Corp. Samuel G. Cook, e. Julv 13, 1861, m. 

0. July 21, 1865. 

Binghani, John, e. July 13. 1861, kid. at 

Dallas, Ga. 
Ferree. John C, e. Julv 13, 1861, wd. at 

Shiloh. m. o. July 31, 1865. 

Eighth Infantry. 

Hodson.Geo. W., e. Aug. 10. 1801, wd. at 

Shiloh. vet. Jan. 1, '64, m. o. April 30, '66. 

Howard, A. M., e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1. 1864, m. o. April 30, 1866. 

Long, Wm., e. Nov. 30, 1864, captd. Shiloh. 
Marquess, John 11., e. Aug. 10, 1861, disd. 

July 10, 1863, disab, re-e. Feb. 35, 1863, 

m. o. April 20, 1866. 
Morris, Geo. B., e. Xov. 33, 1864. 
Menter, Jas. M.. e. Aug. 10, 1861. wd. at 

Corinth, m.o. April 30, 1866. 
Stephenson, J>enj. F., e. Aug. 10, 1861, wd. 

at Shiloh, ra. o. April 03, 1866. 

Ninth Infantry. 

[Note. — This regiment was mustered out July IS, I860.] 

Haylan, Isaiah, e. Xov. 11, 1864. 
Metz, Silas, e. Oct. 6, 1864. 
Wagoner, John. e. X"ov. 13, 1864. 

Tenth Infantry. 

Surg. Richard J. Mohr, com. 1st lieut. of 
Co. E Sept. 34, 1861. prmtd. asst. surg. 
Feb. 38, 1863, i)rmtd. surg. April 6, 1863, 
in. o. Aug. 15, 1865. 



Archibald, , vet. Feb. 1, 1864, m. o. 

Aug. 15, 1865. 
Jones, Wiley A. e. Sept. 1, 1863, disd. Oct. 

6, 1863. 
Hospital Steward Wm. M. Glenny, e. Oct. 

37, 1862, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865. 

Twelfth Infantry. 

Cowing, E. B., e. X^ov. 2, 1863, disd. 
Xordyke, Solomon, e. Nov. 13, 1864. 
Wyatt, John. e. Oct. 16, 1864. 

Thirteenth Infantry. 

Birdsall, Wm. C, e. Sept. 38, 1861, disd 

Feb. 15, 1863. 
Charles, Jesse, e. Sept. 38, 1861, wd. at 

Kenesaw Mountain, m. o. July 31, 1865. 
Daniels, Robert A., e. Sept. 38, 1861, disd. 

Sept. 4. 1863, disab. 
Hiatt, Enos, e. Sept. 38, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 

1864, m. O.July 31, 1865. 
Hutchinson, Geo., e. Sept. 38, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864, died July 37, 1864, wds. 
Ohmart, Newton, e. Sept. 38, 1861, died 

May 19, 1863. 
Ohmart, F. M., e. Sept. 38. 1861, m. o. July 

31, 1865. 
Robinson, G. (J., e. Sept. 38,1861, vet. Jan. 

1, 1864, kid. at Atlanta July 33, 1864. 
Stanton, John W., e, Oct. 31, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864, missing in action near At- 
lanta, Ga., July 33, 1864. 
Spainhower. Jacob, e. Oct. 31, 1861, vet. 

Jan. 1, 1864, died Jan. 30. 1865. 
Ashmead, C, e. Oct. 6, 1864. 
Ashmead, H., e. Oct. 6, 1864. 
Baldosier, Henrv, e. Oct. 6, 1864. 
Case, Albert, e. Nov. 4, 1864. 
Hudson, David, e. Nov. 16, 1864. 
Hughs, Wm. C, e. Oct. 6, 1864. 
McClure, Jno. A., e. Oct. 6, 1864. 
McEldeary, J., e. Oct. 6, 1864. 
Wendling. Jacob, e. Oct. 6, 1864. 
Wilson, Geo. W., e. March 38, 1864. 

Fourteenth Infantry. 

George, Wm. H., e. Dec. 15, 1863, wd. at 

Pleasant Hill, La., m. o. Nov. 16, 1864. 
Murrav, Wm. B., e. Sept. 4, 1863, m. o. 

Nov: 16, 1864. 
Campl)ell, Joshua, e. Oct. 5, 1861, vet. Jan. 

1, '63, captd. at Sliiloh, m. o. Nov. 16, '64. 
Grain, Geo. M., e. Oct. 1. 1861, wd. Bayou 

De Glaize, La., m. o. Nov. 16, 1864. 
Tullis. D. H.. e. Oct. 1, 1861, disd. Dec. 19, 

1863, m. o. Nov. 16, 1864. 

Fifteenth Infantry. 

Clark, Wm., e. Feb. 17, 1863, disd. Dec. 

17. 1863. 
Dalev. Levi, e. in 1863. m. o. July 34, '65. 
Hill,'\Vm. H., e. Jan. 18, 1863, died March 

14, 1863. 
Major, Wm., e, in 1863, vet. Feb. 30, 1864, 

prmtd. Corp., kid. battle Atlanta. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



463 



Sixteenth Infantry. 

Canterbury, John, e. Oct. 22, 1864. 
Chapman, W. S., e. Oct. 22, 1864. 
Carpenter, Abram, e. Oct. 5, 1864. 
England, W. C, e. Oct. 5, 1864. 
Eikles. Samuel, e. Oct. 6, 1864. 

Eighteenth Infantry. 

Corp. H. C. Pearson, e. June 14, 1863, m. 

o. July 20, 1865. 
Wagoner Thos. Moore, e. June 23, 1862, 

kid. near Ft. Smith Oct. 22, 1864. 
Carver, Wm. B., e. June 21, 1862, kid. bj 

accident at Lyons Aug. 11, 1862. 
Holder, Daniel! e. June 21, 1862. m. o. 

July 20, 1865. 
King, Wm. A., e. June 23, 1862, m. o. July 

20, 1865. 
Martiudale, David, e. June 21. 1862, trans. 

to V. K. C. April 29, 1864. 
Stump, David, e. June 20, 1862, disd. Feb. 

9, 1863, disab. 
Van Treese, Jno., e. June 14, 1862, died 

Springfield, Mo., April 23, 1863. 
Walker, Thos., e. June 21, 1862. died Sept. 

18, 1862. 
Winsel, David N., e. Julv 6. 1862, disd. 

Feb. 9, 1863, disab. 

Twenty-first IVIissouri Infantry. 

Foster, Wm., e. Nov. 15, 1861. 

Twenty-fifth Infantry. 

Corp. Oscar; A. Wells, e. Aug. 22, 1862, 

disd. Dec. 19, 1862. 
Mannhardt, Danl., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 

Thirty-fifth Infantry. 

Asst. Surg. Wm. M. Glenny, com. Jan. 9, 
1864, from hospt. stew. 10th Inf., com. 
revoked July 1, 1864. 

Thirty-sixth Infantry. 

(xrimes, A. J., e. Aug. 4, 1862, died Aug. 

17, 1863, Clarendon, Ark. 
Severn, Wm., e. Aug. 8, 1862, m. o. Aug. 

24, 1865. 
Spurlock, M. L., e. Aug. 19, 1862, died 

May 8, 1864, at Mark's Mills. 

Thirty-seventh Infantry. 

Good, Adam, e. Nov. 27. 1862, disd. March 

3, 1863, disab. 
Price, Daniel, e. Sept. 24, 1862, disd. May, 

1864, disab. 
Second Lieut. Jno. V. Myers, com. Dec. 

15. 1862, resd. Feb. 27, 1863. 

Cori). Chas. W. Colman, e. Oct. 9, 1862, 

m. o. at Davenport. 
Corp. Wm. Shadford, e. Oct. 2, 1862, m. o. 

at Davenport. 
Breardy, Wm., e. Oct. 10, 1862, disd. April 

4, 1865, disab. 
Curfman, C, e. Oct. 17, 1862. disd. April 

12. 1863, disab. 

Creek, Jacob A., e. Oct. 15, 1862, disd. Oct. 
23, 1863, disab. 



Dougherty, Edward, e. Oct. 4, 1862, died 

Oct. 5, 1863. 
Jones, John, e. Oct. 11, 1862, disd. April 

12, 1863, disab. 
Totten, Spencer, e. Oct. 4, 1862, m. o. at 

Davenport. 

Thirty-ninth Infantry. 

Surgeon Peter N. Woods, com. Sept. 5, 
1862, m. 0. June 5. 1865. 

Forty-first Infantry. 

Angstead, Wm.. e. Oct. 15, 1862. 
Edwards. Jas. D., Oct. 15, 1862. 

Forty-Eighth Infantry. 

Coats, Nathan, e. June 4. 1864, m. o. Oct. 

21, 1864. 
Long, Jefferson, e. June 21. 1864, m.o. Oct. 

21, 1864. 

First Cavalry, Field. 

Musician Henry M. Butler, e. Aug. 19, '61, 

m. o. Feb. 15, 1866. 
Eussell, John, vet. Dec. 24, 1863, m. o. 

Feb. 15, 1866. 

First Cavalry. 

Chilcot, N. G., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 5, 

1864, m. 0. Feb. 15, 1866. 
Miller, W. B., e. Aug. 5, 1861, m. o. Feb. 

15, 1866. 
Hook, Stephen, e. Sept. 4, 1862, from Co. 

F, m. o. Feb. 15, 1866. 
Bottorff, W. K., vet. Jan. 1, 1864, m. o. 

Feb. 15, 1866. 
Williams, T. B., e. Feb. 22, 1864, m. o. 

Feb. 15, 1866. 

Second Cavalry. 

Hutchinson, Charles, e. Aug. 12, 1861, m. o. 

Sept. 19, 1865. 
McGull, J. E., vet. March 1, 1864, m. o. 

Sept. 19, 1865. 

Fifth Veteran Cavalry. 

Coombs, Jamf-s, e. Aug. 15, 1862, m. o. 

Aug. 11, 1865. 
Ebert, W. H., e. Aug. 26, 1862, m. o. Aug. 

11, 1865. 
Sutton, Samuel, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died July 

28, 1864, at Andersonville. 
Wheeler, G. O., e. Dec. 22, 1863, m.o. Aug. 

11, 1865. 

Sixth Cavalry. 

Cassiday, W. A., e. Nov. 6, 1862, m. o. Oct. 

17. 1865. 
Corp. Bufus A. AVall, e. Oct. 4, 1862, m. o. 

Oct. 17, 1865. 
Wilson. John. e. Oct. 14. 1862, m. o. Oct. 

17, 1865. 

First Battery Light Artillery. 

Corp. Wm. A. Mc( 'une, e. 1861, m. o. July 

5, 1865. 
Bartholomew, John, e. Sept. 1, 1861, disd. 

Aug. 25, 1862, disab. 



464 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



Daily, Lester, e. 1861, missing at Milli- 

ken's Bend. 
Hall, Wm., e. 1861, kid. at Pea Ridge. 
Pattison, Wm., e. 1861, died Nov. 27, '62, 

at Keokuk. 
Roscoe, C. F., e. 1861, m. o. July 5, 1865. 
Spicer, C. P., e. 1861, vet. Jan. 2, 1864, died 

May 23, 1864, wds. 
Wykoff, Alex., e. 1861, died ISTov. 22, 1863, 

at Memphis. 
Wilson, A. R., e. 1861, died Aug. 22, 1864, 

at Rome, Ga. 

Dodge's Brigade Band. 

Musician Lvman W. Forgrave, e. Nov. 
10, 1862. ' 



First Illinois Artillery. 

Garinger, Isaac, e. March 21, 1864. 

Forty-Third Illinois Infantry. 

Bjock, Gustave, e. Sept. 3, 1861. 
Ackermann, W., e. Sept. 1, 1861. 

Fifty-Seventh Illinois Infantry. 

Lemberger, C W., e. Oct. 23, 1861. 
Kyle, I. Ce. Aug. 15,1861. 

Fifty-Ninth Illinois Infantry. Veteran. 

Herring. George H., e. 1864. 




TOWNSHIP HISTORY. 



FAIRFIELD. 

The history of Fairfield dates from the first Monday in March, 1839. Pre- 
'dous to that time, the ground now so thronged with stately business blocks, 
busy shops, beautiful residences, schoolhouses, churches, well-kept streets and 
handsomely shaded avenues, was an unbroken, undisturbed prairie waste. Fair 
was this primitive field when Samuel Hutton, of Henry, Joshua Owens, of 
Lee, and Roger N. Cresap, of Van Buren County, Commissioners appointed 
by legislative enactment for that purpose, came to discharge their official trust 
and locate the county seat of the new county of Jefferson. Pleased with the 
situation and its nearness to the geographical center of the county, they planted 
the county seat stake on the southwest quarter of Section 25, Township 72, 
Range 10 west, and called it Fairfield, the name, no doubt, being suggested by 
the natural beauty of the location. 

At the first meeting of the first Board of County Commissioners, held on 
the 8th day of April, 1839, an order was passed directing the employment of 
James M. Snyder, Surveyor of Henry County, to survey and lay out the town 
site. The survey was commenced on Wednesday, the 17th of the same month. 
Mr. Snyder was assisted by Joseph M. Parker, George W. Troy, James Cole- 
man, David Bowman, John Payton and Sylvanus Harrington, as chainmen, 
etc. The quarter-section was subdivided into twenty-five blocks of eight lots 
each, or two hundred and twenty lots in all. The blocks were divided by six 
streets from north to south, and six from east to west. Block 13 was reserved 
for public purposes. The width of the streets around the block or square 
reserved for public uses was established at 88| feet, and all the others at 66 
leet. The original twelve streets were named by the County Commissioners, as 
-follows : 

East and West. — Sears, Walnut, Madison, Monroe, Church and Chastain. 
Sears and Chastain were named in honor of two of the first County Commis- 
sioners ; Madison and Monroe, after two of the early Presidents. 

North and South. — Smith, Williams, Washington, Jefferson, Jackson and 
Hueston. Smith was named after a third member of the Board of County 
Commissioners ; Williams, after Judge Williams ; Washington, Jefferson and 
Jackson, after the Presidents of that name, and Hueston, after the man of that 
name who built the first house in the county seat of Jefferson County. 

The town site was held by pre-emption by the (bounty Commissioners until 
the land in the New Purchase came into market in 1842. The entry was made 
on the 13th day of May of that year. The county was so poor that it was 
necessary to borrow .f 200 to make the entry. The money was borrowed of 
Ebenezer S. Gage, with interest at the rate of 20 per cent per annum. When 
the note became due, the Commissioners were again forced to borrow to pay 



466 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

Gage. Each time of borrowing, a mortgage was given on lots in the western 
part of the city to secure the payment thereof. 

Building commenced soon after the county seat stake was planted. Will- 
iam Hueston built the first house, a log structure, 10x12 feet. It was erectd 
on Lot 8, Block 8, in April, 1839. The first stock of goods ever exposed to 
sale in Fairfield was opened out in this building. 

Thomas Dickey built the second house. It was also a log structure 10x12 
feet, and was built on Lot 1, Block 7, and in which he opened the first hotel 
ever known in Fairfield. 

The first frame dwelling was built by Dr. William Waugh, in the spring of 
1840. 

The growth of Fairfield was not as rapid as has been the growth of many 
other Iowa towns, or towns farther west, but was solid and substantial. Settlers 
came in rather slowly, and, as building material was rather scarce, building did 
not progress very rapidly for several years. 

J. W. Culbertson and his family came to Fairfield as permanent residents 
in February, 1840. On their arrival, they found Dr. John F. Moberly, Gilbert 
Fox, Willard Stone, Henry B. Notson, a single man, Thomas Gray, John R. 

Pitzer and family, James Clark and family, Ellis (a wheelwright), John 

Ratliff, Joseph Cole, E. S. Gage, Dick Irwin, Dr. Waugh, Samuel Moore, 

Samuel Feebler and — Keefer, a tailor. Joseph Cole, E. S. Gage and 

Dick Irwin were selling dry goods, and John Ratliff had established the first 
store for groceries exclusively. Mr. Culbertson had been out in June previous 
and purchased the claim where he now resides. The claim was located by Haw- 
kins Taylor, then a resident of Lee County, but, since 1863, of Washington, D. C. 
Mr. Culbertson relates that in July, 1839, while on his return for his family, 
he saw camped by the wayside, near Burlington, a family who seemed to be 
returning East. On inquiring the cause for such an extraordinary proceeding, 
he replied that he had been out to the " New Purchase " (now part of Jefferson 
County), but the land was all taken up and there was no room for him. 

Mr. Culbertson completed the first house with two rooms, into which he 
moved in the latter part of February, 1840. As were all houses in those days, 
it was covered with clapboards, and without a ceiling. Scarcely had they 
ensconced themselves in their new domicile, when^ in the night-time, there came 
a furious snowstorm. Mrs. Culbertson was awakened by the falling element, 
and aroused her husband with the information that rain or snow was coming 
into the house. Startled from a deep slumber, Mr. Culbertson sprang out upon 
the floor, and the shock of surprise when his bare feet landed in the two inches 
of snow with which the floor was covered, elicited a yell that would have put to 
shame the best lung-efforts of a Missouri bushwhacker, and which is still viv- 
idly remembered by the family. 

EARLY FNCIDENTS. ROBBERY OF ONE OF THE FIRST MERCHANTS. 

In the fall of 1842, E. S. Gage, who had opened a dry goods store in Fair- 
field three years previous, started to St. Louis to replenish his stock, taking with 
him about $600 in cash. In those days, there were no public conveyances and 
it was rarely that private teams made the trip to Fort Madison, the nearest 
point on the Mississippi River to the new settlement. Mr. Gage decided to 
make the journey on foot. Scarcely had he left town, when three men, strangers 
to the place, appeared at the hotel, and stating that they were about to start for 
the river, asked if any one from Fairfield was going, as they desired company. 
They were informed that Mr. Gage, the merchant, had just started to St. Louis 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 46T 

to buy goods, and was but a short distance on the road. They followed on, 
overtook Mr. Gage some seven or eight miles from town, represented that they 
were going to Fort Madison and the four proceeded in company. The new- 
comers seemed sociable, clever fellows and Mr. Gage was not averse to their 
companionship. In the evening of the second day, just after nightfall, they had 
approached within two miles of their destination, and while passing through a 
stretch of woods, Mr. Gage, entirely unconscious of the contemplated attack, 
was suddenly struck a powerful blow from behind by one of the men and he fell 
senseless to the earth. Hastily dragging him to the bottom of a ravine near the 
road, they robbed him of his money by cutting oif the tail of his coat, in 
the pocket of which it was deposited, leaving untouched his silver watch, 
and covering his body with some underbrush and casting aside the heavy cane 
with which he had been felled, the robbers passed on into town with the belief,, 
no doubt, that their victim would never come to life. 

Mr. Gage recovered consciousness in about an hour afterward, and a farmer 
passing by with his team, he was able to make himself and his condition known. 
This good Samaritan brought him to town, where friends of the Masonic fra- 
ternity cared for him with such good results that after a delay of a few days he 
was able to continue his journey to St. Louis. Mr. Gage was ever on the look- 
out for the parties who committed the dastardly outrage, and shortly after his 
arrival in that city, he recognized one of the robbers while passing along the 
street. Calling an officer, the fellow was taken into custody and by a systematic 
course of questioning and playing upon his fears, the whereabouts of his com- 
rades in crime was revealed and they, too, were soon in the hands of the law. A 
considerable portion of the money was recovered. The three were returned to 
Fort Madison, tried, convicted and sentenced to the penitentiary for five, eleven 
and twenty-one years, in accordance with their several degrees of guilt. At 
that time the State's prison at Fort Madison was not completed, and convicts 
confined by ball and chain sometimes escaped. The subject of the twenty-one- 
year sentence sojourned with the Warden just twenty-one days, when, without 
leave of absence, he took his departure. The eleven-year man followed soon 
after, and the third, who was believed to be the tool of more hardened criminals, 
was pardoned before the expiration of his sentence. 

Mrs. Gage, now living in Fairfield, still has in her possession the heavy cane 
which felled her husband to the earth, the eifects of which he felt to the day of 
his death, which occurred in 1859. 

WILLIS CHEEK. 

In 1840, when Fairfield was little more than a field, there was some pretty 
hard drinking with some of the inhabitants who were in a hurry to become accli- 
mated. The log building in the rear of the lot now occupied by Richard 
Gaines' stove store and the Ledger office, was the grocery in which the bibu- 
lously inclined were wont to meet and discuss the news and bad whisky. 

There was one old fellow of the name of Willis Cheek, upon whom whisky 
appeared to have no effect. The "boys" one day put something into Cheek's 
whisky that made him sick, and he swore not to take another drop of whisky 
or go near the grocery for three months. One evening soon afterward, he was 
persuaded to drop in to hear the news, but still refused to drink. The " boys" 
(the men were all boys then) threw him down and, having procured a funnel, 
they succeeded in making a pretty good whisky barrel of him. He became so 
drunk that he could scarcely move, but occasionally mumbled out : " I (hie) 
musn't forget (hie) my oath (hie), but funnel (hie) me again, boys ! " 



468 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



A TIMID BEAU. 

Boys, in those days, obeyed their parents even after they were big enough ta 
wear store-clothes. It is related of a certain young man (1854) who, in escort- 
ing his dulcinea home from a party, had to pass his father's house, and when 
near by, heard the old gentleman's voice calling him. "Oh?" he cried, in 
doleful accents, "• dad's calling me, and if I don't go home he'll whip me," and 
off he started, leaving his fair one to find her way home as best she could. 

MISCELLANEOUS FIRSTLINGS. 

The first post office was in Thomas Dickey's hat, and Dickey was the first 
Postmaster. It is not known whether Dickey was regularly appointed by the 
Department or not, or whether he was the Postmaster by sufferance of the 
settlers; however, it is certain it was from him the first citizens of Fairfield 
obtained their letters, at the moderate price of 25 cents each. [There are now 
in the county eighteen offices, to wit. : Fairfield, in Fairfield Township ; Salina, 
Four Corners and Glendale, in Lockridge Township; Wooster, in Cedar 
Township ; Glasgow and Vega, in Round Prairie Township ; Libertyville, in 
Liberty Township ; Perlee and Pleasant Plain, in Penn Township ; German- 
ville and Merrimac, in Walnut Township ; Baker, in Black Hawk Township ; 
Batavia and Brookville, in Locust Grove Township ; Abingdon, in Polk Town- 
ship, and County Line, in Des Moines Township. Fairfield and Batavia are 
money-order offices.] 

The first hotel was kept by Thomas Dickey, in 1839. 

Dickey's house was a one-story log building, with but one room, 10x12 feet 
square, and in one end of this room the M. E. Church, of Fairfield, was organ- 
ized, March 22, 1840. It has been heretofore stated in print that Thomas 
Dickey was a coarse, irreligious character. The only surviving member of the 
organization, Mrs. J. W. Culbertson, gives Mr. Dickey a record for being a 
good kind of a man, having a kind heart and generous impulses hidden beneath 
a rough exterior. 

The first brick house erected on the original town plat was built by George 
Craine, in 1843. The house is still standing, at the corner of First South and 
Second East streets, and occupied as a dwelling by David Eckert. The brick 
were niade by Luke Owen, a little east of town, near the present residence of 
Mrs. John Wells. 

The first brick house erected within what is now the corporate limits of 
Fairfield stood east of the present brick schoolhouse. At the time it was built, 
the city limits did not extend out that far by thirty or forty yards. The house 
was built for Samuel Shuffleton. 

John T. Moberly was the first physician, in 1839. 

Samuel Shuffleton was the first lawyer, in 1839. 

Rev. Reuben Gaylord, Congregationalist, preached the first sermon, in 
1839. 

A son was born to a Mr. Shepherd in the fall of 1839, the first on the 
town quarter. 

Eliphalet B. Fitch, first death in the town, 1839 ; shortly after, William 
Winn died. 

Farnham Whitcomb and Nancy Fox were the first couple married, 1840. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 469 



GROWTH AND PROSPERITY. 



In the centennial year, 1876, a pamphlet history of Jefferson County was 
published by authority of the Board of Supervisors, and under the direction of 
a committee of citizens consisting of S. M. Boling, C. W. Slagle, W. W. 
Junkin, J. F. Wilson, Charles Negus and I. D. Jones, which included a state- 
ment of the business of Fairfield at that time. Since then, there have been no 
material changes in the business status of the city, and we transfer to these 
pages the following paragraphs : 

In 1840, the town of Fairfield had a population of 110. In October, 1847, 
it had increased to 141 families and 651 inhabitants. In 1847, the business of 
Fairfield was done by six dry goods, three grocery and two drug stores ; two 
hotels, two livery-stables, eight cabinet and wheelwright shops, three black- 
smith, two shoemaker, two harness, three tailor, two chairmaker, two cooper, 
one gunsmith and one tin shop, employing about fifty persons. The sales aggre- 
gated about $100,000. There was one carding machine, four church organiza- 
tions, two church edifices, three ministers, seven, lawyers, the United States 
and the State land oflScers. 

In 1876, the city presents greater proportions, showing a healthy growth in 
twenty-nine years. There are thirteen grocery stores, doing a business of over 
$200,000 ; one wholesale grocery house, $60,000 ; two restaurants, $25,000 ; 
two general stores, $100,000 ; seven dry goods stores, $150,000 ; four clothing 
stores, $37,000 ; three boot and shoe stores, $50,000 ; two hat and cap stores, 
$25,000 ; three jewelers, $25,000 ; five drug stores, $70,000 ; three book stores, 
$30,000 ; four meat markets, $50,000 ; six millinery stores, $75,000 ; ten 
saloons, $100,000 ; three stove and tinware stores, $60,000 ; two foundries, 
$40,000 ; one woolen-factory and one woolen goods stores, $30,000 ; two flour- 
ing-mills, $50,000 ; two butter and egg depots, $40,000 ; two hardware stores, 
$50,000; four grain houses, $150,000 ; two furniture stores, $40,000; three 
harness, six tailor, five wagon, ten boot and shoe maker, seven blacksmith, one 
gunsmith and four barber shops, doing a business of $100,000 ; three lumber- 
yards, $125,000 ; one furniture-factory, $50,000 ; three livery-stables, two bus 
lines, one broom factory, $75,000 ; and in addition to these, there are three 
banks, nineteen lawyers, fourteen doctors, four dentists, one taxidermist, six 
insurance agencies, one pension agency, two Justices of the Peace, three tele- 
graph offices, two railroad depots, one patent medicine manufactory, four private 
schools, one union school, four hotels, one opera-house, three public halls, two 
musical instrument dealers, three newspapers, three coal dealers, one public 
library with 4,620 volumes, ten church organizations, nine church edifices, one 
Masonic hall, one Odd Fellows hall, one Zetagathian hall, one Knights of 
Pythias hall, and one Ancient Order of Workingmen hall. 

The total business of Fairfield approximates $3,000,000, about thirty times 
as much business as was done in 1847. In 1847, the money at interest was 
$6,000 ; in 1876, $300,000. 

UNITED STATES LAND OFFICE. 

The United States Land Office was removed from Burlington to Fairfield in 
1842. William Ross, Arthur Bridgeman, Bernhart Ilenn, George Wilson, 
Francis Springer and James Thompson were Registers, and John Hawkins, V. 
P. Van Antwerp, W. H. Wallace and J. W. Culbertson were Receivers. 

In 1856, the office was removed to Chariton, in Lucas County. 



470 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



BANKING INTERESTS. 

The first bank in Fairfield was opened January 1, 1851, by Bernhart Henn^ 
Jesse Williams, George D, and Edward A. Temple, under the firm name of 
Henn, Williams & Co. Edward A. Temple retired in 1853, and went West. 
In 1857, George D. went out, and, soon after, L. E. and C. A. James became 
members, the style of the firm being changed to Bernhart Henn & Co. They 
were succeeded, in 1862, by Samuel C. Farmer whose business was merged 
into the First National Bank, organized in 1865, Mr. Farmer becoming Cash- 
ier. In 1874, he retired, and, December 1, 1875, opened the present banking 
bouse of Samuel C. Farmer & Sons. 

In 1863, George A. Wells opened a private bank which he conducted 
until 1876, when G. A. Garrettson, of Muscatine, was admitted into partner- 
ship, and the firm name changed to Wells & Garrettson. 

The First National Bank commenced business August 1, 1865, with Jame& 
F. Wilson, President, and Samuel C. Farmer, Cashier. Present oflSicers, James 
F. Wilson, President ; George D. Temple, Cashier ; Directors, J. F. Wilson, 
President of the Board, George Acheson, R. H. Ilufi'ord, Sumner M. Bickford 
and Godfrey Eichhorn. Capital, $100,000. Place of business, southeast cor- 
ner of the square. 

The banking house of Samuel C. Farmer & Sons is composed of Samuel 
C. Farmer, Samuel C. Farmer, Jr. and Jo. F. Farmer. Capital, $30,000. 
Place of business, south side of the square. 

Wells & Garretson, east side of square. Capital, $30,000. 

«AS-LIGHT COMPANY. 

This company was organized October 17, 1876, with the following-named 
gentlemen as the original incorporators : James F. Wilson, John DeGalleford, 
William Horigan, C. W. Slagle, C. C. Ziegler, M. A. McCoid, W. B. Murray, 
A. S. Jordan, J. E. Roth, Joseph R. McCrackin, John A. Spielman, Thoma* 
Bell and Robert McElhinny. The capital stock of the company is $30,000, 
in shares of $100 each, of which $6,500 was taken by the above-named incor- 
porators — five shares each, the remainder of the stock to be held by the cor- 
poration for the extinguishment of such debts as may arise from time to time, 
and in all subsequent issues of stock, the original shareholders have a prior 
right in the purchase of the same. The corporation is to continue twenty 
years, and the indebtedness is limited to $20,000. 

The contract for the erection of the works was made October 30, 1876, with 
J. DeGalleford & Co., who were to complete the same in ninety days, but 
owing to the inclement winter and other unavoidable causes, they were not 
finished until September 5, 1877, on which day the first gas-jet in the city of 
Fairfield was lighted. The works are located near the western boundary of the 
city, at the crossing of First South and Seventh West streets, and contain two 
benches of two retorts each, which can be increased to three, and one bench of one 
retort, with a gas-holder of 12,000 cubic feet capacity. Four miles of wrought- 
iron mains have been laid, the largest size four inches in diameter, with forty- 
six lamp posts in operation, and over ninety private consumers supplied at $3 
per 1,000 cubic feet. The works are complete in all their appointments, and 
no city in the State can boast of a better quality of gas or the article supplied 
at so low a price. 

The present oflScers are: J. F, Wilson, President; A. S. Jordan, Vice 
President; W, W. McCrackin, Treasurer, and Joseph R. McCrackin, Secre- 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 471 

tary. But one change has been made in the Board of officers since the organ- 
ization, W. W. McCrackin succeeding W. B. Murray as Treasurer at the last 
annual meeting for the election of officers. 

MILLS. 

The first flouring-mill built at Fairfield was erected by Rahman McGinley, 
in 1855-56, half a mile south of the square — a large three-story mill with four 
runs of buhrs. Three years afterward, it was transformed into an elevator, which 
was destroyed by fire in 1870. 

The second mill was a three-story, with three runs of buhrs, erected in 1857 
by F. B. Huntzinger, at a cost of |20,000. It stood on ground adjoining the 
present Lutheran Church. Six months after completion, it burned down, and 
Mr. Huntzinger having no insurance, his investment was a total loss. The 
next year, however, he built the City Mills, now owned by J. R. & J. W. Mills- 
paugh, having three runs of four-foot stone. 

In 1875, Mr. Huntzinger built the Globe City Mills, which he still owns and 
operates, with three runs of buhrs. These mills are all operated by steam power. 

ELEVATORS. 

To accommodate the grain trade of Fairfield, three elevators have been 
erected, two on the track of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad and one 
on the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad. On the first-named road one has been 
owned and operated by J. P. Manatry since 1876 ; capacity, 75,000 bushels. 
His heaviest business is in grass-seed, 100 cars of which were shipped out in 
1877. The present year (1878) will show an increased business. 

The elevator built by D. W. Templeton, in 1875, was purchased by Jordan 
Bros. & Co., in the summer of 1878, and is still operated by them ; capacity, 
56,000 bushels. 

The Rock Island elevator is small and not now in operation. 

CITY GOVERNMENT. 

The city was first incoporated in 1847. Since then the office of Mayor has 
been filled in succession by the following-named gentlemen : Barnet Ristine, 
Samuel J. Finney, A. H. Brown, W. K. Alexander, T. D. Evans, William E. 
Groff, George Acheson, D. P. Stubbs, R. F. Ratcliff, William Long, Charles 
David, David R. McCrackin, J. J. Cummings, I. D. Jones. J. J. Cummings 
is the present Mayor. 

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS.— FIRST SCHOOLS. 

In the winter of 1839-40, the population of Fairfield was represented by 
about fifteen adults. Some of these were heads of families, with children. Dr. 
Waugh, a representative pioneer, had several children old enough and big enough 
to "go to school." There was no school money, but Dr. Waugh determined to 
have a school, cost what it might. He had an unfinished room in his not very 
large family residence, which he set apart as a schoolroom, and emploj'^ed Miss 
Clarissa Sawyer, a young lady of Denmark, Lee County, as teacher. W. B. 
Culbertson, Cranmore Gage and William Stone were admitted as pupils at a 
stipulated tuition fee per head. These lads and Dr. Waugh's children made up 
the school. 

Miss Sawyer, after her "school was out," returned to Lee County and was 
married to George W. Burkholder. Subsequently, she and her husband removed 
to Fairfield, where they resided for a number of years. Mr. Burkholder died 



472 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

at Cairo (during the war) in 1863. His widow returned to Lee County, where 
she died in the same fall (1863). 

"Bent " Culbertson, grew to manhood and became a successful lawyer in 
Fairfield. Cranmore Gage amassed wealth as a farmer, and added largely to 
his fortune by making an extensive addition to the town. 

The next school was taught in 1840, by James Chambers. It was a sub- 
scription school, the tuition fee being $1 per scholar for the term of three 
months. 

Miss Polly Loomis was the next teacher in the summer of 1843. This 
school was a subscription school, also, and much larger than either of those 
which preceded it. The number of resident families had considerably increased 
and, of course, there was a corresponding increase of school-children. Polly 
Loomis' school was the " biggest school " in the county. 

In 1859, the school population had so increased that there was a demand 
for increased facilities and a better system of education. At a meeting of the- 
City Council, held on the 3d of March, in that year, a petition was presented 
asking that the city of Fairfield and the territory immediately adjacent thereta 
be organized as a separate district for school purposes, as provided by law, etc. 
The petition was granted, and the Recorder was directed to give notice for an 
election of ofiicers for the new organization to be held in the April following, 
from which time dates the history of the School District of the city of Fairfield 
as a separate and independent school organization. [The boundaries of the Dis- 
trict are now identical with the city limits of the city of Fairfield.] The first 
ofiicers elected were Dr. C. S. Clarke, President; Robert McElhinny, Vice- 
President ; William Long, Secretary, and E. C. Hampton, Treasurer. The three 
Directors chosen were, John T. Huey, C. W. Slagle and J. F. Wilson. 

Four teachers were employed under the new dispensation ; two male teachers, 
who were to receive respectively $40 and |35 per month, and two lady teachers,, 
who were to be paid $25 per month each. Rev. John Williams was employed 
as Principal, taking direct charge of the Fourth, or highest, grade classes of 
the school. Thomas Parkinson had the Third grade, while Miss Juliet Wells 
was assigned to No. 2, and Miss Annie Perry was made mistress of No. 1. 
Miss Wells had taught a senarate private school, and the room which she had. 
occupied up to this time was secured for one of the public schools. 

The schools fiourished in this manner for about two months, when it became 
obvious that the school accommodations were not extensive enough, and that the 
formation of another grade was advisable. Accordingly, on the 23d day of the 
ensuing May, a fifth department — a primary school — was established, and the 
pupils of this grade assembled in one of the rooms of Mungo Ramsey's house, 
which the School Board leased for school purposes. School opened here on the 
5th of May, with Mrs. Jane Parkinson installed as teacher, at a salary of $20 
per month. 

A diversity of opinion arose between these teachers and the School Board 
as to the time when their contract should expire. The teachers contended that 
by the terms of their several contracts, they were only to hold their positions 
until the 5th of the following August, while the Board held that the terms of 
their contracts bound them to continue their term until the 16th of that month. 
The pedagogues, however, were " game," and dismissed their schools for the 
term on the 5th of August. They were ordered by the Board to re-open, which 
they peremptorily refused to do, and an agreed case was submitted to the Dis- 
trict Court at its next session, to determine the right construction of the terms^ 
of the contract. The decision of the Court Avas averse to the teachers, and 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. ' 473 

they were paid in accordance therewith. To show the ideas of economy enter- 
tained by the School Board of that day, when school again opened, which wa& 
on the 3d of January, 1860, resolutions were passed requiring that teachers 
should kindle fires and keep the schoolhouses clean at their own expense. 

It was almost four years after the organization of Fairfield School District 
before plans were set on foot for the erection of a building better suited to the 
purposes of education than the uncomfortable, inconvenient, contracted quarters 
previously occupied by the schools. 

On the 3d of March, 1863, at the regular meeting of the District School 
Board, Mr. C. W. Slagle, who had always stood ready to advance, by every 
means in his power, the educational interests of the people of his community, 
moved to levy a tax of two mills on the taxable property of the District, for the 
purpose of procuring a site for a Union Schoolhouse and to aid in building the 
same. The motion carried, and a committee was appointed to select a site for 
the building. The spot chosen was a plot of vacant ground, known as the 
Wallace property, lying immediately south of the railroad and between Wash- 
ington and Jefferson streets, now First East and First West streets. A com- 
mittee was immediately appointed to negotiate for its purchase, the names of the 
gentlemen composing that committee being D. P. Stubbs, W. H. Jordan and 
S. Light, who purchased the property for $900, and in the spring of 1864, it 
was fenced and planted Avith trees. 

The Board decided to erect upon these lots a building, the cost of 
which should not exceed $20,000, and plans for the building were invited. At 
the annual meeting, held March 13, 1865, the action of the Board was ratified 
by the people. 

A contract was eventually made with Mr. McLean, for 200,000 brick at 
$6.60 per thousand, and a plan of the building prepared by Mr. Daniel Young, 
was adopted. It had been decided that the dimensions of the building should 
be 84 feet long by 50 feet in width, three stories high, with a basement 7 feet 
in height ; the walls to be 2 feet thick above the ground wall, which was to be 
3 feet in thickness, with inside walls of 2 feet. The building, which is a 
structure of real magnificence, was completed in the year 1868, at a cost of 
about $18,000. George Craine was the contractor and builder. 

At an election held May 4, of the same year, the School Directors were 
authorized to issue bonds to the amount of $20,000. And be it said to the 
credit of the District of Fairfield, these bonds have at this date (1878) all 
been redeemed, and this fine building, dedicated to the cause of learning, left 
entirely free from debt. 

The following comprises the present corps of teachers : Rev. W. M. Sparr, 
Superintendent and Principal of High School; Ann S. Averill, Assistant. 
Teachers in Intermediate Department — Mrs. Jennie Bonar, Miss Anna Farmer, 
Miss Mattie Shaffer, Mrs. C. H. Fowler and Miss Grace Temple. Primary 
Department — Miss Phemia Ramsey, Miss Clara Musselman, Mrs. E. Hochuly,. 
Mrs. P. H. Brown and Mrs. J. H. Stever. 

parsons' college. 

Lewis B. Parsons, Sr., was the fourth son of Capt. Charles Parsons, an^ 
officer in the Revolutionary war. He was a merchant of most decided charac- 
ter, and, a Christian from his youth, he carried his religious convictions into 
his business. With him it was a Christian duty to work ; and, at the close of 
an active life, which terminated at Detroit, Mich., December 21, 1855, while 
visiting a son, he had acquired what was considered in those days a fortune. 



474 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

Such sums as he could spare from his mercantile operations, he invested in wild 
Iowa lands. He was at all times impressed with the importance of education 
and Christianity as above all things needful in the development and progress of 
the new State. 

As indicative of the character of the founder of Parsons' College, we quote 
that portion of his will, to which the institution owes its present existence : 

Item 7. — Having long been convinced that the future welfare of our country, the perma- 
nency of its institutions, the progress of the divine religion and an enlightened Christianity 
greatly depended upon the diffusion of education and correct moral and religious influence, and 
having, during my life-time, used, to some small extent, the means given me by my Creator, in 
accordance with these convictions, and being desirous of still advancing objects so worthy as far 
as in my power lies, I do, therefore, after the foregoing bequests and the reasonable expenses of 
administration, give and bequeath the residue of my estate, together with my Natural History 
of New York and my small cabinet of minerals to my said executors and the survivors or survivor 
of them in trust, to be, by them, used and expended in forwarding and endowing an institution 
of learning in the State of Iowa, or to be expended — if it shall be deemed best by my said 
executors— in aiding and endowing an institution which may have been already established. 
And while I would not desire said insiitution to be strictly sectarian in its character, yet, believ- 
ing its best interests require it should be under the control of some religious denomination, I 
therefore direct that it shall be under the Trustees, Presbytery or Synod, connected with that 
branch of the Presbyterian Church distinguished as the New School, or Constitutional General 
Assembly of said Church, until such time (which, I trust, may speedily come) when a union of 
the two branches of said Church shall be honorably accomplished ; then to be made the care of 
said United Church. 

The adoption or location of the institution, with the general regulations and proper restric- 
tions to be connected therewith, I confide to the sound discretion of my executors, with the full 
assurance that, as they know my general views and statements, they will take pleasure, when 
my spirit shall have departed hence and my memory alone remains with them, in using their 
best endeavors to carry out my wishes and make most effectual and useful this bequest. 

The will was executed December 5, 1<S55, and was probated in the County 
Court of Lee County July 21, 1856. 

At the meeting of the Synod of Iowa, South, held in Des Moines October 
17, 1874, a committee of three from each Presbytery was appointed to examine 
the field and determine the grade of institution provided for by the will, and 
secure a location. 

This committee consisted of Rev. John Armstrong, Chairman ; Rev. W. G. 
Craig, D. D., and Rev. Carson Reed, who opened correspondence with Gen. 
Lewis B. Parsons, Jr., representing the executor of the will, and also with those 
towns in the State desiring the location of the institution. 

The Executive Committee met Gen. Parsons at Ottumwa December 2, 1874, 
and, together, the proposed sites were inspected. That at Fairfield seemed most 
desirable, and a proposition was submitted to the citizens agreeing to locate the 
Synodical College here, provided the sum of $27,000 was raised and the refusal 
of the several parcels of lan.l obtained at the prices which had been named by 
the respective owners. 

The sum mentioned was demanded in negotiable notes payable in four equal 
installments, at the expiration of three, six, twelve and eighteen months from 
the date of the incorporation of the Board of Trustees. 

This proposition was accepted by the citizens of Fairfield Dec. 11, 1874, 
and its requirements fulfilled within the specified time. 

Parsons College was thereupon incorporated Feb. 24, 1875, with a govern- 
ment of thirty Trustees, the first of whom were as follows : James F. Wilson, 
Willis G. Craig, Benjamin F. Allen, Charles Negus, Lewis B. Parsons, Charles 
Parsons, John Armstrong, William Elliott, G. A. Wells, Carson Reed, James 
F. Robertson, George B. Smythe, William W. Jamison, Thomas H. Cleland, 
Jr., Samuel M. Osmond, C. C. Cole, Matthew L. P. Hill, Hiram H. Kellogg, 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 475 

Alexander Scott, Samuel Noble, John H. Whiting, William Bradley, Henry 
B. Knight, Thomas D. Wallace, Warren S. Dungan, Charles D. Nott, James 

D. Mason, John Calvin McClintock, Thomas Officer and James H. Potter. 
The Articles of Incorporation provide that the President of the College and 

sixteen out of the thirty Trustees shall always be members of the Presbyterian 
Church. 

The legacy transferred to the Board of Trustees consisted of about thirty- 
eight hundred acres of unimproved land, and about $4,000 in notes. The 
College has realized from the sale of lands about $27,000, with 1,329 acres 
remaining unsold with an estimated value of $12,000. 

The site selected was what was known as the " Jordan property," to the 
north of Fairfield, but now within the city limits. The price paid for the 
twenty acres with the improvements was $13,300. The College was opened 
Sept. 8, 1875, in the building on the ground at the time of purchase, but, in 
December following, the present new building was ready for occupancy. The 
institution is now in successful operation. 

The following compose the Faculty : Rev. John Armstrong, A. M., Presi- 
dent, Professor of English Literature, History and Moral Philosophy ; Rev. S. 
T. Boyd ; Rev. Alex. (x. Wilson, A. M., Professor of Latin and Greek Lan- 
guages and Literature, Rector of Academical Department ; Rev. Albert Mc- 
Calla, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Physics, Secretary of the Faculty; 
Richard J. Mohr, M. D., Lecturer on Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene ; 
Cyrus Lee Stevens, A. C, Tutor, Librarian ; Henry G. Behoteguy, Instructor 
m French. 

THE JEFFERSON COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY. 

The Jefferson County Library Association was organized on Friday, March 
i!0, 1853, with the following as its first officers : Robert McElhinny, President; 
Ward Lamson, W. R. Wells, John Davis, H. D. Gibson, W. E. Groffand C. 

E. Noble, Directors. At a meeting of the Board, held April 16 following, 
Ward Lamson was elected Treasurer, and C. E. Noble, Secretary. Previous 
to this date, however, Mr. Lamson had raised $415, in sums from $1 to $50, to 
found a library, and to him belongs the honor of founding this society. 

The code of by-laws was prepared by W. R. Wells, H. D. Gibson and W. 
E. Groff, and adopted June 20, 1853. June 29, Dr. J. M. Shaffer was appointed 
Librarian, and, July 22, John D. Page, Assistant, but he soon after removed 
to California. 

In the mean time, Mr. Lamson had gone to Boston at his own expense, and 
made the first purchase of books, which arrived some time in June. The Board 
secured a room from Charles Negus, in the Negus & Winn block, February 
28, 1854, the books were formally accepted, although in their purchase Mr. 
Lamson had not followed the Articles of Incorporation wherein it was provided 
that — 

The funds of the Association, so far as relates to the purchase of books, are to be invested 
exclusively in historical, biographical and scientific works, thereby excluding the purchase of 
novels and romances. 

In this purchase, which included Thackeray, Hawthorne, Cooper, and 
many other great novelists, Mr. Lamson expended a considerable sum above 
the amount raised by subscription, and an order was made that the excess be 
refunded in one year, and 10 per cent interest allowed. 

In 1854, Robert McElhinny was re-elected President, and the following 
composed the Board of Directors: John W. DuBois, W. R. Wells, B. B. Tuttle, 
Dr. J. T. Moberly, Ward Lamson and Dr. J. M. Shaffer. From this time, for 



476 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

many years forward, the library was " very sick." In an address delivered 
by Dr. J. M. Shaffer, on the twenty-first anniversary of the Association, 
which occurred March 20, 1874, he describes after his own manner the con- 
dition of the young organization, albeit the speaker fails to take to himself 
proper credit for his own labors, in preserving the life of the patient for many 
years. 

" It had all the diseases of infancy — the measles of melancholy days — the 
scarlatina of superstitious reverence for worn-out traditions — the mumps of 
malevolence indicated more than once — the ' hooping-cough ' of hypocritical 
howlers, and how many kinds of rashes ? — breakings-out in the cuticle and 
under the cuticle, red gum, yellow gum — and then during its period of denti- 
tion ! The heart trembles to think of it, and if it had not been for Dr. Ward 
Lamson, Dr. C. W. Slagle, Dr. Robert McElhinny, and a few others, whom 
we will mention directly, it could not have survived those perilous days. At 
one time, the patient was what worldly people call ' on its last legs.' It had a 
most remarkable paralysis for several years. There was an almost entire loss 
of sensation, and of motion there was not the least sign. 

"■ Strange to say, there was not any appreciable loss of flesh, nor change in 
the complexion — and, like any other chronic case of sickness, people forgot to 
inquire about it, and very many believed it was dead and buried long ago. 
Now there happened a wonderful thing. It was at the annual consultation of 
the doctors and friends of the patient on the third Friday of March, 1868. 
The principal physician and his second adviser [the speaker. — Ed.]. alone were 
present. It was ordered that steps be at once taken to summon additional 
counsel, and Drs. George H. Case, C. S. Shaffer, George Acheson and H. G. 
Knepp were brought into the presence. These six magnanimous workers 
elected a board of counselors, passed resolutions declaring the patient fairly 
convalescent, and calling upon everybody to come and watch with it, give it the 
medicine regularly, nurse it carefully ; and, by St. Paul, the girls came, and of 
course the boys followed ; the old ladies came, and of course their husbands 
followed ; and what, with good treatment and good nursing it not only recov- 
ered, but has grown to be such a tremendous fellow that already the doctors 
are looking out for larger rooms to accommodate his increased proportions." 

In 1855, J. F. Wilson and D. Sheward took the places of DuBois and 
Moberly, as Directors. The next year, William B. Littleton took the place of 
Lamson on the Board. 

In 1857, Lamson was chosen President ; J. M. Shaffer, George Bond, 
Wickliffe M. Clark and W. W. Junkin, Managers. Junkin was chosen Secre- 
tary, but, as there was no meeting, no record was made. 

In 1858, Ward Lamson was re-elected President, and C. W. Slagle, W. H. 
Jordan, C. S. Clarke, J. M. Slagle, J. M. Shaffer and John Shuffleton, 
Directors. 

" At this meeting, on motion of Mr. Negus, the stockholders paid me my 
salary. I had acted as Librarian for five years, keeping the room open on 
Saturday afternoons ; the friends were anxious to make a tangible exhibition of 
their appreciation of distinguished and faithful services. The sum named was 
$10, and the resolution was carried unanimously. That is one of the great 
secrets of my pecuniary success in life — doing good work and getting pay 
for it ! [The Library was located in the private office of Dr. Shaffer, the 
Librarian, on the west side of the square. — Ed]. 

" It was a public place on the street, the books could be seen at all times, 
and the Library was open every day of the year — thus saving $40 per year 



ii 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 477 

rent, and securing the services of a Librarian without the expectation of his being 
required to pay the sum of $2 per year. 

" We studied diligently the use of courteous language, polite address and the 
most winning of influences to persuade men that here, for the paltry considera- 
tion of $3 they might drink of perennial fountains, that would spring up within 
them a well of infinite pleasure and delight. All these arts and all this elo- 
quence proved utterly futile ; and we want no better illustration of the dogma 
of total depravity than the startling fact that my next-door neighbor (a vender 
of peanuts, cakes, beer and candy) grew rich and increased in goods, while the 
Library languished or only maintained its existence. The result may also 
prove that, while every man has a stomach, very few have brains." 

In 1861, John Bond was elected President ; J. F. Wilson, John Shuffleton, 
C. S. Clarke, Ward Lamson, L. F. Boerstler and William H. Jordan, Direct- 
ors. Ward Lamson was made Secretary and Mrs. C. S. Clarke, Librarian. 
The latter declining, George A. Wells was substituted, at an estimated salary 
of $12.50 per year, out of which he was to furnish rent, fuel and stationery. 
In 1862, the stockholders met at Slagle & Acheson's office. John Bond was 
continued as President, and C. W. Slagle took the place of J. F. Wilson in the 
Board. In December of this year, G. A. Wells resigned the office of Librarian, 
and S. Light was elected in his stead, at the same compensation. In 1863, C. 
W. Slagle was promoted to the Presidency. W. Lamson, W. H. Jordan, John 
Shufiieton, J. M. Shaffer, C. S. Clarke and W. W. Junkin were elected 
Directors. The Board re-elected Lamson Secretary, and S. Light continued as 
Librarian. Dr. Shaffer continues : 

" And now we reach an item which shall redound to the everlasting honor 
of our friend and townsman James F. Wilson, who receives the thanks of the 
society for his interest in the Library. To him we are indebted for the best 
reference library in the West. And when the sum is added up and the total 
announced, if James F. Wilson's name is not associated with the greatest num- 
ber and most valuable set of books pertaining to the history of this Government, 
its laws, institutions, workings and efforts in every direction, then you will scan 
our catalogues in vain." 

The officers in 1864 were the same as the year previous, except that Samuel 
C. Farmer and William Long took the places of W. W. Junkin and W. H. 
Jordan. March 17, 1865, the stockholders met at S. Light's store, and, C. W. 
Slagle being re-elected President, the following were chosen Directors : Ward 
Lamson, C. S. Clarke, George A. Wells, William Long, A. T. Wells and J. H. 
Wells. On May 16, of the same year, A. T. Wells was chosen Librarian, a 
position he has filled from that day to the present. Of A. T. Wells, Dr. 
Shaffer remarked : 

" To him more than any one person we are indebted for the growth, useful- 
ness and prosperity of the Library. He has done all sorts of work for it, even 
performing menial services for the love of the cause. Upon him has devolved 
the care of the room and the books, the removals from place to place, the 
whole interior working of its finances, its records, the collection of its accounts, 
ami a hundred details known only to those who comprehend the entire situa- 
tion. The grateful thanks of this community are due him for his ceaseless 
labor and intelligent effort in behalf of the Library." 

In December, 1867, the Jefferson County Monumental Association turned 
over its funds to the Library, with the provisions: 1st. That the funds be used 
only to procure a permanent building or room for the Library ; 2d, That in 
such building or room a memorial of the deceased soldiers of Jefferson County 



478 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

be erected. This money was placed at interest until such time as the provisions 
could be carried out. 

In 1868, C. W. Slagle was re-elected President, J. M. Shaffer, Edward 
Campbell, Jr., A. T. Wells, Ward Lamson, George H. Case and C. S. Clarke 
Directors. At this meeting, already referred to as consisting of C. W. Slagle, 
H. G. Knepp, Geo. H. Case, J. M. and C. S. Shaffer and George Acheson, a 
new era dawned in the history of the Association. During that year, nine 
meetings were held, and the attendance indicated that the Library had received 
a new impetus. 

The great question was, " How can we keep open the Library at least two 
days in each week without expense to the society?" The problem was solved 
by Ed. Campbell, Jr., and, acting under his suggestion; dating from June 
10, the work was confided to young ladies, who managed it admirably, keeping 
at least two of their number at the Library each Wednesday and Saturday. 
At this period of its existence. Miss Fannie Slagle deserves especial mention 
for several years of continued and faithful service as an assistant Librarian. 

At the annual meeting in 1869, the old officers were re-elected, except that 
J. F. Wilson took the place of George H. Case. Dr. Shaffer concluded his 
address in these words : 

" Now came a dark day — a day of reproach and confusion. The entire 
dues of 1868 were only $21.80, while the rent and express charges were over 
$100. What was to be done ? For George Stever held our warrant for $120, 
and he could have wound us up and sold out the concern. Mrs. Dr. Clarke 
and Mrs. C. W. Slagle appointed themselves a committee, and determined to pay 
the debt by voluntary contributions of the married ladies. None of the maid- 
ens or masculines were asked for a single cent ; but by some means. Misses 
Maggie Jeffers and Mary Hamilton got mixed up in the crowd of one hun- 
dred and fifteen who paid $126.10. You may imagine how supremely glad 
Stever was when I paid him the $120 and elevated the warrant. Once more 
out of the slough of debt and on the smooth rolling road of prosperity, 
through the labors and efforts of Mrs. Dr. Clarke and Mrs. C W. Slagle." 

" The little ones also gave an entertainment, under the direction of Miss 
Kate Rowland, and paid $23.75 to our Treasurer as the net proceeds." 

In 1870, the only change made in the directory was that W. R. Wells took 
the place of C. S. Clarke. 

In 1871, at the annual meeting, there were present thirteen stockholders. 
C. W. Slaofle was kept in the presidential chair, and A. T. Wells, J. M. Shaf- 
fer, C. D. Leggett, Scott Jordan, D. B. Wilson and C. S. Clarke were elected 
Directors. 

In 1872, fourteen stockholders were present. Charles S. Clarke was 
elected President, and C. W. Slagle, Charles Negus and Ward Lamson, Direc- 
tors. The Board elected J. M. Shaffer Secretary and A. S. Jordan Treasurer. 
It was determined this year to use the fund placed in the possession of the 
Association for that purpose, and secure a better room for the Library. The 
proposition of Evan Craine and William McComb was accepted, and, on No- 
vember 18, the first meeting of the Board was held in the Library-room in 
Craine's new building. Eight hundred dollars were paid in cash, which secured 
the room for ten years, free of rent; and in case of the building being destroyed 
by fire, the owners are bound to rebuild or refund the sum paid them. 

In compliance with the second stipulation of the Monumental Association, 
an effort was made on Decoration Day, 1873, to' procure the names of all 
deceased soldiers,, with photographs and sketches of their lives, but with little 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 479 

success. The ceremonies of the dedication of the new room occurred Novem- 
ber 25, 1872, with speeches, readings and music. 

At the annual stockholders' meeting, March, 1873, J. F. Wilson was elected 
President, and C W. Slagle, N. S. Averill, Hubert O'Donnell, Charles S. 
Clarke, J. M. Shaffer and Charles Negus, Directors. The Board continued 
J. M. Shaffer as Secretary, and elected C. S. Clarke Treasurer. Clarke 
resigned his position as Dii'ector and Treasurer the following November, and 
Edward McKnight was elected to the vacancy in the Directorship. C. W. 
Slagle was elected Treasurer. 

In 1874, fifty-two stockholders attended the annual meeting. No change in 
officers was made except that A. T. Wells succeeded N. S. Averill as Director. 
The officers of the Board continued as in the previous year. 

January 23, 1875, the society purchased an organ of David Acheson for 
$250. 

In 1875, the stockholders again elected J. F. Wilson, President, and A. T. 
Wells, Ward Lamson, C. W. Slagle, G. W. Phelps, Thomas L. Huffman and 
N. S. Averill, Directors, after which, on motion of C. W. Slagle, the following 
resolution was unanimously adopted : 

Resolved, That the thanks of the Association be tendered to J. M. Shaffer for his labors as 
Secretary ; that we express our sense of obligation to him for his zeal and industry in thn dis- 
charge of his duties, and our i-egret that by reason of his proposed change of residence, he declinei 
any farther official connection with the Library. 

The Board elected N. S. Averill, Secretary, and C. W. Slagle was con- 
tinued in charge of the treasury. 

For the year 1876, no change was made in Directors, except the retirement 
of G. W. Phelps and the substitution of William R. Wells. The Board con- 
tinued N, S. Averill and C. W. Slagle as Secretary and Treasurer. 

At a meeting of the Board November 1, 1876, the thanks of the Library 
Association were tendered "an unknown party" who, through Hon. James F. 
Wilson, had presented the Library with $1,000 in cash, and in February fol- 
lowing, they acknowledge the receipt of a new sewing machine, presented by 
the Wheeler & Wilson Sewing Machine Company. 

In 1877, J. F. Wilson is still President ; A. T. Wells, Thomas L. Huffman, 
C. W. Slagle, Ward Lamson, Rev. H. E. Wing, Samuel C. Farmer, Jr., Direct- 
ors ; Samuel C. Farmer, Jr., Secretary, and C. W. Slagle, Treasurer. 

At the annual meeting, March, 1878, 0. L. Hackett succeeded Rev. H, E. 
Wing, as Director ; otherwise the Board remains as in the previous year. 0. 
L. Hackett elected Secretary ; C. W. Slagle, Treasurer. 

At this date, December!, 1878, there are in the Library, bound volumes, 
5,960 ; pamphlets and other unbound volumes, 2,500 ; specimens in marine 
cabinet, including shells, corals, sponges, etc., 480; in geological cabinet, 600; 
specimens in natural history, 175 ; in vegetable kingdom, 300 ; miscellaneous 
curiosities, 150. 

The record kept by Mr. Wells, the Librarian, is a very complete exhibit of 
the growth of the library. In 1872, the receipts from all sources amounted to 
$44.10 ; number of visitors, 850 ; number of books read, 630. In 1873, 
receipts, $358.90; number of visitors, 2,169; number of books read, 1,122. 
In 1874, receipts, $287.10; visitors, 6,325 ; books, read, 3,525. In 1875, 
receipts, $706.05; visitors, 8,808; books read, 6,108. In 1876, receipts, 
$1,350.10; visitors, 9,971 ; books read, 6,850. In 1877, receipts, $798.10 ; 
visitors, 16,983 ; books read, 8,920. 

The first purchase of books was 515 volumes. The present number of 
volumes, bound and unbound, 8,460 ; an average increase of 326 per year. 



480 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

In closing this sketch of an institution which is an honor to the people, 
who, by their support, have brought it to its present high state of usefulness, 
special mention should be made of the four persons most closely identified with 
its history. 

To Ward Lamson, Esq., whose love of education and a desire to stimulate 
the mind of the community to a more advanced plane of thought, led him to 
conceive the establishment of a public library, marked praise should be 
awarded. 

When Lamson had planted. Dr. J. M. Shaffer came to cultivate, and, as 
Librarian for many years without compensation or hope of reward, right nobly did 
he discharge his work. It is no disparagement to Mr. Lamson to say that but 
for the energy, the liberality, the patience and persistent industry of Dr. Shaf- 
fer, the seed he planted would have gone to decay, and instead of a library and a 
museum of which not only the county, but the State may be proud, there 
would be now but the memory of the effort to remind the people that such an 
institution had ever been contemplated. 

Hon. James F. Wilson, during his long term in public life, ever remem- 
bered the little library at home. His residence at Washington, and association 
with prominent men of the nation, gave him superior advantages of which the 
Library has received the benefit. His individual contributions to the Associa- 
tion have been frequent and liberal, and through his efforts have been secured 
a large portion of its present valuable collections. 

And finally, due credit must be given A. T. Wells, Esq., the present 
Librarian, for his very efficient management of the details of the Library. 

LECTURE COURSE. 

In October, 1876, 0. L. Hackett, Esq., a son of Providence, R. 
I., inaugurated measures that resulted in the establishment of a regular 
lecture and amusement course. The enterprise has been well sustained by the 
Fairfield public, who by this means are affbrded a series of amusing and 
instructive entertainments that could not have been otherwise secured. Among 
the lecturers and readers that have been induced to visit Fairfield through Mr. 
Hackett's agency, are Wendell Phillips, Rev. David Swing, Rev. Robert 
Collyer, Gen. Kilpatrick, Helen Potter, Laura Dainty and others. The 
great secret of Mr. Hackett's success is the fact that previous to his coming 
West he was for ten years a member of diff"erent lecture committees, and not 
only enjoys a personal acquaintance with many of the prominent lecturers in 
the country, but also knows what kind of talent will suit the people. 

THE PRESS. 

"But mightiest of the mighty means, 
On which the arm of progress leans, 
Man's noblest mission to advance, 
His woes assuage, his weal enhance, 
His rights enforce, his wrongs redress — 
Mightiest of mighty is the Press." 

The principal facts embodied in this chapter are compiled from an article 
entitled "Silver Paper Anniversary — a Retrospect of Newspaper Life in Fair- 
field," prepared by W. W. Junkin, Esq. (the oldest continuous editor in the 
State), and published in the Fairfield Ledger on the 22d of May, 1878. 

" The editor of the Ledger first set type at the age of ten years in the 
office of the Wheeling (Va.) Argus. His parents removed to Iowa in 1844. 
In the fall of 1847, he commenced again an apprenticeship in the office of the 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 481 

Iowa Sentinel., which had been established in Fairfield, by A. R. Sparks, that 
year. In the summer of 1848, Mr. Sparks sold the Sentinel to Ezra Brown 
and R. B. Pope. This threw the Ledger boy out of emplo^^ment, but Mr. 
Sparks kindly procured him a situation at Des Moines, with Barlow Granger, 
and he aided in issuing the first number of the Star, in June, 1848, being the 
first paper printed in that city. He remained at Des Moines several months, 
and shortly after his return to Fairfield secured a situation on the Ottumwa 
Courier, published bv Street & Warden, where he stayed during the winter of 
1848-49. 

"In November, 1849, Orlando McCraney established the Ledger., and was 
anxious that its present editor should enter into partnership with him; but a 
situation as a compositor was all he desired, and this he secured. In the 
spring of 1851, he left Fairfield, going as directly as the state of his finances 
would permit, to Richmond, Va., where he remained in the State printing 
office for nearly tv/o years. 

" May 16, 1853, he returned to his home at Fairfield, and found A. R. 
Fulton in possession of the Ledger, or the Ledger in possession of Fulton. 
On the 26th of May following, he purchased a half-interest of Fulton for $450, 
and commenced the newspaper business and the battle of life in earnest. This 
partnership continued very pleasantly until August 14, 1854. The business 
was not profitable for two persons, and, after a little preliminary arrangement, 
Mr. Fulton retired, receiving $450 for his interest in the office. With kindly 
aid and encouragement, Mr. Junkin took hold of the business with the inten- 
tion of making an influential local and paying newspaper. In the latter 
direction, he succeeded much better than in the former, believing at this 
time that there never was a year that he did not make more money than he 
spent. 

" The life of the Ledger and its editor has been uneventful. He stuck to 
business and improved his paper as his means and ability gave him opportunity. 
He found warm friends who aided him by their wise counsel, and can now 
number over one hundred names on the subscription-books which were placed 
there twenty-five years ago. These friends will stick to him while life lasts. 
Thousands of other friends have continued to aid and encourage him, and at 
this time there are about one thousand on the books whom the editor regards as 
his personal friends. 

" On the 8th of August, 1868, Mr. Junkin formed a partnership with 
Ralph Robinson, receiving $2,500 for one-half interest in the office. This 
partnership continued pleasantly and profitably until January 5, 1875, when 
Mr. Robinson retired, receiving $4,500 for the interest that he had previously 
purchased for $2,500. Power-presses and other improvements had enhanced 
the value of the office." 

When Mr. Robinson retired, Mr. Charles M. Junkin, a son of the " oldest 
continuous editor in Iowa," succeeded hiiu as co-manager, bringing with him not 
only the experience he ac({uired under the careful direction of his father, but 
in the Government printing office at Washington City. 

The 25th of May last completed the silver anniversary of Mr. Junkin's 
connection with the Ledger, and as he had married in 1854, and raised a son 
(and seven oth.-r children — four girls and three boys) and schooled him in the 
"art preservative," he admitted that son (Charles M.) to an interest in the 
business. The Ledger is now conducted under the firm name of W. W. & C. 
M. Junkin. 



482 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

Mr. Junkin continues : 

" This article is longer than was intended, but it would not be completed 
did it not give a brief history of the newspaper business in Fairfield. This will 
necessarily be imperfect, as files of the newspapers published here cannot be 
procured. 

" The Iowa Sentinel (Democratic) was started in June, 1847, by A. R. 
Sparks. In 1848, it was sold to Brown & Pope. Mr. Pope died, and the 
paper was then sold to D. Sheward, who continued its publication until 1854, 
when his bi'other W. H. Sheward took possession and run it until 1855, when 
it died the death. The material was purchased by D. N. Smith, and the editor of 
the Ledger very complacently packed up the material for shipment to Corning. 

" The Fairfield Jeffersonian was started September 18, 1857, by T. Buckey 
Taylor. In two weeks, Mr. Taylor tired of a Democratic paper, and sold to H. 
N. Moore and I. J. Tolan. This partnership did not continue long, Mr. Moore 
retired, and the paper was published by Tolan & Hanna. In a short time, Mr. 
Moore connected himself with the paper again. Then Tolan & Hanna went 
out, and Samuel Jacobs became Mr. Moore's partner. Sometime in ] 860, Mr. 
Jacobs retired, and, in the fall of that year, Mr. Moore closed the publication of 
the Jeffersonian, and shortly afterward, Mr. Junkin bought the material. 

" The Constitution and Union was started by D. Sheward on the 8th of 
August, 1861, and was discontinued in the fall of 1863. 

" In the fall of 1864, Rev. A. Axline started the Home Visitor, an educa- 
tional journal. He formed a partnership with R. H. Moore, and, in 1866, we 
believe, A. R. Fulton became connected with it. In the fall of 1867, W. B. 
Murray bought Mr. Fulton's interest. In December, 1867, the editor of the 
Ledger concluded that the Visitor had run long enough, and made a proposi- 
tion to purchase it, which was gladly accepted by Mr. Axline. The material 
was merged in the Ledger. In 1865, the lotva Democrat was started, and con- 
tinued until the grange excitement culminated in a desire for a county organ. 
The Lowa Democrat ceased to live, and on the 10th of January, 1874, the 
Lndustrial Era made its appearance with I. T. Flint and J. B. Kent, proprietors. 
Mr. Kent soon dropped out, as it was much work and no pay. Mr. Flint 
struggled on until September, 1875, when it gave up the ghost. The restart- 
ing of the Iowa Democrat early in 1875, by M. M. Bleakmore, had something 
to do with the demise of the Era. The loiva Democrat was continued until 
August, 1877, when it was purchased by Woodward & Edwards, who changed 
the name to Fairfield Democrat.'' 

In April, 1878, Frank Green purchased the Democrat material and changed 
the name of the paper to the Fairfield Tribune, under which name the paper is 
continued. On the 20th of April, 0. L. Hackett became associate editor with 
Mr. Green, and, under their joint management, the Tribune promises to master 
the vicissitudes and trials that crippled and destroyed so many of its party pred- 
ecessors. 

RELIGIOUS INTERESTS. — METHODST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 

The first sermon preached in Fairfield, by a Methodist, was by Rev. Jesse 
Herbert,* who was appointed to the Richland (Iowa) Mission, from the Illinois 

* The writer is of tlie opinion that this name should be Hobart. There were twin brothers of the name of Hobart, 
who were both Methodist preachers and members of the Illinois Conference in those days. They were appointed to 
the work in Iowa in early times. Chauncy Hobart was assigned to duty in Cedar and adjoining counties in 183G, and 
remained there some two years. When Minnesota began to be settled up, he was sent up there as a missionary, where 
he has ever since remained in the harness. He is now an old man and a resident of Red Wing, Goodhue County, 
where the writer met him in August of this year (1878). Incapacitated by old age from active work, he is held in 
reserve for urgent calls. He was elected Chaplain to the House of Representatives during the last session of the Min- 
nesota Legislature. During the writer's interview with him in August, he spoke of a brother Jesse, which inclines 
the writer to the opinion that it was Jesse Hobarl, and not Jesse Herbert that preached the first Methodist sermon in 
Fairfield. These twin brothers were pioneer missionaries of Methodism in Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. — B. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 48 S 

Annual Conference, which met at Bloomington, in that State, September 11^ 
1839. His first visit to Fairfield was in March, 1840, and, on the 16th of that 
month, he organized a class, with David Bowman and wife, Mrs. Nancy Shields, 
" Old Father Herrington," Mrs. Elizabeth Dickey and Mrs. Elizabeth A. Cul- 
bertson as members ; David Bowman, Leader. 

The place of preaching at the time of founding the society was at Thomas 
Dickey's tavern, but succeeding meetings were held at the Court House. The 
first quarterly meeting was held in the winter of 1840-41, at which the Pre- 
siding Elder, Rev. Henry Summers, was present. " This sinewy and self- 
sacrificing itenerant traversed nearly all the settled portions of Iowa Territory, 
and many a thrilling and startling incident can he tell of pioneer life." He 
was peculiarly fitted for the work in which he was engaged, and his memory 
is dear to the early settlers with whom he came in contact, without regard ta 
sect or creed. 

At this first quarterly meeting were added to the Church : Charles Negus, 
Mrs. Elizabeth De Puy and an unmarried sister of her husband. Job C. Sweet 
and wife, Capt. T. D. Evans and wife, and Alexander Fulton and wife.f 

Mr. Herbert (as the name was given to the writer) did not return to the 
work after his visit in March, but was succeeded in the fall of that year by Rev. 
Moses F. Shinn. 

In the spring of 1844, the membership of the Church had increased to 
twenty-eight. In April, Captain Evans presented the Church with Lot No. 4, 
Block No. 21, old plat of the town of Fairfield, and an eff"ort was made to erect 
a house of worship, considerable material for which was gathered ; but it was four 
years later before work was actually begun on a brick church, 45x60 feet, which 
was completed in 1850, at a cost of about $2,200. In 1852, a comfortable par- 
sonage was completed, the building of which was superintended by Rev. D. N.. 
Smith. 

The first Sunday school was organized in January, 1852, with T. D, Evans, 
Superintendent. 

In 186y, a division occurred in the Church, a minority withdrawing under 
the leadership of Rev. W. C. Shippen. This division built what was known 
as " Harmony Church," now occupied as the court-room of the county. In 
1876, the two churches re-united, and the present beautiful and commodious 
church was erected, at a cost, including the two lots occupied, of about $18,- 
000. The laying of the corner-stone of this church was a feature of the Fourth 
of July exercises, at Fairfield, in 1877. We quote from the Ledger : 

" This was very interesting and pleasing. Prof. Fellows, of Iowa City, 
conducted the exercises, assisted by Rev. Carson Reed, and delivered an address 
very appropriate and comprehensive. After the memorials were deposited in 
the beautiful white sandstone, Capt. W. T. Burgess made an address, which, 
for eloquence and beautiful arrangement, could not be excelled." 

The following-named ministers, in succession, have been in charge of this 
Church: Jesse Herbert, 1839-40; Moses F. Shinn, 1840-41; William B. 
Cooley, 1841-42 ; Robert Hawk, 1842-43 ; Joel Arrington, 1843-44 ; Hugh 
Gibson, 1844-45; Micajah Reeder, 1845-46, with Alvin Rucker, Assistant; 
Joseph Brooks, 1840-47 ; John Hayden, 1847 (two years), with James C Smith, 
Assistant; David N. Smith, 1849 (two years); Joseph McDowell, 1851-52; 

t An incident of this meeting is worthy of insertion: Capt. Evans had arrived in Fairfield but a few days pre 
vious, and liaving come from an older country his clothing was of a finer texture than the homespun of the earlier 
settlers and attracted attention. The Captain, rising to speak in love-feast, Father Herrington, whose piety was 
unquestioned, asked " Who is that getting up with broadcloth on ? " and seemed to feel that the new-comer needed, 
rebuking. However, after hearing the Captain's experience, he expressed his approval of man and manner. 



484 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

David N. Smith, 1852-53 ; L. B. Dennis, 1853-54 ; John Harris, 1854-55 ; 
Joseph Gasner, 1855 (two years) ; Peter F. Haltzinger, 1857-8 ; Sanford 
Haines, 1858-59; Joshua B. Hardy, 1859-60; John Burgess, 1860-61; 
Elias S. Briggs, 1861 (two years) ; David Worthington, 1863-64 ; S. Hestwood, 
1864 (two years) ; John Haynes, 1866-67 ; W. C Shippen, 1867 (two years), 
resigned in April of his second year, and vacancy supplied by John Hayden ; 
0. C. Shelton, 1869-70 ; E. H. Coddington, 1870 (three years) : J. H. Miller, 
1873-74 ; H. E. Uling, 1874 (three years) ; James Haynes, the present Pas- 
tor, 1877, and now entering on his second year. 

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 

The Presbyterian Church was organized October 2, 1841, at a meeting held 
for that purpose composed of the following-named persons : Solomon Mont- 
gomery and Elizabeth, his wife ; John Montgomery, Sulavan Ross and wife, 
John Hopkirk, Jonathan Young and wife, and James Young, nine in all. Of 
this nine, the first six had previously been connected with the Church in the 
States ; the last three were received on examination. 

Solomon Montgomery was elected the first Ruling Elder November 13, 
1841. In May, 1842, John Snook and wife and Walker Finley were added to 
the Church. Rev. L. G. Bell, familiarly called "Father Bell," was the first 
Pastor formally called to assume charge of the Church in October, 1842. He 
remained with the Church until 1849, on a salary of $150 per year. There is 
no record of his installment. The first church edifice was a frame, 24x34 
feet, built in 1842, by Father Bell, in whom the title remained, and there is no 
record of its dedication. This building, with a half-story added and otherwise 
altered, still stands on the corner of Second East and Second North streets, and 
is occupied by Thomas Cole as a dwelling. 

In the fall of 1849, Rev. Robert McGuigan was employed as Pastor half 
his time. 

The first brick church built by this organization Avas completed, and the 
first sermon preached by Rev. McGuigan, on the last Sabbath in December, 
1849. Rev. S. C. McC'une was Pastor from June. 1851, to January 1, 1865. 
Rev. W. Maynard began his ministrations May 1, 1865, and continued three 
years. The last Pastor, Rev. Carson Reed, was in charge from the first Sab- 
bath in December, 1868, until the second Sabbath in October, 1878, when he 
severed his connection. During Father Bells pastox-ate, the accessions to the 
Church were 34 on examination, and 111 on certificate; McGuigan, 1 on exam- 
ination, 5 on certificate ; McCune, 105 on examination, and 182 on certificate ; 
Maynard, 22 on examination, 58 by certificate ; Reed, 86 on examination, and 
132 by certificate. 

During the thirty-seven years of its existence, 248 members have been 
added to the Church on examination, of which number one (Bernard Slagle, 
now preaching in Indiana) has entered the ministry. 

The churches of Liberty ville and North Fairfield are offshoots of this 
Church. 

The present beautiful edifice of brick, 50x70 feet, erected at a cost, to date, 
of $14,000, is not completed in its interior arrangements, but has been occupied 
since the first Sabbath in November, 1877. The Church debt, amounting to 
$8,500, remained a cause of anxiety to the congregation, and it was determined 
to make a united effort to remove it. The Church being without a regular 
Pastor, the services of Dr. W. G. Craig, of Westminster Churcn, Keokuk, 
were secured for Sunday, November 17, 1878. So well was the work con- 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 485 

ducted, that the whole amount of indebtedness, and over f 500 in excess, was 
pledged on that day and the Monday following, to the infinite satisfaction of 
the members of the congregation and the community generally. 

THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, 

Fairfield, was visited in 1839 by Rev. Reuben Gaylord, a Congregational minis- 
ter, from Des Moines County, who is entitled to the honor of preaching the 
first sermon in the new town. In December, of that year, under his direction, 
a church was organized at the Court House, with twelve members : E. S. Gage, 
James and Harriet Cole, C. S. and Deborah Waugh, W. P. Charles, R. James, 
B. Sarah, Louisa, Caroline and David Hitchcock. E. S. Gage was chosen 
clerk and Treasurer of the Church. Through the influence of Rev. Asa 
Turner, of Denmark, Lee County, the father of Congregationalism in the 
West, the new Church secured the services of Rev. Julius A. Reed, who com- 
menced his labors November 28, 1840, under the patronage of the Home Mis- 
sionary Society, the Church, in aid of his support, raising $100 per annum. 
Mr. J. S. Waugh having presented the Church with a half-lot in Block 16, at 
a meeting held February 5, 1842, it was decided to erect a temporary house of 
worship, which was completed the same year at a cost some $300, subscribed 
by members of the Church and citizens generally. Rev. Mr. Reed continued 
his labors until August, 1845, when, having been appointed Missionary of the 
Society in Iowa, he resigned his charge. During the ministry of Rev. Mr. 
Reed, the Church was presented with a library by Phillips Academy, Andover, 
Mass. Rev. Mr. Reed was succeeded, November 1, 1845, by Rev. W. A. 
Thompson, of Massachusetts. In December, 1849, the Church purchased Lots 
5 and 6, Block 15, for $120, but a new church-building was not erected until 
1852. 

Rev. Mr. Thompson having accepted a call from the Church at Port Byron, 
111., his connection with the Church was dissolved in the summer of 1850, and 
in October of that year, a call was extended to Rev. George G. Rice, of Ver- 
mont, who officiated as Pastor one year, and was succeeded by Rev. Charles H. 
Gates, of Massachusetts, who began his labors December 7, 1851. The Church 
regretfully accepted his resignation June 1, 1856. 

Rev. R. Wilkinson presided over the Church from July, 1856, until June 
1, 1863, when he resigned his charge, and Rev. J. M. Williams was employed, 
temporarily, as Pastor. At a meeting of the Trustees, March 29, 1864, a call 
was extended him to become permanent Pastor, and accepted December 2, 1864. 
Mr. Williams was installed on the 28th of the same month, the Council con- 
sisting of Rev. Asa Turner, of Denmark; Rev. Daniel Lane, of Eddyville; 
Rev. Simon Brown, of Ottumwa ; Rev. James Kenned}^ of Clay ; and Rev. 
J. W. Picket, of Mount Pleasant. 

Rev. Mr. Williams continued as Pastor until the fall of 1866, when his 
connection with the Church was dissolved at his own request. In the fall of 
1866, a call was extended to Rev. E. T. Merrill, of Newton, Jasper County, 
and accepted. 

Mr. Merrill remained with the Church until May 20, 1872, and was suc- 
ceeded by Rev. C. Compton Burnett, who resigned May 21, 1877. The Church 
Avas without a Pastor until May 27, 1878, when Rev. R. M. Thompson assumed 
charge, but resigned November 6, 1878. 

The present membership of the Church is 150, and the average attend- 
ance at Sabbath school, of which Mrs. Juliet H. Stever is Superintendent, is 
104. 



486 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

Rev. W. A. Thompson, who removed to Port Byron, 111., in 1850, was, 
some two years afterward, drowned while crossing a slough near the Mississippi 
River, and not far from his home. Some weeks afterward, a convention of 
Congregational ministers was in session at Fort Madison, during which time 
the body of Mr. Thompson, which could not be found at the time of his death, 
was discovered floating in the river, brought ashore and identified by his brother 
ministers, many of whom knew him intimately. The circumstance cast a gloom 
over the convention, which was perceptible during the remainder of the session. 

ST. Peter's episcopal church. 

Bishop Jackson Kemper, first missionary Bishop of the Northwest, having 
jurisdiction over what are now six States, visited Fairfield and held service as 
early as I80O. 

The first regular missionary clergyman was Rev. William Adderly, of Bur- 
lington, who held monthly service in the third story of the brick building on 
the east side of the square, owned by Charles Negus. 

The first Vestry was elected March 24, 1856, and consisted of the following- 
named persons : P. L. Huyett, William Dunwoody, Hiram Foster, Henry B. 
Mitchell and Charles Negus. 

On the 26th of March, 1856, the Vestry passed a motion to erect a brick 
church according to the design of William Bassett. 

Rev. P. A. Johnson acted as Rector from 1857 to 1858. Rev. J. Hochaly 
became Rector in August, 1858, and held that position until March, 1864. 
The church was just inclosed when he took charge, and had an indebtedness of 
$600. In the winter of 1858, he went East to solicit funds, and collected about 
$2,200, of which $2,000 went to pay off" the indebtedness and finish the build- 
ing. The Church being out of debt, it was consecrated June 3, 1860, by the 
Right Rev. Bishop Henry W. Lee. 

Rev. P. I. Labagh became Rector in July, 1865, and continued for two 
years. He was succeeded by Rev. M. Kemp, who remained until the next year 
(1868). Rev. W. Y. Johnson became Rector in 1870, and remained until his 
death. He was succeeded by Rev. F. B. Nash April 2, 1876, for one year. 
The present Rector in charge is Rev. C. C. Burnett, and the Vestry are George 
D. Temple, P. I. Labagh, P. H. Hewlett, H. B. Mitchell and J. S. Lowell. 

THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 

The Christian Church of Fairfield was organized September 19, 1858. At 
the same meeting, John Van Nostrand, L. W. Murphy and Thomas Parkinson 
were appointed Elders ; John W. DuBois, Sr., and John M. Grafton, Deacons. 
At a subsequent meeting, in 1859, Robert Hastings and Clark Van Nostrand 
were appointed additional Deacons, and I. D. Jones appointed Clerk. 

From the original records we append the rule of faith, as defined by the 
Church : 

" We, the undersigned, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Fairfield, 
do hereby agree to take the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as our 
rule of faith and practice." 

The first preaching after the organization of the Church was by Elder Aaron 
Chatterton, (now deceased) of Oskaloosa. Meetings of the Church Avere held 
in the Court House until 1864, when the brick schoolhouse in the northeast 
district of the city was purchased for $300 by John C. McLelland, Clark Van 
Nostrand and John W. DuBois, Sr., from their own private funds. This was 
their place of meeting for several years, when, through the efforts of 1. D. 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 487 

Jones. Esq., the property was sold to Mr. Neiswanger, and the proceeds applied 
to the purchase from George H. Case, of the present church site. Thereupon, 
Articles of Incorporation under the laws of the State were entered upon the 
records April 24, 1858. The Trustees appointed were Clark Van Nostrand, 
Oeorge W. Flagg, I. D. Jones, John W. DuBois and J. J. Bell. 

March 8, 1871, a Building Committee was appointed, consisting of J. W. 
DuBois, Chairman ; Clark Van Nostrand, B. F. Crail, Joseph Ball and I. D. 
Jones ; and on the 13th of April following, a contract was made with David P. 
Lynn for the erection of a church-building, the cost of which should be $3,180. 
The edifice was completed according to contract, and on Sunday, November 5, 
1872, was dedicated by Elder Allen Hickey — the Trustees announcing, at the 
close of the meeting, to an overflowing house that the Church was free from 
debt. The present building is neat, plain and unostentatious, 36x55 feet, located 
in a retired part of the city, with pleasant surroundings. 

The present Trustees are John W. Du Bois, Clark Van Nostrand, Charles 
L. Cox, S. C. Hollister and I. D. Jones. 

BAPTIST CHURCH. 

The first Baptist minister who preached in Fairfield was Elder Will- 
iam Elliott, who made his home in Washington County, and had been 
preaching occasionally to a small congregation formed in the " Rich Woods" 
neighborhood. Hearing of some Baptist families who had recently settled in and 
near Fairfield, he visited the place in December, 1844. " Father Bell " kindly 
tendered the Presbyterian Church for his use, and, in the same month, he 
organized a church with the following persons as the original members : 

A. H. Brown and wife, their son Isaac H., and daughter Ellen ; Mr. 
Smith and wife, who had settled beyond Cedar Creek, in Liberty Township ; 
George W. Vance and wife ; William McKay, a single man, and William Bunnell 
and wife; eleven in all. A. H. Brown, still living in Fairfield, and William 
Bunnell, were the first Deacons. At that time, there were but two associations 
of the Baptist Church in the Territory of Iowa, and were known as the Des 
Moines and Davenport Associations. For a year after its organization, the Church 
held meetings at irregular intervals, as ministers from other localities visited them ; 
but in the fall of 1845, Elder Post was employed as Pastor, the Church securing a 
part of his time. The next summer, however, he removed to Pella, and, a year after- 
ward, died at that place. He was succeeded by Elder Ormsby, who had settled 
in Liberty Township, and divided his time between Fairfield and a new 
church organized in his own neighborhood. Elder Ormsby preached about one 
year, and removed back East. The next Pastor was Elder John Williams, 
who continued with the Church for several years. Rev. Isaac Leonard, of 
Burlington, succeeded Elder Williams, but supplied the Church about eighteen 
months only, when, owing to a throat affection, he was compelled to abandon 
the work 

There are no records of the Church history up to this date, and the fore- 
going facts have been furnished by Deacon Brown, from memory. 

In the year 1865, Elder Chauncy C. Derby assumed charge of the Church. 

In 1866, the Church experienced a revival, and many revivals, and com- 
pleted a brick chapel. Elder Derby's health failed, and he was obliged to quit 
preaching. He has been succeeded by Elders Robinson, Shonafelt, Frey and 
H. W. Thiele, present supply. A new and beautiful church and parsonage 
were completed in 1877, costing about $8,000. The Church suffered some loss 
in consequence of the failure of the contractor, and fraudulent claims, but it is 



488 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

now free from debt. In 1878, by an extraordinary effort and signal blessing 
of God, the total amount was amply provided for by subscription. The future 
prosperity of the Church is assured by its many advantages and past victories. 

LUTHERAN CHURCH. 

The Lutheran Church of Fairfield was organized with eight members, in 
1856. It assumed the name of " The First Evangelical Lutheran Church of 
Fairfield." It was received into the Synod of Iowa, and has always been in con- 
nection with the General Synod. Rev. A. Axline became its first Pastor, and 
served the Church for seventeen years. Rev. W. M. Sparr, its present Pastor, 
took charge of the Church in August, 1873. 

In 1858, the congregation erected a church-building, 38x50 feet, which 
was dedicated August 21, of the same year. In 1870, the congregation pur- 
chased the lot adjoining the church, and, in the early part of 1874, erected a. 
comfortable parsonage, 28x30 feet. 

The present membership of the Church is 117. 

THE OLD CEMETERY. 

In 1839, when Mrs. Bowman died, her remains were deposited in what is 
now known as the Old Cemetery. Mrs. Bowman was the mother of David 
Bowman, who assisted in surveying and laying out the town of Fairfield. Mrs. 
Rayburn was the second burial. No tombstones mark the graves of either Mrs. 
Bowman or Rayburn, and the precise date of their deaths is not known. 

Eliphalet B. Fitch died November 30, 1840. His tombstone still stands 
with the beautiful inscription, " He was all he professed to be — an honest man, 
God's noblest work." William Winn died January 18, 1841. The old sand- 
stone monument with inscription rudely carved by Noble & Yeates. of Burling- 
ton, lies broken and fast going to decay. The headstones of Sylvia T., Avife of 
Henry Yaman, who died April 20, 1840, and that of the only child of H. and 
T. Gaylord, who died December 13, 1842, are in a good state of preservation. 

The ground occupied by the Old Cemetery was purchased of John A, 
Pitzer by C. C. Van, H. W. Sample and George Acheson, who received a bond 
for a deed which they assigned to the town of Fairfield. It does not appear of 
record that a deed was ever made by Pitzer, and the title to the property is still 
in his name. This ground was surveyed by David Switzer July 31, 1846. 
The price fixed by ordinance was $3 for a full lot, and $1.50 for a half-lot, the 
proceeds to be applied only to the improvement and care of the grounds. The 
sexton's fee for digging a grave was 50 cents per foot. 

In the course of a few years, owing to the rapid increase of population in 
the surrounding country, the little cemetery was well filled up, and, in 1865, 
available lots were difficult to obtain. November 20, 1865, the death of Mrs. 
Eliza Jordan occurred. Capt. Clement Jordan, her husband, was unable to 
obtain such a lot as he desired, and her remains were deposited in the lot of his 
son-in-law, John H. Wells. To this fact the people of Fairfield are indebted 
for the present beautiful burial grounds known as 

FAIRFIELD EVERGREEN CEMETERY. 

Shortly after the death of his wife, Capt. Jordan inaugurated a movement to 
secure a more commodious place of burial, but it Avas not until three years after- 
ward that the plan was matured. In February, 1870, twelve acres and a frac- 
tion of land adjoining the old cemetery on the east and north were con- 
tracted for. Seven and twenty-five hundredths acres were purchased of Charley 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 489' 

Negus, and five from GuyBeatty, at a cost for the whole of |1, 019. 25. Arti- 
cles of Incorporation were drafted, and, on the 4th of May, 1870, the date of 
filing the same in the oflBce of the County Recorder, the organization began its 
existence. The original stockholders were Clement Jordan, William R. Wells, 
John H. Wells, William H. Jordan, Norman S. Averill, George Stever, A. 
Scott Jordan, George A. Wells and A. R. Jordan, each of whom subscribed 
four shares. 

The stock is limited to $5,000 in shares of f25 each. Five stockholders 
constitute the Board of Managers, and the indebtedness exclusive of capital 
stock is limited to |2,500. 

The Articles of Incorporation provide for a Board of Managers to consist of five 
stockholders. Lot-owners are to keep their lots in repair, and, m case of neg- 
lect to do so, an assessment may be levied by the Managers, which assessments 
must be paid by residents within one and by non-residents within five years. In 
case of refusal to pay such assessments, such parts of lots as are unoccupied 
revert to the Association. 

The Board of Managers, the first appointments to which were Clement Jor- 
dan, George Stever, William H. Jordan, George A. Wells and Norman S. Averill, 
employed A. N. Carpenter, a "natural landscape architect," of Galesburg, 111., 
to draft a plan for the new cemetery, and right well did he perform the duty 
for which he was employed. 

The survey of the lots was made by Isaac Crumley, the price for which was 
fixed at from $5 to $50, according to location. The rules of the cemetery 
require all persons wishing to make interments, to furnish a statement of name, 
place and date of birth, place of late residence, date of death and disease of per- 
son to be interred, and whether married or single, and that the same be registered 
on the books. 

In November, 1870, 100 feet of land were purchased, lying on the south of 
the cemetery grounds proper, on Avhich was erected an ofiice for the sexton, 
underneath which was constructed a cistern. J. N. Strong was the first Sexton, 
employed, at $450 per year. 

Capt. Clement Jordan was the first President, and has continued to hold the 
office to the present time ; George Stever, first Secretary, and George A. Wells, 
Treasurer. 

Andrew Ackerman, a German, was the first interment in the new cemetery, 
buried May 15, 1870. He was followed June 2, by Ella Cfvmpbell, a little 
daughter of Joel Campbell,. In the fall following, the remains of some ten or 
twelve persons who had been buried in the old cemetery were removed to the 
new grounds. The supervision and care of the Fairfield Evergreen Cemetery 
have been left solely to Capt. Jordan, its founder, and to him are the people 
indebted for its present attractive condition. 

INDEPENDENT ORDERS. — MASONIC. 

Clinton Lodge, JVo. 15, Fairfield, was organized under dispensation granted 
by the Grand Lodge of Iowa, September 15, 1847. The charter members were 
Jacob L. Myers, E. S. Gage, A. R. Sparks, James Jeffries, William Y. Head, 
Albert L. Conable and William P. Winn. 

First officers : Jacob L. Myers, W. M. ; A. R. Sparks, S. W. ; James Jeff- 
ries, J. W.; W. P. Winn, S. D. ; W. Y. Head, J. 1).; E. S. Gage, Secretary; 
A. L. Conable, Treasurer, 

The first applicants for initiation were George Acheson and Barnet Ris- 
tine. 



490 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

The charter of the Lodge is dated June 7, 1849, at which time there were 
twenty-two members. 

Past Masters : J. L. Myers, George Acheson, J. V. Myers, G. A. Wells, 
J. M. Shaffer, G. D. McGaw, N. Steele and George Crane. 

Present officers: J. J. Gibson, W. M. ; S. K. West, S. W.; John Bloss, 
J. W. ; George A. Wells, Secretary, and Eugene Freeman, Treasurer. 

The present membership of the Lodge is 119. 

McCord Qhapter, Fairfield, although numbered 5, was the first Chapter in 
the State. It was organized under a dispensation issued by Joseph K. Staple- 
ton, Deputy Grand High Priest of the General Grand Royal Arch Chapter of 
the United States, dated at Baltimore, Md., July 7, 1852, with the following 
members : Jacob L. Myers, George Acheson, Peter Walker, W. H. Hollis, L. 
B. Fleak, T. S. Specs, Jesse Williams, William E. Sargent, G. W. Horn, E. 
S. Gage and Isaac Galliher. 

Upon the organization of the Grand Royal Arch Chapter for the State of 
Iowa, which was consummated at Mt. Pleasant June 8, 1854, a charter was 
issued, designating the Chapter as No. 5. 

The present officers are T. F. Higley, H. P. ; S. K. West, K. ; J. J. Gib- 
son, Scribe; H. L. Brown, Treasurer; E. Freeman, Secretary, with a member- 
ship of fifty-two. 

Past High Priests: J. L. Myers, George Acheson, George A. Wells and 
J. M. Shaffer. 

ODD FELLOWS. 

Jefferson Lodge, No. Jf,, I. 0. 0. ^.,was organized March 10, 1846, by P. 
G. M. W. H. Mauro, of Burlington, under a charter issued at Baltimore, Md., 
June 25, 1845, by Howell Hopkirk, Most Worthy Grand Sire of the Grand 
Lodge of the United States, and directed to W. I. Cooper, W. L. Orr, T. D. 
Evans, C. Kiefer and N. W. Wiles. 

Prior to this, in order to secure a sufficient number to organize a Lodge, 
Orr, Kiefer and Wiles had been sent to Burlington for initiation. At the 
organization, W. I. Cooper and T. D. Evans were elected and installed N. G. 
and V. G. respectively. The present officers of the Lodge are R. B. Hender- 
son, N. G. ; C. D. Thoma, V. G. ; C. M. Bills, Secretary ; H. C. Rock, Per- 
manent Secretary ; and John M. Gobble, Treasurer, with a membership of 
ninety-two. The Lodge is in a flourishing condition, and is possessed of prop- 
erty amounting to some $7,000. Its members are active in all charitable 
enterprises, its organization unbroken, and interest maintained since its first 
formation, even during the troublous times of our late civil war. Prominent as 
expounders of its principles are Capt. W. T. Burgess, T. D. Evans, C. E. 
Nobles, S. M. Boling, I. D. Jones, J. W. Quillen, G. A. Unkrich, J. A. Spiel- 
man, Dr. P. Woods. 

Iowa Encampment, No. 6, I. 0. 0. J^., was organized December 11, 1848, by 

District Deputy Grand Sire John G. Potts, of Galena, 111., and Goff, of 

Wisconsin. Charter members — Thomas D. Evans, John T. Huey, Ezra 
Drown, John A. Pitzer, James T. Hardin, John W. Culbertson and Christian 
W. Slagle. Its first officers were T. D. Evans, C. P. ; John T. Huey, H. P. : 
Ezra Drown, S. W. ; John A. Pitzer, Scribe ; and John W. Culbertson, Treas- 
urer. Present membership, thirty-two. 

KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS. 

This society was instituted February 13, 1877, under the name of Forest 
City Lodge, No. 37. The following are the charter members : Jacob Dahlman, 



L 



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FAIRFIELD 



f t 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 493 

J. M. Gabble, M. M. Marshall, J. N. Hurst, P. E. Smith, F. R. Williams, T. 
L. Cole, J. R. Miller, H. H. Wilder, J. P. GroAvney, N. S. Doty, R. E. Lynch, 
J. Snook, H. B. Hanson, W. M. Black, F. R. Fegan, G. H. Stakes, William 
Simonson, J. Wolf, L. Williams, A. D. Green, F. W. Cook, C. Morrison, 
Anson West, A. C. Noble, J. W. Barlow, J. McGill and W. T. Burgess. The 
officers of a lodge are designated as follows : Past Chancellor, Chancellor, Vice 
Chancellor, Prelate, Keeper of Record and Seal, Master of Finance, Master of 
Exchequer, Master of Arms, Inner Guard and Outer Guard. 
The Order in Fairfield is in a flourishing condition. 

A. 0. u. w. 

Fairfield Lodge 5S, Ancient Order of United Workmen, was organized 
March 8, 1876, with twenty-two charter members and the following officers : 
W. C. Lewis, P. M. W. ; H. S. Wills, M. W. ; A. H. McKee, F. ; B. E. 
Lynch, 0. ; F. R. Fegan, Recorder ; Joseph Bradley, Guide ; T. L. H. Cole, 
0. W. ; N. S. Doty, I. W. The growth of the Lodge has not been so rapid as 
many others, the idea being to secure such a membersnip as would insure the 
permanency of the order. Forty-six Master Workmen constitute the Lodge at 
present, with the following as officers : F. R. Fegan, P. M. W. ; .J. H. Tap- 
pert, M. W. ; N. S. Averill, F. ; A. G. Scranton, 0. ; George K. Gilchrist, 
Recorder; P. H. Howlett, Financier; W. C.Lewis, Receiver; .Jacob Dahl- 
man, Guide ; J. C. Duncan, I. W. ; M. Ackerman, O. W. 

TEMPERANCE ORGANIZATIONS. 

In 1854, the Sons of Temperance, who had an organization for some time 
previous, were in the height of their prosperity and influence. Alexander 
CiJdwell, who had been for some time engaged in the sale of intoxicating 
liquors, becoming convinced that his occupation was destructive to the best 
interests of his fellow-man, resolved to pour all his liquors into the streets and 
quit the business. Accordingly, on Friday, January 27, the entire stock, 
amounting to something near $100 in value, was voluntarily delivered up to the 
Sons of Temperance for destruction. The Order marched out in regalia to 
conduct the ceremony, with the different schools and citizens generally in the pro- 
cession. Arriving at Caldwell's place of business, prayer was off'ered by Rev. L. B. 
Dennis ; the Marshal of the day. Dr. J. D. Stark, knocked the bungs out of 
.he barrels and the liquid contents ran down the gutters of the streets. While 
,he fiery fluid was gurgling from the vessels. Rev. Joseph C. Cooper mounted 
he head of a barrel and made some pertinent remarks, followed by Rev. Den- 
uis. Propositions were made to buy the liquors in other establishments, pro- 
vided they would quit the business, but were not accepted. 

A State Temperance Convention was held at Iowa City, May 3, 1854. 
Fairfield was represented by J. F. Wilson, W. B. Littleton, W. W. Junkin and 
J. D. Jones — the first two of the Sons of Temperance, and the latter of the 
Order of Good Templars. 

The cause of temperance was not without its opponents. The Fairfield 
Ledger was strongly enlisted in the cause, and we append the letter of one 
patron whose friendship was lost by its course : 

th I85r>. 

W W Junkin wapelo Oo mar 19. 

Sur I take in hand to Direct afew lines to you. I say that you are a lyr you say that the 

use of alcoholic beveridge has Cost |1, 200,000,000 has burned or otherwise destroyed $5,000,000 

of property has destroyed 300,000 lives sent 150,000 to our prisons and 100,000 to the poor 

house caused 1500 murders 2000 suisides and has Bequeathed to the Country 1,000,000 of 



494 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

orphants Children I think that Mr Everett is like you a Ij^re a pick pocket a Drunkard and will 
do anything for money you have rote a grate deele in your last paper Concerning in temparance 
and what Mr. Everett has stated concerning the taxes the crimanels the porpers the orphants 

and those lyes that him nore you neither knew nothing about I just say that you are 

boath lyres and if I hadent subscribed for your paper I would see you in before I would 

patronise you ore your paper Your Dog that you had round barking for siners to your paper 
lyed to me he stated that thare would be all forren News & market of St Louis keokuk & bur- 
lington in it I con cider you and youre paper a poore Piece of litle pitaful humdugry fild up 
with nothing but fare field advertise ment and temperance lyes if I live till the year is out you 
may go to with youre paper. 

BLUE RIBBON MOVEMENT. 

The Blue Ribbon movement reached Fairfield at the beginning of the month 
of April, 1878, On the 8th of that month a club was organized and founded 
on the Blue Ribbon pledge, in these words : 

" With malice toward none and charity for all, I, the undersigned do pledge 
my word and honor, God helping me, to abstain from all intoxicating liquors as 
a beverage, and that I will, by all honorable means, encourage others to 
abstain." 

Twenty-three hundred names are subscribed to the pledge in the city of 
Fairfield, and similar organizations exist in nearly every township in the county, 
and it was estimated, while these pages were being written, that five thousand 
persons in "■ Old Jefierson " had pledged themselves to lead practical temper- 
ance lives. Since the organization of the club, meetings have been held in 
Wells' Hall every Monday evening, and the interest awakened in April has 
been kept alive by lectures rendered by home and foreign speakers. 

At the first election of ofiicers, Rollin J. Wilson was chosen President; 
Miss Anna Kerr, Vice President ; Miss Clara Muselman, Secretary, and W. 
B. Murry, Treasurer. These persons held for the term of six months. At the 
second election, Rollin J. Wilson was re-elected President; Maj. W. M. Clark. 
Vice President ; Capt. W. T. Burgess, Secretary ; W. B. Murry, Treasurer. 
On the faithfulness of these officers, in a great degree, has depended the 
unparalleled success of this movement. 

Among those who have been most active and earnest in their efforts might be 
mentioned Hon. James F. Wilson, Capt. T. W. Burgess, Col. W. B. Culbertson, 
John Galvin, William Elliott, William Thompson, G. A. Rutherford, John De 
Galleford, W. W. McCrackin, Mrs. John Burnett, Mrs. Wm. Elliott, Miss Clara 
Musselman and Mrs. Woodward. Others are equally worthy of mention, but 
space forbids. The club has also established an excellent reading-room, which is a 
source of great pleasure and profit to the entire community. The movement 
depends alone on moral suasion. Harsh things are said of no one. It resorts to 
neither legal prosecutions nor social ostracism. Its appeals are not made to the 
passions and prejudices of men, but to their cooler, better judgment, which, 
when once reached, is the sure foundation upon which to build a permanent 
reformation. 

FAIRFIELD PEOPLE AND THE CHICAGO FIRE. 

When news of the great Chicago fire of October, 1871, reached Fairfield, 
the generous heart of the citizens responded to the wail of want in liberal acts 
of benevolent charity. Meetings were called and active measures were at once 
commenced and carried out, that resulted in sending several tons of provisions, 
etc., to the sufferers by that terrible visitation of disaster. The Ledger of Octo- 
ber 19, 1871, said : 

'' Earnest meetings were held in our city last week to raise means to assist 
in relieving the distress in Chicago. Liberal donations of money, provisions 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 495 

and goods were made. Two car-loads of supplies were sent in charge of Gad 
McGaw." 

This is not the only instance of the generous and humane liberality of the 
people of Fairfield and vicinity that might be quoted, but it is enough to show 
the noble impulses of their great hearts. A deaf ear and closed hand have 
never been known among them when suffering humanity pleaded. 



BATAVIA. 

This village of five hundred people, is situated in the extreme southwestern 
part of Locust Grove, on the line of the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- 
road, and twelve miles west of Fairfield. 

EARLY HISTORY. 

Batavia was first called Creaseville, and was laid out on the 26th day of 
August, 1846, by David Switzer, County Surveyor, for William M. McKee, 
Henry Crease and Elijah O'Bannon, proprietors. The plat was recorded 
under date of September 26, 1846. 

Besides the proprietors, the first settlers were Henry Punnybecker, Joseph 
Crease and Benjamin Abbertson. The first cabin on the town site was erected 
by McKee and O'Bannon. This cabin was used for the double purpose of a 
dwelling and a store-room. Mr. McKee lived in the rear part of the structure, 
and goods were sold in the front part. The dwelling was divided from the 
store department by sheets or pieces of muslin suspended from the joists. 
William James served as clerk for McKee, who owned the stock in trade. The 
first building erected exclusively for store purposes was built by William Ham- 
brick. This building is thought to have been erected in 1860. The next one was 
built by Caspar Durr, who is now one of the leading merchants of the village. 

The first hotel was built on the old town site, about the year 1857, by 
William Freeman. It is now occupied as a dwelling by T. W. McDill. 

A blacksmith-shop was built and a forge opened by a man named DeWitt, 
in 1862. Previous to that time, the nearest blacksmith-shops were at Agency 
City, in Wapello County, and Libertyville, in Jefferson County. 

The first Justice of the Peace in the old place was John Sloan, whose 
"courts " were held in an old log hut, Avithout a window, and which was after- 
ward made to do service as a schoolhouse. The first deed acknoAvledged before 
Justice Sloan was for Freeman Wright, June 27, 1849, H. D. Gibson, as 
witness. Mr. Wright is still a resident of Batavia. Mr. Justice Sloan lias 
been "gathered to his fathers." William McKee was the first Postmaster, and 
held the office under appointment from President James K. Polk. The mail 
was deposited in a shot-box and an old shoe-box placed in convenient positions, 
for general delivery. The next incumbent of the post office was David Laughery, 
who was appointed under President Fillmore's administration. The present Post- 
master is Mr. Hiram Greenland, who was appointed by President Lincoln, 
in 1861. His daughter. Miss Maggie A. Greenland, is his deputy. 

The name was changed from Creaseville to Batavia, under special act 
approved January 19, 1853, in answer to a petition presented by William F. 
Hambrick, who secured the unanimous consent of the people of the town for 
that purpose. 

The first train of cars on the Burlington & Missouri Railroad passed Bata- 
via in February, 1854. 



496 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

An addition, known as Whitwood's Addition, was made to the south side of 
the town, bounded by the line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad 
(B. & M. R.), embracing about forty acres, in the year 1859. Whitwood was 
the agent of a Boston company, who purchased eighty acres of the land lying 
south of the original town site, which was divided into equal parts by the rail- 
road. 

FIRST ELECTION. 

Batavia was incorporated as a town in the year 1868, and the first election 
was held March 13, of the same year. M. S. Frisbie was elected Mayor; Cas- 
par Durr, Recorder ; C. W. Chase, Treasurer. The following-named gentle- 
men were elected members of the first Council: V. S. Carson, H Chase and 
a Mr. Graham. At the first meeting of the Council, W. P. Webb was appoint- 
ed to serve in the double capacity of Marshal and Street Commissioner. He 
resigned, however, and John Brown was chosen to fill the vacancy. 

LAST ELECTION. 

At the last city election, March 10, 1878, J. B. Kent was elected Mayor. 
He resigned soon after the election, and, on the 14th of November, 1878, C. 
W. Nutting was chosen to the vacancy. The board of city officers is now as 
follows : 

Mayor, C. W. Nutting; Recorder, William R. T. Boggs; Treasurer, Cas- 
par Durr; Marshal, John Burnaugh; Street Commissioner, Adrian Baines; 
Assessor, W. S. Alexander. Councilmen — J. T. Stephens, Dr. H. W. Shaflfer, 
C. W. Chase, John Lapp and V. S. Carson. 

THE FIRST SCHOOL. 

In the center of a field, on the old town site, somewhere about the year 
1849, stood a round-log cabin, which had formerly served some settler for a 
dwelling, but was now unoccupied. This primitive domicile was utilized by 
Elijah O'Bannon, who here opened the first school in Locust Grove Township. 
He taught a three-months subscription school, charging |2.50 per scholar, and 
is spoken of by those who attended his school as a good, kind-hearted man, and 
as an excellent teacher. Among the lads who composed the first school were 
William Jones, Henry Crease, Columbus Lafi'erty, Richard Jones, Jeff'erson 
Laflferty, and one or two others. The lasses were Virginia O'Bannon and her 
younger sister. These have long since grown to manhood and womanhood, and 
are verging into the " sear and yellow leaf." 

Speaking of this primitive school, one who attended states that the cabin 
contained no window, and that in order to let in a better supply of light and 
air, the taller boys would rise up and shove aside the loose clapboards on the 
roof, and protrude their heads through the aperture, opening their mouths for 
air like a fly-trap. The door was swung from wooden hinges, and whenever it 
was opened, creaked with a soul -harrowing howl that echoed for a quarter of a 
mile. 

PRESENT SCHOOL INTERESTS. 

The independent school district of Batavia was organized in the year 1862, 
but as the records of those times were very imperfectly kept and eventually 
lost, it is found impossible to obtain much accurate information about it. The 
original district was divided in 1866, and the portion now known as the Batavia 
District purchased the schoolhouse then in use, and moved it to its present site. 
It is a commodious building, capable of comfortably accommodating all the 



HISTORY' OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 497 

pupils of the district. J. H. Hilton, W. H. Bartholomew, B. C. Sawyer, W. 
L. Alexander, Caspar Durr, C. W. Nutting and M. S. Frisbie compose the 
present School Board ; J. H. Hilton, President ; C. W. Nutting, Secretary. 
Three teachers are usually employed. At present, however, as a measure of 
economy, only two are engaged. 

RELIGIOUS INTERESTS. 

The Methodist Church was the first regular religious society organized in 
Batavia, the first meeting having been held in an old round-log schoolhouse 
which stood in a field now owned by Dr. Baldridge. The first sermon was 
preached by Rev. Joseph Herington, while the town was still called Creaseville. 
The first regular church structure was erected and dedicated in the year 1865, 
and cost about $1,200, The lot Avas donated to the society by the Burlington 
& Missouri E-ailroad Company, and the house was built with money raised by 
subscription. The first sermon in the new building was preached by Rev. 
James Wilson. A Sabbath school was organized soon after, and is still in a 
flourishing condition. Rev. Mr. Swanson is the present Pastor. 

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 

The Presbyterian Society was organized in 1858. It worships in a very hand- 
some and commodious church edifice, which was erected at a cost of $1,300. The 
lot on which it is built is in McQuery's Addition, from whom it was purchased. 
The first sermon rendered in the new building was preached by Rev. Mr. Cald- 
well. The present Pastor is Rev. James Mcllroy. The congregation is in a 
prosperous condition, and maintains a good Sabbath school. 

BAPTIST CHURCH. 

The Baptist Church edifice was built about the year 1868, at which time 
the aifairs of the society began to take rank among the other religious societies 
of the village. Rev. James Wilson, a Free-Will Baptist, was the leading 
spirit, and by his energy and perseverance raised money sufficient to build the 
church, and was chosen as the first Pastor. He was an untiring solicitor and 
a good financier. From some cause, however, he did not succeed so well in 
winning popularity as a Pastor as he did in raising money to build the church, 
and finally gave up the pastorate. After Mr. Wilson retired from the pastor- 
ate, other ministers came occasionally to preach to the society, but at present 
the Church is without services. 

BIBLE CHRISTIANS. 

A society known and called Bible Christians was organized by Rev. Henry 
Phillips in 1855, who came here from Fairfield for that purpose. Among the 
original members of the society were George W. Troy, Gannon Bradshaw, 
Mrs. Sarah Jones, Elder Long, and others of the old settlers to the number of 
100 persons. The services of this society, until about 1861, were attended by 
the whole people of the country roundabout ; but at the commencement of *the 
late civil war, there was such a diversity of opinion on war points that the 
society fell to pieces. In 1863, Rev. Mr. Fordice came and undertook to 
re-unite the inharmonious elements. He labored most earnestly to accomplish 
the purpose of his mission, but, at the end of one year, the seeds of discord, 
previously sown, took new root, or had grown so strong that he saw the fruit- 
lessness of the undertaking, and abandoned the field. 



498 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



INDEPENDENT ORDERS MASONIC. 

Killomy Lodge, No. 198, A., F. ^ A. M., was organized August 30, 1856, 
under dispensation granted to Joshua Wright by Grand Master Peck, of the 
Iowa Grand Lodge. Charter granted in June, 1867. Charter members — 
Joshua Wright, A. D. Griffin. Jacob Collins, J. J). Kirby, M. D. Baldridge, 
T. A. Robb, William Templeton, J. M. Rust, Andrew Smith, J. Wilson, John 
Stansbury, Henry M. Smith, William Pratt, R. B. Wright, George Allen, 
James M. McClelland, H. M. Henderson, J. S. Mount, M. S. Crawford, J. A. 
Willis and Thomas Shively. 

Present officers — W. W.Whittaker, Worshipful Master; E, A. Collins, 
Senior Warden ; E. T. Winsell, Junior Warden ; D. B. Clarke, Treasurer ; M. S. 
Frisbie, Secretary ; T. A. Robb, Senior Deacon ; H. Grover, Junior Deacon ; 

C. S. Hill, Senior Steward ; George Whitmore, Junior Steward ; W. H. 
Howell, Tiler. 

PERLEE. 

The village of Perlee is situated in Penn Township, on the Chicago & Rock 
Island Railroad, six miles northeast of Fairfield. Prior to the completion of 
the railroad, the coal-mines known to exist for twenty years had been operated 
in a small way, and the product hauled in wagons to Washington. La Grange 
and Miller had done the principal business in that line. F. J. Demarsh had 
erected a saw-mill as early as 1860, and the first house built on the town 
site was a log-cabin erected by Israel Snook to accommodate the workmen 
at the mill. 

The -railroad was completed in 1870. The Jefferson County Coal Company 
was organized in that year, and the town laid out. The post office, established 
soon after, was named Perlee at the Post Office Department, Washington, D. C. 
Previous to this, the station had been known as Acheson, named by P. J. 
Demarsh in honor of George Acheson, Esq., of Fairfield. 

Perlee is now a thriving town of 500 inhabitants, with three dry goods 
stores, one grocery, one drug store, one saw-mill, which also grinds cornmeal ; 
a hotel, blacksmith and other shops, one church (Presbyterian), etc. The Odd 
Fellows and Knights of Pythias each have a flourishing lodge. Mr. Demarsh, 
the principal merchant, opened his present store in 1872, and is doing a busi- 
ness of $12,000 per year. The town also supports a good school, with two 
teachers and an attendance of 130 scholars. The principal trade of the place 
is derived from the coal-mines. 

THE JEFFERSON COUNTY COAL COMPANY. 

This Company was organized June 3, 1870. Its mines are located at 
Perlee, where the Company owns 300 acres of fine coal lands, employs about 
sixty men, and mined, during the year ending November 1, 1878, 374,600 
bushels of coal. The present officers of the Company are as follows : James 
F. Wilson, President ; R. H. Hufford, Vice President ; C. W. Slagle, Secretary ; 
George Acheson, Treasurer. 

WASHINGTON COAL COMPANY, 

organized January 25, 1876. Present officers : William Elliott, President ; 

D. W. Templeton, Vice President ; William A. Thompson, Secretary and 
Treasurer. Capital, $20,000. Mines located at Perlee, where it owns nearly 



HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 



499 



two hundred acres, beside leases on additional tracts. Employs about seventy- 
five men. Product for the year ending November 1, 1878, 750,000 bushels, 
mostly consumed by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad. 



LIBERTYVILLE. 

Liberty villc was originally known as " The Colony," but, in 1845, John 
Jewett conceived the idea of founding a village there, and John Pitzer was 
employed to survey and plat a town site. 

A. N. Bissell opened to sale the first stock of goods. The building in which 
he " kept store " is now used as a barn. 

John Jewett was the first Postmaster ; A. N. Bissell the second. 

The first church edifice was erected by the Methodists in 1846, at a cost of 
$500. Rev. Mr. Airington was the first Pastor. The congregation now num- 
bers about one hundred and fifty persons. 

The Presbyterian Church was organized by Rev. Mr. Bell in 1850. A 
temporary building was used until 1857, when a handsome brick edifice was 
erected. 

The town has three general stores, that keep a general stock of drugs, dry 
goods, groceries, etc. ; one lumber-yard, one grain-elevator, one hotel, one 
wagon and carriage shop, one harness-shop, two shoe-shops, one cabinet-shop, 
one blacksmith-shop, one beer-saloon, one meat-market and one barber-shop. 

The first school was taught about 1843, by John Young. John Garfer and 
William Clarridge were also among the first teachers. 

The first time the people observed America's national day by public dem- 
onstration was in the year 1842, when a barbecue was given and a general good 
time indulged in. Mrs. Cams and Mrs. Alden were mainly instrumental in 
getting up the affair. The address was delivered by C. T. Alden. 

Emmett Lodge, No. 39o, I. 0. 0. F., was organized September 15, 1874, 
with seven charter members. The first officers were Jacob Wagner, N. G. ; J. 
S. Wagner, Secretary ; A. J. Hague, Vice Grand. 







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BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY. 



ABBRKA^IJ?lTIONS. 



agt agent 

carp carpenter 

elk clerk 

Co company or county 

dlr dealer 

far farmer 

gro grocer 

I. V. A Iowa Volunteer Artillery 

I. V. C Iowa Volunteer Cavalry 

I. V. I Iowa Vohinteer Infantry 

lab laborer 



mach machinist 

mech mechanic 

mer merchant 

mfr manufacturer 

mkr maker 

P. PostOfiBc© 

prop proprietor 

S. or Sec Section 

St street 

supt superintendent 

Treas Treasurer 



FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP. 

{P. O. FAIRFIELD.) 



ACKERMAN, M., shoemaker. 
Adams, William, laborer. 

Alexander, R. W., clerk. 

Allender, E. M., farmer, Sec. 13. 

Alexander, F. W., clerk. 

Alexander, R. E., merchant. 

Alexander, W. K., shoemaker. 

AliliEN & CO.. dealers in groceries, 
feed, flour and grain, north side of 
squai'e, Fairfield ; commenced business 
in 1 877 ; they carry a full line of 
goods, and the patronage of the people ; 
Their flour is manufactured by Allen 
Allen & Co., at Brighton, Washington 
Co. 

Allmayer, Benjamin, merchant. 

Alston, William, retired. 

Alters, D. M., farmer, Sec. 1. 

Anderson, A. P., laborer. 

Anderson, James, farmer. Sec. 16. 

Anderson, Louis, farmer. Sec. 16. 

Angstead, I. F., clerk in saloon. 

Armstrong, Frank, farmer, Sec. 9. 

Armstrong, Henry, farmer, Sec. 9. 

Armstrong, John, Rev., President of Par- 
sons College. 

Armstrong, Johnson, medical student. 

Ashby, J. N., lumber merchant. 

Ashby, William, laborer. 

Atkinson, J. H., clerk. 

AXLIXE, JOHN T., teacher, 
Fairfield ; boru in Jessamine Co., Ky., 



in 1840 ; came to Jeff"erson Co., in 
1865. Married in 1877 Miss Laura 
J. Whitson, of Jefferson Co. Mr. Ax- 
line has taught in Jeff'erson Co. for ten 
terms, and is regarded as one of the best 
teachers in the county. He was one of 
the founders of the Lutheran Church 
in Fairfield ; has always been an active, 
working member. Republican. WaiJ^ 
educated at Fairfield College. 
TDAKER,N. H., pump-peddler. 

Balderson, R. C., laborer. 

BAL.L., GEO. W., far.. Sec. 19 ■ 
owns 295 acres of land, valued at $-40 
per acre; born in Hancock Co., Va.; 
came to Jefferson Co. in 1845. Mar- 
ried in 1872, Miss Maggie Laughlin ; 
has three children — Chas., born in 
1874; Harvey, born in 1876; and Jo- 
seph L., born in 1878. Mr. B. has held 
various offices of trust in the township. 
House cost $1,600. Liberal. 

BALLi, WJI. C, farmer and stock 
dealer. Sec. 24 ; owns 93 acres of land, 
valued at $100 per acre; born in Han- 
cock Co., Va., in 1846 ; came to Iowa 
in 1852. Married, in 1872, Mary Camp- 
bell, of Fairfield; has two children — 
Annie, aged 5, and Frank, aged 2. 
Enlisted, in 1863, Co. 1, 45th L V. I.- 
mustered out at Keokuk. Mr. Ball is a 



502 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



lawyer ; has practiced for four or five 
years, but left the office for the farm on 
account of his health ; was for two years 
with D. P. Stubbs, of Fairfield. 

Baltzell, A. C, shoemaker. 

Barger, E., farmer. 

Barnes, W. H., laborer. 

Barnes, T., sexton of cemetery. 

BARR, JOHN C, farmer, Sec. 6 ; 
owns 365 acres of land, valued at $35 
per acre ; born in Erie Co., Penn., in 
1819. Married, in 1847, Miss Eliza 
Markham ; has eight children — Emma, 
born in 1849 ; Alonzo, born in 1851 ; 
John A., born in 1853; Caroline, born 
in 1855; Anna, born in 1857; Het- 
tie, born in 1860 ; Mary, born in 1862 ; 
Kate, born in 1864. Mr. Barr took an 
active part in the Mexican war ; was 
wounded several times ; was a member 
of the 1st 111. v., and fought in the bat- 
tle of Buena Vista, under Col. Harden. 

Barley, Josiah, carpenter. 

Bartholomew, Thomas, farmer. 

Bartlett. J. W., carpenter. 

Bates, Jeremiah, farmer. Sec. 12. 

Bates, William H., farmer. Sec. 12. 

Beatty, D. R., Township Clerk. 

Beatty, Guy, clerk. 

Beatty, Walker, clerk. 

Beck, D. R,, clerk. 

Beck, J. A., merchant. 

BECK, W. €}., farmer. Sec. 1; 
residence in the city ; born in 
Uniontown, Fayette Co., Penn., March 
9, 1819 ; moved with his parents to 
Wheeling, Va. ; thence to Fairfield in 
March, 1847 ; in 1851, was Route 
Agent for the Western Stage Company ; 
in 1854, engaged in farming; in 1856, 
sold out, and moved with his family to 
Owen Co., Ky.; in 1860, returned to 
Fairfield. Married, Oct. 4, 1847, Mar- 
garet Ramsey, daughter of Alexander 
Ramsey, of Washington Co., Penn. ; 
they have five children living — James 
A., David R., Charles E., Fannie M. 
and Kate W. Democrat. 

Belknap, D. C, laborer. 

Belknap, R. N., laborer. 

Bell, J. J., peddler. 

Bell, Thomas, merchant. 

Bennett, J. D., carpenter. 

Bickford, S. M., retired. 

Bickford, Wm., farmer. 

Bigelow, S. E., shoemaker. 



BlliliS, C. M., dealer in marble and 
granite tombstones, Fairfield, with a 
business extending into adjoining coun- 
ties ; born in Marshall Co., Tenn.; settled 
in Iowa in 1861. Enlisted Aug. 15, 
1862, in Co. E, 39th Iowa Y. I.; was 
one of the youngest members of the 
regiment ; participated in the marches 
and battles of his command through the 
war ; Atlanta campaign — from Atlanta, 
via New York and the Atlantic Ocean, 
to Savannah, through the Carolinas and 
Virginia, and the grand and closina; re- 
view of Gren. Sherman's army at Wash- 
ington City, at the close of the war ; 
during the campaign from Savannah, 
was on detached service at his brigade 
headquarters under Gren. Rowett. Mar- 
ried Laura E. Hickenlooper July 2, 
1868 ; they have two children — Lillie 
M. and Annie L. 

BIRT, JEMIMA, WRS., farming, 
Sec. 27 ; owns twenty-five acres of land, 
valued at $35 per acre ; born in En- 
gland in 1823. Married Mr. John Birt 
in 1850, also a native of England ; have 
three children living — James J., aged 
23 ; Frank, aged 17; and Lincoln, aged 
15 ; came to Iowa in 1857. Mrs. Birt 
has made all the improvements on her 
place, and is very pleasantly situated, 
three miles west of Fairfield. Member 
of the Congregational Church. 

Black, F. J. L., clerk. 

Black, Henry, broom manufacturer. 

Black, Wm. G., grocer. 

Black, Wm., loan agent. 

BLAIR, G^EOR(4E H., M. D., 
office over post office, Fairfield ; born May 
3, 1830, in Oneida Lake, Madison Co., 
N. Y.; graduated in 1851, at the Cleve- 
land Homeopathic College ; came to Fair- 
field in 1871. Married in January, 
1853, Mary J. Wilson, sister of Hon. 
J. F. Wilson ; they have three children 
— Minnie W., Alice W. and Susan W. 
Dr. Blair was surgeon at the U. S. 
Marine Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, dur- 
ing the years 1868-69 ; was President 
of the Visiting Board of the Wilson 
Street Hospital, Cleveland ; Physician to 
the Protestant Orphan Asylums at 
Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio ; was 
Professor of Theory and Practice at the 
Woman's Medical College, Cleveland ; 
in 1874, was elected President of the 



FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP. 



503 



Iowa State Homeopathic Society; and 
at present is Examiner in the Homeo- 
pathic Medical Department of the Iowa 
State University ; also U. S. Examiner 
of Pensions. 

Bleakmore, F. F., insurance agent. 

Bloss, J., carpenter. 

Bock ins, A. W., plasterer. 

Boerstler, C. H., clerk. 

Boling, S. M., County Auditor. 

Bond, J., mason. 

Bonewitz, J. E., merchant. 

Bourmaster, F. A., far.. Sec. 17. 

Booth, J. T., far.. Sec. 14. 

Boswell, H. M., laborer. 

Boyd, A. J., saloon. 

Bradley, Joseph, merchant. 

Bradshaw, A. C. D., druggist. 

Brier, John, laborer. 

Bright, N. M., merchant. 

Bright, N. S., merchant. 

BROWM", C. W., gardener, Fairfield ; 
owns fifty acres of land, valued at $50 per 
acre ; born in Suffolk Co., N. Y., Feb. 
29, 1824 ; came to Jefferson Co. in 
1864. Married, in 1856, Miss R. Mor- 
ris; has three children — Edwin M., 21 
years old; Rosa I. and Lillie A., twins, 
13 years old ; P]dwin graduates next 
year at Parsons College, Fairfield ; is 
now teaching school. Mr. B. is a mem- 
ber of the Fairfield Congregational 
Church ; Republican. Mrs. B. was 
born on the 29th of February; has a 
birthday only once in four years. 

Brown, H. L., merchant. 

Brown, J, L., plasterer. 

Brundage, E. W., laborer. 

Bryant, R., far., S. 5. 

BUR<,^ES$$, W. T., P. M., Fairfield ; 
born iNov. 25, 1837, in Mt. Vernon, 
Ohio. His father W. P. Burgess, died 
in 1846 and left him entirely on his 
own efi"orts ; he acquired a good com- 
mon-school education, learned the tin 
and copper smith trade ; during this time 
he studied law and soon after was 
mitted to the bar ; removed to Bloom- 
field, Iowa, in 1860; in 1861, was 
admitted to practice in this State ; 
moved to Brighton the same year, 
and was engaged in recruiting for 
the ariliy ; in July, 1862, organized 
Co. E, 30th I. V. I., and was commis- 
sioned Captain ; was engaged with his 
regiment in the battles at Haines' Bluff", 



Vicksburg, Fort Hindman and Gren- 
ada ; in 1863, was confined in hos- 
pital at Memphis for several months 
with heart disease and pneumonia ; was 
finally compelled to resign and return 
home. The following winter, removed to 
Fairfield and engaged in merchandising. 
Has served three years as member of 
the Board of Supervisors in his county, 
and chairman one year ; was Overseer of 
the County Farm during the same time ; 
in 1873 and 1874, was Clerk of the Com- 
mittee on Railways and Canals, House of 
Representatives, Washington, D. C. ; re- 
ceived his appointment as Postmaster at 
Fairfield in January, 1875 ; took charge 
of the office April following ; in the 
spring of 1878, was chosen as a member 
of the School Board for the term of three 
years. His marriage with Kate Downs 
occurred at Brighton July 4, 1862; has 
two interesting children — George L. 
and Nellie P. ; lost one child. 

BURXETT, JOHX W., hardware, 
stoves, and lumber dealer, south of C., B. 
& Q. R. R., near depot, Fairfield ; born 
April 28, 1847, in Passaic Co., N. J. ; 
moved to Ohio with his parents in 
1855, thence to Union Co., Iowa, in 
1869, and to Fairfield in 1874. Mar- 
ried May 3, 1871, Rosetta Zimmerman, 
who was born in Mansfield, Ohio ; they 
have two children — Jennie E. and 
James M. 

Burrow, H. B., far., Sec. 2. 

Byrkett, A. R., gunsmith. 

Byrkett, Jesse, gunsmith. 

/SaDE, MARTIN, laborer. 

Campbell, Ed., clerk. 

Campbell, Joel E., far.. Sec. 11. 

Campbell, J. P., plasterer. 

Campbell, J. W., plasterer. 

Campbell, Mark, clerk. 

Canaday, J. W. and J. L., fars., Sec. 7. 

Canaday, Hugh, blacksmith. 

CANTERBURY, JAMES M., 
stone and brick mason, Fairfield ; born 
Nov. 9, 1846, in Lawrence Co., Ohio ; 
moved to Jefferson Co., in 1867. En- 
listed Feb. 14, 1865, in Co. I, 189th 
Regt. Ohio V. I.; mustered out at the 
close of the war. Married, Dec. 12, 
1867, Mary E. Orth ; have three chil- 
dren — Viola A., Nellie B. and Rosa B. 

Canterbury, W. A., far., Sec. 28. 



504 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



Carbaugh, A. R., laborer. 

Carpenter, William, far., Sec. 19. 

Caster, James, far., Sec. 12. 

Carson, Alexander, far.. Sec. 12. 

Carter, H. B., laborer. 

Carter, Sprague, laborer. 

Chester, S. J., trader. 

Clarke", C. S., druggist. 

Clarke, George D., druggist. 

Clark, Peter, far.. Sec. 33. 

Clark, Walter A., farmer, Sec. 8. 

Clinkenbeard, Jos., teamster. 

Clinton, John, retired. 

Cockley, Samuel, trader. 

Coffin, S. W., City Marshal. 

Cole, Joel, laborer. 

Cole, Thomas L. H., barber. 

Comegys, Jacob. 

Compo, Peter, laborer. 

Conners, James, R. R. employe. 

Corey, Eric, miller. 

Corey, William, firmer. 

Cottle, W. W., retired. 

Cowen, Charles, saloon. 

Cox, Brunson, farmer. 

Craig, A. C, far.. Sec. 12. 

Crail, B. F., retired. 

Crail, James, far., Sec. 5. 

Crail, J. B., clerk. 

Craine, Edward, carpenter. 

Craine, George, contractor. 

Crawford, J. F., merchant. 

CRAWFORD, M. S., Clerk of the 
District and Circuit Courts, Fairfield; 
born Nov. 25, 1836, in Sycamore, DeKalb 
Co., 111. ; moved to Jefferson Co. April 
30, 1852. Enlisted in Co. F, 3d Iowa 
Cav., Aug. 22, 1861, and was engaged 
in all the battles in which hia regiment 
participated ; April 1, 1862, was com- 
missioned 2d Lieutenant, and was mus- 
tered out as 1st Lieutenant at the close 
of the war. First elected to the office 
he now holds, in November, 1872. 
Married, April 25, 1867, Anna E. 
Alexander ; have three children — Will- 
iam W., Frederick M. and Nellie H. 
Republican ; members of the M. E. 
Church. 

Crawford, Nathaniel, far.. Sec. 13. 

Creamer, George, far., Sec. 2. 

CREW, EBEXEZER, coal dealer 
and miner, Fairfield ; owns thirteen 
acres, valued at $150 per acre ; native 
of Wales ; born in 1832 ; came to 
America in 1855. Married in 1861 



Miss Gover, a native of England ; have 
five children — Ella M., aged 15; Ma- 
mie, aged 13 ; Eddie, aged 10 ; Eliza 
A., aged 8, and Alonzo J., aged 5. 
Mr. C. is owner of the best coal land in 
the county — the demand much greater 
than the supply ; has three shafts sunk, 
and all doing a paying business. Mem- 
bers of the Congregational Church ; Re- 
publican. 

Croy. Mat., horse dealer. 

CULBERTSON, JOHX W., 
farmer, Sec. 36 ; owns 500 acres, valued 
at $100 i;)er acre ; born in Westmore- 
land Co., Penn., in 1807; moved to 
Wayne Co., Ohio, in 1821, and, in 
1834, to Wood Co., Ohio, where be en- 
gaged in merchandising; in 1838, 
moved to Lawrenceville and remained 
eighteen months; in February, 1840, 
he became a permanent resident of 
Jefferson Co., at Fairfield. The hand- 
some property acquired by Mr. Culbert- 
son is the result of his individual exer- 
tions. He married in 1834 Miss Eliz- 
abeth A. Eagle, of Wayne Co., Ohio; 
have two children — William B., born 
Oct. 25, 1835, and Edward B., born 
Dec. 15, 1837 ; the latter died May 17, 
1862. Mrs. Cullerton is one of the six 
members of the first Methodist Church 
organized at Fairfield, and the only one 
living. Mr. Culbertson, in moving to 
Fairfield, purchased his furniture in 
Burlington, and exhausted the stock in 
that city, having to wait till a chair 
was finished. Ke served two years in 
the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, first 
representing Jefferson Co., and after- 
ward the district composed of Wapello, 
Jefferson and Monroe Counties ; served 
four years as Clerk of the District 
Court ; appointed Receiver of Public 
Moneys, at Fairfield, by President 
Pierce, in 1853, and held the office 
until it was transferred to Chariton. 

CUIiBERTSON, W1L.L.IAM 
B., of law firm of Culbertson & 
Jones, Fairfield ; born in Mt. Gilead, 
Morrow Co., Ohio, Oct. 23, 1835; 
moved with his parents to Fairfield 
in February, 1840 ; worked on 
the farm in the summer, and 
attended school in the winter, until 
1852 ; in the fall of that year began 
attendance at Howe's Academy, Mt. 



FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP. 



505 



Pleasant ; continued for two years, then 
entered the law office of Judge 
Negus as a student; in August, 1857, 
was admitted to the bar ; the same year, 
entered the senior class of law depart- 
ment of Yale College, where he gradu- 
ated in 1858 ; opened a law office in 
Fairfield, Sept. 1, 1858. Married 
May 12, 1859, Lucy Seymour, daugh- 
ter of Allen Seymour, of Massachusetts; 
she died April 17, 1862 ; second mar- 
riage, Feb. 13, 1866, to Sarah E. Day, 
daughter of Timothy Day, of Van 
Buren Co., Iowa; he has one child living 
by his first wife, named Frank S. ; no 
children living by second wife. 

ClUIMINGS, J. J.,Mayor, Fairfield ; 
born in Marshall Co., Virginia, March 6, 
1828 ; his father died when he was 
only 1 year old, and when he was 7 
years old, he was sent to live with an 
uncle in Ohio ; was there till 1846 ; 
then enlisted in the United States army, 
12th Regiment, and went to Mexico ; 
participated in all the battles of his reg- 
iment until the close of the war in 

, 1848. Returned to Ohio in the spring 
of 185U; entered Alleghany College, 
where he remained three years ; taught 
school and studied law until 1856, 
wheu he was admitted to the bar ; at- 
tended the spring term, 1856, of the 
law school, at Poughkeepsie ; in Sep- 
tember of the same year, moved to 
Appanoose Co., Iowa, and, in January 
formed a law partnership with Judge 
Tannehill, which continued for five 
years ; in 1 862, removed to Fairfield, 
where he opened a law office; in 1864- 
65, was out West in the mountains ; re- 
turned in 1867, resumed his law prac- 
tice, and has followed it since. In 1858, 
was elected Superintendent of Public 
Schools in Appanoose Co ; in 1870, was 
elected Mayor of Fairfield, and re- 
elected for six terms in succession. 
Married May 15, 1860, Kate Steele ; 
has two children — Annie M. and Frank 
S.; Mrs. Cummings died Oct. 18, 1867. 

Cummings, Thomas, retired. 

Curry, William, farmer. Sec. 23. 

npiANA, a. L., farmer. Sec. 1. 

Dahlman, Jacob, shoe merchant. 
Dana, D., retired. 
David, Charles, merchant. 



Davis, Samuel, hotel-keeper. 

Dealy, Edward, farmer, Sec. 10. 

Deardorfi", Ely, bridge-builder. 

Deaver, M. V., butcher. 

DeGalleford, J., Supt. Gas Co. 

DeMarce, Anthony, foundry. 

Dill, Francis, farmer. Sec. 5. 

DIIjL, JOHX, Jr., proprietor of 
the Omnibus Line and dealer in stock ; 
Fairfield; was born Sept. 4, 1845 in 
Van Buren Co., Iowa; moved to Fair- 
field in 1874. Married December, 1865, 
Agnes Lowden ; have three children liv- 
ing — John A., James A. and Cora M. 

Dixon, Thomas, retired. 

Dole, Charles A., farmer. Sec. 9. 

DOIi£, J. K., farmer. Sec. 8; owns 
300 acres of land, valued at $40 per 
acre; born in Rush Co., Ind. Married, 
in 1849, Miss Maria E. Armacost; has 
five children — Charles, aged 28; Mary 
E., age 23; John T., age 21; J. W., 
age 9; T. W., age 7. Mr. D. has been 
elected to many difi'erent offices in the 
county and township. Made all the im- 
provements on his farm. Democrat. 

Donaldson, C., carpenter. 

Dorsey, A., railroad man. 

Dorsey, T., far., S. 28. 

Daugherty, J. E., insurance agent. 

D U BOIS, JOHIV W., Fairfield ; was 
among the early settlers of Iowa ; on the 
10th of August, 1840, he first saw the 
'' Black Hawk Purchase," and moved 
with his family into Jeiferson Co. on 
the 15th of January, 1843. Mr. Du 
Bois is of French Huguenot descent, 
tracing his lineage with singular accu- 
racy back to the year A. D. 1050, to 
Geofroi du Bois, apj)ointed by the 
Crown, " Grand Master of the Forests 
of France ;" he has now in his posses- 
sion a fac simile of the original coat of 
arms of this ancient family ; he was 
born in New York City Oct. 10, 1817; 
his wife, Elizabeth Dill, of Welsh ex- 
traction, was born in White Co., Tenn., 
July 12, 1818, and came with her 
parents, in June, 1830, to Illinois, 
within twenty miles of Burlington. 
Married Feb. 2, 1840; they have five 
sons and two daughters, all residing at 
the suburban residence of " Maple 
Shade," partly within the corporate 
limits of Fairfield City. Mr. Du Bois 
has probably purchased more live-stock 



506 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



direct from farmers' hands than any 
other man in the community, and his 
character as a business man among 
bankers, farmers and stock men is with- 
out a stain. Member of the Christian 
Church; Democrat. 

Du Bois, N. R., butcher. 

Du Bois, R. D., teamster. 

Dunshee, W., grocer. 

Dunwoody, W. P., tinner. 

Dwyer, A., far., S. 21. 

Dwyer, T., farmer. 

TpDMUNSTON, J., tailor. 

Eichorn, G., merchant. 

Elder, J., far., S. 32. 

Elliott, W., farm machinery. 

Eckert, D. E., clerk. 

ECKERT, J AME^, Depaty Treas- 
urer; born Oct. 4, 1823, in Washington 
Co., Penn.; moved to Fairfield about 
May 1, 1844. Married Feb. 12, 1850, 
Leanna L. Wise, a native of Prince Ed- 
ward Co., Va. ; they have four children 
living — Mary, Susan E., James S. and 
Annie R. 

Evans, J., far., Sec. 1. 

Evans, T. C, furniture. 

EVAXS, THOS. D., Justice of the 
Peace, Fairfield ; born March 8, 1809, in 
the city of New York ; in 1817, moved, 
with his parents, to Richmond, Va.; 
in 1832, entered his brother's store in 
Lynchburg, Va., as a clerk. In 1836, be- 
gan merchandising on his own account in 
Charlotte Co., Va.; closed out in 1839, 
and bought a farm, which he conducted 
until 1842, when he removed to Fair- 
field; in 184G, opened a store in con- 
nection with Gen. Bridgeman, which, 
after several years, they closed out ; in 
the spring of 1858, was elected Justice 
of the Peace, an oflSce he has held con- 
tinuously to the present time. Married 
at Lynchburg, Va., March 23, 1836, 
Jane B. Ross, daughter of Col. William 
Ross. 

TpALKNER, U. G., far., Sec. 2. 

FARMER, SAMIJEE C, & 

SO'SH, bankers, Fairfield, south side 
of square. 

Fawcett, P., retired. 

Fee, W. P., teamster. 

FEGAX, FRANK R., fire and ac- 
cident insurance and loan agent ; rep- 



resents none but the old American relia- 
ble companies ; oflBce with John R. 
Shaffer; was born March 15, 1852, in 
Fairfield, Iowa. Married Oct. 9, 1877, 
Miss Iowa Fetter. 

Ferguson, A. B., carpenter. 

Flegg, G. W., farmer. 

Flowers, 0., farmer. 

Fogerty, T., railroad man. 

Poland, E., laborer. 

Foley, M., saloon. 

Forgrave, A. J., shoemaker. 

Fowler, G., far.. Sec. 15. 

Fox, John, laborer. 

Freeman, J. D., tailor. 

FREEMAN & TOWNIiY. 
dealers in jewelry, watches, clocks, sil- 
verware and notions ; house established 
in 1871 ; place of business, No. 510 
east side of square ; repairing of all 
kinds done promptly and satisfactorily. 

Freshwater, A., far.. Sec. 28. 

Fuller, B. J., barber. 

Fuller, John, agent. 

FULTON, Al^EXANDER, 
farmer. Sec. 10 ; owns a quarter section 
of land, valued at $100 per acre; born 
in Huntingdon Co., Penn.; moved to 
Baltimore, thence to Chillicothe, Ohio, 
where he worked as a millwright until 
he moved to Jefferson Co. in 1833 ; was 
proprietor of the first drug and book store 
in Fairfield ; also built the first school- 
house in the county. Married, in 1826. 
Miss Eliza Jones ; have four children — 
Robert J., born Feb. 27, 1831 (de- 
ceased) ; Joseph, born May 6, 1833 : 
Wm. C, born Jan. 13, 1836, and Mar- 
tin A., born Feb. 14, 1838. Joseph 
Fulton was appointed by the Governor 
to represent the agricultural interests of 
Iowa. Mr. Fulton hauled the material 
for his house from Ft. Madison, Iowa, 
his nearest trading-point at that time. 
Members of the M. E. Church for fifty- 
six years. Republican. 

Fulton, William H., carpenter. 

Furman, Jacob, teamster. 

r^ AGE, C. W., farmer. 

Gage, F, S., agent. 

Gage, T. S., farmer. 

Gaines, Richard, stove dealer. 

Galliher, J. C, laborer. 

Galvin, Thomas, teamster. 

Gaumer, Solomon, far., Sec. 4. 



I 



FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP. 



507 



GAXTZ, ANDREW, farmer, Sec. 
7 ; owns 177 acres of land, valued at 
$45 per acre ; born in Carroll Co., Ohio, 
in 1833 ; moved to Jefferson Co., in 
1851. Married Miss Mary E. Canady 
in 1857 ; have nine children. Mr. G. 
has one of the finest improved farms in 
the township ; his house is a model of 
beauty and convenience, built at a coist 
of $1,600; the barn cost |1,000, is 
complete and well arranged. Mr. G. 
has held many township offices, such as 
Justice of the Peace, Trustee, etc. 

QAXTZ, JACOB S., proprietor 
of the Gantz House, Fairfield, since 
1872 ; born Nov. 28, 1835; moved to 
Jefferson Co. in 1851 ; engaged in farm- 
ing. Nov. 25, 1861, enUsted in the 
4th Iowa Cavalry ; was engaged in 
quite a number of battles ; at the bat- 
tle of Selma, Ala., was wounded in the 
arm, and had it amputated ; from the 
effects of his wounds, was left behind ; 
finally recovered ; went to Davenport, 
and was mustered out in 1865. In the 
fall of that year, was elected Sheriff of 
Jefferson Co.; served six years. Mar- 
ried Dec. 1, 1859, Miss Louisa Smith, 
who was born Jan. 2^, 1841 ; had six 
children — Byron N., Minnie E., Ernest 
C, Gracie L. and an infant; one de- 
ceased. 

Gantz, John T., farmer. Sec. 10. 

George, C. F., jeweler. 

Gibson, J. J., undertaker. 

Gift, Charles, farmer and teacher. Sec. 14. 

Gift, George, laborer. 

Gilbert, William, laborer. 

Gilchrist, A., carpenter. 

(GILCHRIST, GEORGE K., 
photographer, Fairfield ; born Feb. 26, 
1848, in Johnson Co., Ind. ; moved 
with his parents to Fairfield in 1854 ; 
in 1866, commenced business for him- 
self. Married Oct. 29, 1874, Laura 
Carter ; they have one child — Gara M. 

Gilchrist, G. W., carpenter. 

Gilmer, li. T., retired. 

Gobble, J. M., wholesale merchant. 

Goehner, Jacob, laborer. 

Goff, William E., farmer, Sec. 34. 

Gordon, H. M., far., S. 35. 

Govor, D. J., far., S. 10. 

GOW, PETER, far., S. 5; owns 
eighty acres of land, valued at $40 per 
acre ; native of Scotland ; came to Jef- 



ferson Co. in 1846. Married in 1838, 
Miss J. Parker ; has eight children — 
Francis, James, Christina, Janette, 
Sarah Jane, Mary M., Isabella and 
Anna. Mr. Gow was one of the first 
School Diretors in his present district, 
and helped to build the first school- 
house ; held other offices of trust. Re- 
publican. P. 0. Brookville. 

Graham, Harvey, clerk. 

Graham, James, retired. 

GREEIVE, FRANK, of the firm of 
Greene Bros., proprietors and publishers 
of the Fairfield Tribune, and agent C, 
R. L & P. R. R. ; born March 28, 
1847, in Guelph. Canada; moved to 
Chicago in 1867 ; in May, 1870, went 
to Iowa City as agent for the C, R. I. 
& P. R. R., and telegraph operator; in 
1871, was transferred to Trenton, Mo., 
in the same capacity, and, in November 
of that year, was appointed trainmaster 
and train-dispatcher of the Southwestern 
Division ; in 1876, resigned and ac- 
cepted the place he now holds at Fair- 
field. Married May 18, 1875, Emma 
C. Maxwell ; has one child — Florence H. 

Greenwood, M. V. B., far., S. 6. 

Griffin, Dennis, laborer. 

Grimes, J. A., carpenter. 

GRINSTEAD, JOHN, Coun- 
ty Superintendent of Public Schools ; 
born Dec. 1, 1841, in Marion, Jefferson 
Co., Ind. ; moved with his parents to 
Madison Co., Iowa, in 1850; entered 
Troy Academy in 1856. where he at- 
tended school until 1861. Enlisted in 
Co. A, 3d Iowa Cav., July 29, 1861 ; 
was engaged in all the battles of his 
regiment ; mustered out in October, 
1864. Since the close of the war has 
been engaged in teaching until 1877, 
when he was elected to his present of- 
fice. Married Oct. 7. 1865, Maria L. 
Grinstead. 

Gudgell, B. F., carpenter. 

HAINES, JOHN. Pastor of M. E. 
Church. 
Hagerty, John, contractor. 
Halferty, William, farmer. 
Hammiind, Philip, far., Sec. 14. 
HANSON, HENRY, lumber dealer, 

near C, B. & Q. depot, Fairfield ; born 

March 28, 1832, in Lewis Co., N. Y.; 

moved to Fairfield in February, 1868. 

Married April 4, 1863, Mary A. Wy- 



508 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY : 



man ; they have two children living — 
Mabel T. and Earnest W. 

Harmon, Page, teamster. 

Harper, John, stock dealer. 

Harper, Robert, farmer. 

Harris, T. T., shoemaker. 

Heck, George S., tinsmith. 

Heckathier, John, farmer. 

Hedge, William, far., Sec. 12. 

Henderson, T. T., clerk. 

Herrick, Edward, far., Sec. 11. 

HERRIN<i},JESSEA., Fairfield; 
born April 13, 1833, in Morgan Co., Ind.; 
emigrated to Hamilton Co., Tnd., in 
1835 ; lived there till 1854 ; came to 
Iowa and settled in Richland, Keokuk 
Co. Married Jane Tansey Aug. 19, 
1855 ; born April 8, 1836, in Morgan 
Co., Ind.; came to Iowa in 1853', and 
settled in Richland, Keokuk Co. ; moved 
to Fairfield in October, 1871. Carpenter 
b}'^ trade ; elected Street Commissioner in 
March, 1875, and holds that office to this 
date. Have four children-Oscar H ., born 
Jan. 12, 1857, at Richland ; Lorinda F., 
bornJuly 31, 1860 ; C. A., born July 27, 
1863 ; Emma E., born March 8, 1865. 
Republican. 

Hewitt, B. S., far.. Sec. 2. 

Hickenbottom, J., retired. 

HIGrliEY, D. Cr., drugs and station- 
ery. No. 514, east side of square, Fair- 
field, where he keeps a select assortment 
constantly on hand ; Mr. Higley was 
born in Ogle Co., 111., July 7, 1842; 
moved to Fairfield in April, 1866. 
Married Fannie H. Ambler Sept. 29, 
1868 ; has one child — Nellie A. 

Higley, T. F., druggist. 

Hinkle, D., far., Sec. 30. 

HINKLE, JA1IEII$ M., teacher, 
Fairfield; born in Jackson Co., Ind., in 
1853 ; came to JelFerson Co. in 1855. 
Mr. Hinkle was educated in Fairfield, 
under the Rev. Mr. Axline ; began 
teaching at the age of 15 in Des Moines 
Tp.; has taught eleven terms, and is one 
of the most active workers in the cause 
of education iu the county; he is mak- 
ing the law his aim ; has been reading 
law for the past year ; at difi"erent 
places through the the county Mr. H. is 
to deliver educational lectures this win- 
ter. 

Hirshberger, L., tinsmith. 

Hoffman, Isaac, carpenter. 



Hoffman, P., carpenter and builder. 

Hoffman. Thomas, carpenter. 

Holton, N. N., carpenter. 

HORN, J, B., farmer. Sec. 18; owns 
226 acres, valued at $35 per acre ; born 
in Washington Co., Penn., in 1824. 
Married in 1848 Miss Phoebe Watson ; 
has five children living — George R., 27 
years old ; M. L., 23 years old ; J. M., 
8 years old ; Lydia, 18 years old; Emma, 
14 years old ; three died — Amos W., 
born in 1848 ; Ralph, born in 1852 ; 
Ellen, born in 1857. Mr. Horn has 
held various offices of trust in the 
county ; was one of the Examining 
Committee at the organization of the 
Parsons College ; was appointed En- 
rolling Clerk during the war; has held 
other township offices. Is somewhat 
engaged in stock dealing. Republican. 

Howard, L., mason. 

Howell, G., harness-maker. 

Howlett, T. R., clothing merchant. 

Huff, John, retired. 

HUFFORD, R. H., ML. D., of the 
firm of Hufford & Bradshaw, druggist, 
Fairfield ; born in Washington Co., Penn.; 
has been engaged in the practice of 
medicine for twenty-five years. Married 
Mary J. Henn ; they have two children 
— Edward H. and Mary E. 

Hufstedler, W., merchant. 

HUGHEIS, JAME^ M., Sheriff of 
Jefferson Co., Fairfield; born July 8, 
1841, in Brooke Co., Va. ; moved to Fair- 
field in October, 1855. Enlisted May 16, 
1861, in Co. E, 2d I. V. I. ; participated 
in the principal battles in which his regi- 
ment was engaged; mustered out at the 
close of the war, in 1865. Was elected 
Sheriff of his county in the fall of 

1865, and has served continuously to 
the present time. Married March 25, 

1866, to F. A. Mills; have three chil- 
dren — Charles R., James H. and Mary. 
Republican. 

Hugel, David, far.. Sec. 2. 

Hughes, Thos., retired. 

Hunt, Edmund, shoe merchant. 

HUNTZINOER, F. B., proprietor 
of the Grove City Mills, Fairfield ; born 
Feb. 17, 1820, in Pennsylvania; came 
to Fairfield in January, 1856, and has 
since been engaged in the milling busi- 
ness. Married Sarah Rudy in the 
spring of 1842 ; she was from Schuylkill 



FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP. 



509 



I 



Haven, Penn ; have eight children — 
Phebe E., Caroline, Valeria, Bella, Lib- 
bie C, Robert R., John F. and Mag- 
gie M. 
NGALLS, JAMES, retired. 



INGHRAM, D. W., books and 
stationery, Fairfield ; born in Des 
Moines Co., Iowa, July 24, 1850 ; left 
home at 14 years of age to support him- 
self; secured a place in the C, B. tt Q. 
R. R. offices at Burlington ; remained 
till 1871, when he began running on the 
road ; in 1874, met with an accident by 
which he lost his left arm ; on his re- 
covery, he located in Fairfield, bought out 
the stock of R. M. Rigdon, and now has 
the only exclusive book store in the 
city, which is located on the south side 
of square in the McElhinney Block. 
He married Helen M., daughter of H. 
B. Mitchell, Esq., May 22, 1878. 

Inghram, U., far., Sec. 1. 

TACOBSON, ANDREW, far.. Sec. 16. 

Jacobson, F. J., far.. Sec. 16. 

James, T. L., dentist. 

JAQUES, A. W., Fairfield, elected 
Clerk of the District and Circuit Courts in 
October, 1878 ; born May 16, 1846, in 
Washington Co., Va. ; moved to Jeifer- 
son Co., Iowa, in November, 1848 ; 
learned the trade of mason and plasterer. 
In May, 1864, enlisted in Co. I, 45th 
Iowa V. I. ; in October, of same year, 
was mustered out. Read law and was 
admitted to the bar in September, 1877. 
Married Elizabeth C. Johnson in April, 
1867 ; have four children — Edgar A., 
Cornelia E., James W. and Charles C. 
Republican. 

JeflPers, James, carpenter. 

John, J. W., laborer. 

Johnson, John, liveryman. 

John.son, Nathan, merchant. 

JONES, C. A., druggist, Fairfield 
born Jan. 24, 1836, in Johnson Co., Ind 
moved to Jefferson Co., Iowa, in 1845 
commenced business in Fairfield, in 
1868. Married in November, 1859, 
E. E. Young; have five children — 
Albert C, William J., Mary E., Charlie 
and Grace. 

Jones, Frank, grocer. 

JONES, ISAAC D., of the law 
firm of Culbertson & Jones, Fairfield ; 



born in Johnson Co., Fnd., April 9, 
1832 ; moved to Jefferson Co., with his 
parents, March 30, 1845; in 1851, be- 
gan business on his own account ; was 
employed in county offices in Fairfield 
for three years ; taught in the public 
schools of Iowa ; in 1855, moved to 
Missouri ; in 1 858, returned to Fair- 
field, and, in 1860, opened a law office ; 
has continued the practice since. Dur- 
ing part of Andrew Johnson's administra- 
tion, he was Postmaster ; elected Mayor 
in 1874. Married Dec. 11, 1856, 
Rachel E. Young ; has five children 
living — Annie M., Kate M., Elizabeth 
R., Effie M. and Frank. 

Jones, T. E., carpenter. 

Jones, William H., druggist. 

Jones, William C, clerk. 

Jordan, Albert R., grain merchant. 

JORDAN, A. S., dealer in general 
merchandise and provisions, west side 
of square, Fairfield; born Feb. 22, 
1832, in Portland, Me.; settled in 
Fairfield in 1853. Enlisted in the U. S. 
Service, Aug. 1, 1862 ; was commis- 
sioned Captain of Co. B, 19th Iowa V. 
I.; participated in all the battles and 
sieges in which his regimnnt was en- 
gaged, and was mustered out at the 
close of the war. Married Oct. 1, 
1868, Ada M. Jordan ; his children 
are two — Nellie and Arthur G. 

JORDAN, CliEIlENT, 

C APT., retired, Fairfield ; born at Fal- 
mouth, District of Maine, now Cumber- 
land Co., State of Maine, March 25, 1794; 
in 1809, went to sea, a boy before the 
mast; in 1815, was promoted to first 
officer of the ship; in 1818, took 
charge of the ship James Monroe ; was 
engaged in the West India, European 
and South American merchant trade ; 
he figured conspicuously in the war of 
1812 with the land forces and priva- 
teers ; was taken prisoner twice during 
those troubles ; followed the sea until 
1836, then retired; arrived in Fairfield 
in 1851 ; now divides his time — his 
winters here and summers at Cape 
Elizabeth, Me. Married June 12,1820, 
Eliza Dyer ; they have four children 
living — Emily D., Clement, Arthur S., 
A. R. Capt. Jordan's wife died in No- 
vember, 1865. 
Judson, A. A., patent-right man. 

1 



510 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY ; 



Junkin, C. M., local editor of the Fair- 
field Ledger. 

jrNKIN, W. W., editor and senior 
proprietor of the Ledger, Fairfield ; born 
Jan. 26, 1831, at Wheeling, Va. ; in 
the spring of 1843, moved to Lee Co., 
Iowa ; in 1844, to Louisa Co. ; in 1845, 
to Jefi'erson Co.; in 1847, to Fairfield, 
and commenced his apprenticeship as 
printer with A. R. Sparks ; in the sum- 
mer of 1848, assisted in printing the 
first paper puljlished in the city of Des 
Moines, called the Morning Star ; on 
the 20th of May, 1853, bought a half 
interest in the paper which he now owns 
in connection with his son. Married 
Sept. 15, 1854, Elizabeth Patrick ; have 
eight children — Charles M., May, Ger- 
trude and Virginia (twins), Amy, Will- 
iam D., P. Sheridan and Robert T. 

TT^ENNEDY, J., farmer. 

Kennedy, P., far.. Sec. 9. 

Kennedy, P., Jr., laborer. 

Kerr, J , porter. 

Kilfoy, T., laborer. 

King, A., grocer. 

King. D., fiir., Sees. 16 and 29. 

King, J. E., physician. 

KINSIiOE, H. E., soda-water man- 
ufacturer. First East and Third South 
streets, Fairfield ; born July 2, 1853, in 
Juniata Co., Penn.-; moved to Fairfield 
in 1877. Married March 15, 1873, Katie 
Spangenberg ; they have one child — 
Alice B. 

KXIGHT, R. H., attorney at law, 
Fairfield ; office northwest corner of the 
square, second story. 

Koftman, George, far., S. 14. 

Kreiner, Michael, lab. 

Kurtz, M. R., grocer. 

LAMSON, VICTOR, agricultural 
dealer. 

Lamson, Ward, speculator. 

Lang, G. P., baker. 

Lee, Milton, lab. 

Lee, P. S., lab. 

Leeds, J. C, baker. 

Leggett, Charles D., attorney. 

LEGGETT, K. H., owner and pro- 
prietor of the Leggett House, Fairfield ; 
born March 25, 1811, in Washington 
Co., Penn., and, in 1818, moved with 
his parents to Carroll Co., Ohio ; was 
engaged for a few years in merchandis- i 



ing ; then commenced the business of 
hotel-keeping at Carlton, Ohio ; contin- 
ued for eighteen years ; in the fall of 
1855, moved to Fairfield and opened 
the house he now occupies, on the 1st 
day of January, 1856; has one of the 
best conducted hotels in Iowa and is 
well patronized ; his business so in- 
creased that, in 1874, he built a large 
addition to his house ; his dining-room 
and office are convenient and he has 
quite a number of sample-rooms for the 
accommodation of traveling-salesmen ; 
his sleeping-rooms are nicely furnished, 
and he spares no pains to make every- 
one feel perfectly at home in his house. 
Married April 25, 1833, Beersheba D. 
Viers, of Jeiferson Co., Ohio ; have five 
children living — Samantha L., James 
M., Pamelia, Charles D. and Frank E. 

Lews, Charles, lab. 

Lewis, W. C, merchant. 

Leonard, James, lab. 

Lewelling, H. C., carpenter. 

Light, Solomon, nursery. 

Linning, C. C, mail-carrier. 

Lippitt, H., teamster. 

Lock, David, manufacturer. 

Lock, Gilbert, painter. 

LONG, CATHEROE, MRI§.^ 
farmer. Sec. 22 ; owns eighty acres of 
land, valued at ^60 per acre. Married 
Wm. Long in 1850 ; she was born in 
Franklin Co., Penn., in 1825; came to 
Jefferson Co. in 1842; has six children 
— Alice, 26 years old ; Laura, 23 years 
old; George S., 20 years old; Wm. L., 
18 years old; Clifton S., 15 years old; 
and Blanche, 11 years old. Mr. Long 
was County Clerk for six terms, holding 
various other offices of trust ; was, for ten or 
twelve years before his death, general 
agent for King's Iron Bridge and Manu- 
facturing Co., of Cleveland ; was Mayor 
of Fairfield for two years. 

Loomis, A., clerk. 

Loomis, G. P., retired. 

Loring, T. H., laborer. 

Louden, Andrew, Jr., carpenter. 

Loudon, William, manufacturer. 

Loughrey, J. S., far.. Sec. 5. 

Lowell, James, physician. 

L.YXCH, W. S., Second East St. and 
Second South, Fairfield ; born in Carroll 
Co., Ky., Jan. 14, 1814 ; moved to 
Indiana with his parents, early settlers of 



FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP. 



511 



Switzerland Co., then went to Indianapo- 
lis, one of eight families who first set- 
tled there ; moved to Montgomery Co., 
then to Fountain Co.; thence to Decatur 
Co.; there learned the trade of tanner; in 
1835, moved to Sangamon Co., 111. 
Married Miss Elizabeth S. Hussy March 
23, 1843 ; she was born in Sangamon 
Co., 111., in 1823 ; daughter of Nathan 
Hussy, one of the first settlers on the 
north side of the Sangamon River. Mr. 
L. came to Jefterson Co. in the fall of 
1844. Members of the M. E. Church. 
Have two children — Barras E. and 
Theron Y. ; two died in infancy. Mr. 
L. owns 275 acres of land, valued at $50 
per acre. Has served as Justice of the 
Peace and other minor township offices. 
Republican. 

Lynn, Adam, carpenter. 

Lynn, David, Sr., carpenter. 

Lynn, D., Jr., carpenter. 

McCALLx\, A., Professor in the Col- 
lege. 

McCashlin, R. F., grocer. 

McCOID, M. A., of law firm of 
McCoid & West, Fairfield. Member 
elect from First District of Iowa to the 
Forty-fifth Congress. 

McComb, Wm., teamster. 

McCormick, E. T., agent. 

McCOy^, J. B., attorney, of the firm of 
Ratclift& McCoy, Fairfield ; born Oct. 2, 
1842, in Sangamon Co., 111.; moved to 
Jefi"erson Co. in 1844 with his mother. 
Enlistedin Co. D., 17th I.V.L, March 11, 
1 862 ; served three years, and was mus- 
tered out with his regiment at the close 
of the war. Studied law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar Sept. 8, 1877. Mar- 
ried Jan. 8, 1867, Penelope Gillett ; 
have three children living — Chas. A., 
Taylor J. and Gertrude. 

McCoy, L., far.. Sec. 12. 

McCKACKIK, JOH^.R., Fairfield ; 
born Dec. 22, 1844, in Indiana, Indi- 
ana Co., Penn.; family moved to Fair- 
field Nov. 2, 1855. Enlisted in Co. B, 
8th I. V. C, July 4, 1863 ; mustered out 
with the regiment at Macon, Ga., Aug. 
13. 1865. Read law with Messrs. Slagle 
& Acheson, and was admitted to the bar 
Jan. 7, 1871 ; has been a member of 
the present law firm of Slagle, Acheson 
& McCrackin since Sept. 1, 1875. 

McCrea, Nathan, retired. 



McDonald, Daniel, stock dealer. 

McDonald, James, boarding-house. 

McDonald, 0. F., saddler. 

McElderry, H. H., far., Sec. 10. 

McElhiney, B. S., land agent. 

McGaw, W.G,, clerk. 

McGIFFIN, THOMAS, farmer, 
Fairfield ; owns 320 acres of land, val- 
ued at $65 per acre ; born in Washing- 
ton Co., Penn., in 1818. Married Miss 
Sarah Clark in 1851 ; has six children 
living — Nathaniel, Emma, Abner, John, 
Sadie and Annie. Has lived in Fair- 
field Tp. fifteen years, and owns a very 
well improved farm one-fourth mile from 
Fairfield. Members of the Presbyterian 
Church ; Republican. 

McKee, David, retired. 

McKenny, J. A., saddlery manufactory. 

McKEE, DAVID S., farmer, Sec. 
36 ; owns 126 acres of land, val- 
ued at $100 per acre; born in Ire- 
land in 1824; came to Jefferson Co., 
Iowa, in 1839. Has been married 
twice ; is now a widower ; has eight 
children — Jessie, born in 1863 ; Frank 
E., born in 1863; Charles E., born in 
1865 ; George W., born in 1866 ; Wal- 
ter H., born in 1860 ; Edgar M., born 
in 1871 ; David S., born in 1872 ; Kate, 
born in 1874. Mr. McKee has an ex- 
cellent farm one-half mile south of 
Fairfield, with $9,000 worth of im- 
provements. 

McLean, D. F., farmer, Sec. 27. 

McLean, John W., farmer, Sec. 27. 

McLean, William L., far., S. 13. 

McWharter, John, far., S. 1. 

Major, David, far , S. 30. 

Malvin, James, lab. 

McPherin, A. S., stock dealer. 

MARCY, JOHN, far., S. 23; 600 
acres of land, valued at $35 per acre ; 
born in Southbridge, Mass., in 1822 ; 
moved to Iowa in 1855 ; came to Jef- 
ferson Co. in 1871. Married in 1858 
Miss Whiteacre; has four children — Lu- 
cian J., born May 20, 1861 ; Helen, 
Dec. 17, 1863; Lucretia, Oct. 13, 
1868 ; Antoinette, Oct. 24, 1874. Be- 
sides his regular business of farming, 
Mr. Marcy has done considerable in land 
speculations and in buying and shipping 
of stock. Is a nephew of Hon. Wm. 
L. Marcy, of New York, late Governor 
of the State. Democrat. 



512 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY 



Martin, L. M., stock man, S. 24. 

Maskell, J. W., manufacturer. 
Mason, D. W., teamster. 

Manatee, Jolin P., grain dealer. 

Maxon, William, lab. 

Maxwell, H. C, far., S. 14. 

Mendenhall, Lewis, preacher. 

MEXDEWHAI.I., SUSANNA, 
farming, See. 26 ; owns 160 acres of 
land, valued at $100 per acre ; born in 
Wayne Co., Ind., in 1828. Married 
Daniel Mendenhall in 1841 ; came to 
Jefferson Co. in 1 842 ; have six children 
— Esther A., now Mrs. George, born Nov. 
22, 1-842 ; Sarah J., now Mrs. Morris, 
born Jan. 17, 1845 ; Lewis, born Jan. 
8, 1852; William, born Jan. 8, 1852, 
deceased ; Mary E., now Mrs. Mount, 
born Aug. 15, 1855 ; Annie, now Mrs. 
Hall, born May 15, 1859; and Laura, 
born Aug. 31, 1862. Mr. Mendenhall 
was the first gunsmith in Fairfield, and 
his services in that early day were in 
great demand. Mrs. M. has been a 
member of the Free Methodist Church 
for thirty years, being converted under 
the preaching of the Rev. Hayden. 

HESSICK, JAS. W., carpenter and 
builder, Fairfield ; born June 28, 181 9, in 
Rockingham, Va.; moved to Fairfield 
Nov. 15, 1847. Enlisted in Co. E, 2d 
Iowa V. L; was promoted to 1st duty 
Sergeant ; served three years ; was in 
all the battles of his regiment ; was 
mustered out, then employed as Chief 
of Scouts under Gen. Stark wether, for 
one year and seven months. Married 
Rebecca Haywood Jan. 30, 1848 ; have 
six children — Theodore P., Charles V., 
Albert C, John Y., Nancy A. and 
Nellie M. 

Mikesell, Benjamin, teamster. 

Milliken, J. C, physician. 

Millhouse, F. M., laborer. 

Mullinix, Israel, laborer. 

Millspaugh, J. R., City Mills. 

Minor, John, laborer. 

Mitchell, A. F., fiirmer, Sec. 13. 

MITCHEIiL, H. B., farmer, Sec. 
28 ; owns 295 acres of land, val- 
ued at $40 per acre; born in Clare- 
mont, Sullivan Co., iV. H. ; came to 
Jefferson Co. in 1840. Married Oct. 
26, 1847, Miss Maria E. Tool; had 
ten children, nine living — Susan D., 
born Sept. 4, 1848 ; Effie I., born July 



20, 1850; John D., born Feb. 26, 
1853; Helen M., born May 22, 1858; 
Marietta and Henrietta (twins), born 
Aug. 11, 1860; Cora A., born April 
5, 1863 ; Carrie T., born March 17, 
1868 ; Thomas A., born Sept. 12, 
1870; William H., Oct, 17, 1865, 
deceased. Mr. H. B. Mitchell, and his 
brother Thomas, built, in 1841, the 
first frame dwelling-house west of Fair- 
field ; Mr. M., since his arrival in this 
county, has been an active participant 
in political matters, holding at different 
times various ofiices of trust in the 
county and township ; in 1852, was 
elected to the House of Representatives 
— then Territorial Legislature ; was the 
first Whig elected from this county ; 
has been a member of the Agricultural 
Society since its organization, and its 
President six different times ; member 
of the Board of Supervisors two years ; 
President of the Board of Directors of 
Fairfield Township for seventeen years. 
Mr. M. saw the first hack that carried 
passengers, the first four-horse coach, 
the first train of cars, and the first tele- 
grapliic message that ever came to Fair- 
field. Mr. Mitchell has been closely 
identified with all the best interests of 
the county. 

Mohr, R. J., physician. 

MONFOKT, J. B., DR., dental 
surgeon ; office in Wells' Block, Fair- 
field ; all work warranted ; born July 
9, 1855, at Macomb, 111., resided there 
with his parents ; re ;eived his educa- 
tion in his native town, and graduated 
in June. 1872, after thoroughly pre- 
paring himself for the practice of his 
chosen profession ; moved to Fairfield 
in August, 1878, and opened his oflSce 
as above, where he is permanently 
located ; although a resident of the 
county but a short time, he has met 
with encouraging success ; his dental 
rooms are comfortably fitted up ; his 
outfit of dental instruments complete. 

Monger, H., far.. Sec. 4. 

Monroe, J. C, blacksmith. 

Montgomery, I. R., tinner. 

Montgomery, J. A., ex-County Recorder. 

Moore, John, carpenter. 

Moore, L. R., teamster. 

MOORMAN, THOMAS, farmer, 
Sec. 18 ; owns 315 acres of land, val^ 



FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP. 



513 



ued at S35 per acre ; born in Highland 
Co., Ohio, in 1809 ; moved to Jefferson 
Co. in 1844. Married, in 1833, Mar- 
garet Canaday ; married his second wife, 
Misa Leah Brooks, in 1850; has eight 
children — Anna E., born 1834; Eliza 
E. (now deceased), born 1835 ; Man- 
da J., born 1837; Charles W., born 
1839 ; Albert M. (now deceased), born 
1841; Martha, born 1844; Wm. T., 
born 184(1 ; L. W. (now decea5>ed), born 
1849; Sarah A., born 1850; Eva C, 
born 1863 ; Anna E. married Mr. Graf- 
ton ; Manda J. is now Mrs. Warwick ; 
Martha, now Mrs. Searls; Sarah, now 
Mrs. Campbell. -Mr. M. has held va- 
rious offices of trust since his removal to 
Iowa ; was elected a member of the 
Legislature twice from this district. 

Moorman, Wm. T., far., Sec. 17. 

Morgan, Thomas, ex-County Judge. 

Moroney, J., laborer. 

MORRI]^, REV. P., Pastor of St. 
Mary's Church. 

Morris, C. C, jewelry. 

Morri.son, James A., colporteur. 

Morrison, Samuel M., lab. 

Mouck, J. M., agent. 

Mount, J. 0., attorney. 

Mount, Jedediab, nursery. 

Mulligan, John, far., S. 31. 

Murdock, K., lab. 

MrRRAY, W. B., clerk, Fairfield; 
born in Fayette Co., Va., Dec. 8, 1835 ; 
moved with parents to Jefferson Co., 
Iowa, in 1837, and, in 1856, commenced 
teaching; in 1861, went to Salt Lake; 
on his return, did teaming to Denver ; 
from there, worked his passage to Coun- 
cil Bluffs and on to Fairfield. Enlisted 
in Co. A, 4th Iowa Cav. ; went with 
the regiment to Batesville, Ark., and 
was mustered out on account of .sick- 
ness; in the fall of 1862, enlisted in the 
37th Iowa Inf , but when examined was 
rejected ; in the spring of 1863, enlisted 
as recruit to the 14th Iowa Inf ; went 
with the regiment to Cairo ; was on de- 
tached service as Post Orderly under 
Gen. N. B. Buford ; in May, 1864, was 
promoted to Second Lieutenant in the 
1st Iowa Colored Inf ; was detached 
and placed on Gon. N. B. Buford's 
staff ; was there till the spring of 1865 ; 
joined his company at Little Rock ; was 
sent to do Provost Marshal duty at 



Powhatan ; in October, the company 
was ordered to join their regiment at 
Duvall's Bluff ; mustered out and sent 
to Davenport in November, 1865. In 
1866, he took a provision train to Den- 
ver for the Federal Union Mining Co. ; 
with them till 1867 ; then traveled 
through Minnesota ; was correspondent 
ofthei/o??ie Visitor in 1868; appoint- 
ed Inspector of Timber and Ties for the 
U. P. R. R. ; stationed at Wyoming 
Territory ; also correspondent of the 
Brighton Pioneer; in 1870, was Pur- 
chasing Ai>ent of the S. W. R. R., and 
had charge of the building of bridges in 
1871-72 ; in the same business on the 
C. S. R. R., through Canada. Has 
collected quite a cabinet of geological 
specimens, fossils and minerals. Mar- 
ried Sept. 22, 1872, INLirtha Beaumont, 
of Canada. Members of the Baptist 
Church ; Republican. 

Murphy, Daniel, far., Sec. 16. 

Murphy, J. M., far., Sec. 4. 

Murphy, R., baker. 

Myers, John E., far.. Sec. 10. 

Myers, J. V., retired. 

MYERS, J. L., II. D., southwest 
corner public square, Fairfield ; born in 
Fluvanna Co., Va., March 20, 1814; 
moved to Burlington, Iowa, in 1837 ; 
to Fairfield in 1846. Married Sept. 
27, 1831, Frances Bell, daughter of 
Rev. L. G. Bell ; his second wife was 
Mary Ramsey, to whom he was married 
April 5, 1855 ; third marriage, to Eliza 
Koons, Sept. 8, 1859; had seven 
children by his first wife — David G., 
William H., Charles F., Caroline, Ed. 
A., Margaret E. and George H. ; four 
by his third wife — J. L., Ella, Sher- 
man T. and Margaret. 

"ATTEIL, ROBERT, far.. Sec. 13. 

Neiswanger, Samuel, far., Sec. 16. 
Neiswarmer, A., retired. 
Nesselhouse, P., saddler. 
Nicholas, Charles, drayman. 
Noble, C. E., biliiard-hall. 
Noble, Samuel, retired. 
Nutting, S. H., retired. 

,'BRIEN, THOMAS L., far., S. 20. 



O' 



Oliver, J. W., physician. 
"pARAMORE, D. B., laborer. 



514 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



Patman, W. B., agent. 

Patton, R. H., farmer. 

Patrick, Harry, printer. 

Peterson, H., farmer. 

Petty, L., dealer in implements. 

Phelps, Gr. W., clerk at Leggett House. 

Phillips, J. A., agent. 

Pierce, B. D., capitalist. 

Poinsett, J. Gr., laborer. 

Polston, P., engineer. 

POTTER, A. C, PROF., whole- 
sale and retail dealer in pianos, organs, 
sheet music, violins and guitars, located 
in Workman's Block, north side of the 
square ; born in Wayne Co. N. Y. ; 
moved to Fairfield in 1869, where he is 
permanently located ; also gives lessons 
on the piano and organ and vocal cult- 
ure. 

Porter, J. A., traveling agent. 

Powell, Wm., laborer. 

Prather, Isaac, laborer. 

Pumphrey, W. F., farmer. 

Purcell, Gr. E., carpenter. 
^ ,UINN, T., R. R. Section Boss. 



Q' 



QUIIiliEN, J. W., dry goods mer- 
chant and dealer in wool and woolen goods, 
east side of square, Fairfield ; born Oct. 
28, 1840, in Harrison Co., Ohio ; moved 
with his mother to Van Buren Co., 
Iowa, in October, 1855, and lived in the 
family of Hon. Judge Meek for eleven 
years, working on his farm ; moved to 
Jefferson Co. in 1866, and, in 1867, re- 
turned to Van Buren Co.; in 1868, was 
admitted to the Iowa M. E. Conference, 
and was sent as colleague of Rev. 0. C. 
Sheiton, with whom he remained until 
January following; in 1868, was em- 
ployed by the Vernon Woolen Mill Co. 
to sell goods and do business for them ; 
continued with them until 1870, when 
he opened a store of his own in Fair- 
field ; in 1877, elected a member of the 
City Council. Married June 9, 1870, 
Martha J. Frush ; has four children — 
Elmer X., Charles W., Mary C. and 
Velda. 

Quinn, Thos., carriage manufacturer. 
AMEY, W. H. H., far., Sec. 19. 



E 



Randall, A., laborer, 

RATCLIFF, ROBERT F., law 

yer, Fairfield ; born in Williamsburg, 
Va., Feb. 9, 1825 ; two years afterward. 



moved with his parents to Harrison Co., 
Ohio ; in 1846, he traveled through 
Iowa and located in St. Charles, Mo., 
and taught school for a year ; returned 
to Ohio ; in the spring of 1849, removed 
to Van Buren Co., Iowa ; the next year, 
to Fairfield ; followed teaching till 1854, 
when he was elected Clerk of the Dis- 
trict Court, which office he held until 
1861 ; had studied law, and, in 1851, 
was admitted to the bar, but did not 
engage in the practice until 1861 ; in 
that year he was elected Mayor of 
Fairfield. Married Martha H. Pike 
March 19, 1849; had five children- 
Wallace H., Virginia E., Fitz A., Bruce 
and Helen ; wife died July 13, 1862 ; 
second marriage Oct. 20, 1863, to Mar- 
garet A. Freeman, widow of Dr. B. 
Freeman. 

Ready, Patrick, laborer. 

READ, WM. M., miller and farmer, 
Sec. 3 ; owns 1 80 acres of land, valued 
at S50 per acre ; born near Dayton, 
Ohio, in 1821. Married Miss M. Bot- 
tom in 1845 ; came to Jefi"erson Co. in 
1849 ; has eight children living — John, 
31 years old ; Susan, 32 years 
old ; William, 27 years old ; Nicholas, 
24 years old ; Lincoln and Jennie, 
twins, 18 years old; James, 13 
years old ; and David, 8 years old. Mr. 
Read owns and operates a fine two-story 
brick grist-mill, with three runs of stone 
and a capacity of 300 bushels per day ; 
is doing a good business ; runs his mill 
by either steam or water; also has a fine 
brick dwelling-house ; all of his prop- 
erty has been accumulated by his own 
industry ; has held many public offices 
in the county and State ; was a member 
of the Senate for two terms, at Iowa 
City and Des Moines. Member of the 
Congregational Church ; Republican. 

Reed, Carson, Pres. minister. 

Reed, Charles, far.. Sec. 22. 

Reed, Charles, Jr., far., Sec. 23. 

Reed, Samuel, trader. 

Register, A. H., far., Sec. 4. 

Register, N. B., far., Sec. 2. 

Richardson, A., far. 

Richardson, J. S., clothing. 

RICHARDSON, W3I., far , Sec. 
34 ; born in Pennsylvania in 1850 ; 
came to Iowa in 1852. Married in 
1874; has one child — Minnie, aged 



FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP. 



515 



I 



3 years ; Mr. K., for a number of years 
past, has been farming and working in 
coal, but in the spring of 1879, expects 
to go into the clothing business in Fair- 
field. 

RICKETTS, A. C, dealer in gro- 
ceries and provisions, on First West 
Street, north of square, Fairfield ; born in 
Coshocton, Ohio, July 2, 18-44 ; came to 
Fairfield in 1866, and after a few months 
returned to Ohio ; in 1869, removed to 
Des Moines and engaged in the 
wholesale grocery trade ; six months 
after, removed his stock to Fairfield ; 
in 1872, sold out and returned 
to Ohio; in 1874, moved to Denver, 
Colo.; in 1877, returned to Fairfield, 
where he has since been engaged in 
business. Enhsted Dec. 12, 1861, in 
Co. H, 80th Ohio V. I. ; mustered out 
Jan. 29, 1865 ; took part in all the bat- 
tles in which his regiment was engaged, 
and holds a flattering certificate of good 
conduct as a soldier from his Colonel. 
Married Mary Alter Dec. 25, 1866, and 
has one child — Davie A. Is a decided 
Republican. 

Rider, H., farmer, Sec. 3. 

RIDER, DAXIEL., farmer, bee- 
raiser and dealer in fancy stock, Sec. 3 ; 
native of Fayette Co., Penn. ; resident 
of Jefferson Co. for thirty-two years ; 
owns 156 acres, valued at $40 per acre ; 
is one of the prominent men of the 
county ; was appointed Postmaster of 
his native town at the personal solicita- 
tion of Gen. Jackson ; elected to the 
House of Representatives for three con- 
secutive terms. Married in 1830 Miss 
A. McCall, of Washington Co., Penn. ; 
has seven children — Mary J., born in 
1832; George L., born in 1833; Anna 
M., born in 1835 ; Thomas M., born in 
1838 ; Emaline, born in 1841 ; Henry, 
born in 1850; William T., born in 
1854. Mr. R. was appointed Marshal 
of Washington Co., Penn., for several 
years, and has held other ofiices of 
trust. Democrat. 

Rider, T. M., far., S. 3. 

Rigby, M., saloon. 

Ricksher, J., butter and egg dealer. 

Risk, C. C, merchant. 

Ristine, B. E., painter. 

Ristine, S. B., laborer. 

Ristine, H., laborer. 



RISTIXE, HIRAM, retired, Fair- 
field ; owns two houses and lots, valued 
at $1,600 ; born in Brown Co., Ohio, in 
1806. Married in 1828 Miss Margrett 
mett, of Ohio ; has seven children — 
Samuel R., born in 1829 ; William W., 
born in 1832 ; Margaret J., born in 
1835; De Witt C, born in 1837; 
Bartlett E., born in 1839; Jno. W., 
born in 1843 ; Joseph M., born in 
1850. Is now living quietly on his 
farm near Fairfield. 

Roberts, A. D., farmer, Sec. 11. 

RORERTN, JEANETTE, 
MRS., vpas born in Butler Co., Ohio, 
in 1837. Married, in 1857, Mr. J. 
P. Roberts, now deceased; has no 
children ; Mr. R. was for three years 
in the livery business in Fairfield, 
Iowa, and for some time a farmer and 
dealer in fancy stock ; Mrs. R. is a 
member of the Congregalional Church. 
Owns 120 acres of land, valued at $55 
per acre. 

Robinson, Dennis, laborer. 

Robinson, George W., farmer. Sec. 29. 

Robinson, Martin, laborer. 

Robinson, McKinney, school-teacher. 

Rock, H. C, clerk. 

Rodgers, T. C, grocer. 

Rogers, J. W., carpenter. 

Rogers, John, farmer. Sec. 12. 

Rogers, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 1. 

RosSj John, farmer. Sec. 3. 

Ross, John W., farmer, Sec. 10. 

Roth, J. E., merchant. 

Roth, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 12. 

Roth, M. W., merchant. 

Rountree, H. C, insurance agent. 

Rowland, W. B., horse dealer. 

Rumer, Isaac painter. 

Rus.sell, C. F.', clerk. 

RUSSELL, THOMAS, far. and 
coal miner, Fairfield ; owns 54 acres, val- 
ued at $35 per acre ; born in Scotland in 
1829 ; came to Iowa in 1845. Married, 
in 1859, Miss Mary Connors, a native 
of Ireland ; have two children — Lizzie, 
aged 17 ; Charles, aged 8 ; Mr. Russell, 
by frugality and industry, has accumu- 
lated considerable property, including a 
neat dwelling-house, built at a cost of 
$1,500 ; has worked at the coal busi- 
ness for over 25 years. Member of 
the Congregational Church ; Republi- 



516 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY 



Rutherford, G. A. and H. A., Justices of 

the Peace. 
O ACKETT, J. and S., farmers, Sec 22. 

Sappenfield, farmer. 

Sargeant, I. L., farmer, Sec. 8. 

Schaefer, John, wagon-maker. 

Scott, Aaron, blacksmith. 

Scott, Asa S., shoemaker. 

Scott, A. B., farmer, Sec. 1. 

Scott, Malchi. blacksmith. 

SCRAXTOM, A. €}., Fair- 
field; station agent 0., B. & Q. 
E.. R., which position he has 
held since 18G7 ; born Oct. 6, 1828, 
in Rochester, N. Y. Married, in 1870, 
Mrs. Helen J. Sibley ; has two chil- 
dren — Edwin and Hiram S. 

Scally, Patrick, farmer, Sec. 17. 

Seamon, Henry, butcher. 

Searles, George, laborer. 

Sens, David, retired. 

Shatter, C. S., clerk. 

SHAFFER, JOH9f R., Secretary 
of the Iowa Agricultural Society ; oiEce 
in Shaffer Building, Fairfield ; born 
Aug. 30, 1885, in' Zanesville, Ohio; 
moved to Fairfield March 20, 1856; 
was Assistant Secretary for a number of 
years, and, in 1874, elected to the office 
he now holds. Married, May 20, 
1862, Mary Thompson, daughter of 
Col. James Thompson ; they have four 
children — William E., Clara A., Gene- 
vieve and James R. 

SH AMP, JESSE, farmer and weav- 
er. Sec. 35 ; owns 26 acres of land, val- 
ued at $80 per acre ; born in Lycoming 
Co., Penn., in 1804. Married in l826, 
Prudence Templeton ; married the sec- 
ond time, Mary J. Husted, of Fairfield, 
Iowa ; has twenty-two children — Thos. 
B., Hiram S., C. T., Harriet J., Hen- 
ry H., Mary R., Francis M., Margaret 
E., Amos R., Emeline S., Reason S., 
Chas. W., Anna P., Wm. W., Harry 
E., Dora B., Byron T., Benton C. 
and Sallie A. ; three children unnamed. 
Mr. Shamp has held various offices of 
trust in the township, and at present is 
doing a good business weaving carpets. 
Democrat. 

Shanstrom, J. P., far., Sec. 20. 

Sharp, Isaac, far., Sec. 4. 

Shearer, Fred, far.. Sec. 14. 

Sheldon, S. 0., far., Sec. 23. 



SHERIDAN, JOHN, dealer in 
groceries, near depot of C.,B. &Q. 31. R. 
Fairfield; born March 4, 1842, in Ash- 
land Co., Ohio; moved to Washington 
Co., Iowa, in 1875, and the same year 
to Fairfield. Enlisted in Co. G, 98th 111. 
y. I. in June, 1862, and soon after the 
battle of Chickamauga was promoted 
and cominissinned First Lieutenant ; par- 
ticipated in all the battles in which his 
regiment was engaged ; mustered out at 
the close of the war. Married Dec. 25, 
1866, H. L. Christy; have four chil- 
dren — Dellie B., Lee C. Guy R. and 
Hugh S. 

Sheward, J. T., merchant. 

Sheward, Thomas H., furniture dealer. 

Shirk, John, far., S. 11. 

Shirk, M.M., far., S. 12. 

Shriner, George, retired. 

Shriner, G. W., lab. 

Shriner, Marquis, butcher. 

Sliultz, George, carpenter. 

Sickles, E., clothier. 

Simison, William, clerk. 

Simpson, J. B., pattern-maker. 

Sinclair. J. W., far., S. 5. 

Sinclair, W. G., far., S. 5. 

Smith, J. N., stock dealer. 

Smith, P. E.. painter. 

Smith, W. L., lab. 

Snook, H. A., lab. 

Smock, J. Q., lab. 

Snook, Justin, grocer. 

Snyder, J. D., lab. 

Sparr, W. H., Principal of public school. 

Spencer, B. E., restaurant. 

Spencer, Fayette, restaurant. 

SPIEEMAN, JOHN A., dealer 
in hardware and stoves, Fairfield ; born 
in Columbus Co., Ohio, July 10, 1834; 
came to Jefferson Co. in 1840, and, in 
1863, commenced business in Fairfield. 
In 1866, was elected a member of the 
City Council ; continued in office until 
1871. Married Christina Hirschberger 
in April, 1860 ; has six children — Henry 
A., John G., Carrie E., Frederic A., 
Mary E. and Bella. 

Slagle, J. M., farmer. 

SIvAOI^E & ACHESON consti- 
tuted their law firm and opened their 
office in Fairfield in the spring of 1843; 
they have continued their association 
without interruption until the present 
time ; recently taken into the firm Joseph 



FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP. 



51T 



R. McCrackiu, Esq., as a junior partner. 
Messrs. Slagle & Achcson are natives of 
Washington, Penn., where they studied 
law ; caiue West together, commenced 
their professional career together, and 
according to their opportunity have 
have been identified with the develop- 
ment of the county and State of their 
adoption. 

Stakes, George W., shoemaker. 

Starkey, Willis, lab. 

Starks, Henry, lab. 

Stawbus, Henry, far., S. 29. 

>Stead, J. P., mei'chant. 
''Steele, N., Dr., physician. 

Stephenson, Daniel, far., S. 21. 

Stephenson, J. L., far., S. 4. 

STEPHENSON, ROBERT, 
County Recorder ; born Sept. 8, 1831, 
iu England ; moved to America in 1838, 
with his parents, and to Jefferson Co., 
in 1842 ; pursued the business of farm- 
ing till October, 1861. Then enlisted in 
Co. M, 4th Iowa Cav. ; promoted to 
Corporal; served eighteen months ; dis- 
charged on account of disability which 
resulted ,in the loss of his right leg. 
Was elected Justice of the Peace in 
18GG ; served two terms ; was appointed 
Postmaster under the administration of 
(ren. Grant in February, 1874 ; resigned 
in September, 1878 ; in October, was 
elected County Recorder. Married May 
15, 1856, Elizabeth Hopkirk ; have 
four children living — Robert B., James 
R., John W. and Flora B. Repub- 
lican ; members of the Presbyterian 
Church. 

Stever, Georgt;, merchant. 

STE VERS, ELIZABETH, far , 

Sec. Id; owns 2z0 acres land, valued at 
$60 ; born in Newark, N. J., in 1803 ; 
maiden name Park. Married Mr. Stevers 
in 1828; had eleven children, ten 
living — Catherine (now Mrs. DeLong), 
aged 50; Margaret, deceased; Solomon 
F., aged 48; George, aged 46; Rachel 
(now Mrs. Black), aged 44; Annie 
(now Mrs. Glasgow), aged 42; John, 
aged 41 ; Almira (now Mrs. Axline), 
aged 39 ; P]lizabeth, aged 37 ; Jennie 
L., aged 34; David H., aged 32; resi- 
dent of the county since 1844. Member 
of the Lutheran Church. 

Stewart, G. W., firmer, Sec. 6. 

Stewart, William, laborer. 



Stiles, William, farmer. Sec. 29. 

Stonor, Henry, retired. 

Stoner, Ralph J., farmer, Sec. 22. 

Strons:, AVillis, laborer. 

STIIBBS, D. p., Fairfield,was born in 
the extreme southern part of Preble Co., 
Obio, July 7,. 1829; his father and 
mother, William and Delilah, were born 
in Georgia the latter part of the last 
century; all of his grandparents are na- 
tives of the same State ; they emigrated 
to Ohio in 1805, making the long and 
tedious journey over the mountains with 
teams ; they left their native State on 
account of their opposition to slavery, and 
selected a home in the Northwest Terri- 
tory ,where slavery and involuntary servi- 
tude, except for the punishment of crime, 
were prohibited; his maternal grandfather 
was a Revolutionary soldier; was at the 
surrender of Cornwallis. D. P. Stubbs 
was raised upon a farm, and labored 
hard as a tiller of the soil till after he 
had attained his majority; had only the 
advantages of the common school, with 
the exception of the select school under 
the control of the Society of Friends, of 
which his parents and himself were 
members; it was situated three 
miles from his residence ; in the 
winter he often went on foot, 
but seldom attended an entire session, 
on account of work to be performed 
on the farm ; up to the time of his 
majority he had no advantages in the 
direction of his inclination ; he had 
never witnessed a court in session, or 
heard the trial of a legal case ; after 
farming one year on his own responsi- 
bility, he went to the Union Co., Ind., 
Seminary for five months ; then com- 
menced, teaching, but soon became one 
of the ju'incipals of the Seminary ; he 
formed the idea of becoming a lawyer 
long before he left the farm, and worked 
at 50 cents per day in a saw-mill to 
procure the means to purchase Black- 
stone's Commentaries, which he now 
has in his library ; he read law for sev- 
eral years, at such spare times as could 
be devoted to it, before he took a coui'se 
of regular reading. In the fall of 
1855, he married, and with very little 
means of his own, but assisted by some 
earnest friends, not related to him, he 
entered the Law College of the Indiana. 



518 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY : 



University, at Greencastle ; in 1856, 
graduated, and received his diploma as 
Bachelor of Laws ; he looked at the 
parchment, and said, " This, of itself, is 
of no use to me ; it can never win a 
case, or give me notoriety as a lawyer ; 
it will require something more than a 
sheepskin, with President and Profess- 
ors' names, to make me succeed ;" so 
he threw it among the rubbish, and it 
was ten years before it was hunted up 
and framed. After graduating, he be- 
came editor of the Liberty Herald, 
which supported the Republican cause 
in the campaign of 185G. In 1857, 
came West, and settled in Fairfield, 
Iowa, and formed a partnership with 
the Hon. J. F. Wilson in the law prac- 
tice ; his time, from this on, was con- 
stantly employed in his profession with 
a successful run of business, while his 
partner was engaging in politics, Mr. 
Stubbs prosecuted the business of the 
office, and had all that he could do ; 
was elected Mayor of Fairfield twice, 
in 1859 and 1860; in 1863, elected to 
the State Senate ; served four years ; 
the last session. President pro tern, of 
the Senate ; was on leading committees, 
and a very active and hard-working 
member ; his law practice now, is not 
that of a general practitioner, taking 
only such cases as he desires, having 
gained sufficient reputation to give him 
the choice of cases ; he makes criminal 
and chancery cases his specialty ; he 
has been engaged in the most important 
criminal cases in this portion of the 
State ; has, at the time of this writing, 
three important murder cases on hand ; 
he made his force as a lawyer felt in the 
most perceptible manner in defense of 
the noted desperado Rand at Galesburg 
last winter (1878); every prejudice of 
the whole community was aroused 
against both client and attorney, but in 
a five-hours speech, to the astonishment 
of all, the wretch was not sentenced to 
death; in 1877, Mr. Stubbs, without 
being consulted, was unanimously nom- 
inated by the Independent Greenback 
party as a candidate for Governor; he 
accepted the nomination, made an ex- 
tended canvass, and carried 35,000 
votes, to the astonishment of both the 
old parties; in the fall of 1878, he made 



an extended campaign in Iowa and Illi- 
nois for the same party. He married 
Carrie Hollingsworth in 1855 ; they 
have four children — Orsmo D., Charles 
E., Cora M. and Minnie. Orsino, 
though only a little past majority, has 
been for two years keeping books and 
acting as paymaster for the contractor 
on the C, B. & Q. R. R., a very re- 
sponsible position, and one requiring 
much energy and business tact. 

Stump, B. H., farmer. 

Sullivan, James, grocer. 

SrXTON, J.^C, DR., physician and 
surgeon ; office on the south side of the 
public square, over the drug store of Jones 
Bros., Fairfield ; born at Jacksonville, 
Morgan Co., 111., Oct. 16, 1855 ; attended 
the common schools and Illinois College 
at Jacksonville; in the fall of 1875, 
entered the Miami Medical College at 
Cincinnati; remained there one session, 
then entered the medical department of 
the University of the City of New 
York ; remained two winters, and grad- 
uated with the Class of '77-78 ; came 
to Fairfield in July, 1878, where he is 
permanently located for the practice of 
medicine and surgery. 

Swayne, J. D., blacksmith. 

TEMPLE, G. D., Cashier First Nation- 
al Bank. 

Templeton, D. W., grain dealer. 

Tomy, C. D., blacksmith. 

Thoma, J. C, clerk. 

Thomas, J. R., wool merchant. 

Thomas, V. M., milk peddler. 

Thompson, James, mail contractor. 

Thompson, Wm. E., agr. machinery. 

THRASH, SAMUEL, far.. Sec. 
29 ; owns 200 acres of land, valued at 
$40 per acre; born in Montgomery Co., 
Va.; a pioneer of Iowa ; came to Jef- 
ferson Co. in 1836, making it his per- 
manent home in 1837. Mari'ied Miss 
Mary Jaae Thornton in 1839 ; had ten 
children, four living — John T., born in 
1849; Sarah K., born in 1843 ; Eliza, 
born in 1848 ; and Douglass, born in 
1861; the deceased as follows — Wm. 
F., born in 1845 ; Harriett, born in 
1846; Jackson, born in 1844; Gus., 
born in 1853; Martha, born in 1854; 
and Maria, born in 1856. Mr. Thrash 
tells many exciting anecdotes of his 
early life in Iowa at a time when Indians 



FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP. 



519 



swarmed the country ; is now pleasantly 
situated on one of the best farms in the 
county, with good improvements. Has 
held various offices in the township. Re- 
publican. Freemason. 

Tilson, T. S., livery. 

Titus, T. W., laborer. 

Trent, Alex., laborer. 

Turner, A., agent. 

TWEED, R. M., of the firm of J. 
M. Gobble & Co., wholesale grocers, 
doing business at 415 North First street, 
Fairfield; born May 6, 1S52, in Fair- 
field, Iowa ; moved, with his parents, to 
Northumberland Co., Penn., 1855 ; in 
1859, returned to Fairfield ; commenced 
business as clerk for Craine & Slagle ; in 
1871, commenced for himself by open- 
ing the first exclusive dry goods store 
in Fairfield ; in the spring of 1878, dis- 
posed of his stock, and bought half in- 
terest in the grocery business with J. 
M. Gobble, a house that had been estab- 
lished for twenty years, and now con- 
ducted as an exclusive wholesale and 
jobbing business. Republican. 
NKRICH, G. A., grocer. 



U' 



Unkrich, Henry, far.. Sec. 27. 
^TANDORiN, R., carpenter. 

Vannostrand, Peter, far., Sec. 12. 

Voorhees, J. H., merchant. 

Vote, Gus, furniture dealer. 

Vote Henry, furniture dealer. 

VOTE, JACOB, furniture manufact- 
urer, and one of the firm of J. Vote & 
Co., Fairfield; born June 2, 1835, in 
Pennsylvania ; moved to Fairfield May, 
1857 ; was elected a 'member of the City 
Council April, 1875, and re-elected in 
1877. Married October 1862, Maggie 
E. Henderson ; have seven children — 
Lena, George, Maggie, Carl, Harry, Ber- 
nice and Grace. 

ALKER, J. R., laborer. 



W 



Walmer, Daniel, far., Sec. 12. 

Walsh, Stephen, far.. Sec. 32. 

Ware, J. C, physician. 

Waters, Robert, laborer. 

Waters, T. S., laborer. 

Webster, William, gardener. 

Welday, James, laborer. 

Wells, A. T., Librarian City Library. 

Wells, George A., banker. 



Wells, George G., City Assessor. 

Wells, Thomas, retired. 

WEL.LS, WILLIAM R., 

CAPT., retired, Fairfield ; born Jan. 
30, 1812, at Marblehead, Essex Co., 
Mass.; in 1818, made his first voyage 
at sea ; in 1832, was promoted, and, in 
1837, took command of the packet 
Round Out, and followed the sea as 
commander, up to 18-46, and then su- 
perintended ship-building, at Marietta, 
Ohio ; the first ship he built was the 
Muskingum, which he took with a full 
cargo to Europe, in forty-seven days' 
running time ; landed her in Victory 
Dock, Liverpool, and in 1849, retired 
from that business; in 1850, moved to 
Fairfield, and commenced merchandis- 
ing ; in December, 1862, sold out his 
business and entered the U. S. service, 
as Acting Master in the Mississippi 
Squadron, under Admiral Porter ; after 
the fall of Vicksburg, he was promoted 
and commissioned Lieutenant ; served 
till the close of the war; received his 
final discharge and thanks of the De- 
partment, for his services. Married, 
Jan. 2, 1843. Emily D. Jordan, daugh- 
ter of Capt. Clement Jordan. 

West. Floyd, far., Sec. 3. 

WEST, H. N., of the law firm of 
McCoid & West, Fairfield ; born in 
Washington Co., Penn., Dec. 24, 1847 ; 
moved with his parents to Greene Co., 
Penn., in 1862. At the age of 17, be- 
gan teaching, and, the following year, 
attended Southwestern College ; until 
1867, while not at school, continued 
teaching ; in the spring of that year, 
entered Waynesburg College, Penn., 
and I'emaincd until the fall of 1869, 
when he moved to Fairfield ; in 1870, 
had charge of the public schools at 
Brighton, Iowa, and, in 1871, was Su- 
perintendent of Public Schools in Fair- 
field ; the next year, was Principal of 
Ottumwa High School, and the two 
years following, Superintendent of Pub- 
lic School? at Chariton. In 1876, en- 
tered the law ofiice of D. P. Stubbs, 
Esq., Fairfield, and the next year was 
admitted to the bar, and, soon after, the 
present partnership was formed. Mar- 
ried, Sept. 1, 1874, Nettie F. Eaton; 
have one child — William W. Mr. 
West is indebted solely to his own exer- 



520 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



dons for his education, and the promi- 
nent position he holds in the profession. 

WEST, S. K., County Treasurer, 
Fairfield ; born March 7, 1843, in Wash- 
ington Co., Penn. Enlisted in Co. F, 
-2d Penn. V. C. in July, 1861 ; was 
engaged in all the battles and marches 
in which his regiment participated ; 
mustered out at the close of the war, 
April, 1865. In April, 1868, moved 
to Fairfield ; was elected to the office 
he now holds in 1877. Married Ada 
Bryant Jan. 25, 1872 ; they have three 
children — Beulah B., Edna E., and 
Edith M. Mr. West is a Democrat. 

Wesf^all, Thos., laborer. 

Westling, Peter, wood-sawyer. 

Wilder, H. H., laborer. 

Wilkins, Jas. E.,far., Sec. 22. 

WIIiKI^NS, li. li., of the firm of 
Wilkins & Tilson, livery, feed and sale 
stables, on First West Street, Fairfield ; 
born Jan. 22, 1832, in Sussex Co., 
Del. ; moved to Fairfield in 1855 ; in 
1860, went to Colorado, and returned 
in 1868. Married S. D. Mitchell, 
daughter of Henry Mitchell, Esq., April 
14, 1870 ; have three children — F. A., 
C. L. and L. A. 

Wilkinson, Geo., vet. surgeon. 

Wilkinson, Reed, retired. 

Williams, G. W., artist. 

Williamson, John, far., Sec. 15. 

Williams, L. A., barber. 

Willis, H. S., butcher. 

Wilson, Andrew, far., S. 17. 

WILSON & UlITHERFORD; 

this is a young and enterprising law 
firm which commenced the practice of 
law in Fairfield Jan. 15, 1878; the 
senior member, Ptollin J. Wilson, is the 
eldest son of Hon. James F. Wilson; 
he was born in Fairfield, Iowa, Oct. 18, 
1853 ; is a graduate of the collegiate 
department of the Iowa State Univer- 
sity, completing his course in 1875 ; 
studied law with his father and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in Fairfield Jan. 8, 
1878. The junior member, G. A. Ruth- 
erford, was born in Clay Co., 111., Jan. 
26, 1854; attended McKendree Col- 
lege, at Lebanon, 111. ; came to Fairfield 
in the summer of 1875; in the falT of 
1876, was elected Justice of the Peace 
for Fairfield Tp. ; while serving as such, 
completed his course of legal reading 



and was admitted to the bar Jan. 10^ 
1878. 

WILSON, DAVID B., dealer in 
hats, caps and furnishing goods in the 
Wilson Block, adjoining post office, Fair- 
field ; born March 16, 1838, in Newark, 
Licking Co., Ohio|; moved to Fairfield in 
1855 ; clerked in a store a short time ; 
began the study of law in the office of 
his brother, Hon. J. F. Wilson ; ad- 
mitted to practice in the spring of 1861. 
Enlisted as a private in Co. E, 2d Iowa 
Inf. ; participated in all the battles of 
his regiment ; was mustered out at the 
end of three years as First Lieutenant. 
In 1864, was appointed by President 
Lincoln as U. S. Pension Agent, which 
office he held until 1877^^ Married in 
February, 1864, Jessie (ffFetter ; has 
one child ; his wife died Feb. 27, 1875. 

Wilson, J. E., agent. 

WILSON, JAMES F., President 
of the First National Bank, Fairfield ; 
born Oct. 19, 1828, in Newark, Licking 
Co., Ohio; came to Iowa in 1853, and 
settled in Fairfield ; elected a delegate 
to the Constitutional Convention in 
1856; in 1858 and 1859, represented 
Jefferson Co. in the House, and in the 
fall of 1859, was elected member of the 
State Senate; in 1861, elected to the 
Thirty-seventh Congress from the First 
District of Iowa, and was a member of 
the Judiciary Committee ; re-elected to 
the Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth and 
Fortieth Congresses, and during the 
three sessions served as Chairman of 
the Judiciary Committee; appointed a 
Manager on the part of the House of 
Representatives in the impeachment of 
Andrew Johnson, President of the 
United States. Married on the 25th of 
November, 1852, Mary A. K. Jewett, 
of Licking Co., Ohio ; has three chil- 
dren — Rollin J., Mary B. and James 
F., Jr. 

Wilson, J., far., S. 20. 

Wilson, W. G., tailor. 

Winquest, H., tailor. 

WISECARVER, ISAAC, rail- 

road engineer ; living with his father, 
Sam. Wisecarver, Fairfield ; has been an 
engineer on the Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy for eight years ; left 
railroading last spring, and is now deal- 
ing in stock; intends returning to the 



FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP. 



521 



Toad. Mr. W. was one of the most 
trusted, reliable and experienced men on 
the road ; worked his way up from the 
lowest position ; in the strike of the C, 
B. & Q. employes in 1877, he did more 
than perhaps any other man on the line 
in persuading the strikers to return to 
work ; at their last meeting at Creston, 
Iowa, he made a speech to over six hun- 
dred strikers, putting before them in 
such strong colors the folly of their 
course, the misery and suffering which it 
would eventually cause them, that before 
leaving tlie hall a resolution was passed 
to notify the officers of their readiness 
lo return to work immediately. 

WISECARVEK, SAMrEJL, 
farmer, Sec. 5 ; owns 620 acres of land, 
valued at fS5 per acre ; born in Greene 
Co., Penn. Married Miss Mary A. 
Wilson in 184-±; has nine children — 
Lydia, born in 1845; William H., born 
in 1847 ; John E., born in 1853; Isaac 
T., born in 1855 ; Rachel E., born in 
1857; Maria, born in 1860; Clarence, 
born in 1862 ; John E., born in 
1864; L. Hersy. born in 1866. Has 
lived in Jefferson Co. fourteen years; 
held various offices of trust from the 
county and township. Member of the 
Baptist Church. 

Wodds, B. F., teamster. 

WOODS, M.E., MRS.; born Sept. 
28, 1814, at Milton, Chittenden Co., Vt. ; 
moved to New York State with her sis- 
ter, in 1828, and, in 1830, came 
to McHenry Co., 111., from whence she 
removed in 1839 to Fairfield. When 
the war broke out, Mrs. Woods took an 
active part, and devoted her whole time 
and energy to the benefit and relief of 
the Jefferson Co. soldiers, visiting the 
field and hospital, and doing all in her 
power to relieve the sick and wounded. 
She still resides in Fairfield. Member of 
the Conorregational Church. 

WOODS, P. N., iri. D., physician 
and Burgeon ; office on the east side of 
the public square, Fairfield ; born in 
Greenville, Stark Co., Ohio, Sept. 8, 
1829; in the year 1837, moved with 
his parents to a farm in the north part 
of Richland Co., Ohio, assi.sting with 
the work on the farm, and receiving the 
education which common schools afford- 
ed until 1848, when he became a stu- 



dent of Vermilion Institute, at Hayes- 
ville, Ashland Co., Ohio, remained two 
years, except four months of the time, 
which he spent in teaching a common 
school; in 1850, entered the Ohio Wea- 
leyan University, Delaware, Ohio, re- 
maining one year ; then commenced the 
study of medicine in the office of Dr. 
0. J. Ratsol, at Rome, Richland Co., 
Ohio ; attended two courses of lect- 
ures in Cincinnati ; graduated in 
1854 ; practiced medicine in the 
office of his preceptor until 1856. 
when he removed to Fairfield, 
and continued in the duties of his pro- 
fession. July 18, 1862, received a 
recruiting commission and assisted 
in raising the 300,000 soldiers called 
for by the war department at that 
time ; Aug. 16, 1862, was appointed Ex- 
amining Surgeon for Jefferson Co. ; 
commissioned Surgeon of the 39th Iowa 
V. I.; Sept. 5, 1862, went into camp 
with his regiment at Davenport, Iowa ; 
moved south in December ; was in the 
battles of Jackson and Parker's Cross- 
Roads, Tenn. ; spent the remainder of the 
winter at Corinth, Miss. ; in the spring 
of 1863, was in a series of battles near 
Tuscumbia, Bear Creek and Town 
Creek, Tenn.; in the winter of 1864, 
was appointed Surgeon-in-Chief of his 
division, on the staff of Gen. Sweeny, 
with headquarters at Pulaski, Tenn.; in 
the numerous battles occurring on the 
march toward Atlanta, Ga., had special 
supervision on the field of the wounded 
of the 4th Division of the 15th Army 
Corps ; was made Surgeon of the Divis- 
ion Hospital in July, 1864 ; had the 
care of the wounded after the battle of 
Altoona ; remained in charge of the hos- 
pital on Sherman's march to the sea ; 
at Savannah, Ga., the hospital was made 
a branch of the general hospital, and he 
was relieved at his own request to join 
his regiment, but was ordered to Beau- 
fort, S. C, and appointed Surgeon-in- 
Chief of Sherman's Provisional Division, 
composed of nearly ten thousand men 
and about forty surgeons and assistant 
surgeons, in which position he remained 
until the division was disbanded at 
Raleigh, N. C, in March, 1865. After 
marching with his command to Washing- 
ton City, and taking part in the grand 



522 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY ; 



review, went to Clinton, Iowa, and was 
mustered out with his regiment, June 
5, 1865; returned home, and has con- 
tinued in the practice of his profession 
since. Married Miss Mary L. Wolft, a 
resident of Richmond County, Ohio, 
Sept. 14, 1855 ; have two children — 
Harry E. and George C, both living at 
home. 
Workman, G. W., dealer in hides. 



Wray, J. P., farmer. 

YEARICK, A. S., boot and shoe mer- 
chant. 
Young, Daniel, merchant. 
Young, Jesse, laborer. 
Young, John, far.. Sec. 16. 
Young, R. A., carpenter. 
f7IGLER, SAMUEL, far.. Sec. 15. 

Zimmerman, John, tinner. 



LIBERTY TOWNSHIP. 



ALLBRIGHT, GEO., far., Sec. 34 ; 
P. 0. Libertyville. 

Allbright, Jacob C, far., Sec. 34; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Allbright, J. C, Jr., far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Allbright, S. P., shoemaker, Libertyville. 

ARMSTRONG, JAMES, Super- 
intendent of the Poor-Farm, Sec. 15 ; 
P. 0. Libertyville ; born in Adams Co., 
Penn., in 1809 ; came to Iowa in 1862. 
Married in 1832 to Miss Maria Tate ; 
has six children living — Rebecca, Debo- 
rah, Maria, Maude, Robert and Edwin. 
Took charge of the County Farm in 
1869, for four years ; again took charge 
of it two years after and has remained 
there since; much may be said in favor 
of Mr. and Mrs. A.'s management of the 
farm and house ; it is a model of neat- 
ness and good order, and the inmates, 
twenty-five at present, well cared for. 
Republican. 

BALDWIN, L. J., far.. Sec. 34; P. 
0. Libertyville. 
BAI.D11XG, WM., far., S.4; P.O. 
Libertyville ; owns 312 acres of land, val- 
ued at $40 per acre ; a native of Virginia, 
born in 1812; came to Iowa in 1851. 
Married Miss Lydia Mitchem, of Ohio, in 
1820; has four children living— George I., 
born in 1841; Mary J., born in 1848; C, 
borninl851; Wm. H., born in 1858; Mr. 
B. married, the second time, Mrs. Mary 
Donahey, in 1860, of Fairfield, Iowa, 
a native of New Jersey. Mr. B. has 
a finely-improved farm, with good build- 
ings ; has the finest orchard in the town- 
ship, one apple-tree which measures six 
feet in circumference. 



Baldwin, S., far., Sec. 34; P. 0. Birming- 
ham. 

Barker, D., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Bishop, J., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Blair, J. V., retired, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Liber- 
tyville. 

Bonnett, Wm. L., far.. Sec. 10; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Brown, John W., retired, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Buchanan, Wm., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Byers, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

CARTER, JOHN G., far.. Sec. 30; 
P. 0. Libertyville. 

CAHPBELIi, JOHN P., farmer, 
Sec. 25; P. 0. Fairfield; owns 120 
acres of land, valued at $35 per acre ; 
born in Fayette Co., Penn., in 1833 ; 
came to Iowa in 1855. Married Miss 
Naomi Jordan in 1867. Enlisted in 
1863, in Co. C, 8th Iowa V. C; was in 
many severe engagements ; mustered out 
at Clinton, Iowa, in 1865 ; was in 
Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga 
to Atlanta. Mr. C. cast his first vote 
for Lincoln, in 1864, in the army, where 
an old Dutch oven was used for a ballot 
box. Republican. 

CARTER, DANIEL W., farmer. 
Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Libertyville ; owns 120 
acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; 
born in Jefi'erson Co. in 1846. Married 
Miss Jennie Pollock in 1868 ; has two 
children — Charles, aged 9, and Reuna 
v., aged 2. Mr. Carter has held various 
ofiices of trust. School Director, Road 
Supervisor, etc. ; is raising a large 
quantity of stock ; has a fine residence 
and farm. 



LIBERTY TOWNSHIP. 



52a 



Carter, T. W., far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

Carter, W. A., far., Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertvville. 

CL.ARK, J. _!>., farmer. Sec. 29; 
P. 0. Libertyville ; owns 213 acres, 
valued at $35 per acre; born in Bel- 
mont Co., Ohio, in 1824. Married in 

1848 Miss Emeline Parsons ; have 
seven children — Joseph V., born in 

1849 ; Samuel G., born in 1855 ; Mary 
R., born in 1857 ; Sarah A., born in 
1862 ; Nora Jane, born in 1864; Tama 
M., born in 1867, and Mandora, born 
in 1870. Mr. Clark, for the past 
twenty -five years, has worked at the 
undertaker's business here, and in Van 
Buren Co.; also at one time kept a 
wagon-shop ; has a beautiful home, ac- 
quired by his own exertions, and is 
taking life easy ; held various ofiices of 
trust in the township ; is Treasurer of 
his School District. Republican. Is 
dealing extensively in stock. 

Clark, J. v., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

Clark, S. G., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Clarridge, W., minister, S. 7 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

CJLARRIDC^E, MACE, farmer, 
Sec. 8; P. 0. Fairfield; owns 213 
acres of land, valued at S40 per acre ; 
born in Fayette Co., Ohio, in 1817. 
Married in 1842 Miss Massie Parker ; 
married, the second time. Miss L. J. 
Slimmers ; has ten children — Nathan 
P., born in 1843 ; Edmond J., born in 
1844 ; Martha, born in 1846 ; William 
J., born in 1851 ; Susanna E., born in 
1858; Frankie, born in 1860; Ada 
May, born in 1863; Nelson J., born in 
1865 ; Nanny A., born in 1868, and 
Lauretta R.,' born in 1870. Mr. C. 
came to this county in 1845, and since, 
by good management and industry, has 
acquired a beautiful home and a well- 
improved farm ; has held various ofiices 
of trust from the township — as School 
Director, Trustee, etc. Republican. 

Clarridge, N., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Comingore, L., carpenter, Libertyville. 

Cornell, G. W., flir.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

CORNELL., WASHINOTOX, 
farmer. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Fairfield; owns 



240 acres, valued at $50 per acre ; borri 
in Warren Co., Ohio, in 1826; came to 
Jefferson Co., in 1850. Married in 
1848 Miss Sarah Wilson, of Warren 
Co., Ohio; have seven children living — 
George, aged 24 ; Laura, aged 22 ; Sen- 
eca, aged 20 ; Oscar, aged 18 ; Sylva- 
nus, aged 16; Alvah, aged 13, and 
Chloe, aged 12. Has made all the im- 
provements on his fine farm ; has one 
of the coziest little homes in the town- 
ship ; when he came to Jefferson Co., 
there was but one house between his 
farm and Fairfield. Republican. 

Cowan, J., fiir , S. 18; P, 0. Libertyville. 

Creek, M. L., far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Liber- 
tyville. 

DAVIS, W. H., far.. Sec. 24; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

DIJSTIX, W. F., farmer. Sec. 22 ; 
P. 0. Libertyville ; owns 284 acres of 
land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in 
Clarke Co., Ind., in 1827. Married in 
1819 Miss Mary E. Feebler, of Illinois ; 
have six children living — Laura, Wm, 
E., Wilson, Susan, Delia and Frank. 
Mr. Dustin tells many interessing anec- 
dotes of his early life. Has met the 
old Indian chiefs Wapello, Black Hawk, 
and others. 

ELLIOTT, THOMAS, farmer, S. 28 ; 
P. 0. Libertyville. 
ELLIOTT, CHARLES, farmer, 
S. 28 ; P. 0. Birmingham, Van Buren 
Co.; owns 150 acres of land, valued at 
$30 per acre ; born in Morgan Co., 
Ohio, in 1838 ; came to Jefferson 
County in 1853. Married in 1869 
Miss Sallie Henderson, a native of Vir- 
ginia ; have one child — Mary J., aged 
9 years. Enlisted in 1863 ; was a pris- 
oner in Andersonville and other places 
for nearly nine months ; was under Col. 
Dorr's command. 

FICKETT, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 7 ; 
P. 0. Libertyville. 
FAMULENER, JOHN, farmer, 
S. 4 ; P. 0. Fairfield ; owns 300 acres 
of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in 
Warren Co., Ohio, in 1831 ; came to 
Jefferson County in 1854. Married in 
1862 Miss Sarah E. Carter; have two 
children — Allie T., aged 14, and John 
M. Mr. F. is one of the solid men of 
the county ; has held various offices of 
trust in the township, and is now run- 



524 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



ning one of the best farms in the 
county. 
Fry, Jacob C, far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Lib- 
er tyville. 

IFFORD, B., butcher, Liberty ville. 



G" 



Glotfelty, J., far., S. 21 ; P. O. Libertyville. 

Glotfelty, James, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

HALL, JAMES, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

HAGUE, A. G., agent C, R. L & p. 
K. R., Libertyville; born in Fayette 
Co., Penn., in 1826. Married in 1852 
Martha Antrom, of same county ; has 
two children living — Lucius William, 
aged 28, and Loretta B., aged 21. Owns 
a fine farm of fifty-eight acres, valued at 
§85 per acre. Had a son killed on the C, 
R. I. & P. R. R., while in the employ 
of the company. Married, the second 
time, Harriet A. Smiley ; have four 
children — James E., aged 9 years ; 
Albert S., aged 7 years; Clarence P., 
aged 5 years ; Lester V., aged 2 years. 
Mr. H. enlisted in Co. E, 14th Penn. 
Cav., Sept. 9, 1862; was in forty-one 
engagements; was one of the special 
scouts of 150 men detailed to burn the 
bridges and surround Lynchbnrg ; was 
taken prisoner twice. Republican. 

Hall, W., l\ir., S. 29 ; P. O. Libertyville. 

Haney, Daniel, Sr., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Haney, Daniel E., far.. Sec. 6; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Hayden, H. R., physician, Libertyville. 

Hayden, John, farmer and preacher, S. 5 ; 
P. O. Libertyville. 

HAYDEN, J. W., DR., physi- 
cian, Libertyville; born in 1839, in 
Hamilton Co., Ohio ; came to Jefferson 
Co. in 1846. Married in 1867 Miss 
Emily Bristor, of Henry Co. Dr. 
Hayden is a graduate of the allopathic 
school, of Keokuk. Enlisted in 1861, 
in Co. I, 3d Iowa Cav.; mustered out 
at Davenport, Iowa, Sept. 4, 1864. 
Owns a 200-acre farm in Sec. 13, Des 
Moines Tp., one-half mile from Liber- 
tyville ; his oflBce is at the drug store. 
Republican. 

HAYDEX, JOHN, REV., far , 
S. 5; P. 0. Libertyville; owns 160 
acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; 
born in 1812, in Hamilton Co., Ohio. 



Married in 1834 Miss Sarah McCotter, 
of Indiana ; has ten children — Will- 
iam, born in 1836; John W., born in 
1839; Francis, born in 1841; Mar- 
garet, born in 1843; Henry, born in 
1846; Mary, born in 1849; James F., 
born in 1851 ; Thomas M., born in 
1854 ; Charles E., born in 1857 ; Sarah 
E., born in 1859. Mr. Hayden has 
been a minister of the M. E. Church 
for nearly forty years ; during that time 
has been Presiding Elder for four years 
in the Des Moines district, and for two 
years in the Janesville district ; has 
preached and held charges in all the 
larger cities of Iowa; in 1868, was 
elected to the Legislature from the 
First Congressional District, and served 
one term with credit to himself and 
constituents ; Republican. 

Heald, J., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Hibbard, A., far.. Sec. 19 ; P.O. Liberty- 
ville. 

Hill, D., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Hill, G., far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Hill, J., ftir.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Houd, J. H., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Liberty 
ville 

Hurst, F., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

KARNS, HENRY, retired, Sec. 7 ; 
P. 0. Libertyville. 
KIRTPATRICK, SAIIUEL, 
far., Sec. 8 ; P. O. Libertyville ; owns 
172 acres of land, valued at $50 per 
acre ; born in Belfast, Maine, in 1809 
has six children — Francis, aged 42 
Reuben, aged 30 ; Daniel, aged 35 
Rachel, aged 32 ; Charles, aged 35 
Mary, aged 27. In early life, Mr. K 
worked at blacksmithing, and by such 
work made his start in life, which has 
now placed him beyond the fear of ad- 
versity, and in possession of a fine farm 
and a beautiful home. Mr. K., in 1861, 
sent three sons into the field, one of 
whom is Lieut. Kirtpatrick, since de- 
ceased ; another son, Mr. Charles K., is 
an attorney of prominence in Fairfield. 

LARIMORE, J. W., far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 
0. Libertyville. 
LaughUn, H., far,. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 
Laughlin, J., far., Sec. 29 ; P. O. Liberty- 
ville. 
Laughlin, J. R., far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 



LIBERTY TOWNSHIP. 



525 



Lawson, A., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Lawson, H., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Xawson, T., Sr., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

Lawson, T., Jr., far., Sec. 23; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

Lewis, W. D., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Liber- 
tyville. 

Lionberger, A., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Liber- 
tyville. 

Leppo, D., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Looms, G. p., far., Sec. 25; P. 
0. Libertyville ; owns 150 acres of land, 
valued at $50 per acre ; born in Chau- 
tauqua Co., N. Y., in 1819; came to 
Iowainl839. Married in 1848 Susan 
Baird. Mr. L. has held various offices 
of trust in the county and township ; 
has been Justice of the Peace for many 
years ; has a well-improved farm with 
good buildings. 

McCLAIN, J. B., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

HcCARTNEY, W. R., retired, 
Libertyville ; born in Westmoreland 
Co., Penn., in 1814. Married in 1843 
Martha Evick, of Virginia ; had there 
children — Louisa V., born in 1844; 
Theodosia, born in 1846, and Martha, 
born in 1849; married in 1857 his 
present wife, Martha Hill ; had five 
children — William W., born in 1858; 
Jane C. ; Alice and Albert, twins, 
born in 1864; George (deceased), 
born in 1860. Mr. McCartney is 
one of the prominent men of Jef- 
ferson Co. ; has been Justice of the 
Peace over twenty years ; Secretary of 
the Independent district of Libertyville 
since its organization. Member of the 
Presbyterian Church; Republican. 

McKee, G., far.. S. 34; P. 0. Birming- 
ham. 

MANNING, JO$$£PH, far.. Sec. 
6; owns 213 acres of land, valued at 
$50 per acre; born in Clermont Co., 
Ohio, in 1811. Married in 1838 Miss 
Susan Keeghler ; has three children 
living— William C, David W., and 
Daniel B. Came to Towa in 1848, and, 
by industry and good management, is 
now the possessor of a beautiful home 
and one of the best farms in the town- 



ship. Mr. Manning's son, Harvey M., 
was in the army nearly three years ; 
died in the service, and is buried at 
Pensacola, Fla. ; he was a prisoner for 
seven months. P. 0. Libertyville. 

MI^KK, WIIiLIAM, farmer, Sec. 
36 ; P. 0. Birmingham ; owns 140 acres, 
valued at $40 per acre ; born in Jeffer- 
son Co., Ohio, in 1832 ; came to Iowa 
in 1846. Married in 1857 to Sarah 
Elliott ; have two children — Elinor, 
aged 12, and Etta, aged 2 years. 
Members of the Free Methodist Church. 
Made all his own improvements ; house 
cost $2,000. 

Miller, W. K., doctor and farmer, Sec. 31 ; 
P. O. Libertyville. 

IVTICKEL, J. L , farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 

JJN 0. Libertyville. 

PANCOAST, I. W., farmer, Sec. 9 ; 
P. 0. Libertyville. 

Pancoast, J. W., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

Patterson, J. W., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

Patterson, J., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Pollock, D. S., far., S. 15; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Pollock, T. D., far., S. 18; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

RIDDLE, GEORGE, farmer, Sec. 23 ; 
P. O. Libertyville. 

RICHARDISOX, W. C, hotel 
proprietor, Libertyville; born in High- 
land Co., Ohio, in 1826. Married in 
1848 to Miss Amanda J. Read ; had 
four children — Colby C, born in 1849 
Margaret J., born in 1851 ; S. F., born 
in 1853, and George B., born in 1858 
married in 1871 to his present wife 
Bella J. Moore, of Washington Co. 
Ohio. Mr. Richardson was several years 
in California as cook in some of the 
principal hotels ; worked in the mining 
regions ; at the time of the completion 
of the U. P. R. R., had the honor of 
hauling off the last load of earth ; is a 
brick-mason by trade. Has held many 
offices of trust in this county, Justice of 
the Peace, etc. Member of the Presby- 
terian Church. Is doing a good busi- 
ness in his hotel. Democrat. 

Rinaker, J., far.. Sec. 7; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Robertson, A. T., far., S. 18; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

•2 



526 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY 



RODABAUGH, ABRAM, far , 

Sec. 20 ; P. O. Libeityville ; owns 
500 acres, valued at $30 per acre ; born 
in Montgomery Co., Ohio, in 1814. 
Married in 1837 Miss Catherine Kin- 
sey, of Maryland ; have six children 
living — Elizabeth, born in 1841 ; Adam, 
in 1844 ; Henry, in 1846 ; Sarah, in 
1849; Hiram, in 1852, and Mary, in 
1856. Came to Jefferson Co. in 1847. 
Has held various offices in the township. 
Democrat. Has 500 acres of Jefferson 
Co.'s best land, a brick dwelling-house 
and other good improvements. 

Rodabaugh, C, far., S. 34; P. 0. Liber- 
tyville. 

Rodabaugh, D., far., S. 36; P. 0. Bir- 

minghan. 
RODABAIJOH, JOI^EPH, far., 
S. 35 ; P. 0. Birmingham ; owns 787 
acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; 
born in 1818, in Montgomery Co., 
Ohio. Married in 1840 ; has seven 
children living. Is one of the county's 
solid men. Came to Iowa in 1843, with 
S400 in cash, and by good management 
and industry has bought and paid for a 
large farm well stocked with sheep, cat- 
tle, hogs and horses. 

QHERRICK, R. 0., farmer. Sec. 17 ; 

iO P. 0. Libertyville. 

SCHWARTZ, A., farmer. Sec. 27 ; 
P. 0. Birmingham; owns 300 acres of 
land, valued at $30 per acre ; born in 
Jefferson Co., Ky., in 1803 ; came to 
Jefferson Co., Iowa, in 1842. Married 
in 1828, Miss Eliza Prather ; has eight 
children — Susan, Wm. H., Catherine, 
Anna, Eliza, Mary, Irene and Seralda ; 
has held various township offices in Lib- 
erty. Is a member of the Dunkard 
Church ; Democrat. By his own indus- 
try has acquired a pleasant home, and 
in his old age is enjoying the fruits of 
his economy. Mr. S. is an uncle of 
Reason Redmon, claimed to be the first 
white settler in Iowa. 

Sens, D., far.. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Stinmen, J. N., far., Sec. 7 ; P. . Liber- 
tyville. 

Smith, H., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Smith, Hiram, plasterer, S. 18 ; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Smith, W. L., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 



Speck, C. G., far., S. 17; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Sullivan. W. H., Sec. 16, carp. 

STEWART, J. A., farmer. Sec. 
18 ; P. 0. Libertyville ; owns 180 acres 
of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born 
in Hamilton Co., Ohio, in 1811 ; came 
to Iowa in 1840. Married in 1834 
Miss Elizabeth Bradley ; married, the 
second time, Miss Lucinda Coles ; has 
ten children living — Wm. H., 0. E., 
Mary E., Salmon C, Laura, Rebecca, 
John M., Nellie E., Sybil and i]mma. 
Member M. E. Church ; Republican 
His son 0. E. is Division Superintend- 
ent of the C, B. & Q. R. R., stationed 
at Ottumwa, Iowa ; has worked up to 
his present position from the lowest 
rank. Mr. S. is pleasantly situated on 
one of the best farms in the county. 

Stump, J,, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

r-pEDROW, D., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 
JL Libertyville. 

Thompson, C. M., far., Sec. 26; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Thompson, L. H., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 
Libertyville. 

TOWNSEND, JAMES D., far , 
Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Libertyville; owns 126 
acres, valued at $40 per acre ; born in 
Lawrence Co., Penn., in 1809. Mar- 
ried in 1830 Miss Mary Collins; has 
nine children — Elizabeth, born in 1830 ; 
Sarah J., born in 1832 ; Lydia, born in 
1834 ; Edwin, born in 1836; Caroline, 
born in 1838; Mary, born in 1843; 
Adeline, born in 1846 ; William, born 
in 1852, and Jane A., born in 1855. 
Is living on his farm two miles south- 
west of Libertyville, in one of the finest 
residences in Liberty Tp., the result of 
his own labor and good management. 

TROUT, DAXIEI., farmer. Sec. 
17 ; P. 0. Libertyville ; owns 230 acres, 
valued at $40 per acre ; born in Colum- 
bia Co., Penn., in 1828; came to Iowa 
in 1854. Married in 1855 Martha 
Laughlin ; have one child living — Mary 
E., born in 1861. Mr. Trout has a 
well-improved farm ; house cost $2,000 ; 
has a barn 42x30. Held the office of 
Constable of Wayne Co., Iowa, two 
years, and other offices in Jefferson Co.; 
Democrat. 

TTTARD, A. G., DR. 



LIBERTY TOWNSHIP. 



527 



WALKER, J. T., merchant, dry 
goods, notions, groceries, boots, shoes, 
etc.. Liberty ville; has the best and hirgest 
stock of goods in Libertyville ; born in 
1824, in Warren Co. Tenn. Married 
Miss N. A. Agnew, of Sevier Co., Tenn., 
in 18-49 ; has six children living — D. 
C, born in 1851 ; Maggie J., born in 
1854; J. T., Jr., born in 1857 ; Nancy 
A., born in 1859 ; Wra. H., born in 
1861 ; and Samuel A., born 1868, Mr. 
W. was Clerk in the Commissary De- 
partment during the war for two years. 
Has been minister of the M. E. Church 
for twenty-five years ; preaches occasion- 
ally now. Republican. Has been en- 
gaged in the mercantile business at 
times nearly fifty years ; held many of- 
fices of trust in the county. 

WARNER, E. W., Libertyville. 

Warner, Ichabod, physician, Libertyville. 

WATKINS, _S. H., farmer. Sec. 17 ; 
P. 0. Libertyville ; owns 257 acres of 
land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in 
Clarke Co., Ind., in 1832. Married in 
1855 Sarah J. Briggs ; the second 
time, in 1866, Sarah T. Harmon; has, 
five children — Sarah J., born in 1857 ; 
Serilda A., born in 1867 ; Chas. Gr., born 
in 1869 ; Cora D., born in 1874 ; and 
Samuel W.. born in 1877. In 1862, 
Mr. W. enlisted in Co. H,30th Iowa V. 
I., as private ; soon promoted to a cap- 
taincy ; had command of the company 



most of the time during the war ; had 
command in twenty-four engagements ; 
was in many important battles. Mr. 
Watkins' family dates back to 1626, 
over nine generations ; are direct descend- 
ants of an old family of nobility ; Mr. 
W. is about to have a complete genealogy 
printed. Republican. 

Weede, N. C, far.,S. 35 ; P. 0. Birming- 
ham. 

Whitson, S., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Birmingham. 

Widger, H. P., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Williams, A., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Winn, F., blacksmith, S. 18 ; P. 0. Liber- 
tyville. 

WIREMA:Sr, H., farmer, Sec. 25; 
P. 0. Birmingham, Van Buren Co.; 
owns 330 acres of land, valued at $35 
per acre ; born in Pennsylvania in 1818 ; 
came to Iowa in 1836. Married Miss 
Maria Kennedy in 1851 ; has five chil- 
dren living — Francis, aged 19; Joseph, 
aged 28 ; James, aged 22 ; Alice, aged 
21 ; and Dora, aged 19. Member of 
the Presbyterian Church ; Republican. 

Work, S. A., far., S. 23; P. ("). Birming- 
ham. 

Woolery, W. H., far.. Sec. 7 ; Libertyville. 

YOSTE, PETER, far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. 
Birmingham. 
ZIMMERMAN, G. W., far., Sec. 28 ; 
P. 0. Libertyville. 




528 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY 



ROUND PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 



ALDERDICE, ALEXANDER, far., 
Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Ander.-on, A. P., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

AlVDERISON, CHARLES, far., 
Sec. 10; P. 0. Lockridge ; born in 
Westervik, Sweden, in 1853; came 
to Jefferson Co. in 1869; owns 100 
acres of land valued at $800. Mem- 
bers of the Lutheran Church ; Re- 
publican. 

ANDERSON, JOHN A., far. 
Sec. 10; P. 0. Lockridge; born in 
Boras, Sweden, in 1842 ; came to 
Jefferson Co. in 1869. Married Ida L. 
Yerickson in 1868; she was born in 
Boras, also ; they have three children — 
Oscar A., Charles A. and Hannah. 
Owns 120 acres of land, valued at 
$1,500. Members of the Lutheran 
Church ; Republican. 

ANDERSON, N. P., far., Sec. 14;* 
P. 0. Glasgow ; born in Wimmersby, 
Sweden, in 1834 ; came to Jefferson Co. 
in 1869. Married Miss Caroline Holat 
in 1866 ; she was born in Wimmersby, 
also ; they have three children — 
Augusta, Ida and Emma. Owns 161 
acres of land, valued at $15 per acre. 
Members of the Lutheran Church ; Re- 
publican. 

ANDERSON, S., far., Sec. 11; 
P. 0. Lockridge ; born in Walmarsvek, 
Sweden, in 1822 ; came to Jefferson 
Co. in 1869. Married Anna Sammul- 
son in 1855 ; she was born same place 
in 1830 ; have three children — Frank, 
John and Alma. Owns sixty acres of 
land, valued at $800. Members of the 
Lutheran Church ; Republican. 

Archibald, B. J., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Vega. 

BARASTROM, ANDREW, far., Sec. 
28 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 
BAIili, S., farmer and stock-raiser, 
Sec. 7 ; P. O. Wooster ; born in Madi- 
son Co., Ky., in 1810; in 1829, moved 
to Sangamon Co., 111. ; in 1840, came 
to Jefferson Co., Iowa ; since been en- 
gaged in farming. Married Rebecca 
Moffett in 1837 ; she was born in Wood- 
ford Co., Ky., in 1814 ; had eight chil- 
dren — Emily A., Mary M., Frances N. 
(died in 1844), Nancy J. (died in 
1864), George W., Cassandra, Louis 



C. and Frank P. Owns 450 acres of 
land, valued at $30 per acre. Mr. Ball 
was in the Black Hawk war. Was 
County Commissioner six years and 
Justice of the Peace two years. Mem- 
bers of the Christian Church ; Green- 
backer. 

Bargtram, A., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Baum, M., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Vega. 

Berdine, A., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Berdine, J., far., S. 29; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Berdine, J. A., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridire. 

BILIilNGSLEY, E., farmer and 
stock-raiser, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Gla.sgow ; 
born in Belmont Co., Ohio, in 1818; 
came to Jefferson Co. in 1842, and has 
since b^en engaged in farming and 
stock-raising. Mr. B. had eight chil- 
dren by his first wife — Sarah J., Pru- 
dence (now Mrs. Gregg), Samuel, James 
S., Florence, Margaret R., William R. 
(died in 1863, at Helena, Ark.), Mary 
C. (died in 1857); present wife. Pru- 
dence Strong, was born in Jefferson Co., 
Ohio, in 1820. Mr. B. owns 240 acres 
of land, valued at $30 per acre. Held 
ofiice of County Supervisor two years ; 
Township Superintendent of County 
Board four years ; Justice of the Peace 
four years, and held most of the town- 
ship offices. Members of the M. E. 
Church ; Republican. 

Bloom, C. M., far. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

BOWER, B. F., farmer and stock- 
raiser. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Glasgow ; born 
in Adams Co., Penn., in 1836 ; in 1847, 
moved to Holmes Co., Ohio, and en- 
gaged in farming and stock-raising ; 
came to Henry Co., Iowa, in 1850; to 
Jefferson Co., in 1869 ; since been farm- 
ing and stock-raising. Married Ruth 
Cline Jan. 28, 1869 ; she was born in 
Jefferson Co., June 21, 1848 ; had five 
children— Delia C, born Feb. 20, 1870 ; 
Clinton T., born May 15, 1871, died 
Jan. 30, 1874 ; Mary E , born May 
18, 1873 ; John L., born April 5, 1875 ; 
Annie M., born Jan. 13, 1877. Owns 
640 acres of land, valued at $40 per 
acre. Enlisted, in 1861, in Co. G, 11th 
I. V. I. ; mustered out in 1865 ; was in 
the battles of luka, Corinth, Bolivar, 



ROUND PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 



529 



and Atlanta ; captured at the battle of 
Atlanta, and held prisoner for seven 
months ; in Andersonville prison two 
months ; at Florence, S. C, five months. 
Liberal. 

Brendle, C, far., Sec. 1 ; P 0. Rome. 

BREWER, J. S., merchant, Glasgow; 
born in Crawford Co., Penn., in 1833 ; 
came to Jefferson Co., in 1851, and en- 
gaged in farming about five years ; 
worked at the carpenter trade about ten 
years ; in 1866, started his present store. 
Married Mary F. Summers in 1858; 
she was born in Ohio, in 1835 ; they 
have eight children — William, Johnson, 
Elizabeth, Olivia, Franklin, James, Jen- 
nie, Rutherford B. Mr. Brewer owns 
three town lots, valued at $2,000. Re- 
publican. 

Brumbaugh, A., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Vega. 

CANADA, JOHN, far., Sec. 32 ; P. 
0. Glasgow. 

CARSOX, A. J., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 
0. Lockridge ; born in Westervik, 
Sweden, in 1829 ; came to Jefferson 
Co., in 1869. Married Susan Ander- 
son in 1873 ; she was born in Jefferson 
Co., in 1843 ; have two children — 
William and John P. Owns eighty 
acres of land, valued at $15 per acre. 
Members of Lutheran Church. 

Carlson, C. G., far.. Sec. 8; P.-O. Lock- 
ridge. 

Case, A., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Case, H., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Case, Wm., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Wooster. 

Cedarholm, J. G., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

Chapman, 6., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Vega. 

Chezum, D. G., far., S. 16; P. 0. Glas- 
gow. 

Chezum, J. P., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Glas- 
gow. 

Chezum, T. S., far., S. 21 ; P. O. Glas- 
gow. 

Church, J. W., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Clark, C. A., far., S. 4 ; P.O. Glendale. 

CO€HRA]^, M.,_3IRS., S. 21 ; P. 
0. Glasgow ; born in Washington Co., 
Penn., in 1810. Married John Coch- 
ran in 1843 ; he was born in Ireland in 
1803; died Jan. 10, 1876; has four 
children— Mary E. (now Mrs. McEl- 
wee), John G., Tillie and Etta (now 
Mrs. Crane) ; " Birdie" C. McElwee 
has been adopted by the family. Mrs. 



C. owns 360 acres of land, valued at 
$30 per acre. John G. superintends the 
farm. He is a Republican. 

Conard, C. C, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Vega. 

Condor, W. K., far., S. 28; P. 0. Glas- 
gow. 

Craff, G., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Crane, G. S., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Vega. 

Crane, S. S., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Crawfrod, G. W.. far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

Crenshaw, D., far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Glas- 
gow. 

DAVIS, GEORGE K., farmer. Sec. 
8; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Dougherty, J., far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

Dowd, A., far., Sec. 9; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Duncanson, B., far., Sec. 35; P. 0. Vega. 

Dunlavy, A., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

EMERSON, WM. J., farmer, Sec. 26 ; 
P. 0. Glasgow. 
ERICKSOX, F. J., farmer. Sec. 
1 ; P. 0. Lockridge ; born in Sweden, 
in 1837; came to America in 1853; 
to Jefferson Co. in 1873. He mar- 
ried Hannah Overstrem in 1866; she 
was born in 1841 ; has four children 
— Charles A., Henry E. and the 
twins, Julia F. and Carrie A. Owns 
eighty acres of land, valued at $35 per 
acre. Enlisted in Co. C, 1st I. V. C. ; 
mustered out in 1862 ; was in the bat- 
tles of Black Water and several others. 
Members M. E. Church. 

IpAIRCHILD, A. H., farmer, Sec. 27 ;* 
' P. 0. Glasgow. 

Fell, D., far., S. 16; P. 0. Glasgow. 

FIDLER, DANIEIi, farmer and 
stock-raiser. Sec. 18; P. 0. Fairfield; 
born in Schuylkill Co., Penn., in 1818; 
in 1838, came to Jefferson County, and 
remained until 1850 ; then went to Cal- 
ifornia ; in 1861, returned, and has since 
been engaged in farming and stock- 
raising. Married Mrs. J. Fell in 1860 ; 
she was born in Dearborn Co., lud., in 
1835. Mr. F. has two children by his 
former marriage — Tra W. and Benj. F.; 
and Mrs. F. one child by a former mar- 
riage — David M.; they have three chil- 
dren — Kate, Clara and Jessie B. F. ; 
owns 740 acres of land, valued at $35 
per acre ; also quarter interest in a mine 
in Summit Co., Colo. Democrat. 

Fordyce, W., Dr., Glasgow. 



6-30 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



FRAME, W, B., farmer and black- 
smith, residence, west half of southeast 
quarter of Sec. 25, Tp. 71, Range 8; 
P. 0. Vega; born in Wayne Co., Ind., 
June 16, 1836 ; with his parents, re- 
moved to Iowa in 1841. Married Nov. 
3, 1859, to Carrie N. Tilford, of the 
pioneer family of that name; owns 100 
acres of good farm land, worth about 8-40 
per acre ; cultivates a part of the first 
land plowed in this county, and thinks 
a community composed as this is, of 
pioneers and their immediate descend- 
ants, the best place in the world to live, 
enjoy life, and to bring up a family. 

Fulton. J. I., far., S. 13; P. 0. Glasgow. 

GIBERSON, WILLIAM H. S., farm- 
er ; Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Grant, I., far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Greenup, E., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Greenup, J. W., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

GREG€}, J. M., far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. 
Glasgow ; born in Carroll Co., Ind., in 
1845 ; came to Jefferson Co., 1857. 
Married Elizabeth Billingsly in 1869 ; 
she was born in Jefferson Co., in 1850; 
they have three children — Nellie J., 
Kattie P. and Clara. Mr. G. owns forty 
acres, valued at $1,200. Has held the 
office of Assessor two years. Republican. 

GREGCw, S. J., farmer and carpen- 
ter, Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Glasgow ; born in 
Adams Co., Penn., in 1818; came to 
. Jefferson Co., in 1857. Married Miss 
C. McCormick in 1839; she wks born 
in Stark Co., Ohio, in 1819; has five 
children — Martha, Catherine, James, 
George and Albert. Owns 160 acres of 
land, valued at $40 per acre. Was 
Township Trustee three years. Mem- 
bers of the Cumberland Presbyterian 
Church ; Republican. 

Grove, G., far., Sec. 14; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Gustafson, C. F., far.. Sec. 12; P. 0. 
Lockridge. 

HALL, J., far.. Sec. 28; P. 0. 
Glasgow. 

Hammons, H., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Vega. 

HAM^nOXS, J. M., farmer. Sec. 
13 ; P. O. Glasgow ; born in Wythe 
Co., Va., in 1813; in 1830, he moved 
to Johnson Co., Ind.; in 1839, to Jeffer- 
son Co.; his present wife was Nancy G. 
Workman; she was born in Adair Co., 
Ky., in 1815 ; came to Jefferson Co., in 



1837 ; their children are Squire G., 
Mary M., William H., John W., Cyn- 
thia A., Keziah H., Nancy E., died in 
1861 ; James M., died in 1861. Mrs. 
Hammons had five children by her 
former marriage — Jane E., now Mrs. 
Howell; C. R., James, died in 1863; 
Nancy E., died in 1849 ; Margaret A., 
died in 1854. Mr. H. owns 240 acres 
of land, valued at $8,000 ; Mrs. H. 
owns property valued at $1,400. Mr. 
H. has held the offices of Township 
Trustee, Road Supervisor and School 
Director. Members of the Baptist 
Church ; Mr. H. is a Republican, his 
wife a Democrat. 

Harter, J. H., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

HEATOX, G., farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 
0. Glasgow ; born in Newark, Eng., in 
1839; came to Jefferson Co., in 1848; 
since, engaged in farming. Married 
Lucretia Gillham in 1864 ; she was born 
in Sangamon Co., 111., in 1839 ; have 
four children — Wilson G., Elizabeth, 
Mary and Hayes; owns 160 acres of 
land, valued at $4,000. Held the ofl&ce 
of Justice of the Peace four years, Road 
Supervisor one year, and School Direct- 
or two years. Members of the M. E. 
Church ; Republican. 

Heaton, H , far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

Heisel, P., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Herr, Fred., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Hickenbottom, James, far., Sec. 5; P. 0. 
Glendale. 

Hickenbottom, Stephen, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 
0. Glasgow. 

Hogate, N., far.. Sec. 13; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Hopkirk, J., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Hosatte, Louis and Alexis, fars-. Sec. 5 ; 
P. 0. Glendale. 

Howell, J. D., far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Vega. 

HULrT, F., far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge; born in Sweden, in 1843; 
came to Jefferson Co. in 1868 ; worked 
on the C, B. & Q. R. R. until 
1874 ; has since been engaged in farm- 
ing. Married Anna Oleson in 1874; 
she was born in Monsteros, Sweden, in 
1850; has three children — William H., 
Emily E. and an infant unnamed. 
Owns 160 acres of land, valued at 
$3,000. Republican. 

Hulse, B. B., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Humphrey, E. A., far.. Sec. 36; P. 0. 
Vega. 



ROUND PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 



531 



Uuott, C, far., S. 2; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Huott, X., far., See. 2 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

HMSTOX, J. H., farmer and stock- 
raiser, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Glasgow ; born 
in Washington Co., N. Y.. in 1821 ; 
came to Jefferson Co. in 1852 ; has 
since been engaged in farming. Mar- 
ried Mary A. Smith ; she was born in 
Richhmd Co., Ohio ; have six children 
Orlando, WilUam E., John J., Charles 
F., Elinor J. and Emma. Owns 200 
acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. 
Was Township Trustee five years, and 
Road Supervisor eight years. Repub- 
lican. 

Jones, E. W., painter, Glasgow. 

Johnson. A., far., S. 14; P. 0. Glasgow. 

. JOHl^SON, J., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. 
Rome, Henry Co.; born in (Karlstad, 
Sweden, in 1846; came to Jefferson 
Co. in 18G9. Married Miss Miss C. S. 
Calston ; she was born in Westmoreland, 
Sweden, in 1850 ; they have one child 
— Charles. Owns thirty acres of land, 
valued at $600. Democrat. 

Johnson, 0., far., S. 12; P. 0. Glasgow. 

JOHB^SON, S., far., S. 11 ; F. 0. 
Lockridge ; born in Linkoping, Sweden, 
in 1844; came to Jefferson Co. 
in 1851. Married Caroline Peterson 
in 1868 ; she was born in Linkoping, 
also ; they have one child — Fihua. 
Owns fifty acres of land, valued at 
$1,400. Members of the Lutheran 
Church ; Republican. 

KING, JOHN L., shoemaker and 
farmer ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

KNEPLEY, J., for., S. 21 ; P. 0. 
Glasgow ; born in Harrisburg, Penn., 
in 1809; came to Jefferson Co. in 
1867 ; has since been engaged in farm- 
ing. Married Rebecca Lobaugh in 1836 ; 
she was born in Adams Co., Penn., in 
1 809 ; have one child by a former mar- 
riage — Cunard M. Owns 120 acres of 
land, valued at $4,000. Members of 
the M. E. Church. Republican. 

KRITZLER, J. J., Notary Public, 
Glasgow ; born in Frankfort-on-the- 
Main, Germany, in 1831 ; came to 
America in 1850; lived in Cincinnati, 
New York and Brooklyn; in 1852, re- 
turned to Germany; in 1856, to Amer- 
ica again ; came to Jefferson Co. in 
1865 ; was proprietor of the Glasgow 
ilouse until 1874; returned to Ger- » 



many on a visit a short time after. 
Married Charlott Unkrich in 1863; she 
was born in Germany in 1828 ; have 
one child — Gustav W. J., born Aug. 6, 
1864. Mr. K. is Township Clerk. 
Members of the New Reformed Church ; 
Republican. 
KUNATH, J. E., proprietor of the 
Glasgow House and wagon-maker ; born 
in Dresden, Germany, in 1833 ; came to 
America April 15, 1854. Married 
Anna M. Gernhard in 1864; she was 
born in Cassel, Germany, in 1844 ; have 
six children — Carl, Edward, Louisa, 
Emma, Clara, Ida. Came to Jeffer- 
son Co. in 1874, located at Glas- 
gow ; since been engaged in hotel keep- 
ing and wagon-making. Held the ofl&ce 
of Justice of the Peace three years, and 
still holds it. Members of the Congre- 
gational Church. Owns five town lots, 
valued at $2,500. Republican. 

LARSON, J. P., farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. 
Glendale. 

L.AMBIRTH, NARAH A., Sec 
25 ; P. 0. Vega ; born in Adair Co., 
Penn., in 1816. Married Thos. Lam- 
birth ; came to Jefferson Co. in 1 832 ; 
had nine children — Mary F. (died in 
1834), Wm., Margaret L., Richard, 
Joseph, Isabel, Ira, Elizabeth, Harriet 
N. Owns forty-five acres of land, valued 
at $30 per acre. Member of the M. 
E. Church for thirty years. 

Layton, J. C, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Lavton, S., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

lilNBLAD, A., farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
0. Lockridge ; born in Linkoping, Swe- 
den, in 1844; came to Jefferson Co. in 
1875. Married Miss J. Birdine in 
1873 ; she was born in Boras, Sweden, 
in 1848 ; has three children — Albert P., 
Levi and Alma. Owns eighty acres of 
land, valued at $1,000. Members of 
the Lutheran Church. Republican. 

LINDERSON, OTTO, far.. Sec. 
1 ; P. 0. Lockridge ; born in Westcrvik, 
Sweden, in 1844; came to Jefferson Co. 
in 1866. Married Ida Johnson ; she 
was born in Westervik, also, in 1843 ; 
have three children — Frank A., Nancy 
C. and Ida A. Owns eighty acres of 
land, valued at $1,000. Members of 
the Luthern Church ; Republican. 

Litton, B., far.. Sec. 23; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Litton, W., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 



532 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY : 



Linderson, 0. R., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Glas- 
gow. 

Logsden, W., far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

Long, J., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Loving, E., farmer, Sec. 29; P. 0. Glas- 
gow. 

liOVING, C, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. 
Glasgow ; born in Montgomery Co., 
Va.,1814; came to Jefferson Co. in 
1860 ; has since been farming. Mar- 
ried Francis Thurber ; she was born in 
Sangamon Co., 111., in 1845 ; have eight 
children by a former marriage — Naomi 
G., Joshua, Mary E., James M., Sarah 
J., Jefferson, Margaret and Susan. Owns 
120 acres of land, valued at $25 per 
acre. Democrat. 

LOVINC}, JAMES M., farmer 
and lumber dealer ; born in Henry Co., 
Iowa, in 1844. Married Alice M. Mil- 
ler in 1871 ; she was born in Jefferson 
County in 1852 ; have two children — 
Ada E. and Gertrude M. Owns eighty 
acres of land, valued at SIO per acre. 
Held the offices of School Director, Sec- 
retary of School Board and Road Super- 
visor. Liberal. 

McNAMARA, J., far., S. 6; P.O. 
Glendale. 

Martang, C, far., S. 12: P. 0. Glasgow. 

Martin, J., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

METZ, J., farmer and stock-raiser. 
Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Glasgow; born in Wash- 
ington Co., Md., in 1814; in 1816 
moved to Franklin Co., Penn.; in 1826, 
to Stark Co., Ohio ; in 1843. to Carroll 
Co., Ind.; in 1853, to Knox Co., 111.; 
came to Jefferson Co. in 1857 ; has 
since been engaged in farming and stock- 
raising. Married Elizabeth McCormick 
in 1835 ; she was born in Stark Co., 
Ohio, in 1816; have eight children — 
Franklin G., Sarah A., Samuel K., Si- 
las A., James A,, Elizabeth J., Mary 
E. and Phineas U. Has held the office 
of County Superintendent two years, 
and most all of the township offices. 
Members of the Presbyterian Church ; 
Republican. 

MILLER, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 
19 ; P. 0. Glasgow ; born in Erie Co., 
Penn., in 1806; came to Jefferson Co., 
in 1839, and engaged in general mer- 
chandising at Glasgow; in 1841, com- 
menced, and has since engaged in, 
farming. Married Eliza Moore ; she 



was born in Pennsylvania in 1810 ; 
have twelve children — John, Jane, Ben- 
jamin, Elizabeth, Angeline, Louisa, 
Henry, Altha, Thomas, Francis, Alice 
M. and Ada. Mr. Miller was County 
Supervisor three years, and has held 
most all of the township offices. Owns 
200 acres of land, valued at $30 per 
acre. Democrat. 

MOORE, ROBERT, farmer, Sec. 
17 ; P. 0. Glasgow ; born in Dearborn 
Co., Ind., in 1819; came to Jefferson 
in 1839 ; engaged in the carpenter 
trade in 1849 ; went to California in 
1851 ; returned to Jefferson Co.; has 
since engaged in farming. Married 
Sarah Stewart in 1843; she was born 
in Jefferson Co., Ohio, in 1824; have 
six children — William, Margaret A., 
Sarah F., Anna, Emma and Ella. Owns 
290 acres of land, valued at $7,000. 
Members of the Free Methodist Church ; 
Republican. 

Moore, W., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Murphy, L., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

"XJ-ELSON, N., far., S. 13; P. 0. 

_L\| Glasgow. 

KELSON, O., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. 
Lockridge ; born in Shaulham, Swe- 
den, in 1837 ; came to Jefferson Co. in 
1867. Married Anna Mary in 1860; 
she was born in Westervik, Sweden, in 
1840; has six children — Emma, Ma- 
tilda, Mary, Peter, John and Anna. 
Owns 41 acres of land, valued at $900. 
Members of the Lutheran Church ; Re- 
publican. 

OLSEN, A., far., S. 12; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

OVERSTREM, A., far., Sec. U, 
P. 0. Lockridge ; born in Linkoping; 
Sweden, in 1850. Owns forty acres of 
land, valued at $600. Republican. 

OVERSTREM, P., farmer, Sec. 1 1 ; 
P. 0. Lockridge ; born in Linkoping, 
Sweden, in 1817 ; came to Jefferson 
Co. in 1 858. Married Hannah Peter- 
son in 1840; she was born in 1813 at 
Linkoping, also ; has four children — 
Hannah, Caroline, Charles, Alfred. 
Owns forty acres of land, valued at 
$800. Members of the Lutheran 
Church. Mr. 0. was in the Swedish 
army twenty years. Republican. 

PETERSON, JOHN, tar., Sec. 11; 
P. 0. Lockridge. 



ROUND PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 



53S 



PEARSOlf, IV., farmer, Sec. 15; 
P. O. Glasgow ; born in Amal, Sweden, 
in 1834 ; came to Jefferson Co. in 
1857. Married Emma S. Lawson in 
1867 ; she was born in Linkoping, 
Sweden, in 1844; they have five chil- 
dren—Charles E., Esther E., Nellie S., 
John E., Albert. Owns 120 acres of 
land, valued at $1,600. Enlisted in 
Co. K, 84th 111. V. I., in 1862; was 
mustered out in 1865 ; was in the bat 
ties of Stone River, Chickamauga, and 
numerous others. Members of the 
Lutheran Church ; Republican. 

Peterson, J. P., far., S. 10; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

Peterson, L., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Lockridge. 

PETTERSOX, J. M., farmer, Sec. 
11; P. 0. Lockridge ; born in Linkop- 
ing, Sweden, in 1817 ; came to Jefferson 
Co. in 1868. Married Miss G. L. 
Samuelson in 1840 ; she was born in 
Linkoping in 1820 ; has two children — 
Caroline and Alfred. Owns thirty acres 
of land, valued at $800. Members of 
the Lutheran Church ; Republican. 

KIDGEWAY, Squire C, Sec. 26 ; P. 
0. Vega. 
SUMMERS, WM. M., far.. P. 0. Glas- 
gow. 

Samuelson, A., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Samuelson, Charles J., far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 
0. Glendale. 

Seaburg, J., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Sheldon, M. L., far., S. 19; P. 0. 
Glasgow. 

Skeers, C, far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. GlasgOTT. 

Smith D., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Smith, H., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Smith, M. K., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

«MITH, THOMAS S.,far., S. 20 ; 
P. 0. Glasgow ; born in Granger Co., 
Tenn. ; came to Jefi'erson Co. in 1842 ; 
since engaged in farming. Married 
Angeline J). Hall in 1854; she was 
born in Morgan Co., 111., in 1830 ; had 
twelve children — Alice, Statira, Olive, 
Ralph, Elizabeth (died in 1858),Orlando, 
William, Etta, Dellie, Kate (died in 
1871), Augustus and an infant un- 
named. Owns 159 acres of land, val- 
ued at $20 per acre. Held the office of 
School Director four years, of Road 
Supervisor three years, and Township 
Trustee one year. Members of the 
Free Methodist Church ; Republican. 



Steadwell, S., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

Stewart, C, far.. Sec, 8 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Stewart, H., far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Stewart, L. C, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Stewart, W., far.. Sec. 8; P. O. Glasgow. 

Sturgis, J., far.. Sec. 32 ; P. O. Glasgow. 

Sturees, R. C, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

SrXDBERC^, J. A., far.,_Sec. 10; 
P. O. Lockridge ; born in Linkoping, 
Sweeden, in 1843 ; came to Jefferson 
Co. in 1875. Married Miss L. M. 
Berdine in 1875; she was born in 
Boras, Sweden, in 1855 ; they have 
two children — August 0. and Chas. W.; 
owns sixty acres of land, valued at $20 
per acre. Members of the Lutheran 
Church ; Greonbacker. 

Swope, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

TAYLOR, ELLIOTT, Postmaster, 
Glasgow. 

TAYL.OR, S. W., physician, Gla.- 
gow ; born in Jefferson Co., Conn., in 
1817 ; in 1827, his father removed to 
Portage Co., Ohio; in 1835, to Kane 
Co., 111.; in 1855, came to Jefferson Co. 
and located at Glasgow, where he has 
since been engaged in the practice of 
medicine. Present wife's maiden name 
was Amy Makepeace ; she was born in 
Jefferson Co., N. Y., in 1812; has two 
children by this marriage — Fred M. and 
Annie P. ; and six by former marriage 
— Francis A., Alfred N., Sarah, Elliot 
P., Adelaide and Willie. Dr. Taylor 
was commissioned Assistant Surgeon of 
the 4th Iowa V. C. in 1864 ; discharged 
at the close of the war. Two of his sons 
were in the army — Alfred in the 19th 
111. V. L, and Elliot in Co. M., 4th Iowa 
V. C. Owns three town lots, valued at 
$2,000. Members of the Congregational 
Church ; Liberal. 

TILFORD, JOSEPH, far , Sec 
25 ; P. 0. Vega ; born in Adair Co., 
Ky., in 1826 ; in 1827, moved to Mor- 
gan Co.; 111.; in 1844, came to Jefferson 
Co., has since engaged in farming. Mar- 
ried Matilda A. Andrew ; she was born 
in Sangamon Co., 111., in 1831 ; have 
two children — John, born in 1852 (mar- 
ried Mary E. Smith) ; and Wm. A., 
born in 1854 ; owns 140 acres of land, 
valued at $40 per acre. Held the office 
of Constable four years. Democrat. 

Turnaham, Wm., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Glaa^ 
gow. 



<534 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY; 



Turner, S. B., blacksmith, Glasgow. 

WEBB, HENRY, far, S. 2V ; P. 0. 
Glas-ow. 
WATKIBfS, M. W., MRS., Sec 

22 ; P. 0. Glasgow ; born in Wayne 
Co., Ohio, in 1827. Married S. F. Wat- 
kins in 1850 ; he was born in Wayne 
Co., also; died in 1873; has ten chil- 
dren — James M., Thomas J., Andrew 
J., Martin V. B., Christopher C, Ste- 
ven F., Alfred D., George W., Mary J. 
and William H. Owns 500 acres of 
land, valued at $40 per acre. Mrs. W. 
came to JeiFerson Co., in 1856. Is a 
member of the Congregational Church. 
Wilson, J., S. 35; P. 0. Vega. 



Workman, C. R., far., S. 26; P. 0. Glas- 
gow. 

WRIGHT, WIL.I.IAM, black 
smith, Glasgow; born in Carroll Co., 
Ohio, in 1828. Married Isabell Craw- 
ford in 1850 ; she was born in Coshoc- 
ton Co., Ohio, in 1831 ; have eight chil- 
dren — John W., James, Ella, George, 
Frank, Samuel, Martha J. and Van. 
Owns 206 acres of land, valued at $30 
per acre, and one town lot, valued at 
$50. He came to JeflPerson Co. in 
1849 ; has since been engaged in black- 
smithing. Politics, Liberal. 

Wright, W., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 



BUCHANAN TOWNSHIP. 



ADAMS, H. M., farmer, S. 30 ; P 0. 
Beckwith. 

Allender, J., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Salina. 

ALL.£NDER, SAMUEL, farmer. 
Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Fairfield; born in Bed- 
ford Co., Penn., April 7, 1822; came to 
Jefferson Co. in 1840 and, with his 
parents, settled on their present farm ; 
owns 118 acres. Married Miss Eliza 
J. Green ; have six children — Mary E., 
Walter, P]mery M., James H., KnoxE., 
Annie R. and Wm. C. Members of M. 
E. Church ; Republican. 

August, J., far., ^. 23; P. 0. Beckwith. 

BARTON, W. A., far., S. 33; P. 0. 
Fairfield. . 
Bates, G.; P. 0. Salina. 
Beatty, H. A., far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 
Beatty, I., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Salina. 
Bennett. J. F., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

BERGQUIST, A. F., blacksmith, 

and manufacturer of plows, Beckwith ; 
born in Sweden, Nov. 27, 1848; came 
to New York in 1867 ; to Jefferson 
Co. Sept. 3, 1878 ; is located at Beck- 
with. and following his occupation. 
BERKHIMER, XATHAN, 
farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. O. Fairfield ; born 
in Fairfield Co., Ohio, June 7, 1805 ; 
came to Jefi"erson Co., 1854; owns 
184 acres of land, valued at $30 per 
acre. Married Miss Temperance Hood 



April 1, 1832 ; she died in 1860 ; mar- 
ried again, Miss Elenora Powell Feb. 
25, 1862; she died Feb. 25, 1865; 
married again, Mrs. Martha A. Welty 
Nov. 22, 1866 ; she was born in Perry 
Co., Ohio, June 17, 1835 ; her family 
is a prominent one of that county. Mr. 
B. has five children by his first wife — 
John, William, Thomas, Margaret and 
Annie. By his second wife one — Addie 
E., and by his present wife two — Geo. 
W. and Laurel G. Members of M. E. 
Church ; Republican. 

Booker, S. F., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Bowman, J. H., Sec. 6, Fairfield. 

Bradshaw, J. B., Salina. 

Brier, W., far., S. 12; P. 0. Salina. 

Brighton, H. M., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Bryte, Gus, Salina. 

Bush, D., far., S 7 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Bush, J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Bush, M., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Bush, W., far., S. 6; P. O. Fairfield. 

CASTELL, J. M., far., S. 13; P. 0. 
Salina. 

Caviness, H. A., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Cavincss, K., far., S. 21; P. 0. Beckwith. 

Caviness, R. M. 
with. 

Caviness, R. E., 
with. 

Caviness, S., S. 29 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 



far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Beck- 
far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Beck- 



BUCHANAN TOWNSHIP. 



535 



Caviness, W., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Beckwith. 

CHAXDLER, liEWIS, farmer 
and stock dealer, Sec. 2U ; P. O. Fair- 
field ; born in Washington Co., N. Y., 
April It), 1816; lived in Essex Co., 
where he followed huntiug and trap- 
ping; came to Jeiferson Co., in 1841. 
Married Miss Annie Emerson Nov. 1. 
1842; have six children — Jane, Susie, 
Bell, Kate E., Andrew J. and Jessie 
v.; three deceased. Mrs. C. was born 
in Morgan Co., Ohio, Jan. HO, 1821. 
Mr. C. owns 234 acres of land, valued 
at $50 per acre. Mrs. C. is a member 
of the M. E. Church ; Democrat. 

€HAXDLER, PHIL,AXDER, 
farmer and dealer in stock, Sec. 17 ; P. 
0. Fairfield born in Warren Co., 
N. Y., March 12, 1814; followed the 
business of hunting and trapping in 
Essex Co., N. Y.; came to Jefferson 
Co. in November, 1840, and entered 
his present farm ; now owns 480 acres, 
valued at 850 per acre : improved it, 
and has it all under good cultivation ; 
has trees he raised from the seed, now 
three feet in diameter. Married Miss 
Martha Bannifield Jan. 1, 1842 ; have 
four children — Harriet S. Hobbie, Iowa 
E. Hoops, Warren E. and Charles S. 
When Mr. C. came to Jefferson and 
settled on his claims, he did not have 
money .enough to pay for it, so he left 
his wife with his brother's wife, and 
started for the wilds of Wisconsin to 
hunt and trap, to get money to pay for 
his claim ; was gone five months ; re- 
turned and paid for his land ; in 1850, 
moved to Wisconsin ; while there, cut 
from the stump timber enough to build 
his present residence, and floated it down 
the Mississippi River to Burlington, and 
then hauled it fifty miles with a team ; 
now has a beautiful home and all the 
■comforts of life. Mrs. C. is a member 
of the M. E. Church ; Mr. C. is a Re- 
publican. 

Chandler, W., far.. Sec. 17 ; P. O. Fair- 
field. 

CHARLTON, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
3 ; P. O. Perlee ; born in Franklin 
Co., Penn., Nov. 8, 1815; came to 
Jefi'erson Co. in 1846. Married Miss 
Keziah Bell March 21, 1854; she was 
born in Bedford, Penn., Aug. 6, 1818 ; 
have three children — Maggie B., Scott 



and William A. Mr. C. served as As- 
sessor of Penn. Tp., School Director, 
and as administrator of the es- 
tate of Isaac Garmae; is administrator 
of the estate of Jacob Courtney, both 
old settlers of Jefferson Co. Mr. C. 
owns ninety-five acres of land, valued at 
$30 per acre. Democrat. When Mr. C. 
came to Jefferson Co., wheat was 35 
cents per bushel, corn from 5 to 8 cents 
per bushel, pork $1.25 per hundred, and 
had to be hauled sixty miles to market. 

Chatterton, A. B., far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. 
Fairfield. 

Chatterton, O., far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Chilcott, Asa, retired, Salina. 

Clapp, J. W., far., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Clapp, W. D., far., S. 23; P. 0. Beckwith. 

CL.ARK, L.ORAX, farmer and 
sheep-raiser, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Fairfield ; 
born in Union Co., Ohio, July 29, 1831 ; 
came to Jefferson Co., in March, 1851. 
Married Miss Jane Van Nostrand July 
18, 1860; born in Ohio, 1838; died 
Jan. 20, 1873 ; married again. Miss Laura 
Green, Nov. 18, 1874 ; has two children 
by present wife — Carley W. and Ada E. 
Owns 200 acres, valued at $30 per acre ; 
made all the improvements. Member 
of the M. E. Church; Republican. 

Clark, Solomon, merchant, Salina. 

Clover, T., flir., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Beckwith. 

CLOVER, WILLIAM, carpenter 
and farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Fairfield; 
born in Pennsylvania Feb. 6, 1833 ; 
came to Jefferson Co. in 1845. Mar- 
ried Miss Mary J. Fawcett Aug. 26, 
1858; she was born in Belmont Co., 
Ohio, March 26, 1839; have three 
children — Emily J., Harry and Edith. 
Owns forty acres, valued at $40 per 
acre. Republican. 

COCHRAIV, OEOROE, farmer 
and dealer in stock , S. 1 8 ; P. O. Fairfield ; 
born in Jefferson Co., Ohio, Jan. 7, 
1827 ; came to Jefierson Co., settling on 
the claim made by Scott Walker in 
Round Prairie Tp., Sec. 21. Married 
Miss Elizabeth J. Lynch Dec. 16, 
1849; she was born in Kentucky 
March 5, 1831. Have been members 
of the M. E. Church for twenty-five 
years. Mr. C. held the office of Justice 
of the Peace, Trustee, and other offices. 



636 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY 



Owns 300 acres, valued at $12,000. Has 
four children — Francis A., Willie J., 
Charles C, Ulysses S. G., and two dead 
— Alice B., Mary E. Is a Republican. 

Connelly, H., far., S. 13; P. O. Salina. 

Cooper, S., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Beckwith. 

Croskey, J., Salina. 

Culbertson, J. W., S. 31 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Cummings, E., renter, Salina. 

Cummings, S., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Cummings, W., far., S. 2 ; P. O. Fairfield. 

DAVIS, ELLIOTT, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. 
Fairfield. 

Davis, E. D., S. 8 ; P. O. Fairfield. 

Davis, J., far., S. 26 ; P. O. Beckwith. 

Davis, W., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Beckwith. 

Davison, E.. far., S. 22; P. 0. Beckwith. 

Deison, C, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Doughty, H., far., S. 34; P. 0. Fairfield. 

DOWJVINCir, A., farmer and dealer in 
stock, Sec. 16; P. 0. Fairfield; born 
in Berkeley Co., Va., Aug. 12, 1818, 
. and at 13 years of age, moved to Clark 
Co., Ohio., then to Elkhart Co., Ind. ; 
came to Jefferson Co. in 1839. Mar- 
ried Miss Rachel Keltner ; married 
again, Miss Harriet Wagner Sept. 1, 
1860; she was born in Morgan Co., 
Va., Aug. 19, 1824. Mr. D. has three 
children by former wife — Francinia, 
Thomas, Sarah J., and one died in in- 
fancy ; by present wife two — William 
F. and Ulysses W. Mr. D. owns 31 9 J 
acres of land, valued at $30 per acre, all 
under good cultivation. Mr. D. went 
to California in 1852 ; remained there 
five years. Republican. 

DOWNING, WM., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. 
Beckwith ; born in Berkeley Co., Va., 
Oct. 21, 1811 ; when 19 years of age, 
moved to Elkhai-t Co., Ind. Married 
Miss Sarah Miller in March, 1835; she 
died in 1852. Mr. D. came to Jefferson 
Co. in 1840 ; lived five years in Cali- 
fornia ; married again, Mrs. Mary James 
in 1858 ; she was born in Huntingdon Co., 
Penn., in 1817 ; Mr. D. has six children 
by former wife — Jacob K., Eldridge L., 
Alvin, Mary E., Charles W. and Philip ; 
and by present wife five — Louis, Abba 
E., Sallie, Lora A. and Dora A.; Mr. 
D. owns 100 acres of land, valued at 
$30 per acre. Members of M. E. 
Church ; Republican. 

Duncan, Jas., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Dyer, N., far., S. 16; P. O. Fairfield. 



EDWARDS, LEVI C, far.. Sec. 1 ', 
P. O. Salina. 
FAWCETT, LEVI, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. 
Beckwith. 
Flinchbaugh, L., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Perlee. 
Foote, D. G., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Salina. 
Foote, J. B., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Salina. 
Frasher, G. H., Postmaster, Salina. 
Frush, Jas. and John, fars., S. 18; P. 0. 

Fairfield. 
Funck Jacob, far., S. 39 ; P. O. Fairfield. 

QARMOE, JACOB, far., S. 10; P. 
0. Fairfield. 

Garmoe, J., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Gates, D., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Gates, Hiram, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Gilbert, Geo., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Fairfield. . 

Gordon, Joseph, far., S. 11 ; P. O. Salina. 

Green, Alfred, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Green, Alonzo, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Green, Dennis, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Green, Nelson, far., S. 4; P. 0. Fairfield. 

GiREEX, SYL. TESTER, farmer, 
S. 2; P. 0. ^airfield; born in Bed- 
ford Co., Penn., Sept. 27, 1821. Mar- 
ried Miss Elizabeth Foot Dec. 12, 1843 , 
she was born in Bedford Co., Penn., 
June 11, 1819. Mr. G.'s mother is 
living with him ; she is aged 93 years ; 
she was born in Huntingdon Co., Penn.; 
March 4, 1785. Mr. G. has six chil- 
dren — Alonzo J., Winfield F., Ollie 
J., Clara A., Orrin W. and Delia M. ; 
two deceased — Claretta and Benjamin 
A. Mrs. G. is a member of the M. E. 
Church. Mr. G. owns 114 acres of 
land, valued at $40 per acre. Repub- 
lican. 

Green, Winfield, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

CjrREEN", W. J., farmer and stock 
dealer. Sec. 10; P. 0. Fairfield; born 
in Bedford Co., Penn., May 5, 1818 ; 
at 18 years of age. went to West Vir- 
ginia and pursued medical studies ; re- 
turned to Pennsylvania and practiced ; 
came to Jefferson Co. Nov. 8, 1840, 
where he followed his profession and 
farmed ; owns 200 acres of land, valued 
at $30 per acre, of which he made most 
of the improvements. Married Miss 
Plantina Allender April 29, 1843 ; she 
was born in Bedford Co., Penn., Nov. 
11, 1818, and died Feb. 3, 1869; he 
married again, Dec. 24, 1874, Mrs. 
Margaret Foot ; has seven children by 
former wife — Alvernon L., Perry 0., 



BUCHANAN TOWNSHIP. 



537 



Melville S., Ada C, Elliot 0., Duane 
W. and Charles W., and one dead — 
Emma E. Mrs. Green is a member of 
the M. E. Church ; she was born in 
Huntingdon Co., Penn., Nov. 20, 1832. 
Republican. 
Gustison, L.; P. 0. Salina. 

HAWK, CARL, former. Sec. 2 ; P. 
O. Fairfield. 

Heater, J., far., S. 24; P. 0. Salina. 

Hickenbottom, J., far., S. 24; P. 0. Sa- 
lina. 

Hillander, G., for., Sec. 24 ; P. O. Salina. 

HoaghHn, P., far., Sec. 13; P. 0. Salina. 

Hoagland, Wm., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Hollister, M., far., S. 23; P. 0. Beck- 
with. 

Hoops, E. D., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Hoops, J., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Hoops, 0. T., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Houitland, W., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Hudgel, J., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Hutchinson, J., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Hutchinson, J. J., far., S. 6: P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

HUTCHISON, WIL.I|IA1I, far 

and dealer in stock ; P. 0. Fairfield ; born 
in County Tyrone, Ireland, in Parish Cap- 
pie, Jan. 25, 1811 ; came to Philadelphia 
in 1836, where he worked in a marble- 
quarry and at railroading for severalyears ; 
came to Jefi'erson Co. in the spring of 
1847. Married Miss Margaret Calhoon 
in 1836 ; she died 1848 ; married Miss 
Selina Powell in 1850; has three chil- 
dren by former wife — Matilda, Charlea 
and William H. ; by present wife two — 
John J. and Annie. Owns 200 acres 
of land, valued at $35 per acre, on 
which he has made all the improvements. 
Members of the Baptist Church ; Dem- 
ocrat. 

JACOBSON, JOHN, far., S. 13; P. 
0. Salina. 
James, T. P., S. 27 ; P. 0. Beckwith, 
James, W. F., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Beck- 
with. 
Jenks, S., far.. S. 21 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

KANN, JOHN, far., S. 4; P. 0. 
Perlee. 
Kiner, J., far. ; P. 0. Beckwith. 
Kirkpatrick, H. H., far., Sec. 32; P. 0. 

Beckwith. 
Kyle, J. J., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Beckwith. 



LABAUGH, PETER, far., S. 31 ; P. 
0. Fairfield. 

Lee, L., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Lewellen, George, carpenter, Salina. 

Long, H., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Beckwith. 

Louder, J., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Louder, Wm., far., S. 6; P. 0. Fairfield. 

liOWRIE, THOS., agent and oper- 
ator, Beckwith ; born in Pennsyl- 
vania, June 4, 1857 ; came to Wapello 
Co., Iowa, with his parents, in 1869 ; 
went to Cliffland, Iowa, and learned tel- 
egraphing; came to Beckwith in 1878, 
and has charge of the C, B. & Q. R. R. 
office. Republican. 

liYNCH, JR. E., far., S. 18; P.O.Fair- 
field ; born in Jefi'erson Co., Iowa, March 
8, 1846. Married Miss Kate Hilbert 
Dec. 28, 1869 ; she was born in Harrison 
Co.. Ohio, Jan. 18, 1849 ; they have 
one child — Flora. Mrs. L. is a member 
of the M. E. Church ; Mr. L. is a Re- 
publican. 

L.YNCH, T. Y., far.. Sec. 18; P. 0. 
Fairfield ; born in Jefi'erson Co., July 
3, 1848; is a graduate of Wesleyan 
University, Class of 1868-1869 ; then 
attended the law department of the 
State University ; graduated in 1872 ; 
came to Fairfield and practiced for two 
years ; then moved on the old Noble 
farm, where he now resides. Married 
Miss Bell Brooks, March 23, 1875 ; she 
was born in Van Buren Co., Iowa, Aug. 
2. 1850. Members of the M. E. 
Church. Held the office of Township 
Clerk for three years ; is re-elected ; is 
Treasurer of the Agricultural Associa- 
tion. Republican. 

MCCARTY, DAVID, far., Sec. 8; 
P. 0. Fairfield. 

Mccarty, edward, sec. 6; 

p. 0. Fairfield ; born in Alleghany Co., 
Md., Oct. 19, 1824; at 28 years of 
age, moved to Virginia, where he 
was a preacher of the M. E. Church for 
five years ; came to Jefi'erson Co. in 
1857. Married Miss Louisa P. Davi- 
son in 1848 ; she was born in Harrison 
Co., Va., Feb. 22. 1826; have two 
children — Julia V. and Frank. Owns 
eighty acres of land, valued at $25 per 
acre. Has held the office of Assessor 
two years. Is local preacher of the M. 
E. Church. Greenbacker. 
McChesney. W. T., physician, Salina. 



538 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY; 



McClain, G. W., far., Sec. 27; P. 0. 
Beckwith. 

McClain, T., far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Perlee. 

McCashlin, D. A., far., Sec. 33; P. 0. 
Fairfield. 

McConnick, George, far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. 
Lockridge. 

McCully, John, far.. Sec. 12; P. 0. 
Salina. 

McGaw, H., far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Manatry, P., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

MAXWELI^, BEIVJAMIX, 
Sec. 22; P. 0. Fairfield; born in 
Cumberland Co., Penn.,July 18,1806; 
came to Jefferson Co. in 1850 ; owns 
IGO acres of land, valued at $5,000; 
made all the improvements himself 
Married Miss Jane McCormick May 
22, 1827 ; she was born in liockbridge 
Co., Va., Sept. 15, 1808 ; have nine 
children — John C, George W., William 
W., Elizabeth, Abner, Harvey C, 
Isabel, Isaac, James M , and five de- 
ceased — Mary, Eliza J., Catharine, 
Henry E. and Sarah E. Mr. M. served 
as Trustee two years. Mrs. M. is a 
member of the M. E. Church. Mr. 
M. was in the 3d Iowa Cavalry, and 
had three sons in the army. Repub- 
lican. 

Messer, C, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Moyer, E., far.; P. 0. Salina. 

Mulkins, K., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Mulkins, W., far.,S. 17 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Munson, P., Salina. 

Murphy, W., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

"T^ELSON, C, far.; P. 0. Glendale. 

Norvell, E., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

OVERHOLSER, W., far.; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 
PARKER, 0., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 
PARKER, WILEI AM, far., S 3 ; 
p. 0. Perlee ; born in England, Jan. 
15, 1793 ; came to Huntingdon Co., 
Penn., in 1832 ; worked at the shoe- 
maker's trade. Married Mrs. Rachel 
Soap in 1842; she was born in Balti- 
more Co., Md., Dec. 10, 1811 ; had one 
child by former marriage, and, after 
twenty-two months' married life, separat- 
ed, Mr. Soap taking the little girl ; moved 
to Ohio, married again, and deserted his 
family ; the girl lived at different places 
until 19 years of age, then married 



J. McDawell, and came to Henry Co., 
Iowa. Mrs. Soap married Mr. Parker 
and came to Jefferson Co.; they lived 
within thirty miles of each other for 
thirty years, each supposing the other 
dead, till 1876, when they met for the 
first time in forty-eight years. Mr. 
Parker came to Jefferson Co. in 1844; 
owns 102 acres of land, valued at $30 
per acre ; has two children — Alfred and 
Oliver. Republican. 

PARKER, ALFRED; born in 
Huntingdon Co., Penn., June 25, 1845. 
Married Miss Francis Collins in April, 
1870 ; have two children — Olive M. 
and William H. Mrs. Parker is a 
member of the M. E. Church; Mr. 
Parker is a Republican. 

Parsons, B., far.. S. 25 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

Parsons; J. J., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Glen- 
dale. 

PARSONS, JOHN R., farmer and 
dealer in stock, Sec- 25 ; P. 0. Glen- 
dale ; born in Randolph Co., W. Va., 
Dec. 22, 1806; came to Jefferson Co. 
in April, 1837, and took possession of 
his farm before it was surveyed ; owns 
480 acres of land, valued at $40 per 
acre. Married Miss Diana Parsons 
Dec. 11, 1827 ; she was born in West 
Virginia, Randolph Co., June 22, 1811 ; 
died Aug. 28, 1876 ; Mr. P. has eight 
children — Lucie A., Travis, Eugene S., 
Robert E., Solomon, Rebecca E., Archi- 
bald, Baldwin, Mary J. and John J. ; 
one dead — James. Mrs. P. was a mem- 
ber of the M. E. Church. Mr. P. 
served as Justice of the Peace ten 
years, the first one in Buchanan Tp.; 
has held other offices of the township, 
and was on the first jury. Democrat. 

Parsons, R. E., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Peterson, J., Salina. 

T3EED, S., far., S. 3; P. 0. Perlee. 

Rezer, L., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Rasmus, H., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Ringlespacher, P., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

REPPERT, HENRY J., dealer 
in dry goods and groceries, Beckwith ; 
born in Burlington, Iowa, Oct. 15, 
1858; came to Beckwith March 7, 
1878, where he engaged in the mercan- 
tile business, of which he has the 
monopoly. 



BUCHANAN TOWNSHIP. 



539 



Roach, E., far., S. 24; P. 0. Salina. 
Root, L. A., Sec. 26 ; V. 0. Beck with. 
Qj ALIDAY, E., far., S. 4; P. 0. Perlee. 

Saliday, H., ftir., S. 4; P. 0. Perlee. 

Shafer, M., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Shafer, P., S. 15; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Shelley, S., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Smith, F., dairy, S. 29 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Smith, W., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Smith, W. T., Salina. 

Snook, Jo, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Snook, John, for., S. 32 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Shields, R. B., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Snook, P., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Spencer, D., Salina. 

Stallman, A., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Stewart, J. B., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Beckwith. 

Stewart, J. C, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

Stoneberger, J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Stoner, H. W., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

SHAW, E. B., farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 
0. Fairfield ; born in Knox Co., Ohio, 
May 29, 1831, where he was a mer- 
chant for seven years; came to Iowa 
Co., Iowa, in 1855, and engaged in 
farming and stock-dealing in Jetferson 
Co., in 1864, where he is farming. 
Married Miss S. McCugin Jan. 5, 1852 ; 
she was born in Washington Co., Penn., 
May 17, 1833; have five children — 
Alice H., George R., Lottie E., Billie S. 
and Milligo. Mrs. S. is a member of 
the M. E. Church. Mr. S. owns 283 
acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. 
Republican. 
SUESS, EOUIS, manufacturer and 
dealer in lager beer, malt and hops, 
Fairfield ; born in Germany, in the city 
of Worms, on the Rhine, July 15, 
1850 ; came to New York in 1867 ; 
thence to Iowa, and settled in Fairfield ; 
is engaged in the manufacture of beer. 
Married Miss Louisa Chlemlein Jan. 17, 
1871 ; she was born in Minnesota Oct. 
3, 1854; have four children — Lizzie, 
George, Laura and Jacob. Mr. S. is 
the owner of the brewery, worth $6,000. 
Swanson, D., far., S. 13; P. 0. Salina. 

TEETER, HENRY, carpenter ; P. 0. 
Salina. 
TEMPL.ETOX, W. M., farmer. 
Sec. 28 ; P. O. Fairfield ; born in 
Wayne Co., Ohio, June 5, 1837 ; came 
to Jeff"erson Co. in the fall of 1843. 



Married Miss Melinda Gallier Oct. 7, 
1857; she was born in Jefferson Co., 
Iowa, Oct. 7, 1840 ; have five children 
—Major H., Delia, Frank S., Maude, 
and Guy M., and two dead — Fannie and 
Blanche. Mr. T. served as Deputy 
Sheriff six years. Mrs. T. is a member 
of the M. E. Church. Democrat. 

Taeller and Suess, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. 
Fairfield. 

Trump, C. M., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Tuller, C, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

y TLM, E., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

YANNOSTRAND, C, far., S. 18; 
P. 0. Fairfield. 
TTTEBB, J., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Salina. 

WEBB, H. A., farmer. Sec. 14 ; P. 
0. Salina; born in Warren Co., Tenn., 
Feb. 22, 1833 ; came to Jefferson Co. 
July 27, 1849. Married Miss Mary J. 
Hoops Oct. 18, 1855 ; she was born iu 
Monroe Co., Ohio, Aug. 25, 1833; 
have six children — Alice M., Alonzo 
P., Sarah E., Luella M., Emma D. and 
Lottie ; two died. Mr. W. was a mem- 
ber of the Board of Supervisors. Owns 
eighty-three acres of land, valued at 
$20 per acre. Members of the M. E. 
Church ; Republican. 

Welsh, J., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

White, G. W., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Glendale, 

White, Wm., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Whitham, J. M., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Woodsides, R., S. 30; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Woodsides, W. A., far., S. 30; P. 0. 
Fairfield. 

Wilkins, J., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Workman, J. M., for., S. 5; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

WORKMAN, JOHN, S 4 ; P 0. 
Fairfield ; born in Kentucky July 30, 
1819; came to Sangamon Co., 111., in 
1821; to Jefferson Co., fall of 1840; 
purchased a claim of William Smith, and 
built a cabin. Married Miss Amanda 
J. Kerr in 1840 ; she was born in White 
Co., Tenn., March 23, 1820; died in 1846. 
Mr.W. married again, Melissa D. M. Kerr 
in 1847 ; she was born in White Co., 
Tenn., Oct. 14, 1825. Mr. W. has two 
children by former wife — William A. 
and Sarah A. McCarty ; by present 



-540 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY : 



wife, seven — James M., Kizzie A., Net- 
tie J. Merchant, John C, Edward M., 
Bleanora and George B.; two died in in- 
fancy. Members of M. E. Church ; 
Mr. W. owns 399 acres of land, valued 
at $25 per acre ; made the improve- 
ments himself. 
WORKMAM, WILLIAH, far , 
S. H ; P. O. Perlee ; born in Jefferson 
Co., Iowa, Oct. 24, 1841. Married Miss 
Dora S. Herring Oct. 4, 1864 ; she was 
born in Germany Dec. 10, 1842; have 



six children — Lucie A., Lennia, Nellie, 
Katie, William B. and Emma. Mr. W. 
owns 104 acres of well-improved land, 
valued at $25 per acre ; member of A., 
F. & A. M., No. 15. Democrat. 
Wright, Isaac, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

YOUNG, JOSEPH, far., S.31 ; P.O. 
Fairfield. 
Young, Robert, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Young, William M., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. 
Fairfield. 



CEDAR TOWNSHIP. 



BENNETT, J. P., farmer. Sec. 30; P. 
0. Birmingham. 

Blakely, Jos., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Wooster. 

BLOUGH, H. D., far., S. 5 ; P. O. 
Fairfield ; born in Somerset Co., Penn., 
in 1830 ; came to Jefferson Co. in 
1865. Married Anna Boughman in 
1852 ; she was born in Wayne Co., 
Ohio, in 1830; have nine children — 
Simon H., Mary A., Elizabeth, Anna, 
John D., Eli M., Charles D., Joseph 
M. and Christian N. Owns 200 acres of 
land, valued at $35 per acre ; also owns 
one of the finest Norman horses in the 
country. Held the oflSce of Road Su- 
pervisor one year. Members of the 
Mennonite Church. Democrat. 

Bradshaw, J. C, Sec. 4; P. 0. Fairfield. 

BRIIIZ, P., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field ; born in France in 1835 ; came 
to Jefferson Co. in 1858. Married 
Miss P. Mary in 1871 ; she was born in 
St. Louis, Mo., in 1848; has four chil- 
dren — Annie, Sylvia, Louis and Peter. 
Owns eighty acres of land, valued at 
$2,000 ; also owns a gravel mine in 
Idaho. 

/CAMPBELL, ED., Jr., far.. Sec. 1 ; 

\j P.. 0. Fairfield. 

Caviness, E. K., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Beck- 
with. 

CARMICHAEL, W., far.. Sec. 8 ; 
1*. 0. Fairfield ; born in (bounty Antrim, 
Ireland, in 1840; came to Jefferson Co. 
in 1866, and engaged in farming. Mar- 
ried Mary Alexander in 1866; she 
was born in County Antrim, also, in 
1840; have five children — Hugh, 



Alexander, Sadie, James and Ellen. 
Owns 120 acres of land, valued at $30 
per acre. Democrat. 

CONLEE, 1., miller. Sec. 33 ; P. 
0. Fairfield ; born in Shelby Co., Ky., 
1816; came to Jefferson Co. in 1868, 
and engaged in milling. Married Mary 
A. Jones in 1845 ; she was born in 
Kentucky in 1823 ; has three children 
— Iowa, George P. and James M.; owns 
10 acres of land, valued at $2,800. Ha.s 
held the ofiice of Justice of the Peac; 
two years. Members of the Baptist 
Church ; Democrat 

Cox, A., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Wooster. 

Cox, C L., far.,S. 5 ; P. 0. Wooster. 

Cox, E., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Wooster. 

DeWITT, B. F., farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 
0. Wooster. 
Dougherty, R.,far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Droz, G. A., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Droz, J., far.,S. 33 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Droz, J. B., far., S. 26; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Droz, Joseph, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Droz, L., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

EWING, O. 0., farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 
0. Wooster. 
FRY, DAVID, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. 
Wooster. 
FIERCE, JOHN AND IRA, 
farmers, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Wooster ; John 
was born in Knox Co., 111., in 1855; 
came to Jefferson Co. in 1856. Ira 
was born in this county in 1857 ; they 
own 120 acres of land each, valued at 
$25 per acre; keep bachelors' hall ou 
the old homestead, and enjoy life. Re- 
publican. 



CEDAR TOWNSHIP. 



541 



Fisher, R., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Wooster. 

Flinn, M., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

FLOWER, M., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. 
Fairfield ; born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, 
in 1810; came to Jefferson Co. in 
18-49 ; has since engaged in farming. 
Married Nancy Dennis in 1850 ; she 
was born in Muskingum Co., Ohio, in 
1831 ; have one child — Orlando, born 
in 1854: ; owns ninety acres, valued at 
840 per acre. Was Justice of the 
Peace four years. Republican. 

Fry, S. A., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Wooster. 

GALLIHER, J. A., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. 
Faiifield. 
Giberson, C, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Wooster. 
Giberson, H., far., S. 3d ; P. 0. Birming- 
ham. 
Gilbert, J., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Gilbert, M. A., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Graber, J., far., S. 21; P. 0. Fairfield. 

HARTLEY, D., far., S. 24; P. 0. 
Wooster. 

Hill, T. J., far. S. 3 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Hisel. John, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Hisel, Joseph, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Hollister, S. C, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Hosatte, L., far., S. 37 ; P. 0. Glasgow. 

Hosatte, X., far., S. 26; P. 0. Wooster. 

Howard, J., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

HUMPHREY'S, F. T., farmer and 
bee-raiser, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Fairfield ; 
born in Jefferson Co.,Ind., in 1818 ; in 
1835, went to Hancock Co., 111.; in 
1841, came to Jefferson Co. Owns 
200 acres of land, valued at $35 per 
acre. Married Louisa Gossage in 
1848; she was born in Huntingdon Co., 
Penn., in 1823; died Dec. 21, 1871 ; 
have eight children — Emma J., Maria, 
Sarah C., Harriet L., Cora, Ruth, Mar- 
vin B. and Irvin B. Present wife's 
maiden name was Sarah Dawes; she 
was born in Washington Co., Me., in 
1838; one child by this marriage — 
Fred. Mr. H. was elected Coroner in 
1875, but refused to serve. He makes 
a regular business of selling land and 
auctioneering. Republican ; members 
of the M. E. Church. 

KELLER, ANTHONY, farmer, Sec. 
26 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Keller, Edward, far.. Sec. 21; P. 0. 

Fairfield. 
Keller, Kugcne, far.. Sec, 13; P. 0. 
Wooster. 



Keller, Gustavus, Sr., far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. 

Fairfield. 
Keller, Gustavus, Jr., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. O. 

Wooster. 
Keltner, H. B., far., Sec. 25; P. O. 

Wooster. 

LIBLIN, JACK, far., S. 17; P. 0. 
Fairfield. 

L.ANGDON, S. W., far., S. 20 ; P. 
0. Fairfield ; born in Tioga Co., N. Y., 
in 1816; came to Jefferson Co., in 
1839. Married Sarah Murrow in 
1846 ; she was born in Clarke Co., Ind., 
in 1822 ; have five children — Amy A., 
Amanda E., Alfred P., Sarah E. and 
John A. Owns 241 acres of land, valued 
at $25 per acre ; was Constable two 
years ; School Director four years. 
Members of the Methodist Church ; 
Republican. 

LEBL.ING, GEORGE, farmer. 
Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Fairfield ; born in 
France in 1838 ; came to Jefferson Co. 
in 1856. Married Mary Long in 1 862 ; 
she was born in Virginia in 1839 ; they 
have six children — George P., Millisa 
A., Edward M., Willie, Frank, Syl- 
vester. Owns 134 acres of land, valued 
at $20 per acre. Democrat. 

Liblin, M. G., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

LOCKE, J., farmer, S. 34; P. 0. 
Birmingham ; born in the county of 
Antrim, Ireland, in 1829 ; came to 
Jefferson Co. in 1854 ; engaged in 
farming and bee-raising. Married Mary 
McDowell in 1852; she was also born 
in the county of Antrim in 1824; have 
four children — Samuel, Mary A., Jane, 
Elizabeth ; owns 160 acres of land, 
valued at $20 per acre. Was Assessor 
five years. Democrat. 

Loomis, N., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Birmingham. 

Lash, D. A., far.. S. 23 ; P. 0. Wooster. 

Louden, J., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

McWHlRTER, S., far.,S. 16; P.O. 
Fairfield. 
Mccormick, J., farmer, Sec. 2 ; 
P. 0. Fairfield ; born in Rockbridge 
Co., Va., in 1809; came to Jefferson 
Co. in 1849. Married Mary A. Max- 
well in 1831 ; she was born in Cumber- 
land Co., Penn., in 1810, and died in 
1875; have twelve children, seven liv- 
ing — George, Samantha J., Harriet, 
Martha K., Sarah T., John W., Harri- 
son, Valentine (died in 1834), Henry 



542 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY 



(died in 1869), William (died in 1862), 
Mary (died in 1844), Indiana (died in 
1875). Owns 335 acres of land, valued 
at $40 per acre. Members of the M. 
E. Church ; Republican. 

McLelland, J., far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Mahon, J., far., S. 16; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Merries, X., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Merris, J., far., S. 23; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Michael, A., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Birming- 
ham. 

Moore, S., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Mouck, W. M., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Woos- 

nVTADY, X., farmer, S. 4 ; P. 0. Fair- 
_LN field. 

ORIEY, F., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. 
Fairfield. 
OZIER, J., farmer, S. 15 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field ; born in France in 1835; came 
to Jefferson Co. in 1852. Married Miss 
Josephine Dalmas in 1857 ; she was 
born in Erance in 1839 ; have nine 
children — Joseph, Emily, Adolph, 
Clemence, Victor, Amyl, Julius, Sophia 
and Charles. Mr. 0. owns 120 acres of 
land, valued at $25 per acre. Mem- 
bers of the Catholic Church. Liberal. 
PALM, J., far., S. 27; P. 0. Bir- 
mingham. 
Palm, v., far., Sec. 34; P. 0. Birming- 
ham. 
Parker, G., far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Wooster. 
Pease, H. A., wagon-maker, Wooster. 
Phillips, G. B., far., S. 12; P. 0. Woos- 

Pattison. A., far., S. 20 ; P. O. Fairfield. 

PATTISOX, R., far., S. 20; P. 0. 
Fairfield ; born in County Antrim, Ire- 
land, in 1816; came to Jeiferson Co. 
1849. Married Rosa Gilbert in 1849 ; 
she was born in County Antrim, also, in 
1828 ; they have ten children — Alex- 
ander W., John, Anna E., Emma J., 
Robert R., Martha M., Rosetta, William 
J., Hugh C. and Mary E. Owns 193 
acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. 
Has held the offices of School Director, 
Township Treasurer and Road Super- 
visor. Members of the Presbyterian 
Church ; Republican. 

Powell, W. H., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Wooster. 

Pringle, R. W., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Provost, J., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 



RANEY, WM., far., S. 31; P. O 
Fairfield. 

Reiter, J., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Wooster. 

SMITH, H. C, far., S. 23 ; P. Q. 
Wooster ; born in Jefferson Co., Ky., 
in 1841 ; came to Jefferson Co. in 1842 ; 
owns forty acres of land, valued at $20 
per aci'e. Enlisted in August, 1862, io 
Co. G, 30th Iowa Inf ; was in the bat- 
tles of Jackson, Miss., siege of Vicks- 
burg. Lookout Mountain and Missionary 
Ridge ; in the latter battle was wounded, 
being shot through the ankle of the right 
foot and amputation was necessary. 
Republican. 

SMITH, W. SCOTT, far., S. 23; P. 
0. Wooster. 
Speck, A., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Spears, J., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Stanford, A., far., S. 5 ; P. O. Fairfield. 
Stewart, R., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Stout, E., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Wooster. 

TRABERT, J. H., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. 
Birmingham. 

Temahan, J., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Birming- 
ham. 

TROTTER, C. D., farmer, Sec. 30 ; 
P. 0. Birmingham, Van Buren Co. ; 
born in Washington Co., Penn., in 
1838; in 1839, moved to Jefferson Co.; 
in 1853, came, to Van Buren Co.; in 
1872, went to Idaho and engaged in ho- 
tel-keeping at Rock Creek ; came to 
Jefferson Co. in 1878. Married Irene 
Waldermoit in 1861 ; she was born in 
Tazewell Co., 111., in 1844; has three 
children — William, Nellie and Bert. 
Owns ninety-five acres of land, valued at 
$3,600. Enlisted in Co. H, 3d I. V. C; 
was in the battles of Mark's Mill, Jen- 
kins' Ferry, and several others ; mus- 
tered out in 1864. Republican. 

WALKER, PETER, far., Sec. 31 ; 
P. 0. Birmingham. 

Walmer, J., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Wright, A., fixr., S. 14; P. 0. Wooster. 

Wright, I., far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Wooster. 

Writ^-ht, J. L., far., S. 14; P. 0. Wooster. 

WRIGHT, J., flirmer, S. 14; P. 0. 
W^ooster ; born in Lincoln Co., Ky., in 
1803; in 1818, moved to Morgan Co., 
111.; came to Jefferson Co. in 1846; 
since been engaged in farming. Mar- 
ried Beckie Gross in 1828 ; she wai 
born in Cumberland Co., Ky., in 1808 ; 
had ten children ; those living are — 



LOCKRIDGE TOWNSHIP. 



543 



William, Elizabeth, Peter, Thomas, 
Isaac, John, Alfred, Isom ; Noah and 
Josiah are dead. Owns 179 acres of 
land, valued at $30 per acre ; has held 



the office of Township Trustee. Mem- 
bers of Baptist Church. Democrat. 
Wright, W. T., far., S. 24; P. 0. Wooe- 
ter. 



LOCKRIDGE TOWNSHIP. 



ACHENBACH, LUDWIG, far., S. 
27 ; P. 0. Four Corners. 

Admondson, L. P., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Sa- 
lina. 

Allen, A., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

Allender, B. M., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Anderson, A., far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Anderson, E. P., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

Anderson, H., far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Salina. 

ANDERI^OX, JOHN P., far , S 
26 ; P. 0. Lockridge ; born in Sweden 
Aug. 31, 1814; came to Jefferson Co. 
in 1846 ; owns 160 acres, valued at 840 
per acre. Married Miss Sarah Ander- 
son Feb. 1, 1851; she was born in Swe- 
den Sept. 16, 1827; they have five 
children — Susan, Leonidas, Sarah E., 
Mary E. and Albert, and two dead — 
John L. and Theodore. Members of the 
Lutheran Church ; Democrat. 

Anderson, J. F., far.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Anderson, P. M., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

BALDOZIER, JOHN, far., S. 1 ; P. 
0. Merrimac. 

Bankhead, J.; far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

Bankhead, Wm., Constable, S. 27 ; P. 0. 
Lockiidge. 

Bates, J. D., far., S, 17 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Beck, C, far., S. 16; P. 0. Salina. 

Benzon, J. S., Lutheran minister, S. 21 ; 
P. 0. Four Corners. 

Berry, I., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Berry, S. T., far., S. 1 ; P. O. Salina. 

Biggerstaff, S., far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Glen- 
dale. 

Bogner, H., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

Bogner, V., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

Boos, J., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Four Corners. 

Borg, L., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Four Corners. 



Bowman, L. P., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

Broman, P., far., S. 14; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Brown, M., Coalport. 

BROWN BROIS. & CO., dealers 
in coal and merchandise, Coalport; owns 
405 acres of coal land, located at Coal- 
port, valued at $15,000 ; they make 
yearly shipments of 300 cars ; own 480 
acres in Dakota, valued at $1,500. M. 
B. Brown is a member of the L 0. 0. F. 
Came to Jefferson Co. in 1859. The 
family of Browns are David, Ellen, 
William M., J. D., Susie A., L. B., G. 
W. and James. 

Burgeson, P., far., S. 21; P. 0. Glendale. 

CARLSON, C. J., Jr., far., S. 9 ; P. 
0. Salina. 

Carlson, J., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Salina. 

CARTER, M. F., miller, Lockridge ; 
born in Waldo Co., Me., April 15, 
1838; came to Jefferson Co. in July, 
1858. Married Miss Debbie Heron 
Oct. 27, 1867; have four children — 
Horace H., Fredrick D., Jessie M. and 
Wilson E. Mrs. C. was born in Clinton 
Co., Penn., in August, 1832. Mr. C. 
was in the 2d I. V. I., Co. E. Has 
mill property valued at $6,500. Re- 
publican. 

CASSEIi, ANDREW F., Sec. 
20 ; P. O. Four Corners ; born in Swe- 
den Dec. 3, 1831 ; came to Americ.i in 
1845, and settled in Jefferson Co.; his 
family are among the first Swede settlers 
in Iowa. Married Miss Louisa Peterson 
Nov. 13, 1857 ; she was born in Sweden 
Aug. 19, 1835; have six children — 
Mary E., John W., Simon P., Andrew 
E., Clara S. and Esther. Members of 
the M. E. Church. Mr. C. held the 
office of Assessor five years. Owns 130 
acres of land. Republican. 

Castile, A., far., Sec. 19 ; P. O. Salina. 

Castile, Isaac, far., Constable, Sec. 19; P. 
0. Salina. 



544 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



Chilcott, Baker, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Chilcott, R., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Chilcott, Thos., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Cole, Chas., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

Collins, W., far., S. 7 ; P. O. Salina. 

€ROY, F. M., merchant, Glendale ; 
born in Jefferson Co., Iowa, May 1, 
1847 ; taught school for ten years. 
Married Miss Jennie B. Park April 
14, 1866 ; she was born in Huntingdon 
Co., Penn, June 10, 1842 ; they have 
three children — Francis O., Alanson 
M. M. and Clarence M. Democrat. 

Cuddy, G. M., far., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

DAMM, MICHAEL, merchant, Glen- 
dale. 

DAIXNER, Ci^-EORGE, farmer. 
Sec. 9 ; P. O. Salina ; born in Germany 
May 28, 1822 ; came to Jefferson Co. 
in 1846 ; owns 205 acres of land, valued 
at $25 per acre ; held the office of 
School Director. Married Miss Sophia 
Duttwiler Sept. 17, 1853; she was 
born in New York Cfty Oct. 22, 1834. 
Members of the M. E. Church. They 
have nine children — Amelia, born Aug. 
3, 1854 ; Christina, born Jan. 26, 1856; 
Annie, born Dec. 15, 1858 ; Maggie E., 
born Oct. 18, 1861 ; Philip, born May 
23, 1864 ; Mary I., April 17, 1866 ; 
Simon F., born Sept. 1, 1870; Hattie, 
born April 5, 1873; and Effa B., born 
Dec. 12, 1875; deceased — Emma 
S., born June 3, 1868 ; Celestia, born 
June 3, 1868 ; others died in infancy. 

Danielson, Albert, far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

DANIELSON, F. O., farmer. Sec. 
23 ; P. 0. Four Corners ; born in Swe- 
den Sept. 13, 1839 ; came to Jefferson 
Co. in 1845. Married Mrs. Matilda 
M. Peterson Sept. 2, 1866; have one 
child — Delia L. Mrs. D. has one child 
by fjrmer marriage — Henrietta. Mrs. 
D. is a member of the M. E. Church. 
Mr. D. served three years and two 
months in the 4th Iowa V, I., Co. B ; was 
in most of the heavy engagements ; at 
Pea Ridge, the first charge on Vicks- 
burg, and the siege of Vicksburg, Ar- 
kansas Post, Jackson, Chattanooga. 
White Oak Mills, Resaca and Stone 
Mountain, and the march to Atlanta, 
and was under fire every day. Owns 



ninety acres of land, valued at $30 per 
acre, on which he has made all the im- 
provements ; has served as Constable and 
other township offices. Republican. 

Danielson, John, far.. Sec. 21; P, 0. 
Four Corners. 

Danielson, Peter A., far., S. 34; P. 0. 
Lockridire. 

DUNLAP, WILLIAM, far , S. 

18; P. 0. Salina; born in Adams Co., 
Ohio, Oct. 22, 1821 ; came to Marion 
Co., Iowa, then to Mahaska Co., then 
to Henry Co ; came to Jefferson Co. in 
December, 1870. Married Miss Mary 
DeWitt in 1844 ; she was born in Ohio, 
December 9, 1825 ; have eight chil- 
dren — John W., Sarah E., Nannie J., 
Mary E., Emma A., Elmer E., Clara 
M. and James F. Mr. D. owns 210 
acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. 
Members of the M. E. Church. Mr. 
D. has served as Justice of the Peace, 
and is a Republican. 

EGGENBARGER, JOHN, far., Sec. 
25 ; P. 0. Four Corners. 

Eggers, Mark, far.. Sec. 36; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

Egli, Jacob, far., S. 29; P. 0. Glendale. 

Egli, John, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Glen- 
dale. 

Ehen, August, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Ehen, Charles, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Ehen, Jonas, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Ekwall, J. F., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Ericson, Albert, farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. 
Four Corners. 

Ericson, C. E., far., S. 6 ; P. O. Salina. 

Ericson, C. F., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Ericson, C. M., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

Ericson, Eric M., far.. Sec. 13; P. O. 
Four Corners. 

Ericson, G. L., far.. Sec. 7; P. 0. SaHna. 

Ericson, Gustaf, far.. Sec. 7; P. 0. Salina. 

Ericson, John E., far., S. 14; P. 0. 
Lockridge. 

Ericson, John, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Ericson, Swan, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Eshelman, A. H., saw-mill. Sec. 11 ; P. 
0. Four Corners. 

Eshelman, M. H., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 



LOCKRIDGE TOWNSHIP. 



545 



FALK, ANDREW J., far., Sec. 22; P. 
0. Four Corners. 

Farman, C A., far., Sec. 25 ; P. O. Four 
Corners. 

Farman. J. P., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Farman, Peter, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Farquer, J. H., far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Sa- 
lina. 

Flanders, G. W., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridue. 

Fordice, John, far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Frazey, Enoch, far., Sec. 17 ; P. ( '. Salina, 

Frederick, Chas., far., Sec. 12; P. 0. Mer- 
rimac. 

Freeberg, S., far., S. 9; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

Frost. A., far., Sec. 22; P. O. Four Cor- 
ners. 

Frost, Chas., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

GABRIELSON, J., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. 
Four Corners. 

Gauzman, A., far.. Sec. 14; P. O. Four 
Corners. 

Gauzman, N., far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Graber, C., far.. Sec. 33; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

Graber, J., far., Sec. 23; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

Graff, F., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Graff, H., far.. Sec. 22; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

Graff, J., far., S. 24; P. 0. Four Corners. 

Grebe, L., far., S. 24 ; P. O. Four Corners. 

Grekow, J., far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

Gustafson, C. J., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Gustafson, J., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Salina. 

HABER, MICHAEL, S. 14; P. 
0. Four Corners. 

Hanley, H., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Hanson, B., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Hanson, G., far., S. 26; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Hayes, J., section boss, C, B. & Q. R. R. ; 
P. 0. Glendale. 

Heater, E.; P. 0. Glendale. 

Hendricks, Jas. H., far., Sec. 31; P. 0. 
Glendale. 

HEKON, DAVID; deceased was 
burn in Scotland, May 1, 1804. Married 
Miss J. McGee March 28, 1828 ; she was 
born in Scotland Feb. 1, 1806 ; Mr. H. 



died Sept. 7, 1872, leaving a family of 
seven — Agnes, David, Elizabeth; Mary 
J., John, Deborah A. and Theresa. 

HEROX, JOHIV, far., S.26; P.O. 
Lockridge; born in Clinton Co., Penn., 
Oct. 24, 1 840 ; came to Jefferson Co. in 
June, 1857. Enlisted in 2d lowalnf.Co. 
E ; served three years ; was in the bat- 
tles of Fort Donelson, Pittsburg Land- 
ing, Corinth, Atlanta and others. Elect- 
ed as Senator of Jefferson Co. in 1877, 
by the Republicans. Member of the 
Free-VVill Baptist Church ; a leading 
Republican. 

Hilderbrand, M., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Merri- 
mac. 

Hilderbrand, S., P. O. Merrimac. 

Hillman, A. L., far.; S. 16 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Hillman, A. M., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Hillman, C. J., far., S. 16; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Hitts, J., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Hoesch, J., far. ; P. 0. Four Corners. 

Hollander, A., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Salina. 

HOPKIRK, DAVID, for , S 35 ; 
P. 0. Lockridge; born in Jefferson Co., 
Iowa, Nov. 17, 1850; lives with his 
parents, following farming. Is a Re- 
publican. 

HOPKIRK, JOHX, for , S 35 ; 
P. 0. Lockridge ; born in Scotland 
April 1, 1809; died June 28, 1875; 
came to Jefferson Co. in 1839 ; one of 
the early settlers of that county. Mar- 
ried Miss Jane Nicholson in 1842; 
she was born in Yorkshire, lilngland, 
Feb. 8, 1810. Members of the Pre.sby- 
terian Church. The estate owns 480 
acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. 
Had five children — William H., Bea- 
trice, Isabel. John and David. 

HOPKIRK, WILLIAM, far., S. 
34; P. O. Lockridge; born in Scot- 
land May 9, 1811 ; came to America 
in 1834; first settled in Rochester, N. 
Y. ; came to Jefferson Co. in 1841. 
Married Mis.s Jane Redpeth ; she was 
born in Scotland, August 10, 181 3, and 
died Feb. 12,1869; have seven children — 
Elizabeth, Isabel, Annie, Mary, James, 
Lillie and Alexander; four deceased. 
Members of the l*resbyterian Church. 
Mr. H. was elected Representative of 
Jefferson Co. in 1869, re-elected in 



546 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY; 



1871, and again in 1873, and served 
two years ; has been County Supervisor, 
and held other offices. Owns 360 acres, 
valued at $25 per acre. Republican. 

Horton, J. W., far., Sec. 6; P. 0. Salina. 

Horton, S. T., far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Hosteller, John, far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Howard, A., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

ITACOBS, JOHN, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. 

fj Salina. 

Jar], M., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Johnson, A., far., S. 18 ; P. O. Salina. 

Johnson, A., far., S. 16 ; P. O. Salina. 

Johnson, A. F., far., S. 4; P. 0. Salina. 

Johnson, F., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

Johnson, G-.; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Johnson, J. F., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Johnson, J. 0., blacksmith, Four Corners. 

Johnson, S., Lockrido-e. 

Johnson, S., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Salina. 

KELLY, WM., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. 
Lockridce. 

KAUFFMAX, H. M., dealer in 
general merchandise, Four Corners ; 
born in Cumberland Co., Penn., Nov. 
14, 1820 ; came to Iowa City, thence to 
Keosauqua, and engaged in the nursery 
business two years ; then to Sheridan, 
in 1854; was there three years in the 
same business. Married Miss Hannah 
Peterson Feb. 26, 1854 ; came to Jef- 
ferson Co. in 1858, and engaged in the 
mercantile business in 1873; has five 
children — Arthur, Adelia, Albert, Lill- 
ian and Edward. Mrs. K. is a member 
of the M. E. Church. Mr. K. served 
as Assessor of Lockridge Tp. for eight 
years ; is Township Clerk. Republican. 

Ketterer, A., far., S. 9 ; P. O. Salina. 

King, S., far., S. 23; P. 0. Four Corners. 

Knerr, A., far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. German- 
ville. 

Knerr, F. far., S. 4 ; P. O. Germanville. 

Krumholtz, J., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

I' ANGNER, J., far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. 
-J Four Corners. 

Larson, A. J., S. 5 ; P. O. Salina. 

Larson, August, far., Sec, 9 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Larson, C. P.; P. 0. Four Corners. 

Larson, Jacob, S. 5 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Larson, John, far., S. 23; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 



Lawrence, Wm., far., S. 12; P. O. Mer- 
rimac. 

Leaf, A. P., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Leafgreen, M. ; P. 0. Four Corners. 

Lewacher, A., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

LibHn, J., far., S. 20; P. 0. Salina. 

L.EWE1.I.YN, WILI.IAM, 
Coalport ; P. 0. Lockridge ; born in 
Glamorganshire, Wales, April 6, 1807 ; 
came to New York in 1827 ; two years 
after, to Pennsylvania. Married Mrs. 
Elinor McCutcheon Dec. 6, 1835 ; she 
was born in Ireland in 1801 ; died in 
1873. Mr. L. came to Jefferson Co. in 
1866. Married again, Elizabeth Her- 
on, in 1875 ; she was born in Scotland, 
in 1816 ; she had three children by a 
former marriage — Theresa, Charley and 
Minnie. Mr. L. is a member of the 
M. E. Church ; Mrs. L. of the Baptist 
Church ; Mr. L. is a Republican. 

Lindbloom, Gustaf, far., Sec. 16 ; P. O. 
Four Corners. 

Lindburg, Olof, blacksmith, Lockridge. 

Linde, Jacob, far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Lindquist & Signal, farmers, S. 19 ; P. 0. 
Salina. 

Linn, John, far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Long, H. C., merchant, Salina. 

Loos, John, renter, Lockridge 

Louth, Simon, far., S. 24; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Low, C. H., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. SaUna. 

Lundgren, Andrew, farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. 
0. Four Corners. 

Lindquest, G. E., far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. 
Salina. 

Lunchbaugh, G. A.; P. 0. Salina. 

Lyon, Frank H., far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Lyon, P. W., far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Lyon, S. H., far.. Sec. 11; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

McGUIRE, CHARLES, far., Sec. 3 ; 
P. 0. Germanville. 
McGuire, C. S., Germanville. 
McGuire, T., S. 3; P. O. Germanville. 
McMurry, T., Glendale. 
Mickey, B., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Lockridge. 
Miller, H., far.. Sec. 15 ; P. O. German- 
ville. 
Monson, A., far., Salina. 



LOCKRIDGE TOWNSHIP. 



547 



"VTELSON, A. P., far., Sec. 8; P. 0. 
1.M Salina. 

Nelson, D., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Salina. 
Nelson, G., far., S. 12; P. O. Germanville. 
Nelson, G. F.. far., S. 12; P. 0. Four 

Corners. 
Nelson, M., tar., S. 6 ; P. 0. Salina. 
Nelson, S., far., S. 4 ; P. O. Salina. 
Newlander, C, far., S. 21; P. 0. Four 

Corners. 

OGDEN, E., school-teacher. S. 6 ; P. 
0. Salina. 
Olson, P., far., S. 4 ; P. O. Salina. 
Olson, S., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Salina. 
Oman, A., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Salina. 
Omer, C, far.. S. 8 ; P. 0. Salina. 

PALM, P., far., S. 23; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

-PAINE, E. •! ., merchant, Lockridge ; 
born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, July 10, 
1855 ; came to Jeflerson Co., located in 
Lockridge, and engaged in the mercan- 
tile business July 29, 1878; keeps on 
hand a general supply of dry goods and 
groceries. Democrat. 

Park, G. N., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Pearson, G., far., S. 10 ; P. O. Four Cor- 
ners. 

PIERCE, A. R,, Lockridge; born in 
Waldo Co., Me., Jan. 3, 1820. Mar- 
ried Miss Sophronia E. Ripley in Sep- 
tember, 1848 ; she died in May, 1861 ; 
married again. Miss Julia Ripley in 
1864 ; she died in 1872 ; has two chil- 
dren — F. and Frank R. Mr. P. came 
to Jeiferson Co. July 4, 1859 ; was 
elected Representative of Jefferson Co. 
in 1861 ; but, thinking he could serve 
his country better, vacated his seat and 
went to the army as Captain of Co. M, 
4th I. V. C. ; served till the close of 
the war ; was promoted to Major, and 
commanded the regiment in most of the 
heavy engagements, among them Gun- 
town, Osage and Blue River, where the 
Fourth Cavalry made a gallant charge 
through Price's army, and had a hand- 
to-hand fight with sabers ; the Major 
was wounded in the foot, also receiving 
a saber wound in the leg ; mustered out 
in the fall of 1865. In 1867, was elected 
Representative of Jefferson Co ; held 
that office four years. Maj. P. had 
several narrow escapes in his younger 
days ; made a trip to San Francisco in 
.December, 1849 ; had a fight with 



pirates off the coast of South America 
and barely escaped with their lives ; 
was shipwrecked on Cape Verde Island, 
at which time was sixty-four days on a 
journey of usually fourteen days. 

Peterson, A. D., blacksmith, Salina. 

Peterson, A. A., far., S. 17 ; P. O. Salina. 

Peterson, A. P., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Peterson, A., farmer. 

Peterson, D., far., S. 19; P. 0. Salina. 

Peterson, J., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Peterson, Nils, far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Peterson, P. J., minister M. E. Church. 

Peterson, Swan P., far.. S. 22 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Pohren, V., far., S. 9; P. 0. Salina. 

Pohren, J., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Salina. 

QUICK, JOHN, stone-mason, Sec. 22 ; 
P. 0. Four Corners. 
RAUSCHER, FREDERICK, far.. 
Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Four Corners. 

Rausher, Fred A., far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. 
Four Corners. 

Reed, D., coal-miner ; P. 0. Lockridge. 

REEDER, LOUIS, farmer. Sec. 
10 ; P. 0. Four Corners ; born in Baden, 
Germany, Jan. 22, 1812 ; came to 
Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1828 ; 
worked on the farm during the summers, 
and went to school in the winters ; 
moved to Cincinnati in 1837 ; came to 
Jefferson Co. in 1842. Married Miss 
Margaret Steutcer July 3, 1843 ; she 
was born in Germany Aug. IT, 1826, 
and died in August, 1853 ; married 
again, Sallie Shanberger Oct. 3, 1854 ; 
she was born in York Co., Penn., June 
24, 1820 ; have four children — Charlas 
L., Elmer E., >allie M., and Caroline 
D.; owns 156 J acres of land, valued at 
$25 per acre ; served as Representative 
from Jefferson Co. in 1856, and was one 
of a committee that first organized 
schools in Lockridge Tp.; was the first 
Royal Arch Mason in Jefferson Co., 
has bepn a member for forty-two years ; 
now a member of Blue Lodge of Fair- 
field, and the Chapter. Republican. 

Reugner, G., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Riley, H., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

RIPLEY, JOSEPH O.; P. 

Lockridge; agent C, B. & Q. R. R., 
and express agent ; born in Waldo Co., 
Me., Dec. 23, 1845 ; came to Jefierson 
Co. in 1851, and took the office of the 



548 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY : 



C B. & Q. ; located at Lockridge, 
Iowa, in April, 1874. Married Miss 
Amy D. Dougherty Sept.- 10, 1876 ; 
she was born in Jefferson Co., Iowa, 
Dec. 25, 1855. Member of the Free 
Will Baptist Church ; Republican. 

Rizor, E., far., S. 33; P. 0. Glendale. 

Rizor, J., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

Rizor, John, far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

Rosquist, J., Sec. 9; P. 0. Four Corners. 

Ruby, H. J., far., S. 4 ; P. O. Salina. 

Rupp, J.,Sr., far., S. 24; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Rupp, J. Jr., for., S. 24; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

SANDBLOOM, J., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. 
Salina. 

Sandquist, A. P., tailor, Four Corners. 

Scheiber, H„ far., S. 22; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Schillerstrom, C. 0., far., S. 29; P. 0. 
Glendale. 

Schillerstrom, G. 0., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. 
Glendale. 

Schillerstrom, 0., far., S. 29; P. O. 
Glendale. 

Schneider, C, Four Corners. 

Schneider, J., far., S. 25; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Schultz, A., Sec. 18, Salina. 

Schultz, C. J., Sec. 32; P. 0. Glendale. 

Sheflfel, C, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Merrimdc. 

Shultz, J., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

Smith, A. G., coal-miner, Lockridge. 

Simmons, W. R., far., S. 24; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

SMITH, ELI, farmer and dealer in 
stock. Sec. 32; P. 0. Glendale; 
born in Delaware Co., Ohio, Oct. 20, 
1812. Married Miss Mary N. James, 
in January, 1832 ; she was born in Jef- 
ferson Co., Ohio, May 31, 1816, and 
died Nov. 27, 1849; married again, 
Mary E. Hickenbottom, March 30, 
1850 ; she was born in Adair Co., Ky., 
Dec. 5, 1827 ; Mr. S. has two children 
by his former wife — Sidney, born Oct. 
27, 1837 ; Wm. R., born May 1, 1847, 
and an adopted daughter, Lydia. born 
July 12, 1851. 3Ir. S. owns 172 acres 
of land, valued at $35 j^er acre, making 
most of the improvements. Member of 
I. 0. O. F. and A., F. & A. M. Re- 
publican. 

Smith, Eric, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Smith, W. R., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Glendale. 



Smithburg, G. A., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Snook, C. ; P. 0. Salina. 

Snook, A. A.; P. 0. Salina. 

Spriggs, J. ; P. 0. Glendale. 

Stamm, D., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Starr, C. J., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Staub, M., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Germanville. 

Steer, D.,fiir.,S. 36; P. 0. Lockridge. 

STEPHEXSO]^, JOHN, farmer, 
Sec. 15; P. 0. Four Corners; born in 
England Aug. 21, 1833; came to York 
State, thence to Cincinnati, Ohio, thence 
to Jefferson Co., May 2, 1841 . Married 
Miss Matilda Davidson Dec. 1,1855; 
she was born in Sweden May 7, 1835 ; 
they have three children — Adelia, Geo. 
E. and EflBe E. ; lost one — Frank. Mr. 
S. owns 62 acres of land, valued at $35 
per acre. Has served as County Super- 
visor, and held the office of Trustee. 
His father was Representative of Jef- 
ferson Co. in 1854. Republican. 

Stephenson, S., far.. Sec 26 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

Stewart, J. M., P. 0. Glendale. 

Swanson, Alfred ; P. 0. Lockridge. 

Swanson, Jonas, far.. Sec. 3; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Swanson, Oliver, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 

rpEETER, DAVID, Salina. 

Teeter, Elliott, Salina. 

Teeter, N., far., S. 33 ; 

Thureson, J., far., S. 7 

Toothaker, Frederick, 
Glendale. 

TOOTHACKER, JOHN, retired, 
Lockridge; born in Hancock Co., Me.; 
Aug, 15, 1802, moved to Muskingum Co., 
Ohio, and lived there seven years ; came 
to Jefferson Co., in 1843, and followed 
farming ; has retired from business. Mar- 
ried Miss Beersheba Trim in 1824; she 
was born in Hancock Co., Me., in 1797 ; 
died Oct. 10, 1876; married again, Nancy 
Hctterbran Sept. 5, 1878 ; has six 
children by former wife — Lavina, Fred- 
rick, Reuben, Oliver, John and Sophro- 
nia. Mr. T. is a member of the Baptist 
Church ; Mrs T. is a member of the M. 
E. Church ; Mr. T. is a Republican. 

TOOTHAKER, R., farmer and 
stock-raiser. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Glendale ; 
born in Penobscot Co., Me., Jan. 15, 



P.O. Glendale. 

P. 0. Salina. 
far., S. 31 ; P. 0. 



PENN TOWNSHIP. 



549 



1827 ; came to Jefferson Co. in 1844. 
Married Miss Mercy E. Ripley April 
28, 1854 ; she was born in Waldo Co., 
Me., Dec. 8, 1831 ; have three children 
— Augustus R., Mary V. and Mark E., 
and two dead. Member of Baptist 
Church. Mr. T. owns 140 acres of 
land, valued at $35 per acre. Repub- 
lican. 

Trabert A., Sr., far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Trabert, L., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

YANSANT, JOHN, far., S. 12; P. 
0. Four Corners. 

Veburg, C, far.. S. 32 ; P. 0. Glendale. 

Victor, A. M., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Lock- 
ridge. 



Voorheis, T., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 

WALGREN, AUGUST, far., S. 16 ; 
P. O. Four Corners. 

Wcrtz, George, miller, Lockridgc. 

Whisler, G., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Wiggins, H. C, Lockridije. 

Winnegar, H., flir., S. 11; P. 0. Four 
Corners. 

Wright, D.; P. 0. Four Corners. 

Wright, S.; P. 0. Four Corners. 

YUNGQUIST, OSCAR, far., P. 0. 
Four Corners. 
ZILLMAN, ANTONY, far., S. 14; 
P. 0. Four Corners. 
Zillman, L., far., S. 13; P. 0. Four Cor- 
ners. 



PENN TOWNSHIP. 



ABBEY, G., laborer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. 
Perlee. 

Aldice, Wm., miner ; P. 0. Perlee. 

ANDRE WIS, B. C, farmer. Sec. 9; 
P. 0. Pleasant Plain ; born in Charles 
City, Va., in 1822; in 1827, moved 
with his parents to Columbiana Co., 
Ohio, where he married Miss Mary 
Bruff in 1848 ; a'native of that county ; 
moved to Illinois in 1839, thence to this 
county in 1840; had twelve children — 
Edwin, James B. (deceased, ased 18 
3'ears), Charles, Willis, Joseph, John, 
Almira C. (deceased, aged 5 years), Al- 
bert H., Benjamin F., Alsina M., 
Luther J. and Sarah. Members of the 
Society of Friends. Mr. A. is Secre- 
tary of the Board of Directors of Pleas- 
ant Plain Academy. Formerly a Whig ; 
on the decline of that party became a 
Rejjublican. Owns 129 acres of land ; 
his father, John Andrews, a native of 
Virginia; born in 1796; married Edna 
Crew, native of the same State ; they 
moved to Ohio, thence to Illinois, and 
thence to this county in 1840 ; pioneer 
settlers of Jefferson Co.; both deceased. 

Andrews, W., far.; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

BANE, T. L., far.. Sec. 28; P. 0. 
Perlee. 
BARTOW, A., farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 
O. Perlee ; born in Harrison Co., Ohio, 



Feb. 11, 1821 ; came to this county in- 
April, 1851. Married Miss M. J. Mc- 
Cormick in Mahaska Co., Iowa, Aug. 
14, 1851 ; she was born in Jefferson 
Co., Ohio, Nov. 3, 1827. Members of 
the Christian Church. Own 260 acres of 
land. Republican. Mr. B.'s father, 
George Bartow, was born in New York ; 
moved to Harrison Co., Ohio ; mar- 
ried Miss Matilda Picken ; moved to 
Iowa in 1851 ; had three children — A. 
Susanna, who married James H. Baker ; 
she died in 1 854 ; he served in the late 
war; G. P. served in an Iowa regiment 
during the war of the rebellion ; was 
honorably discharged. Mrs. A. Bar- 
tow's father, James McCormick, mar- 
ried Martha Peoples, in Ohio ; they 
moved to this State in 1851. 

Barker, J., retired ; P. 0. Perlee. 

Bates, E., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Perlee. 

Bearkhart, J., far.. Sec. 29; P. 0. Perlee. 

Bendy, J., far.S. J2 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

BENTON, GEORCt^E, farmer. Sec. 
27, Washington Tp., (Jlinton Co., Iowa; 
born near Birmingham, England, in 
1813 ; came to this country in 1836 ; 
to Iowa in 1839. Married JMis.s Mary 
Folck in Davenport in 1 843 ; settled in 
Clint(m Co., Iowa, in 1845 ; hav^e seven 
children living — George E. (who married 
Miss C. Campbell), Richard (married 



.550 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY 



Miss S. Hicks), William, John, Dillman, 
Mary E." and Susan. Members of the 
Christian Church. They own 402 acres 
of land. Mrs. Benton's father, Abraham 
Folck, was a native of Pennsylvania ; 
born in 1793 ; served in the war of 1812, 
and severely wounded at New Orleans ; 
also served in Black Hawk war; was com- 
missioned Captain ; married Mary Coop 
in Wabash Co.. Ind. ; she was a sister 
of Gen. W. G. Coop, whose biography 
appears in another part of this work. 

Black, J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Perlee. 

Bones, John, renter ; P. O. Pleasant Plain. 

BOWEX, W. O., merchant. Pleasant 
Plain ; born in Franklin Co., N. Y., in 
1850 ; educated at Lawrenceville Acad- 
emy, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.; came to 
Pleasant Plain in 1874, and engaged in 
the mercantile business; his store is 
stocked with a full assortment of dry 
goods and notions, hats and caps, boots 
and shoes. Mr. B. is also engaged in 
the lumber and grain trade with Mr. I. 
H. Crumly ; is a successful business 
man ; is genial and pleasant in social 
relations, and widely respected in all the 
relations of life. 

Brady, T. F., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Bray, C, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

Bray, S., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

Bryson, C, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

Burgess, A., mechanic, Pleasant Plain. 

Burgess, I. W., far. ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

Burgess, J., retired ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

/"^ARSE, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 

\y O. Fairfield. 

Casady, J. E., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Oasady, J. D., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Salina. 

CJHARIiES, A., merchant, Pleasant 
Plain ; born in Randolph Co., N. C, Aug. 
8, 1807 ; while a child, his parents re- 
moved to Wayne Co., Ind. ; in 1830, he 
moved to Marion Co., Mich. ; thence to 
La Porte Co., Ind.; in 1837 or '38, he 
went to Tazewell Co. (now Woodford 
Co.), 111. ; in 1841, moved to Fulton Co. ; 
thence, in 1855, to Pleasant Plain, this 
county, and engaged in present business 
— dry goods and groceries. He has 
married Miss J. Pool, in Wayne Co., 
Ind., in 1830 ; she died in LaPorte Co., 
Ind., in 1837 ; present wife was E. 
M. Israel ; married in Wayne Co., 
Ind. Member of the Christian 



Church ; Republican since organization 
of the party. Children — Jesse T., who 
was in Co. K, 13th Regt. Iowa Inf.; 
was severely wounded at Kenesaw 
Mountain ; served three years ; was 
discharged ; Sarah L., Louisa B., now 
Mrs. E. Pool. 

Charles, John H., far. ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Charles, Thomas, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Chattertown, A., school-teacher. Pleasant 
Plain. 

CoflBn, Henry, butcher, Pleasant Plain. 

Cole, Perry G., far., P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

Commage,W. H., far., Sec. 7; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Connor, John, miner, Perlee. 

COOP, DAVID I.., far., S. 29 ; 
P. 0. Perlee ; born in Macoupin Co., 111., 
in 1832 ; removed to this county with 
parents in 1836. Married Miss Melin- 
da Burr, in Keokuk Co., Iowa, in 1852; 
she was born in Macoupin Co., 111., in 
1831 ; have two children — Nancy A. 
(married 0. W. Lambert), and William 
L. Mr. C. owns sixty acres of land. 
Democrat. 

COOP, liAFAYETTE, farmer, 
Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Perlee ; born in this 
township April 15, 1842. Married 
Miss C. J. Spencer in 1867, also a 
native of this county; born July 31, 
1848 ; have four children living — Albert 
L., Mary Olive, Eldon Iowa and 
Bertha Rose. Members of the Chris- 
tian Church. He owns 244 acres of 
land. Democrat. 

COOP, WM. G., GEN., deceased, 
whose portrait appears in this work, 
was born in Greene Co., Va., Feb. 26, 
1805 ; in 1809, he removed with his 
parents to Tennessee ; thence to Wash- 
ington Co., Penn., remaining about two 
years ; then, removed to Wabash Co., 
Ind. ; in 1830, they moved to Macoupin 
Co., 111. Gen. Coop's first public serv- 
ice was contractor for delivering a drove 
of cattle to the soldiers of Green Bay ; 
on his return, was elected Captain of a 
company of volunteers, and immediately 
promoted to Colonel of a regiment, to 
serve in the Black Hawk war, which 
position he filled with credit. Jan. 28, 
1832, was commissioned Major General 
of the 44th Reg. Illinois Militia, by 



PENN TOWNSHIP. 



551 



Governor Reynolds ; was elected SheriflF 
of Macoupin Co., six consecutive terms. 
He moved to this county on June 6, 
1836 ; was one of the Commissioners 
who located and named Fairfield ; was 
a member of the first Legislature ; mem- 
ber of the House of Representatives 
five sessions ; was elected to the Senate 
six terms. He died on the 4th of June, 
1874, respected and honored by all. 
His wife was Miss Nancy F. Harris, a 
native of Lexington Co., Ky. ; they 
were married in 1829 ; she survived her 
husband but a short time ; their chil- 
dren are Polly, born July 13, 1830, 
died Dec. 20, 1848 ; David L., born 
June 29, 1831 ; Elizabeth Isabel, now 
Mrs. R. Simmons, born March 28, 1833; 
John died, aged 7 months ; William 
Henry, the first white child born in this 
county, was born July 13, 1836; Jef- 
ferson S., born March 1, 1839 ; Nancy 
Ann, now Mrs. S. Parks, born Nov, 8, 
1840; Lafayette, born April 15, r842 ; 
Christiana, now Mrs. G. Gilbert, born 
May 25, 1844 ; Margaret, born Oct. 27, 
1845, died in 1864 ; Clarinda, now Mrs. 
F. M. Henderson, born Feb. 15, 1847 ; 
Mildred M., born April 6, 1849, died in 
1853 ; Emanuel W., born Jan. 30, 
1851, died in 1863; Sarah Ellen, now 
Mrs. W. Dawes, born Jan. 30, 1854. 

COOP, WM. H., far., Sec. 29; P. 
0. Perlee ; was born in this county, 
July 13, 1836, being the first white 
male child born in this county. Mar- 
ried Miss M. R. Ankron ; she was born 
in Cedar Tp., this county, in 1843 ; 
have six children living — Elizabeth Jane, 
Nancy Ellen, John Francis, Christiana, 
David L., Mary Isabel. Mr. C. owns 
100 acres of land. Politics, National, 
formerly a war Democrat. 

€RUMLY, A. L.., far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 
0. Pleasant Plain ; born in Johnson 
Co., Mo., in 1846. Married Miss 
Mary J. Edwards, native of this town- 
ship ; have two children — Edward N. 
and Charlotte M. Hull. Mr. C. and 
wife are members of the Society of 
Friends. Owns fifty-two and one-half 
acres of land. Has held various offices. 
Republican. 

CRUMLY, ISAAC H., lumber 
and grain dealer. Pleasant Plain ; resides 
on his farm on Sec. 9, two miles South- 



west of Pleasant Plain ; a native of 
Greene Co., Tenn. ; born in 1820 ; 
in 1842, went to Johnson Co., Mo. ; 
in 1848, moved to this county and set- 
tled in the vicinity of his present resi- 
dence. The winters of 1852-53, he 
and his family passed at his native home 
in Tennessee. Married Miss Rebecca 
L., daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth 
Hackney, in 1844; her parents were 
among the first settlers in Greene Co., 
Tenn. ; she was born in 1816 ; died 
in this county ; was a faithful and con- 
sistent member of the Society of Friends. 
Mr. C. married Rachel Reals in Jasper 
Co., in 1857 ; she was a native of 
Greene Co., Tenn. By first marriage, 
has two children living — Elizabeth 
T. and Alfred L. ; by second marriage, 
six children — William A., Wendell 
P., Miriam, Emeline, Harvey, Flora 
and Isaac N. Mr. C. has been a firm 
supporter of the Republican party since 
its organization. Has always taken an 
active part in the advancement of re- 
ligious and educational institutions ; is 
a member of the Board of Directors of 
the Pleasant Plain Academy, under the 
control of the Society of Friends, and 
which he was largely interested in 
building. In the early history of the 
county, was elected member of the Coun- 
ty Board of Supervisors, and County 
Surveyor ten consecutive years ; has 
filled other local offices. He bought the 
land on which the greater portion of 
Pleasant Plain now stands, and laid out 
the western portion of the town ; has 
always been closely identified with its 
interests, taking a part in everything 
that tended to the advancement of the 
town and the prosperity of its citizens. 

DAVIS, JAMES A., miner; P. 0. 
Perlee. 

Defrance, C, farmer, Perlee. 

DEAI ARSH, F. J., merchant, Perlee; 
was born in Canada in 1834 ; removed 
to Watertown, Jeiferson Co., N. Y., with 
his parents in 1845 ; came to Fairfield, 
Iowa, in 1853 ; thence to Perlee in 1858. 
Married Miss Elizabeth Urie, of this 
county, in 1860 ; she was born in Ash- 
land (yO., Ohio ; have two children — 
Ida May and C. C. Mr. Demarsh has 
been actively engaged in business since 
he came to Perlee. Was Postmaster 



552 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY : 



several years ; has held various offices, 
Notary Public, etc. Members of the M, 
E. Church. He is also a member of 
tho Kniohts of Pythias. Republican. 

DEMAR^H, JOHN, Perlee, Iowa ; 
born in Canada ; moved to Watertown, 
Jefferson Co., N. Y., with his parents. 
In 1861, he enlisted in Co. B, 57th 
Regt. N. Y. V. I. ; served three years ; 
honorably discharged ; came to this 
county in the spring of 1865. Married 
Miss Melissa C. Urie in November, 
1865 ; she was born in Ohio. Members 
of the Presbyterian Church, of which he 
is Elder and Deacon. He is a member 
of the Knights of Pythias. Republican. 

Dickinson, H.,far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Dickinson, S., farmer.; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Dickson, R. H., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Draper, D. E., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Clay. 

E'^DWARDS, ELIJAH, proprietor of 
J Broadway House, Pleasant Plain. 

£€K, FRANK I^., hardware mer- 
merchat, Pleasant Plain ; born in Keo- 
kuk July 15, 1853. Married Miss 
Lydia E. Ellyson in Pleasant Plain Oct. 
6, 1875 ; she was born in Cass Co., 
Mich. ; have two children — William J. 
and Mabel Helen. Members of the Pres- 
byterian Church; Republican. His father, 
Louis Eck, was born in Germany in 1 823. 
July 21, 1861, he enlisted in the 2d Iowa 
V. I., and died in consequence of injuries 
received in service, aged 39 years and 7 
months. 

El> WARDS, JOHN D., farmer, 
Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain ; a pio- 
neer settler of Penn Tp., Jefferson Co. ; 
native of CHnton Co., Ohio ; born in 
1811 ; in 1832, came to Illinois, and en- 
gaged in introducing carding machines 
into that State; in 1839, moved to this 
count}', and settled in Penn Tp. Mar- 
ried in 1835, Isabel Jane Valentine, a 
native of Southey Co., Ohio ; have eight 
children living — Samuel, William D., 
Mary Jane (now Mrs. A. Crumly), 
Elizabeth, Harriet (now Mrs. N. F. Hack- 
ney), Lydia, Rachel (now Mrs. M. Hos- 
kins) and Louisa Ida (now Mrs. C. N. 
Draper. IMembers of the Society of 
Friends ; Republican. Was a member 
of Township Board of Trustees at the 



first election held ; held various offices. 
Owns 180 acres of land. 

Edwards, W., carpenter ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Edwards, W. D., far.; P. O. Pleasant 
Plain. 

ELLIS, ISAAC, farmer, Sec. 23; 
P. 0. Pleasant Plain ; born in Greene 
Co., Tenn., in 1802 ; in 1804, his par- 
ents moved to Lafayette Co., Ohio, 
thence to Tippecanoe Co., Ind., where 
he married Miss B. Heston in 1831 ; 
she was born in Greene Co., Ohio, in 
1810; moved to this county in 1839, 
and settled in this township ; children 
— Mordecai, Sarah (now Mrs. A. 
A. Smith), Isaac, Betsy, Walter (who 
served in the 7th Iowa V. I., during the 
war; honorably discharged), Mary (now 
Mrs. J. Jones; Eleanor, John, Emery, 
Phineas, born May 22, 1832 ; was in 
30th Iowa V. I.; killed at the siege of 
Vicksburg; Amon, born in 1841, also 
served in the 30th Regt. Iowa V. I. ; 
died at Milliken's Bend, March 14, 
1863 ; Susanna, born July 19, 1836, 
died Aug. 1, 1851 ; Asa, born Sept. 26, 
1838, died July 1, 1851. Members 
of the Society of Friends. Republican 
since party organization ; in early life, 
was an Old Line Whig. In early times 
Mr. E. was elected Justice for several 
terms ; held various other offices since 
he settled here, nearly forty years ago. 
Has always taken an active interest in 
advancement of religious and educational 
interests of Penn Tp. Owns 120 acres 

•T 1 A 

ELLIS, ISAAC, Jr., former. Sec. 
23 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain ; born in this 
county in 1843. Married Miss Martha 
Roberts in 1870 ; she was also born in 
this county ; have four children — Ada, 
Sarah, Estella and Charles Elmer. Re- 
publican. Has held various township 
and school offices. Owns 193 acres ot 
land. His father, Isaac Ellis, came to 
this county in 1839 ; his biography will 
be f und in another place in this work. 
Mrs. Isaac Ellis' father and mother, 
Robert and Nancy Roberts, came to this 
county in 1841. 

ELLIS, WALTER, farmer. Sec. 
23 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain ; born in this 
township in 1846. During the war, en- 
listed in Co. K, 7th Iowa V. I. ; was 



PENN TOWNSHIP. 



553 



through Atlanta campaign ; honorably 
discharged at the close of the war. Mar- 
ried Miss Nancy Conner, of this county ; 
have two children — Alice and Annie. 
Republican. Has held various local 
offices. Owns forty acres of land. 

ELLY^SOEf, J. T., proprietor of 
wagon shop, Pleasant Plain ; was born 
in Cass Co., Mich., in 1852 ; removed 
with his parents to Washington Co., 
Iowa in 1859 ; came to Pleasant Plain 
in 1863. Politically, Mr. E. is a Rep. 

Emry, D., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

EMRY, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 
0. Pleasant Plain; a resident of Iowa 
for nearly forty years ; a native of Ran- 
dolph Co., Ind. ; born in 1821 ; came 
to Iowa the fall of 1839. Married Miss 
Catherine Shockley in this county March 
3, 18-12 ; she was born in Logan Co., 
Ohio, in 1819 ; came to this county with 
parents in 1840. Mr. E. and wife were 
the first couple married in this county 
in the Society of Friends, of which they 
are members. Mr. E. was a Free-Soiler, 
now a Republican. Their children are 
Charles, Travis, Susanna, Sarah, Rich- 
ard, Eli, Thomas and George Julien. 
Travis served in 2d Iowa V. C. during 
the war ; honorably discharged. Mr. E. 
owns 135 acres of land. His father, 
Travis Emry, was born in North Caro- 
lina in 1788 ; served in the war of 1812 
under Gen. Jackson; married Elizabeth 
Frazier ; they moved to Henry Co., 
Iowa, in 1839 ; thence to this county in 
1845; he died Jan. 31, 1866; she in 
1872. Mrs. J. Emry's father, Richard 
Shockley, was born in Virginia in 1798 ; 
married Miss Susanna Pacton in Logan 
Co., Ohio ; she was also a native of Vir- 
ginia ; born in 1795 ; they moved to this 
county in 1840. Mr. S. died March 22, 
1876. Mrs. S. is one of the oldest pio- 
neer mothers of this township now 
living. 

Emry, J. Q., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Emry, T. F., farmer, S. 14 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Emry, T. L., far. ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

England, George, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. 
Pleasant Plain. 

FARMER, JAMES F., farmer; P. O. 
Pleasant Plain. 



Farmer, Ridgely, farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. O. 

Pleasant Plain. 
Frakes, Abram, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. 

Pleasant Plain. 
Frazier, Isaiah, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. 

Pleasant Plain. 
Frazier, James, far., S. 14; P. 0. Pleasant 

Plain. 
Frazier, J. E., farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. 

Pleasant Plain. 
Frazier, John, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. 

Pleasant Plain. 
Frazey, J. P., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Pleasant 

Plain. 
Fryman, Jacob, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Pleasant 

Plain. 
Fryman, J., far.; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 
Fuqua, M. C, teamster, Pleasant Plain. 

QARMOE, LAWRENCE, far., S. 36; 
P. 0. Fairfield. 

George, R. T., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Gilbert, Thomas, far., S. 29; P. 0. 
Perlee. 

Goodwin, Henry, faf., S. 5 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Goodwin, John, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

GOODWIX, JOSEPH, far. Sec 
12; P. 0. Pleasant Plain; born in 
Preble Co., Ohio, in 1844 ; came to this 
county in 1856. Married Miss M. 
Arry in Oskaloosa, Mahaska Co., in 
1863; she was born in Indiana. Have 
four children — Ludovic, born in 1864 ; 
Willis, born in 1865 ; Carrie May, born 
in 1870, and Arthur, born in 1874. 
Republican. Owns forty acres of land. 
His f\ither, Joseph Goodwin, was born in 
South Carolina ; married Miss Mary 
Hixon in Ohio ; she was a native of 
Georgia; came to this county in 18 -16; 
he was born in 1795 ; died in 1871 ; 
she is still living. Mrs. J. Goodwin's 
father, John Arry, a native of Penn- 
sylvania, married Miss K. Jones in 

. Ohio ; they moved to this State in 
1855 ; she died in 1877 ; he is still 
living, aged 76 years. 

Graham, Riley, far. ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

Gray, Richard, far. ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Grooves, J. K., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

HACKNEY, F. N., shoemaker, 
Pleasant Plain. 



554 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



Hadley, William R. 

Haifley, Alfred, far., Sec. 25; P. 0. 
Pleasant Plain. 

HAMPSON, J. C, druggist, Per- 
lee ; born in Fairfield, in this county, in 
1854. Is a member of the Knights of 
Pythias. Mr. H. keeps a full stock of 
pure drugs, medicines, paints, oils, 
lamps, glassware, paper and window 
shades, and everything to be found in a 
first-class drug store. Kepublican. 

Harken, John, far.; P. O. Pleasant Plain. 

Harkins, Peter, far.; S. 8 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Harrison, Robert, far., S. 16; P. 0. 
Pleasant Plain. 

Harrison, William H., far.; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

HARRISON, WILLIAM, far, 
S. 1) ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain ; born in 
Clarke Co., Ohio, in 1817 ; in 1827, 
moved with parents to Cass Co., Mich. ; 
in 1834, came to Louisa Co., Iowa; 
in 1842, moved to this county and 
settled on his present farm. Married 
Miss Susanna Mace in McDonough Co., 
111. ; she was a native of Tennessee ; have 
nine children living — Robert, who 
served in an Iowa Regiment during the 
war, was honorably discharged ; Henry, 
Chedwick, Emeline, now Mrs. F. H. 
Kdler ; Nancy, Phoebe Jane, now Mrs. 
S. Clevenyer ; Bcyijamin, Joseph and 
Margaret. Owns 348 acres. Repub- 
lican Has held various local ofiices. A 
resident of Iowa for forty-eight years. 

Harvey, James, grocer. Pleasant Plain. 

Harvey, Jervis, grocer, Pleasant Plain. 

Harvey, U. R., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Perlee. 

Hawk, William, far., S. 36 ; P. O. Fair- 
field. 

Hawk, W. J., far. ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Haymond, A. D., far.; P. O. Perlee. 

Haymond, Jas., weighmaster. Coal Bank. 

H£NDRI€K|i$, WILLIAfl R., 
far., S. 35; P. 0. Perlee; born in 
Shelby Co., Ind., in 1842 ; removed to 
this county with parents in 1852. En- 
listed in Co. B, 19th Regt. Iowa Inf 
August, 1862 ; served about three years ; 
was then discharged ; was in a number 
of severe engagements, among them the 
sieges of Vicksburg and Mobile and 
Springfield, Mo. In 1866, married Miss 
A. M. Alinder in this county ; she was 
born in Bedford Co., Penn., in 1844 ; 



have five children — James Howell, Ed- 
win Canby, Charles Roscoe, Olive Mary 
and Nathan Jule. Members of the 
United Brethren ; retired. Owns 157 i 
acres of land. 

Henry, Philip, coal-miner, Perlee. 

Heston, Joseph, far., S. 23 ; P. Pleasant 
Plain. 

HESTOX, li. W.,_ far.,_S. 8 ; p. 0. 
Pleasant Plain ; born in this county in 
1853. Married Miss Eliza McNees, a 
native of this State ; have one child. 
Mr. H. owns 190 acres of land; Re- 
publican. His father, Phineas Heston, 
a pioneer settler of this State, native of 
Ohio ; born in the year 1820, and 
settled in this county in 1841, and 
resided in this township until his death 
Feb. 13, 1875 ; he left wife and four 
children— H.W., F. H., L. W. and Ruth, 
now Mrs. E. Janway. 

Hicks, S., far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Hiatt, D., far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

HIATT, SAMUEL, farmer; P. 
0. Pleasant Plain ; an early settler 
of this county ; is a native of Guilford 
Co., N. C. ; born in 1805 ; came to JeflPer- 
son Co., in 1841. Married first wife, 
Susanna Paxton, in Ohio; she died in 
this county. Present wife was Eliza- 
beth, daughter of William and Mary 
Pickerell, who settled in this county in 
1839 ; their children are Elliott, who 
married Miss S. Wood ; Sarah Ann, 
now Mrs. J. Boyles ; Sitnah Ann, now 
Mrs. Ellis ; Cynthia Ann, now Mrs. J. 
H. Koontz ; William Henry, who served 
in Co. K, 13th I. V. I., during the war ; 
honorably discharged ; Enos, who was 
in 13th I. V. [. four years ; was in a num- 
ber of severe engagements ; honorably 
discharged ; he married Sarah Donlevy ; 
David, married Phebe Heston ; Mary, 
now Mrs. Aaron Roberts ; Camilla, now 
Mrs. William R. Hadley. In the early 
history of the county, Mr. Hiatt was 
elected Justice of the Peace, which 
ofl&ce he was the incumbent of several 
years ; has also held various other oflSces. 
Republican, formerly a Whig. He owns 
100 acres of land. 

Hoag, Jesse, retired farmer, Pleasant Plain. 

Hoag, William H., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. 
Pleasant Plain. 



PENN TOWNSHIP. 



555 



Hobson, W. Z.,far., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Pleas- 
ant Plain. 

Hodson, A., far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Hodson, J. F., Sr., blacksmith, Pleasant 
Plain. 

Hodson, T. F.,far., Sec. 23; P. 0. Pleas- 
ant Plain. 

Hoskins, A., far. ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

HONKINIS, B. F., farmer, Sec. 1 ; 
P. 0. Pleasant Plain ; born in Clinton 
Co., Ohio, in 1827 ; moved to Illinois 
with his parents ; thence to this State 
in 1839. Married Miss L. A. Dillion, 
in this county, in 1849 ; she was born 
in Tazewell Co., 111., in 1829 ; have six 
children — Catharine, Albert (who mar- 
ried Miss Eleanor Pickering), Benjamin, 
Cynthia Ann, Luther and Joseph D. 
Republican. Owns eighty-one and one- 
half acres of land. His father, Moses 
Hoskins, born in Guilford Co., N. C, 
about 1789 ; went to Ohio ; thence to 
Illinois ; to Washington Co., Iowa, in 
] 839 ; was the first Justice of the Peace 
elected in Clay Tp. ; was a consistent 
memberof the Society of Friends. Re- 
publican, and always opposed slavery 
in every form. Mrs. Hoskins' father, 
Joseph Dillion, was a native of Ohio ; 
went to Sangamon Co., III., where he 
married Miss D. Musick ; moved to 
this county in 1839, where he died in 
1865. Mrs. D. is still living, aged 72 
years. 

Hoskins, Ellis, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

HOSKINIKi, JAME$$ E., far.. Sec. 
4 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain ; has been a 
resident of Iowa nearly forty years ; born 
in Clinton Co., Ohio, in 1829 ; in 1835, 
removed with his parents to Tazewell 
Co., 111. ; thence to this State in 1839. 
Married Miss Patsy Jones in this county ; 
she was born in Morgan Co., Ind. ; have 
nine children — Lindley, Pleasant, Me- 
linda, Willis, Huldah, Olney, Ruth, Joel 
and Sarah. Owns 210 acres of land. 
Was a Free Soiler, now a Republican. 
Members of the Society of Friends. 

Hoskins, L., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Hoskins, M., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Hoskins, M., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 



Hoskinson, J., coal-miner ; P. 0. Perlee' 
Humphrey, B., far.; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 
HUMPHREY, THOMAS, farm- 
er. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain ; born 
in this county Jan. 1, 1846. Married 
Miss Virginia Ohmurt in this county 
Jan. 1, 1872 ; she was a native of 
Iowa; born Oct. 12, 1851; died Nov. 
29, 1873 ; left one child — Alice Carrie. 
Mr. H. is a Republican. His father, 
R. Humphrey, was a native of StaflPord 
Co., Va.; born in 1809 ; married Miss- 
Phoebe Edwards in Clinton Co., Ohio ; 
she was born in Frederick Co., Va., in 
1809; moved to Kendall Co., 111., in. 
1834; thence to this county in 1839, 
where he died April 4, 1878 ; had eleven 
children, five living — Mary (now Mrs. 
Swartzendterj, Sarah (now Mrs. Hallow- 
peter), Sanford, Thomas and Benjamin. 

HUMPHREY, S A X F O R p ,. 

farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain; 
born in this county in 1839. Married 
Miss Margaret F. Kendall ; she was 
born in Miami Co., Ohio ; have four 
children — Millie May, Alonzo, Almond 
L., Scott and Clarence E. Owns 
forty acres of land. Republican. His 
father, R. Humphrey, was a native of 
Stafford Co., Va.; married Miss P. 
i]dwards, a native of Frederick Co.; 
came to this county in 1839. Mrs. 
Humphrey's father, Joseph Kendall, 
was born in Ohio ; he married Miss 
Sarah Ingle ; moved to this county in 
1855. 

Hurd, F. W., far., S. 28; P. 0. Perlee. 

Huston, W., miner; P. 0. Perlee. 

TGOE, J., brick-yard; P. 0. Perlee. 

JOHNSON, A. P., for., S. 25 ; P. 0. 
Salina. 

Johnson, B. T., far.; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

JOHNSON, ELWOOD, farmer. 
Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain ; born in 
Highland Co., Ohio, in 1843; moved 
to this county with his parents in 1849. 
Republican. Member of the present 
Board of Township Trustees ; his second 
term. His father, Barclay Johnson, an 
early settler of Jefferson Co., was a na- 
tive of Virginia; born in 1792; mar- 
ried Sarah Barrett in Highland Co., 
Ohio ; she was born in Virginia, in 
1796 ; they moved to Jefferson Co., 
this State, in 1849, and settled in this- 



556 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



township, where he died in 1875, she 
in 1878. They were members of the 
Society of Friends. 

Johnson, S., section hand, Perlee. 

Johnson, W., stock dealer, Pleasant Plain. 

Jones, Alex., far. ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

Jones, B., far., Sec. 5 ; P. O. Pleasant 
Plain. 

-JONES, ELI, far., S. 11 ; P. O. 
Pleasant Plain ; born in Morgan Co., 
Ind, in 1834: ; came to this county 
with his parents in 1839. Married 
Miss Rebecca Pickard in this township ; 
have four children — Emma, Alice, John 
William and Aaron. Members of the 
Society of Friends. Owns 212 acres of 
land. He is a Republican. 

Jones, J. M., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

JONES, JOHN, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. 
Pleasant Plain ; a pioneer settler of 
this county ; native of Greene Co., 
Tenn. ; born Jan. 24, 1799 ; in 1805, 
moved with parents to Blount Co. ; 
thence to Orange Co., Ind., in 1815, 
where he married Miss Mary Hadley ; 
native of Chatham Co., N. C. ; born in 
1798 ; married in 1820 ; moved to Morgan 
Co., Ind. ; in the fall of 1839, moved to 
this county and settled on the section 
where he now resides. Mrs. J. died in this 
towuship in 1877 ; she was a true Chris- 
tian and a member of the Society of 
Friends. Their children are Riley, Patsy 
(now Mrs. J. Hoskins), Ruth (now Mrs. 
E. Hoskins), Thomas, Eli, James and 
Sarah. Owns 108 acres. Was elected 
member of Township Board of Trustees 
at the first election held in this town- 
ship. Was a Whig ; on the decline of 
that party, became a Republican ; mem- 
ber of the Society of Friends. 

Jones, J. W., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Jones, R., far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Jones, T., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

T7^ ASKA, JAMES, farmer. 

Kaska, N., far., S. 12; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Keltner, T. S., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Pleas- 
ant Plain. 

Kindell, J. B., far., S. 11 ; P. O. Pleas- 
ant Plain. 



Kirkee, J., far., S. 12 ; P. O. Pleasant Plain. 

Kissell, J. A., lab., Perlee. 

Kollock, F., far., Sec. 13; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Kossoski, H., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Kyle, J., far., S. 20; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

KYLE, WILLIAM B., farmer, 
Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Perlee ; born in Elkhart 
Co., Ind., in 1837 ; in 1843, moved 
with parents to this county. Married 
Feb. 24, 1870, Miss Harriet A., daughter 
of John and Elizabeth Lynn ; she was 
born in Pennsylvania ; have one child — 
Catherine Elizabeth. Democrat. Owns 
160 acres of land. Mr. K. has been a 
resident of this county since 1843, with 
the exception of about six years spent in 
Idaho, Nevada and California. 

LAIRESKI, J., far., S. 24; P. 0. 
Salina. 

Lambert, J. 0. W., far., S. 29; P. 0. 
Perlee. 

Long, G. S., clerk, Perlee. 

Leeney, J., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Perlee. 

Looney, A., laborer, Perlee. 

Looney, G., laborer, Perlee. 

Looney, J. L., miner, Perlee. 

Looney, T. J., laborer, Perlee. 

Lynn, J., far. ; P. 0. Perlee. 

Lynn, John, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Perlee. 

LYNN, ROBERT D., farmer. Sec. 
35 ; P. O. Perlee ; born in Fulton Co., 
Penn. ; removed to this county with his 
parents in 1844. Married in December, 
1867, Miss J. Gordon, born in 1848; have 
four children — Elizabeth H, Mary R., 

R. Ross and . Members of the 

Presbyterian Church. Mr. L. has been 
Elder several years. Democrat. Owns 
200 acres of land. His father, John 
Lynn, is a native of Pennsylvania. 
Married Miss E. Cisler ; moved to this 
county in 1844; their children aie 
Elizabeth (now Mrs. MacMurray), Har- 
riet A. (now Mrs. Wm. B. Kyle), David 
(married Miss K. Walters), Jasper 
(married Miss C. Angsted), Sarah (now 
Mrs. H. Angsted). 

Lynn, R., carpenter, Pleasant Plain. 
cCARTY, WILLIAM. 



M' 



McConnell, T., Postmaster, Pleasant Plain. 
McCarty, W. R., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Pleasant 

Plain. 
McDonald, R. S., laborer, Perlee. 



PENN TOWNSHIP. 



557 



McKEE, J. J., farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 
0. Perlee ; born in Venango Co., Penn., 
in 1843; removed to this county with 
his parents in 1855. Enlisted in Co. 
E, 2d I. V. I. ; served over four years ; 
was honorably discharged in July, 1865 ; 
veteraned at Pulaski ; was in the battles 
of Shiloh, Fort Donelson, Corinth, At- 
lanta, and a series of engagements 
around that place, and with Sherman on 
his march to the sea, and also at Louis- 
ville. Has been twice married ; first 
wife was Miss Mary Dudley ; present 
wife was Martha Sawyer ; has five chil- 
dren — May L., Cora E., William S., 
John Edgar, Emma. Mr. McKee owns 
185 acres of land. Republican. 

McMaster, J., blacksmith, Pleasant Plain. 

Mathews, B., renter ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

Mathews, J., miller. Pleasant Plain. 

Macy, S.,far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

Macy, S., far.,S. 10 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

Marey, E. 0.,far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Maxwell, A., pit boss, Jefferson Coal-mine. 

MEAIiE Y, D. H., druggist, Pleasant 
Plain ; born in Keokuk Co., in 1851 ; 
when 3 years of age, moved with his 
parents to Washington Co. ; spring of 
1870, came to this county ; engaged in 
the drug business in Pleasant Plain in 
1875. Married Miss M. M. Fukua; 
have one child — Lulu. Mr. M. is Sec- 
retary of the Presbyterian Church ; 
Republican. 

Mealey, T. S., M. D., Pleasant Plain. 

Mendenhall, Milton, Pleasant Plain. 

Mesner, M., miller and farmer, Sec. 15, 
Pleasant Plain. 

Messer, F., far. ; P. 0. Perlee. 

Miller, F. W., far.. S. 13; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Miller, M. V. B., prop, coal-bank, Perlee. 

Miller, P., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Perlee. 

Minter, D. K., far., S. 17 ; P. O. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Moffard, Omer, mintT, Perlee. 

HONTCiJOMERY, J. S., farmer. 
Sec. 25; P. O. Salina; born in this 
county in 1841. Enlisted in Co. K, 7th 
Iowa V. L, July I'J, 1861 ; honorably 
discharged in July, 1865; same year 
went to California; in 1868, returned. 
Married Miss Louisa Pheasant May, 6, 
1869; she was born in this county; 
hove four children — Perela, Elwin, Myra 



Ellen. Republican. While in the army, 
was in a number of battles, Belmont, Fort 
Henry, Fort Donelson and Pittsburg 
Landing and others. Owns fifty acres 
of land. His father, Solomon Montgom- 
ery, was a native of Pennsylvania ; 
came to this county in 1840 ; a pioneer 
of Jefferson Co. Mrs. Montgomery's 
parents, John and Mary Pheasant, came 
to this county in the spring of 1839; 
settled in Walnut Tp., being about the 
first settlers in that township. 

Mooney, E., saloon, Perlee. 

Morgan, William W., far., S. 7 ; P. O. 
Pleasant Plain. 

Moyer, R. M., far., S. 19; P. O. Baker. 

HIJIR, E., dealer in groceries, provi- 
sions, flour and feed, glass and queens- 
ware, Perlee; born in Berks Co., Penn., 
in 1839 ; moved with paren<^s to Louis- 
ville, Ky. ; thence to Indiana, where he 
married Miss Eliza Danver, of John- 
son Co. ; moved to this county in 1875 , 
have two children — Emma May, born in 
Bartholomew Co., Ind., and Harriet, 
born in this county. Mr. Muir enlisted 
in Co. K, 23d Regt. Ind. Inf in 1861 ; 
served three years ; was honorably dis- 
charged; was at Pittsburg Landing, 
siege of Vicksburg, Champion Hills, 
Kenesaw Mountain and Raymond. He 
is a member of I. 0. 0. F. and 
Knights of Pythias. 

^TEAL, DAVID, far. ; P. 0. Pleasant 

JJN Plain. 

Neal, Emanuel, farmer, Pleasant Plain. 

Neal, John W., farmer, Pleasant Plain. 

Neal, William, clerk, Perlee. 

Nicholson, J. W., far.; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Nordyke, Solomon, far., S. 14; P. O. 
Pleasant Plain. 

ORR, ROBERT, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. 
Pleasant Plain. 
lACHA, FRANK, farmer. 



P 



Pacha, Jacob, farmer. 

Parks, Silas, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Pleasant 

Plain. 
Paxson, Cyrus, far. ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 
Paxson, J. C, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Pleasant 

Plain. 
Paxson, John T., far., S. 14; P. 0. 

Pleasant Plain. 
Paxson, Milton, for. ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 
Pearson, David, far. ; P. 0. Perlee. 

4 



558 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



Peck, Louis, far. ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

Pickard, Alexander, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. 
Pleasant Plain. 

PICKARD, WIL.LIAM, farmer. 
Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain ; a resi- 
dent of this township for thirty-nine 
years ; born in Bartholomew Co., Ind., 
in 1817 ; came to this county in 1839. 
Married Miss Mary Jane Bell in 1842 ; 
she was born in Ohio, on the Scioto 
River, near Chillicothe, in 1818; have 
eight children — Eleanor, Rebecca (now 
Mrs. Eli Jones), Rutli (now Mrs. S. 
Bray), Alexander (married Miss R. F. 
Groves), Henry (married Miss Hattie 
Brown), Martha (now Mrs. William 
Jones), Aaron and James B. Members 
of the Friends' Society ; he is a Re- 
publican ; formerly acted with the Free- 
Soil Party. He owns 236 acres of land. 
Has held various local offices His father, 
Henry Pickard, was born in North 
Carolina ; married Miss Nellie Woody, 
a native of the same State ; they 
moved to Indiana ; thence to this State, 
and settled in Lee Co., where he still 
resides ; his wife died a few years after 
their settlement in that county. Mrs. 
Pickard's father, Alexander Bell, was a 
native of Pennsylvania; served under 
Gen. Jackson during the war of 1812; 
married Miss Rebecca Chandler in 
Ohio; then moved to Illinois in 1829; 
thence to this county in 1838; one of 
the pioneer families of Jefferson Co. 

PICKERINCi}, DAVID, farmer. 
Sec. I ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain ; born in 
Frederick Co., Va., in 1817; moved 
with his parents to Ohio ; thence to Illi- 
nois ; to this county in 1839, and settled 
in this township. Married here Miss 
Agnes Heston, a native of Ohio ; have 
four children — John, Betsy, Ellis and 
Elmer. Owns 106 acres of land. Re- 
publican ; formerly a Whig and Abo- 
litionist. His father, William Pickering, 
a pioneer of the Northwest, was a native 
of Virginia ; he settled in Illinois in 
1835 ; came with his family to this 
county. 

Pringle, L. W., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Clay. 

ROBERTS, ABEL, harness maker. 
Pleasant Plain. 
RIDINGEK, SAHIUEL., farmer. 
Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Salina ; an early settler 
of this township ; native of Montgomery, 



Va.; born in 1805 ; in 1820, removed 
with parents to Warren Co., Tenn.; to 
this county in 1839, and settled on the 
farm where he now resides. Marrjied 
his first wife, Mary Blakely, in Tennes- 
see ; second wife was Sarah Shipman ; 
present wife was Leo, daughter of Joseph 
and Becky Hickenbottom. who settled 
in this county in 1837 or 1838; his 
children are Isaac B., Alexander, George, 
Effie, Catherine (now Mrs. J. Swanson), 
Mary (now Mrs. Thomas Hawk), Jane 
(now Mrs. Ember), Samuel and Marion. 
Member of the Christian Church. Own? 
about three hundred acres of land. Is 
one of the prosperous farmers of Jefi"er- 
son Co. 

Roberts, M., far., S. 8; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Runyon, M. S., renter; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

OEDDON, JAMES, miner, Perlee. 

Seddon, J., coal pit boss, Perlee. 

SczhiHnskie, K., far,, S. 24 ; P. 0. Salina. 

Shaffer, J. W., far.. S. 17 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Shaffer, S., teamster. Pleasant Plain. 

Simmons, R., faV., S. 20 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Simmons, W., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

Simpson, S., fiir.; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

Six, L., miner, Perlee. 

Slagle, F. M.. bookkeeper Jefferson Co. 
Coal Company, Perlee. 

Smith, C, saloon, Perlee. 

SMITH, F. R., M. D., Pleasant 
Plain ; born in Van Buren Co. in 1851 ; 
received preliminary medical education 
in the office of Dr. Moore, of Fairfield ; 
entered medical college at Keokuk in 
1874; graduated in 1876; came to 
Pleasant Plain, and has since been en- 
gaged in the practice of his profession ; 
has an excellent reputation and a large 
practice. 

Smith, J., minister ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

8XOOK, CAI., M. D., P. q. Per- 
lee ; born in this county, near Fairfield, 
in 1848. Received a medical education 
at Keokuk Medical College ; graduated 
in 1863 ; same year engaged in the 
practice of medicine ; came to Perlee in 
1872. Member of I. 0. 0. F., and of 
the Knights of Pythias. Independent, 



PENN TOWNSHIP. 



559 



Snook, I., laborer; P. 0. Perlee. 

Snook, L., miner ; P. 0. Perlee. 

Snook, M., laborer; P. 0. Perlee. 

Snyder, G. E., clerk • P. 0. Perlee. 

Spencer, E., prop, saw-mill. 

SPENCER, GEORGE H., farm- 
er, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain ; born 
in Wayne Co., N. Y., in 1830; came 
to this county with his parents in 1839. 
Married Miss D. Thomas in Richland 
Co., Ohio ; she was a native of Ontario 
Co., N. Y.; have four children living — 
Theodosia, Charles D., Louisa and 
Lochiel T. Member of the Baptist 
Church ; was li<ensed minister in the 
spring of 1877. Republican. Owns 
158 acres of land. His father, George 
Spencer,wa3 a native of Hartford, Conn.; 
married Catherine Home, a native of 
Wayne Co., N. Y.; came to this county 
in 1839; he was born in 1793; died 
Sept. 9, 1862 ; was a faithful member 
of the Baptist Church. A Republican, 
and opposed to human bondage. 

Sperry, W. S., book-keeper Washington 
Coal Co.; P. 0. Perlee. 

Spittal, H. A., miner ; P. 0. Perlee. 

Stanton, C. 0., Justice of the Peace; P. 

O. Pleasant Plain. 
Stuff, J. S., miner; P. 0. Perlee. 
Swain, J. E., blacksmith ; P. 0. Perlee. 

T ALBERT, T., far., S. 23; P. 0. 
Pleasant Plain. 
Thompson, R., miner ; P. 0. Perlee. 
Trail, W. E., far.; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 
TTLLM, J., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Perlee. 

WALL B., minister of Presbyterian 
Church ; P. 0. Plesant Plain. 

WALKIIP, SAMUEL, S., mer- 
chant ; P. 0. Perlee ; born in Hunting- 
don Co., Penn., in 1845; came to this 
county in 1848. In 1860 married Mi.ss 
Theresa Wiggins, of this county; have 
four children — Justin, Ettie, Carrie and 
Samuel Steele. Mr. Walkup enlisted 
in Co. B, 8th Iowa Cavalry ; was hon- 
orably discharged at the close of the 
war. Meraber of the I. 0. 0. F. Mr. 
W. carries a full line of dry goods, 
ready-made clothing, hats, caps, boots, 
shoes, notions, etc., etc.; also, a fine 
stock of groceries. Republican. 

West, John, miner, Perlee. I 



Welch H. A., Justice of the Peace ; P. 
0. Perlee. 

Westenhaver, H., miner, Perlee. 

Westenhaver, Jacob, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. 
Perlee. 

Westenhaver, M., Perlee. 

Westenhaver, O. I., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. 
Perlee. 

Whitfield, G., miner, Pc>rlee. 

WILLIAMS, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
8 ; P.O. Pleasant Plain ; native of Cham- 
paign Co., Ohio ; born Oct. 24, 1812 ; 
moved with parents to Logan Co. in 
1840 ; he came West and settled in this 
township. Married in Logan Co., 0., 
Miss Harriet Smith, a native of Ken- 
tucky, born in 1815 ; died in this county 
in 1845 ; second wife was Martha Milli ; 
she was born in Indiana June 30, 1836 ; 
died in this county in February, 1865 ; 
his children are Jesse, who served in Co. 
K, 7th Regiment I. V. I. three years ; 
Newton, who served in the 30th regi- 
ment I. V. I., until the close of the war ; 
Jonathan, who served in an Iowa regi- 
ment through the war ; Mary, now Mrs. 
S. Roberts ; Leander, deceased, aged 16 
years; Nancy, now Mrs. J. H. Wycoff; 
Elma, now Mrs. J. Jones ; Laura, now 
Mrs. P. Cole. Republican ; has acted 
with the party since its organization. 
Owns 230 acres of land. 
Winders, J., miner, Perlee. 
WOOD, C. W., farmer and stock- 
raiser. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Brighton ; was 
born in Warren Co., Ohio, in 1819 ; came 
to this county in 1838 ; in 1842, he was 
appointed Deputy Sheriff of Washington 
Co., and, in 1843, was elected County 
Assessor. He married Miss Katie Fred- 
erick, in Brighton, Washington Co.; she 
was born in Tuscarawas Co., Ohio; their 
children are Elizabeth, who married F. 
B. Morris; William H., served in Co. 
I, 44th Iowa Regiment during the war; 
married Miss Ella Anderson ; Oliver H. 
married Miss Alice Parsons ; George L. 
and Thomas C. Mr. Wood owns 580 
acres of land, and is one of the prosper- 
ous farmers and stock-raisers of this 
county ; he engages in buying and ship- 
ping stock extensively. Acts with the 
National party ; formerly a Republican. 



560 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY; 



LOCUST GROVE TOWNSHIP. 



ABRAHAM, J. H., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. 
Brookville. 
Alexander, W. L., merchant, Batavia. 
Alfred, Wm., section hand, Batavia. 
Anderson, W. B., section hand, Batavia. 

ARMSTROXG, SAMUEL E., 

far., S. 24; P. 0. Fairfield; born May 
3, 1817, in Fayette Co., Ohio ; in 1844, 
came to Jefferson Co. ; owns 124 acres 
of land, valued at $25 per acre. Mar- 
ried Julia C. Smith in 1842 ; she was 
born in 1822 in Pendleton Co., Va. ; 
have five children — Elizabeth, William, 
John, Jane and Sarah. Democrat ; 
Baptist. 

Armstrong, W. A., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Ab- 
ingdon. 

Avery, W. H., far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Ba- 
tavia. 
lARNES, A., far., P. O. Batavia. 



B 



BAIRD, THOS., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. 
Abingdon ; he was born in November, 
1817, in Cincinnati, Ohio ; when about 
15 years old, came with his parents to 
Indiana; in 1839, came to Lee 
Co. ; in 1854, to Jefferson Co., Iowa. 
Owns 188 acres of land, valued at 
$25 per acre. Levi Hubbell was 
born July 8, 1815, in New Jersey; 
came to Lee Co., Iowa in 1838; died 
July 6, 1851, in Jefferson Co. He 
married Sarah Henderson Dec. 16 ,1841, 
in Fort Madison, Iowa ; she was born 
June 26, 1820, in North Carolina ; 
they had five children, two living — 
Mary L. (now Mrs. Hudson) and Re- 
becca E. ; her second marriage, to Thom- 
as Baird Jan. 3, 1854 ; they have two 
children — James and Virginia. 

BAKER, L.. P., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. 
Brookville; born Feb. 2, 1834, in Mar- 
shall Co., Va. ; in 1850, came to Henry 
Co. Enlisted in 1861, in Co. C, 4th 
Iowa Cav. ; served to the end of the 
war. In the fall of 1865, went to St. 
Louis ; the following year, came to Jeff- 
erson Co. Owns 200 acres of land, 
valued at $25 per acre. Married Miss 
Emma Kercheval in 1866 ; she was 
born in 1844 in Ohio; had five chil- 
dren, four living — Harry R., Ralph K., 
Cornelia and Winifred J. ; lost one 



child in infancy. Has been School 

Treasurer. Republican ; M. E. Church. 

BAEDRIDGE, M. D., DR., 

physician and surgeon, Batavia; born 
July 11, 1826, in Guernsey Co., Ohio ; 
in 1857, came to Jefferson Co.; com- 
menced the study of medicine with his 
father when a boy, and graduated in the 
winter of 1848—49, at the Cincinnati 
Medical College ; has been in constant 
practice ever since ; was also engaged in 
the merchandise business in 1856-57. 
Owns fifty-six acres of land ; also proper- 
ty in town. Married Isabella A. Alex- 
ander in 1851; she was born in 1826, 
in Lebanon, Ohio ; died in Jefferson 
Co., Iowa; second marriage, to Nancy 
J. Hite, Sept. 27, 1877; she was born 
in 1847, in Jefferson Co.; have one 
child — John Henry. 

Bartholomew, W., far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. 
Batavia. 

Berrier, P., far., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Bickford, H., far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Boggs, S. R., merchant, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. 
Batavia. 

Boggs, W. R. T., carpenter, Batavia. 

Boysol, F., far.. Sec. 34 ; P. O. Batavia. 

Boysol, D., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Brookville. 

Boysal, J., far., Sec. 34; P. 0. Batavia. 

Boysal, N., far., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Boysal, S., far., Sec. 34; P. 0. Batavia. 

BRADSHAW, WM.,M.,far Sec 
31 ; P. 0. Batavia ; born Sept. 15, 
1828, in White Co., Tenn. ; in 1832, 
came to Illinois ; in 1839, came to 
Jefferson Co. Owns 280 acres of land, 
valued at $30 per acre. Married Sarah 
A. Wright Sept. 15, 1854 ; she was 
born in 1832, in Ohio; had eight chil- 
dren, six living — William D., Eugene, 
Fernando, lona, Laura and Fred. He 
assisted in building the first store in 
Fairfield, and hauled the first load of 
goods ever brought into the town. 
Democrat. 

BROOKS, T. M., retired, Brook- 
ville ; he was born Oct. 26, 1797, in 
Scott Co., Ky. ; in 1804, came to But- 
Co., Ohio, with his parents; in 1846, 
to Jefferson Co. ; has owned over 2,000 
acres of land, part of which he has given 
to his sons ; he now owns about 500 



LOCUST GROVE TOWNSHIP. 



561 



acres, valued at $30 per acre. Married 
Elizabeth Gary in 1816 ; she was born 
Oct. 14, 1799, in Kentucky ; died April 
16, 1874 ; had twelve children five 
living — John G., Leah (now Mrs. 
Moorman), Nancy G. (now Mrs. War- 
wick), Elizabeth (now Mrs. Ireland), 
Frances C (now Mrs. Laforce). William 
S. enlisted in the army ; was killed July 
26, 186H, in Arkansas ; Joseph was com- 
missioned Chaplain of the 33d Mo. V. 
I. ; died April 30, 1877. Republican ; 
M. E. Church. 

Brown, J. A., far.,S. 18; P. 0. Batavia. 

Burkhart. J. G., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Burris, J., far.,S. 5 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

CAMPBELL, J. M., farmer, Sec. 3 ; 
P. O. Abingdon. 

Campbell, J., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Campbell, N. H., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Brook- 
ville. 

Campbell, S., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Campbell, W. C, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Brook- 
ville. 

Carson, V. S., fiirmer, Batavia. 

Chase, C. W., merchant, Batavia. 

Clark, B., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Clark, Daniel B., carpenter, Batavia. 

€ L. A R K , EDWIN, photograph 
gallery, Batavia ; born Nov. 9, 1834, in 
Canada ; in 1856, came to Stark Co., 
111. ; commenced his present business in 
1861, and has been engaged at it since ; 
in 1869, came to Batavia. Married 
Mantie M. Walton Sept. 10, 1867 ; she 
was born in 1841, in Massachusetts. 
Republican; M. E. Church. 

Clark, G., far., S. 32 ; P. O. Batavia. 

Clark, T., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Collins, E. A., school-teacher, Sec. 26 ; P. 
0. Fairfield. 

Collins, E., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Collins, H., far., S. 28; P. 0. Batavia. 

Collins, J., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Collins, J. H., far., S. 29; P. 0. Batavia. 

Conner, A., far.,S. 17 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Conner, J., far., S. 17; P. 0. Batavia. 

Cook, F., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Cowger, D. L., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Brook- 
ville. 

Curry, J., Jr., far., S. 16 ; P. O. Batavia. 

Curry, AV., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

DEGOOD, N. D., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. 
Batavia. 
Devore, B. T., far., S. 17; P. 0. Batavia. 



De Witt, W., far. ; P. 0. Batavia. 

DICKSON, SAMUEI., former. 
Sec. 25; P. O. Fairfield; born April 
21, 1819, in Trumbull Co., Ohio; in 
1841, came to Illinois; in 1842, to 
Jeff'erson Co. ; he owns 160 acres of 
land, valued at $25 per acre. Married 
Mahala Kelley Oct. 19, 1845 ; she was 
born Feb. 14, 1828, in Floyd Co., Ind. ; 
died July 29, 1849; have one child — 
Mary J. ; second marriage, Aug. 26, 
1852, to Mrs. Aly Collins, daughter of 
Andrew Gregg; she was born Feb. 22, 
1822, in Greene Co., Penn. ; had six 
children — James D. ; lost B. B. Nov. 
25, 1876, aged 20 years; R. E., Eliza- 
beth P., Ella and Hattie J. Members 
of the M. E. Church ; Democrat. 

Downey, J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Durr, C., merchant, Batavia. 

Tj^LLENBERGER, K., far.; Batavia. 

Eller, J. A., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Brookville. 
Everett, J. L., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

FISHEL, M., far., S. 27; P. 0. Ba- 
tavia. 

Fisher, J., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

FISHER, MIIiTON, farmer. Sec. 
13 ; P. 0. Brookville ; born in 1842 in 
Jefferson Co., Iowa; he owns forty-five 
acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. 
Married Miss F. E. Sears in 1867 ; she 
was born in November, 1846, in Jeffer- 
son Co., Iowa ; have two children — 
Snowden 0. and George W. Enlisted 
in 1862 in Co. H, 30th I. V. I. ; served 
to the end of the war. Greenbacker. 

Fleenor, M., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Foreman, R., far., S. 28; P. 0. Batavia. 

Forney, F., plasterer; P. 0. Batavia. 

Frescoln, L., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Frisbie, M. S., restaurant, Batavia. 

Frush, G.,prop. Centennial Hotel, Batavia. 

Fry, S. C, far.; P. O. Batavia. 

rS ADDIS, B., gardener; P. 0. Batavia. 

GANTZ, JOHN, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 
0. Brookville; born April 1, 1807, in 
Washington Co., Penn.; in 1830, came 
to Carroll Co., Ohio; in 1851, came to 
Jefferson Co., Iowa. Owns 205 acres 
of land, valued at $25 per acre. Mar- 
ried Mahala Shafer March 31, 1831 ; 
she was born in March, 1813, in Ohio; 
had six children, five living — Martha 



562 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY; 



J., Andrew, Jacob, William and John T. ; 
lost Ann Maria Oct. 20, 1860, aged 20 
years ; his grandson, Wilson B. Ennis, 
has been living bere since he was 8 
months old. Mr. Gr. has been Justice 
of the Peace, Township Clerk, and 
Trustee. Republican ; Baptist. 

Gobble, T. W., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

Gobble, W., far., S. 4; P. O. Abingdon. 

Gray, A., sewing-machine agent, Batavia. 

Greenland, H., Postmaster, Batavia. 

GREENWOOD, N. R., farmer. 
Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Brookville ; born April 
10, 1814, in Butler Co., Ohio ; in 1848, 
he came to his present farm ; owns 200 
acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. 
Married Rhoda H. Abrams March 27, 
1838 ; she was born Dec. 29, 1817, in 
Butler Co., Ohio ; had eight children, 
six living — Martin V., Olivet A., Mary 
E., Hester A., Boselle and Isabel; lost 
Caroline M., aged 2 years; JeifersonM. 
came to his death at the age of 6 years 
and 6 months, caused by ill-treatment 
from his school-teacher. Democrat. 
She is a member of the Missionary Bap- 
tist Church. 

HAGY, FREDERICK, far., S. 30; P. 
0. Batavia. 

Hall, H. S., carpenter, Batavia. 

Hall, William, lumber dealer, Batavia. 

HARDEX, ISAAC, proprietor 
Harden House, Batavia; born Oct. 11, 
1832, in Somerset Co., Penn. ; in 1856, 
came to Jefierson Co. Owns seventy- 
nine acres of land in Des Moines Tp., 
also property in town. Married Mrs. 
Mary James, daughter of Jacob Snook, 
in January 1862; she was born in 
1834 in Pennsylvania ; have three chil- 
dren — Susan, Oliver P. and George W ; 
she has two children by a former mar- 
riage — Sarah and Vannie. Is Town- 
ship Trustee. Democrat. 

HARRAH, J. T., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. 
Batavia ; born June 13, 1836, in Mus- 
kingum Co., Ohio; in 1864, came to 
Jefferson Co. Owns 100 acres of land, 
valued at $25 per acre. Married M. C. 
Lowry Oct. 7, 1858 ; she was born 
March 4, 1842, in Guernsey Co., Ohio; 
have two children — Hillis W. and Neil 
L. Democrat ; Presbyterian. 

Harris, J., far., S. 18; P. 0. Batavia. 

Harris, J., far., S. 7; P. 0. Batavia. 



HARRIS, REUREN, far., S 7; 
P. 0. Batavia ; born Nov. 19, 1816, in 
White Co., Tenn. ; in 1828, came to 
Illinois with his parents ; in 1843, to 
Jefferson Co. Owns about four hun- 
dred acres of land, valued at $25 per 
acre. Married Mary Marlow in 1834 ; 
she was born March 14, 1812, in South 
Carolina ; have five children — William 
R., Miranda, Jonathan, A. J. and Se- 
rilda J. Democrat; Christian Church. 

Henderson, E., Dr., physician, Batavia. 

HEIVDERSO:^, H. M., far., S. 7 ; 
P. 0. Batavia; born Feb. 2, 1822, in 
Guilford Co., N. C. ; in 1828, came 
with his parents to Indiana ; in 1839, 
came to Lee Co., Iowa; in 1849, to 
Jefferson Co. ; owns 160 acres of land, 
valued at $25 per acre. Married Lao- 
dicia Baird in 1847 ; she was born 
Nov. 30, 1828, in Darke Co., Ohio ; 
have seven children — Agrippa, Edward, 
Lutetia, William R., Thomas, Nelson 
and Harvey N. Republican; M. E. 
Church. 

HIDY G. W., former. Sec. 22 ; P. 
0. Fairfield; born Sept. 22, 1832, in 
Fayette Co., Ohio; in 1857, came to 
Jefferson Co. ; owns 264 acres of land, 
valued at $30 per acre. Married Mary 
M. Moore Oct. 3, 1859 ; she was born 
Oct. 9, 1840, in Bloomington, Tnd. ; had 
six children, five living— Mary M., Susan 
A., Blanche, Charles and George ; lost 
Emma A., Feb 3, 1877, aged 12 years. 
Has been Township Assessor and School 
Treasurer. Republican. 

Hill, S. B., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Hite, Henry, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Brookville. 

Holder, Daniel, blacksmith, Batavia. 

Hollenback, W., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

HOLMES, AXDRElf A., farm 
er. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Abingdon ; born Aug. 
18, 1834, in Monroe Co., W. Va. ; in 
1858, came to Jefferson Co. ; owns 105 
acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. 
Married Priscilla Gregg September, 1865; 
she was born Dec. 25, 1840, Guernsey 
Co., Ohio ; have three children — Anna 
E., Edgar G. and Pearl. Enlisted in 1 862, 
in Co. D, 19th Iowa V. I. ; served to 
the end of the war. Republican. 

Holmes, J. W., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Holmes, W. M., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Holmes, W. P., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Hood, Charles, Abingdon. 



LOCUST GROVE TOWNSHIP. 



563 



■Housel, George, boots and shoes, Batavia. 
Howard, J., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Batavia. 
Howell, W. H., miller, Batavia. 
Hudson, J., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
HuflFraan, E., far., S. 3; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Huffman, H., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

IRELAND, JOHN A., farmer, Sec. 2 ; 
P. 0. Brookville. 
JAMESON, A. L., farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 
0. Libertyville. 
Johnson, Alfred, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Brook- 
ville. 

KELLY, D. L., far., S. 36; P. 0. 
Fairfield. 
Koons, Dillon, far., S. 23; P. O. Brook- 
ville. 
Kramer, Andrew, Jr., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. 
Batavia. 

LAMPHERE, ORA, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. 
Baiavia. 

Lapp, John, hardware, Batavia. 

Lathers, Jas., far., S. 3; P. 0. Brookville. 

Laughlin, . A. W., far., Sec. 24; P. 0. 
Brookr'Me. 

LAUGHLIIV, H. P., far., S. 14; P. 
O. Brookville ; born Feb. 6, 1809, in 
Sullivan Co., E. Tenn. ; in 1830, came 
to Clark Co., 111. ; in 1842, to Jefferson 
Co. ; he entered 307 acres of land, 
which he has given to his sons, reserv- 
ing 40 acres with the homestead. Mar- 
ried Mary C. Newman in October, 
1837; she was born Sept. 9, 1817, in 
Tennessee; had ten childi'en, eight liv- 
ing — Alexander W., William M., 
Thomas S., Sarah J., Margaret L., 
Mary C, Floyd K. and Blanche E. ; 
Albert H. died Aug. 30, 1850, aged 
18 months ; John T. died April 17, 
1853, aged 4 years. Alexander W. 
and William M., served in the late war. 
Democrat ; member Cumberland Pres- 
byterian Church. 

Laughlin, T. S. and F. R., fars.,S. 23; P. 
0. Brookville. 

XAITGHLIN, THOMAS S., far , 
Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Brookville ; born April 
9, 1843, in Jefferson Co., Iowa; owns 
135 acres of land, valued at $30 per 
acre. Married Elizabeth Worwick, 
Oct. 21, 1874 ; she was born Dec. 23, 
1852, in Jefferson Co., Iowa ; have two 
children — Grace G. and Bessie B. Has 
been Township Assessor. Democrat ; 
member Cumberland Presbyterian 
• Church. 



L.AUGHL,IX, WILLIAM M., 

far., Sec. 22; P. O. Brookville; born 
Sept. 26, 1842, in Coles Co., 111. ; 
when an infant, came to Jefferson Co. 
with his parents. Enlisted in 1862, 
in Co. H, 30th Iowa Inf ; served to the 
end of the war ; was in the battle of 
Vicksburg, siege of Atlanta, Sherman's 
march to the sea, and others. Owns 
390 acres of land, valued at $25 per 
aero. Married Julia A. Wood in 1869 ; 
she was born in 1 850, in Ohio ; have 
three children — Emmet C, Efl&e May 
and Fredrica. Has been Justice of 
the Peace, Township Clerk and Presi- 
dent of the School Board. Democrat; 
member of the M. E. Church. 

Law, T. R., far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Long, D., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Lonsberry, B. F., far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. 
Batavia. 

Lonsberry, H. L., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. 
Batavia. 

Luse, J., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Luse, M., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

McDANIELS, ISAAC, section boss, 
Batavia. 

McDowell, J. T., far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Ab- 
ingdon. 

Marion, W., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

McElroy, J. M., Rev., minister, Batavia. 

Mohler, J., far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Mohler, P., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

MOORE, R. R., deceased, Batavia ; 
born in 1828, in Jefferson Co., Ohio ; 
died Aug. 19, 1877 ; came to Burling- 
ton, Iowa, in 1840 ; thence to Henry 
Co. ; thence to Jasper Co. ; then to 
Jefferson Co. Has been engaged in the 
merchandise business for the past twenty- 
five years, and at the time of his death 
carried on the largest business in Bata- 
via, which his son Fred, aged 19 years, 
continues. Married Martha J. Roland 
in 1848 ; she was born in 1828, near 
South Bend, Ind. ; had seven children, 
six living — Maggie, now Mrs. Wilday ; 
Ada, now Mrs. McClelland ; Rollo, 
Fred, James and Nellie. 

MOOREHEAD, J. R., agricultural 
implements, flour and feed, Batavia ; 
born May 18, 1826, in Indiana Co., 
Penn. ; in 1869, came to Mt. Pleasant, 
Iowa ; then to Batavia. Owns 150 
acres of land in Des Moines Tp., valued 
at $25 per acre. Married Sarah Eirhart 



564 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY : 



in 1848 ; she was born in 1831, in Indi- 
ana Co., Penn. ; had nine children, four 
living— S. W., E. D., J. A. and H. S. 
Enlisted, in 1864, in Co. E, 211th P. V. 
I. ; served to the end of the war ; was in 
the battle of Petersburg, and others. 
Republican. 

Morris, L., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Morris, R. N., far., Sec. 3 ; P. O. Brook- 
ville. 

Motes, J., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Murphy, A., section boss, Batavia. 

^^UGENT, E. J., physician, Batavia. 

Nutting, C. W., miller and Mayor, Bata- 
via. 

ORWDIIFF, JOHN, farmer, S. 
17; P. 0. Batavia; born Jan. 10, 
1802, in Frederick Co., Va.; in 1824, 
came to Coles Co., 111.; in 1847, to 
Jefferson Co. Owns 231 acres of land, 
valued at $25 per acre. Married Me- 
linda Davis in 1822 ; she was born in 
1804; died in 1820; had three chil- 
dren, two living — Catherine and Will- 
iam ; lost John in 1872, aged 37 years; 
second marriage to Mary J. Willoughby, 
Oct. 2, 1830;" she was born March 9, 
1812, in Washington Co., Va.; had thir- 
teen children, twelve living — Elizabeth, 
Andrew, James, Samuel, Mary and Mar- 
tha (twins), Volney, Nancy. Harriet, 
Melinda, Christina and Joseph ; lost 
Frank, Oct. 20, 1876, aged 32 years. 
Democrat ; Cumberland Presbyterian 
Church. 

PARRETT, C. L.,far., S.,21; P.O. 
Batavia. 

Parrott, D. M., far., Sec. 16; P. 0. Ba- 
tavia. 

Parrott, E. M., far., S. 28 ; P. O. Batavia. 

Parrott, J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Parrott, L. W., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Patterson, J., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Brookville. 

Peterson, A., shoemaker, Batavia. 

Pickerell, R. C, far., Sec. 21 ; P. O. Ba- 
tavia. 

Powelson, M. V. B., far., S. 19; P. O. 
Batavia. 

"piGGS, R. H., retired, Batavia. 

REMINE, MOI^EIS, farmer. Sec. 1 ; 
P. O. Fairfield; born July 8, 1817, in 
Washington Co., Va.; in 1845, came [ 
to Jefferson Co. Owns 188 acres of 
land, valued at $40 per acre ; has been 



several years Township Trustee ; was 
elected County Superintendent in 1864, 
and served four years. Married Sarah 
A. Gasaway Aug. 12, 1858; she was 
born Aug. 2, 1838, in Bullitt Co., Ky.; 
have six children — Dora A., Emma P., 
Moses, Kate, Anna and Elizabeth ; he 
has three children by his first mar- 
riage — Flavins A., William and Mary; 
one child by his second marriage — 
Maria. Flavins A. enlisted, in 1862. 
in Co. D., 19th I. V. I., and served 
to the end of the war ; Democrat. 

ROBB, SAMUEI., farmer, Sec. 12 ; 
P. 0. Brookville ; born Dec. 4, 1801, in 
Beaver Co., Penn. ; the following year, 
came with his parents to Ohio ; in 1841 , 
came to Jefferson Co., Iowa; they own 
118 acres cf land which he entered, 
now valued at about $30 per acre. 
Married Mary Hatch Dec. 20, 1827; 
she was born in May, 1802, in Ken- 
tucky; died Feb. 10, 1868: had five 
children, three living — Thomas A., 
Samuel H. and Francis E. ; lost Gus- 
tavis A. in 1860, aged 18 years; Mrs. 
Harriet J. Gregg died Jan. 31, 1877. 
Thomas A., Samuel H. and Francis E. 
served in the late war. Has been 
Township Trustee, Township Clerk, 
School Director, etc. Republican. 

Robb, T. A., far., S. 33; P. 0. Batavia. 

Roney, J., fur., S. 24; P. 0. Fairfield. 

SALTS, D. M., far., S. 13; P. 0. 
Brookville. 

Salts, S., f\ir.. S. 13; P. 0. Brookville. 

Salts, W. W., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Brook- 
ville. 

Sampson, T., f\ir., S. 31 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Sawyer, B. C. far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Scannel, F. G., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

SEARS, W. H., farmer. Sec. 32; 
P. 0. Batavia; born Nov. 19, 1832, in 
Monroe Co , Ind. ; in 1836, came to 
Illinois ; in 1838, came to Jefferson Co. ; 
owns eighty-seven acres, valued at $25 
per acre. Married Angeline Gobble in 
1852; she was born in 1830 in Vir- 
ginia ; have six children — Frank, Mar- 
garet E., Laura, George W., William 
H. and Evangeline. Democrat. 

SHAFFER, H. M., DR., physi 

cian and surgeon, Batavia; born Aug. 
21, 1837, in'Wooster, Ohio; in 1860, 
commenced the study of medicine ; in 
1863, attended the Charity Hospital. 



LOCUST GROVE TOWNSHIP. 



565 



College, Cleveland, Ohio ; attended lect- 
ures till lb66, when he graduated 
March 20, 1867, from this college ; 
received a diploma from the University 
College at Wooster, Ohio ; has been in 
constant practice since 1862; removed 
to Batavia May 9, 1872. He enlisted 
in 1861 in the 4th 0. V. I.; served 
three months ; the same fall was com- 
missioned First Lieutenant in the 16th 
0. V. I., and served nine months ; was 
then promoted to Surgeon of the 9th 
Ohio Battery and served three years. 
Married Mary A. Ferguson in September, 
1866 ; she was born Aug. 23, 1846, in 
Guernsey Co., Ohio ; had three children, 
one living — Milton H., aged 5 years. 

Shives. J., laborer; P. 0. Batavia. 

Sidorus, J., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Simmons, J., far., S. 35 ; P. O. Libertyville. 

SIM.TION|Si, W. L. S., farmer. Sec. 
12; P. 0. Brookville; born Jan. 10, 
1822, in Clermont Co., Ohio ; in 1842, 
came to Jefferson Co., and entered 
eighty acres of land ; the following year, 
he went to Des Moines and built chim- 
neys for the soldiers' cabins, and then 
returned to Ohio; in 1845, returned to 
this county, and has been a resident 
here since ; he nov: owns 255 acres of 
. land, valued at $30 per acre. Married 
Miss Sarah Weaver in 1852 ; she was 
born in 1824, in Clermont Co., Ohio ; 
have four children — Eben F., Charles 
W., Sarah B. and Nancy W. He rep- 
resented this county in the Legislature 
during 1876 and 1877. Member of 
the M. E. Church ; Republican. 

Sipple, C.,far., S. 5 ; P. 0. A.bingdon. 

SMITH, ANDREW, far, S 17; 
P. 0. Batavia; born Sept. 9, 1820, m 
Indiana ; when a child, came with his 
father to Morgan Co., 111.; in 1838, 
came to Des Moines Co.; in 1846, to 
Jefferson Co. Owns 208] acres of land, 
valued at $35 per acre. Married Sarah 
Fleener Dec. 31, 1844 ; she was born 
in Washington Co., Va., May 17, 1824 ; 
died March 5, 1855, in Jefferson Co.; 
have four children — Harriet J., Wash- 
ington C, Thomas E. and Charles W.; 
second marriage to Minerva A. Smith, 
June 7, 1855; she was born Feb. 26, 
1834, in Barren Co., Ky. ; have five 
children — DoUie C, Cora E., Hugh D., 
Mannie D. and Andy V. Mrs. S. came 



to this territory with her parents in 
1838. Has been, for the past fourteen 
years, a local Deacon of the M. E. 
Church. Has been Constable ; Repub- 
lican. 

S^HITH, JOHN, Postma-ster ; P. 0. 
Brookville ; he was born Aug. 18, 1805, 
in Hampden Co., Mass.; in 1824, came 
to Dutchess Co., N. Y.; returned to 
Massachusetts, thence to Long Island ; 
in 1832, came to Geauga Co., Ohio; in 
1854, came to Jefferson Co.; has been 
Postmaster since 1861. Married Mrs. 
A. L. Majors in 1847 ; she was born 
Aug. 17, 1825, in Broome Co., N. Y.; 
have three children — Louisa, Esther 
and Mary W.; she has two stepsons by 
a former marriage — E. W. and A. A. 
Majors, sons of the late Alexander 
Majors; they are now residents of 
Girard, Kan., both holding prominent 
positions there ; their father was one of 
the earliest settlers of J efferson Co. Re- 
publican ; member of the M. E. Church. 

Smith, J., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Smith, L. R., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Smith, T., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

SMITH, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec. 
6 ; P. 0. Abingdon ; born Oct. 3, 1818, 
in Wayne Co., Ind.; in 1835, came to 
Henry County, [owa ; in 1838, came to 
Jefferson Co. ; he owns 585 acres of 
land, 367 acres of which he entered ; 
he built his present residence in 1876, 
at a cost of $5,000 ; is the finest resi- 
dence in the township. He married 
Feb. 11, 1846, Sarah, daughter of Rev. 
Robert Long ; she was born in 1830, in 
Illinois; had eight children, seven living 
— Sampson F., Sarah, Estella A., Eliz- 
abeth, Grant, Alavane and Nellie ; lost 
Loretta in infancy. Republican. 

Snider, Wm., merchant, Brookville. 

Spielman, J., section hand, Batavia. 

STAXSBLRY, JOHN, retired, 
Batavia; born Dec. 25, 1795, in East 
New Jersey ; in 1814, came to Cincin- 
nati, Ohio; in 1818, to Indiana; in 
1853, to Jefferson Co.; engaged in 
milling and farming ; owns residence 
and other property in town ; has been a 
member of the M. E. Church for sixty 
years and exhorter for forty-five years. 
Married Nancy Stucker in 1816; she 
was born Dec. 22, 1795 ; died in 1830, 
in Indiana ; had ten children, five living 



666 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY; 



— George, Reuben, John, R. and W.; 
second marriage to Esther Rice Oct. 14, 
1830; she was born April 3, 1809, in 
New York ; have nine children — James, 
Stephen, Mary, Fletcher, Allen, Martha, 
Sarah, Lucinda and Harriet. Has held 
about all the church offices. Repub- 
can. 

Stephenson, T. W., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. 
Brookville. 

rSTEVEXS, J. T., station assent C. 
B. & Q. R. R., Batavia ; born July 28, 
1847, in Pulaski Co., Tnd. In 1863, 
enlisted in Co. D, 138th Tnd. V. I.; 
served five months ; re-enlisted in 1864, 
in Co. Gr, 151st Ind. V. I.; served to 
the end of the war. Then commenced in 
the railroad business, and has followed 
it since ; was agent of the Nashville & 
Chattanooga R. R., Louisville, New Al- 
bany & Chicago, Lake Shore & M. S., 

B. & M. R. R. R., Kankakee & Short 
Line and C, B. & Q., his present posi- 
tion. Married Miss I. Webber Nov. 
16, 1871 ; she was born April 5, 1849, 
in La Porte Co., Ind.; have two children 
William and Jane. Is a member of the 
Council. Democrat. 

STEVER, S. F., farmer, Sec. 26 ; 
P. 0. Fairfield; born April 1, 1830, in 
Huntingdon Co., Penn. ; in 1844, came 
to Jefierson Co. ; rents 355 acres of land. 
Married Miss H. A. Ball in 1857 ; she 
was born in Hancock Co., Va., in 1833; 
have seven childi-en — George F., F. J., 

C. E., M. B., J. B., R. and N. A. Re- 
publican. 

Stewart, J. H., blacksmith, Brookville. 

Sunderland, W., bee-raiser, Brookville. 

Sutton, Frank, laborer, Batavia. 

n~lEETER, J. B., farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 

_L 0. Batavia. 

Thoma, B., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Thompson, W., broom-maker, Brookville. 

Tinsley, A., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Brookville. 

TINSL.EY, CliAIBORXE C, 
farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Brookville ; born 
Dec. 27, 1807, in Amherst Co., Va. ; 
when about 9 years old, moved with his 
parents to Kentucky; in 1839, came to 
Illinois ; in 1841, to Jefferson Co., Iowa ; 
they own 220 acres of land, valued at 
$25 per acre, which he entered from the 
government. Married Mrs. Mary Koons, 
daughter of David Eller, Aug. 24, 1842 ; 
she was born Sept. 22, 1820, in North 



Carolina ; had six children, five living 
— David E., Alma, Mary J., Zachary 
T. and Henry F. ; lost Alice in infancy. 
Baptist ; Democrat. 

Tinsley, D., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Brookville. 

Tinsley, H., far., S. 13; P. 0. Brookville. 

Tinsley, Z., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Brookville. 

TRACY, F. A., Jfl. D., Brookville ; 
born Aug. 19, 1824, in New York ; in 
1855, came to Knox Co., 111. , in 1869, 
to Jefferson Co. ; he commenced the 
study of medicine in 1841, and graduated 
in 1847, at the Geneva Medical College ; 
has been in constant practice since. Mar- 
ried Miss Jane M. Chittenden March 29, 
1849; she was born Dec. 9, 1830, in 
Wayne Co., Penn. ; have three children 
— Amia J., Fred C. and Vera D. Mrs. 
T. is a member of the M. E. Church. 

Tracy, M., far., S. 14; P. 0. Brookville. 

Tuller, E., far., S. 24; P. 0. Brookville. 

TROY, GEO. W., retired, Batavia; 
born April 22, 1810, in Clermont Co., 
Ohio; in 1830, came to Illinois; in 
1836, to Jefferson Co.; is one of the 
oldest settlers in this county ; engaged 
in farming till about 1875 ; owns his 
residence and other property in town. 
Married Rosetta Hoskins May 26, 1832 ; 
she was born in 1812; died in 1874; 
have nine children — Perella, Mary A., 
John H., Louisa, Nancy, Permelia E., 
Martha J., Julia A. and Berzella; Jno. 
H. enlisted in 1862, served about five 
months, and was discharged on account 
of sickness. His second marriage was 
to Mrs. Fishel, in 1875; she was born 
in 1816, in Pennsylvania; she has three 
children by a former marriage — Jacob, 
Martin and Anna Fishel. Democrat. 

Trent, John, far.. Sec. 8 ; P. O. Abingdon. 

VANNOSTRAND, WM., farmer, S. 
1 1 ; P. 0. Brookville. 
WALKER, Jonathan, far.. Sec. 15 ; 
P. 0. Brookville. 
Walker, Samuel C, far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. 

Batavia. 
Webb, C. B.,far., Sec. 5; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Webb, Robert, far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 
Wells, Morgan, far., S. 16; P.O. Brook- 
ville. 
WHEEL.ER, SAMUEL., retired, 
Batavia; born Sept. 3, 1787, in Mont- 
gomery Co., Ind.; when about 16 years 
old came to Virginia, thence to Ohio 



DES MOINES TOWNSHIP. 



567 



in 1855, to Jefferson Co., and engaged 
in farming. Married Margaret Robin- 
son in 1812; she was born in 1787, in 
Virginia; died in 1860; had nine chil- 
dren ; five living — Henry, Samuel, Mar- 
tha, Rebecca and Sarah ; lost Alexander, 
John, Eliza and Margaret ; he served 
six months in the war of 1812, and 
assisted in the building of Fort Meigs. 

Whitaker, Rev., minister, Batavia. 

Whitmore, George, far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. 
Fairfield. 

Whitmore, Levi, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

WIJLLIAMS, J. E., attorney and 
Justice of the Peace, Batavia ; born 
Aug. 8, 1851, in Brookville, Jefferson 
Co., Iowa ; commenced the study of law 
in 1869; was admitted to the bar in 
Indiana in 1873 ; has been practicing 
in Batavia since 1875 ; Republican. 



Williams, N. D., far., Sec. 11; P. 0. 

Brookville. 
Wilson, Isaac, far.. Sec. 12; P. 0. Brook- 

WRIGHT, FREEMAX, farmer ; 
P. 0. Batavia; born Sept. 3, 1806, in 
Lincoln Co., Ky. ; in 1815, came to 
Indiana; in 1849, came to Jefferson 
Co. ; owns 400 acres of land, valued at 
$50 per acre. Married Mary A. 
Sprogle July 23, 1829 ; she was born 
Jan. 17, 1814, in Philadelphia; have 
six children — George W., born Dec. 9, 
1837; Sarah E., born Dec. 26, 1840; 
Mary E., born May 12, 1845; J. M., 
born Dec. 15,1849; Permelia A., born 
March 3, 1852, and J. F., born Sept. 
30, 1853. George W. served in the 
army, was discharged on account of 
physical disability. Republican. 



DES MOINES TOWNSHIP. 



ARMSTRONG, J AS., Supt. Poor- 
Farm, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 
Asbery, Solomon, far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. 

Hickory. 
Ashmead, Hiram, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

BENNETT, IRA, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Bennett, N. L., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Black, Geo., far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. County 
Line. 

Black, Robt., far., Sec 16 ; P. 0. County 
Line. 

Black, Samuel K., far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. 
County Line. 

Bowles, Benj., far,, Sec. 18 ; P. 0. County 
Line. 

Bowles, Jno. R., far., Sec. 18; P. O. 
County Line. 

Bowles, Lewis, far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. 
County Line. 

Bradshaw, E. B., far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Ba- 
tavia. 

Brown, A., far.. Sec. 10; P.O. Liberty- 
ville. 

Brown, Geo. M., far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

Burger, C.,far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 



Barbage, Joseph, far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 

County Line. 
Burns, J., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. County Line. 

CALFEE, W. A., far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. 
County Line. 

Claypool, M. D., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

COXGER, BENJ. p., far.. Sec. 7 ; 
P. 0. County Line ; born May 24, 
1817, in Dearborn Co., Ind.; in 1842, 
came to Wapello Co.; in 1864, came to 
his present farm ; owns sixty-nine acres 
land, valued at $25 per acre. Married 
Rebecca Blanchard Aug. 1, 1872; she 
was born in 1 838", in Kentucky ; have 
three children — Benjamin F., Jacob J. 
and Drusilla F. Democrat. 

Conger, Joseph A., far., Sec. 9; P. 0. 
County Line. 

Conger, T., far., S. 7 ; P. O. County Line. 

Copeland, J. W., far., S. 28; P. 0. 
Hickory. 

Copeland, W. F., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

Copeland, W., fJir.,S. 28; P. 0. Hickory. 

DUFFIELD, JAMES W., far., S. 8; 
P. O. County Line. 
DUNN, JAMES, far.. Sec. 4; P. 0. 
Batavia; born May 2, 1816, in Greene 



568 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY; 



Co., E. Tenn.; in 1841, came to Illinois ; 
in 1848, removed to Jefferson Co.; owns 
130 acres of land, valued at $25 per 
acre. Married Lucy A. Bryant in 
July, 1837 ; she was born in 1818, in 
Carter Co., Tenn ; had nine children, 
six living — Louisa J., Nancy, Rebecca, 
Mary, James M. and Martha. Has 
been Township Trustee. Democrat ; 
Grerman Baptist. 

ELMAKP^E, REUBEN, far.. Sec. 3 ; 
P. 0. County Line. 
Eshelman, Samuel, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

FELL, SAMUEL F., far., Sec. 24 ; 
P. 0. Libertyville. 

Fell, Wm., S. 24; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Fishel, John, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. County 
Line. 

Finney, P]lijah H., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Fordyce, Lewis, minister, S. 14 ; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Frost, W., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Fry, G. R, far., S. 18; P. 0. County 
Line. 

Fry, George C , far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Liber- 
tyville. 

Fry, James M., far., S. 23 ; P. O. Lib- 
ertyville. 

FULTON, JOI^^EPH W., far. 

Sec. 15; P. 0. Libertyville; born May 
6, 1833, Delaware Co.; in 1843, came 
to Jefferson Co. ; owns 535 acres of 
land, valued at $25 per acre. Is Presi- 
dent of the School Board ; was com- 
missioned in 1876 Assistant Manager at 
the Centennial, representing the agri- 
cultural products of Iowa. Married 
Sarah E. Minear March 9, 1858; she 
was born July 14, 1838, in Ross Co., 
Ohio ; had seven children, six living — 
Charles J., William A., Pearl L., 
Albert M., Joseph and Louisa; lost 
Robert in infancy. Republican; mem- 
ber of the M. E. Church. He com- 
menced carrying the mail in 1850, 
from Fairfield to Bloomington, and con- 
tinued about sixteen years. 

GARRISON, ELVY, far.. Sec. 30 ; 
P. O. County Line. 
GARDNER, JOHN J., deceased; 
he was born July, 1831, in Union Co., 
Ind. ; died Dec. 5, 1870. Married 
Miss Hannah Gardner May 18, 1857; 
she was born Feb. 28, 1830, in New 



Brunswick ; she owns sixty acres of 
land ; they have four children — Horace 
M., Rosa B., Geneva and Elmer E. Mr. 
G. had been engaged in teaching school 
for about ten years, having taught at the 
Salem and College Grove Schools ; has 
also been Township Clerk and Assessor 
of Clarke Co., Ind. His family reside 
in Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Hickory. 

Garrison, Jeremiah, far. , Sec. 30; P. 0. 
County Line. 

Glaze, John, far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Glotfelty, Frank, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Glotfelty, John A., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Gossler, W. H., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. <). 
Hickory. 

Graves, Coleman, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. County 
Line. 

OONTERMAN, JACO>B M., 
far., S. 17; P.O. County Line; born 
March 12, 1820, in Madison Co., 111. ; 
in 1855, came to Jefferson Co. Owns 
340 acres of land, valued at $35 per 
acre. Married Sarah M. Carver April 
20, 1848 ; she was born April 4, 1825, 
in Blount Co., E. Tenn. ; had seven chil- 
dren, six living — William, John, Jacob, 
Lou, Thomas and James ; lost George 
in 1855, aged 2 years. Has been 
Township Trustee and Assessor. Demo- 
crat ; Baptist. 

Gonterman, J. R., flir , Sec. 17 ; P. O. 
County Line. 

Gonterman, W. C, far., S. 20 ; P. O. 
County Line. 

HARRISON, T. J., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. 
County Line. 

Hilton, John H., far., S. 6 ; P. O. Batavia. 

Hoffman, Henry, far., S. 24; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Hughell, Samuel, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Hughes, W. G., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Liber- 
tyville. 

Hutton, S., far., S. 12 ; P. O. Libertyville. 

JACKSON, A. W., far., S. 27; P. O. 
Libertyville. 
James, W., for., S. 5 ; P. 0. Batavia. 
JOHNSON, J. W., farmer, Sec. 35 ; 
P. 0. Hickory ; born April 11, 1816, in 
Byron Co., Ky. ; in 1829, came to Illi- 
nois ; in 1858, came to Jefferson Co. 
Owns 220 acres of land, valued at $30 



DES MOINES TOWNSHIP 



569 



per acre. Married Harriet Davis in 
1837; she was born in 1819 in Vir- 
ginia; died in 18G1 ; had twelve chil- 
dren, five living — Amanda, Sarah, Will- 
iam, Harriet and Dorinda ; second mar- 
riage to Mrs. Mary Bearthelow April 
22, 1862 ; she was born Oct. 24, 1819 ; 
she has four children by former mar- 
riages — Catherine, David, James W. 
Stump and Jasper Bearthelow. Demo- 
crat ; member of the Cumberland Pres- 
byterian Church. 

KARNEY, B., far., S. 14; P. O. 
Libertyville. 

Kennedy, J. F., far., S. 12; P. 0. Lib- 

« ertyville. 

LAME, A., far., S. 22 ; P. O. Liberty- 
ville. 

Laughlin, D., far., S. 36 ; P. O. Liberty- 
ville. 

L.AU€JHliIN, STEWARD C, 
farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Batavia ; born 
Aug. 10, 1845, in Erie Co., Penn. ; in 
1854, came to Jefferson Co. ; owns 
ninety-six acres of land, valued at $25 
per acre. Married Serilda C. Schwartz 
in 1867 ; she was born Aug. 16, 1850, 
in Jefferson Co. ; had four children, 
three Hving — Lola M., Olive A. and 
Virga A. Enlisted in 1863 in Co. F, 
3d I. V. C. ; served to the end of the war. 

Leppo, D., station agent at County Line, 
and Postmaster. 

Long, T. W., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Lucas, S., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Hickory. 

Lutz, P., minister, S. 11 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

McCLEARY, JOHN H., farmer, 
Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

McClurg, R., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

McElderry, J., far.; S. 2; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Mahaffey, S, far., S. 18; P. 0. County 
Line. 

Manning, W. C, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Mattingly, C. M., far., S. 9 ; P. O. Ba- 
tavia. 

Miller, G.. far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Miller, H., far., S. 35 ; P. O. Libertyville. 

Miller, M. T., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Miller, W.. far., S. 7 ; P. 0. County Line. 

FILLER, WILLIAM, farmer, 
Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Hickory ; born July 29, 
1809, in Morgan Co., Ohio ; May 14, 
1847, came to Jefferson Co.; owns 320 
acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. 



Married Harriet Cheadle Feb. 19, 1833; 
she was born Oct. 29, 1811, in Morgan 
Co., Ohio ; had five children, four living 
— Winchester, Dean, Hieland Mary A.; 
Newell died in 1839, aged 6 years. 
Has been School Director ; Democrat. 
She is a member of the Baptist Church. 

Moore, Z. T., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Morrison, W. C, far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

Murphy, J., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Hickory. 

XT EWLAND, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 

1> 15 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

PARKER, M. D., farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
0. County Line. 

PARSOETS, .1. H., farmer, Sec. 23 ; 
P. 0. Libertyville ; born Aug. 27, 1819, 
in Randolph Co., Va.; in 1838, came to 
Van Buren Co.; in 1840, removed to 
Agency City ; in 1842, to Fort Des 
Moines, and was employed by the Govern- 
ment as a blacksmith, doing work for 
the Indians; in 1844, he went to Kan- 
sas in the same capacity ; in 1846, he 
returned to Libertyville, and, in 1848, 
removed to his present farm ; owns 280 
acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. 
Married Sarah A. Wilson Nov. 30, 
1848 ; she was born March 4, 1820, in 
Fayette Co., Penn.; had six children, 
three living — Alexander K., Amanda 
V. and Alice B. Republican; Meth- 
odist. His mother-in-law, Mrs. Margaret 
Wilson, lives with him ; she was born 
Jan. 1, 1784, in Fayette Co., Penn.; is 
enjoying good health. 

Pearson, Silas, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Peebler, E. H., far., S. 4; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Peebler, M. D., tar., S. 14 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville 

Peebler, S. C, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Piatt, E., far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Poland, F., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. County Line. 

POLAND, ROBERT, farmer. Sec. 
29 ; P. O. County Line ; born March 
26, 1814, in Hampshire Co., Va. ; in 
1844, came to Jefferson Co. ; owns 100 
acres of land, valued at $20 per acre. 
Married Hannah Lee in 1838 ; she was 
born Sept. 16, 1816, in Virginia; had 
nine children, three living — Francis A., 
Carrie L. and Ira H. Has been School 
Director. Republican; M. E. Church. 



570 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY ; 



Pollock, T.,far., S. 13; P. O. Libertyville. 
Pumphrey, S. C, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. County 
Line. 

RHODES, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 18; 
P. 0. County Line. 
Roberts, W., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

R OMIXGER,SAMrEL C, 

farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. County Line ; 
born June 25, 1809, in Stokes Co., N. 
C. ; in 1829, moved to Indiana ; in 1870, 
came to his present farm ; owns 250 acres 
of land, valued at $25 per acre. Married 
Susan Fishel in 1832 ; she was born in 
1810, in Davis Co., N. C. ; had ten chil- 
dren, three living — Charity L. (now Mrs. 
McKee), Harmenia (now Mrs. Jones), 
Anna (now Mrs. Keefer). Democrat ; 
Moravian Church. 

SHEETS, ISAAC, farmer. Sec. 14 ; P. 
0. Libertyville. 

Sheets, J., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Sheets, W., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

Shipler, S. H., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Liberty- 
ville. 

l^iOIES, C. K., farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. 
0. County Line; born April 18, 1809, 
in Pendleton Co., Va.; when an infant, 
came with his parents to Ohio ; in 1862, 
came to Jefferson Co.; owns eighty acres 
of land, valued at $25 per acre. Mar- 
ried Mary Wells in 1845 ; she was born 
Feb. 24, 1822, in Ohio ; died July 5, 
1850 ; have one child — Rebecca J., now 
Mrs. Rakestraw, living in Illinois ; sec- 
ond marriage was to Ellen Stelwell, 
May 12, 1853; she was born June 2, 
1821, in Miami Co., Ohio; had six 
children, five living — Thomas J., Elisa- 
beth E., John W., Arta A., Joseph M.; 
lost James K., aged 2 years. Has been 
Constable two years, also School Director. 
Democrat. 

Simes, James, far.. Sec. 16 ; P. O. Liberty- 
ville. 

Sketoe, Joseph, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. County 
Line. 

Smith, John G. W., far.. Sec. 8; P. 0. 
Batavia. 

Snook, Jacob, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Batavia. 

Stapleton, Jacob, far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Ba- 
tavia. 

Stater, Jacob S., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. 
Libertyville. 

Steele, Joseph E., far.. Sec. 22; P. O. 
Libertyville. 



STEWART, D. H., farmer. Sec. 9 , 
P. 0. Batavia; born April 22, 1826, in 
Adams Co., Penn.; in 1834, came to 
Ohio with his parents ; in 1857, moved 
to Knox Co., 111.; in 1861, came to 
Jefferson Co.; owns 105 acres of land, 
valued at $35 per acre. Married Jane 
A. Armstrong Feb. 26, 1861 ; she was 
born in 1836, in Franklin Co., Penn.; 
had eight children, seven living — James 
A., Harrison H., Mary E., Emma J., 
Isaac C, Elizabeth and Agnes ; lost 
Abby July 19, 1877, aged about 2 
years. Has been Township Trustee 
Democrat ; member of the Presbyterian 
Church. , 

Stewart, E., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Stull, D., far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

Swartz, S., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Libertyville. 

TAYI.OR, AMOS, far.. Sec. 31 ; 
P. 0. County Line; born Feb. 15, 
1828, in Ross Co., Ohio.; in 1838, 
moved to Allen Co., Ind.; in 1854, to 
Davis Co., Mo.; in 1861, came to Mar- 
ion Co., Iowa; in 1863, removed to 
Jefferson Co.; owns 170 acres land, val- 
ued at $30 per acre. Married Mary E. 
Pearson Sept. 30, 1857; she was born 
in Miami Co., Ohio, Oct. 16, 1835; 
have eight children — Ida M., Millard 
F., Sarah A., Laura B., Margaret E., 
Mary E., Victoria and Charles L. He 
was elected in 1864, Township Treas 
urer ; still holds this ofiice ; has beeni 
Township Assessor. Republican. 

Y AUGHT, SOLOMON, far.. Sec. 12; 
P. 0. Libertyville. 

Vaught, Wm., far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Liber- 
tyville. 

WAGNER, JACOB, far.. Sec. 23; 
P. 0. Libertyville. 

Wagner, J. H., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. County 
Line. 

Wagner, J. S., far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Lib- 
ertyville. 

Walker, J. D., far., Sec. 28 ; P. O. Hick- 
ory. 

WEAVER, JOHN K., far., Sec. 
31 ; P. 0. Eldon ; born Aug. 14, 1841, 
in Northumberland Co., Penn.; in 1861, 
came to Van Buren Co.; in 1874, re- 
moved to Jefferson Co.; he owns fifty 
acres land in this county and forty acres 
in Wapello Co., valued at $1,200. 
Married Mary J. Mitchell in 1868 ; she 
was born in 1846, in Fayette Co., Penn.;. 



WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 



571 



had five children, four living — George 

W., Otto K. (John E. and Marietta 

are twins); lost Charles M., Nov. 23, 

1878, aged 8 years and 9 months. 

Democrat ; M. E. Church. 
West, Amos, far., Sec. 16; P. 0. County 

Line. 
West, Jesse B., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. County 

Line. 
Wilson, A., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Liberty- 

ville. 
Wilson, H., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Liberty- 

ville. 
Wilson, R. A., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Liberty- 

ville. 
Wilson, W. D., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Liber- 

tyville. 
Wilson, W. H.. far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Liber- 

tyville. 
Winsell, A. T., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Hickory. 



Winsell, J., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Hickory. 

YOUNG, WILLIAM, far., S. 16; P. 
0. County Line. 
YOUNG, LEWIS, far.. Sec. 9; P. 
0. Libertyville ; born Oct. 23, 1814, 
in Frederick Co., Md. ; when a child, 
moved with his parents to Warren Co., 
Ohio; in 1830, came to Fountain Co., 
Ind. ; in June, 1838, came to Iowa 
Territory, Owns 150 acres of land, 
valued at $25 per acre. Married Ann 
Matilda Rickets Feb. 9, 1840 ; she was 
born Aug. 3, 1823, in Franklin Co., 
Ind. ; in 1837, she came to Louisa Co.; 
in March, 1839, removed to Jefferson 
Co. ; they had ten children, six living 
— Mary E., Melissa, Jacob, Louisa, 
Lucetta and Gertrude G. Has been 
Township Trustee. Greenbacker; Pres- 
byterian Church. 



WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 



ANGSTEAD, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 19 ; 
P. 0. Germanville. 
Albert, John, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. German- 
ville. 
Anderson, A. P., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 
Armstrong, Abram, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Brigh- 
ton. 
Armstrong, W. C, saw-mill hand. 

BAIN, M. Z., far., Sec. 13; P. 0. 
Brighton. 

Bales, Caleb, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Merrimac. 

Bales, Josiah, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Barnett, John E., far., Sec. 5; P. 0. 
Brighton. 

Barricklow, Daniel, far., Sec. 3; P. 0. 
Brighton. 

Barricklow, R. H. L., Sec. 4; P. 0. 
Brighton. 

Barricklow, W. S., far.. Sec. 2; P. O. 
Brighton. 

Baumgartner, Andrew, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 
0. Brighton. 

Baumgartner, Christ., & Son, blacksmiths. 
Germanville. 

Beach, Valentine, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 

Beakel, Jacob, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. German- 
ville. 

Berg, H., renter; P. 0. Germanville. 



Bidwell, L. J., far., S. 10 ; P.O. Brighton. 

Boldosier, J., far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Boldosier, John, far., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Mer- 
rimac. 

Boos, M., S. 10 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Brown, H., far., S. 23; P. 0. German- 
ville. 

Burk, Frank, far.. Sec. 34; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 
CASSADAY, A. J., renter ; P. 0. Sa- 
Hna. 

CURTIS, H. CASTL.E, M. D.^ 
Merrimac; was born in Knoxville, 111., 
in 1848; educated at the Northwestern 
University, at Evanston, 111. ; gradu- 
ated in 1872 ; attended medical lectures 
at Keokuk, during the terms of 1876-77 
and 1877-78; he located in Merrimac 
in October, 1878. 

Clapper, T., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Clark, A., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Conover, H., far., S. 5; P. 0. Brighton. 

COREY, JOHN ^,, farmer, Sec. 
33; P. O. Germanville; was born in 
Sweden in 1843; came to Des Moines 
Co. with his parents in 1852. In Octo- 
ber, 1861, he enlisted in Co. C, 4th L 
V. C. ; served until Aug. 24, 1865; 
was in a number of engagements, the 
principal ones being the battle of Jack 



572 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY : 



son, siege of Vicksburg, Guntown, Tu- 
pelo, Selma, C-^lumbus. Mr. Corey 
married Miss Sarah C. Rubey ; she was 
born in Lee Co., this State; have three 
children — Alice B., Melvin H. and 
Alonzo B. Mr. C. owns 160 acres of 
land. Is a Republican. 

■Courtney, A. J., far., S. 19; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 

Courtney, D. J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 

Courtney, J. W., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 

Courtney, S., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. German- 
ville. 

Craft, M., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Germanville. 

•Crile, C. F., far., S. 32; P. 0. Germanville. 

Crile, H., far., S. 22; P. O. Germanville. 

Crile, J. J., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

-Crile, J., far., S. 23; P. 0. Germanville. 

DRYSCH, F., far., S. 19; P. 0. 
Germanville. 

DIERN, PETER, farmer and stock- 
raiser. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Germanville ; 
born in Germany in 1830; came to 
Iowa and settled in Burlington in 18-15; 
in 1849, he crossed the plains to Cali- 
fornia, remaining until 1853, when he 
returned to Burlington. He married 
Miss Katherine Biel in Muscatine, Iowa; 
she was born in Ohio ; they came to 
this county in 1845; have seven chil- 
dren — John, Henry, Peter W., Ber- 
nard, George, Albert and Frank. Mr. 
Diers owns 260 acres of land in this 
county, and city property in Burlington 
to the amount of $4,000. He is a 
Democrat ; member of the Lutheran 
Church. 

Drysch, J., far.; P. 0. Brighton. 

Drysch, M., Sr., far., S. 7 ; JP. 0. Brighton. 

Drysch, M., Jr., far. ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Dutwiler, A., far., S. 15; P. 0. Brighton. 

Dutwiler, C, Sr., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 

Dutwiler, C, Jr., far., S. 34 ; P. O. Ger- 
manville. 

Dutwiler, L., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. German- 
ville. 

EDLER, F. C, far., S. 20 ; P. O. Ger- 
manville. 

Edler, H., far. ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Edwards, F., far. ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Edwards, M. W., S. 10 ; P. O. Brighton. 

Edwards, R., far., S. 10 ; P. O. Brighton. 

Edwards, W. E., farmer ; P. 0. Brighton. 



FARBER, HENRY, far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 
0. Brighton. 

Fellinger, Andrew, far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. 
Germanville. 

Fichtner, Jacob, Sr., far., Sec. 23 ; Ger- 
manville. 

Fichtner, Jacob, Jr., farmer ; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 

Fichtner, J. W., far. ; P. 0. Germanville. 

Foss, C, far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Foss, Dedrich; P. 0. Germanville. 

Foss, H., far., S. 27; P. 0. Germanville. 

Fritz, J., far., S. 33 ; P. O. Germanville. 

Fritz, P., far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Fritz, M., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

aELSKI, JOHN, far., Sec. 20 ; P. 
0. Germanville. 

Gelski, Thomas, far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 

Goodridge, William, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. 
Germanville. 

Gorsuch, H., far.. Sec. 29; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 

Gorsuch, Thomas and Henry, renters ; P. 
0. Brighton. 

Graber, Daniel, far., S. 31 ; P. O. Ger- 
manville. 

HAIFLEY, JONAS, mason. Sec. 28 ; 
P. 0. Germanville. 

Hawk, Thomas, far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Hes.ser, J., far.. Sec. 2; P. 0. Brighton. 

Hettick, Bernard, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 

Hetzel, D., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Heyde, H., far.. Sec. 14; P. 0. Brighton. 

Heyde, P., far.. Sec. 24; P. 0. German- 
ville. 

Hicks, R. C, far., S. 2 ; P. O. Brighton. 

Hilderbrand, Casper, far., Sec. 14; P. O. 
Brighton. 

Hirshberger, J., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Mer- 
rimac. 

Hilderbrand, Mat., far.. Sec. 14; P. 0. 
Brighton. 

Hock, J., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Germanville. 

Hook, J., far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

HODGEN, JOHN R., farmer and 
stock-raiser, Sec. 7 ; P. O. Brighton ; 
born in Walnut Tp. in 1849. Married 
Miss 011a Lynn; she was born near 
Salina, this county ; have two children. 
Mr. H. owns 200 acres of land. Is 
National in politics. 

Hodgen, J. J., far., P. O. Brighton. 

Hodgen, J., far.; P. 0. Brighton. 



WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 



593 



Hoffman, A., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. German- 
ville. 

JOHNSTON, ANDREW, farmer, Sec. 
29 ; P. 0. Germanville. 

JAY, ROBERT I.., M. D., Mer- 
rimac ; born in Van Buren Co., Iowa, 
in 1841) ; his father, Rev. John Jay, a 
minister of the M. E. Church, was long 
an itinerant minister of Southeastern 
Iowa. The Doctor received his literary 
education at the Iowa Wesleyan Uni- 
versity at Mount Pleasant ; his medical 
education at Keokuk ; practiced medi- 
cine in Keokuk Co., four years, and 
located in Merrimac in 1874. He mar- 
ried in 1870 Sibbie E. Davis; born in 
Indiana in 1853 ; they have three chil- 
dren — Lenora, born in 1871 ; John, 
born in 1875, aiid Frank, born in 1877. 

Jourdan, L., far., S. 15; P. 0. Brighton. 

K ASK A, NICHOLAS, farmer, Sec. 
18 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Kessel, A., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Kerns, C, far., S. 12; P. 0. Brighton. 

Kintz, C, Sr., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. German- 
town. 

Kintz, C, Jr., far., S. 26; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 

Knerr, Adam, Uermanville. 

Knerr, G., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Knerr, L., far.; P. 0. Brighton. 

Knerr, V., far., S. 8; P. 0. Brighton. 

KXERR, W. H., proprietor of black- 
smith-shop, Germanville ; was born in 
* Franklin Co., Ohio, in 1838 ; removed 
to this county in 1840 with his parents. 
Married Miss J. S. Sinn in this county; 
she was born in Pennsylvania; have 
two children — Albert A. and Clara. 
Mr. Knerr owns 1218 acres of land. 
Republican. 

Knerr, William. 

Knerr, Wra. H., far., S. 34; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 

Kock, J. F., far., S. 14; P. 0. Brighton. 

Kock, P. E., far.. Sec. 14 ; P. O. Brigh- 
ton. 

Kosuski, A., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Kosuski, H., far., S. 20; P. 0. German- 
ville. 

Kosuski, Paul, far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 

Kurtz, John, far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Ger- 
•<vw manville. 

Kurtz, Joseph, far., See. 27 ; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 



LAMANSKI, PETER, farmer. Sec. 
17 ; P. 0. Brighton. 
Lauderbaugh, Adam, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. 

Brighton. 
Leffler, Henry, laborer. 
Leffler, Jacob, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. German- 
ville. 
Lyon, N. W., far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Brigh- 
ton. 

MADDEN, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 7 ; 
P. 0. Brighton. 

MAXN, CHRISTOPHER, farm 
er, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Brighton ; was born 
in Germany in 1835 ; came to this 
county with his parents in 1845. Mar- 
ried Miss Katherine Wendling in this 
county; she was born in Fairfield Co., 
Ohio ; have six children — Magdalene, 
Katherine, John, Elizabeth, George and 
Christiana. In 1861, Mr. Mann enlisted 
in Co. K., 7th I. V. I.; served three 
years ; was honorably discharged ; was 
in a number of battles, principal ones, 
Belmont, Ft. Henry, Ft. Donelson and 
Shiloh. He was elected Clerk of this 
township in 1876, and is the present 
incumbent of that oflBce ; has also held 
the office of Township Assessor, Town- 
ship Trustee and various school offices. 
Owns 146 acres of land. 

MANNHARDT, JOHX, mer- 
chant and Postmaster, Germanville; was 
born in Germany in 1816 ; came to the 
United States in 1848; moved to this 
county in 1856; engaged in the mer- 
cantile business in Germanville in 1870. 
Was appointed Postmaster the same 
year. Has been twice married ; first 
wife was Miss M. Waldburga ; present 
wife was Annie Geye. Mr. M. is a 
member of Brighton Lodge, A., F. & 
A. M. He is a representative of the 
German Fire Insurance Co., of Free- 
port, 111.; also collection agent on for- 
eign drafts, etc. Served in the German 
army six years ; had one son, Daniel, in 
the war of the rebellion ; he served in 
Co. D, 25th I. V. I.; died in the serv- 
ice at Nashville, Tenn., March 21, 1864, 
a brave and gallant soldier and a true 
patriot. 

" His toils are pasl, his work is done, 

And ho is fully lilest ; 
He foiiglit the fight, the vict'ry won, 

And enters into re.it." 

Mannhardt, Zach, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. 
Germanville. 



594 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



Marshall, Thomas, far.. Sec. 6; P. 0. 

Brighton. 
Messer, Adam, far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Ger- 

manville. 
Messer, Charles, far., Sec. 32; P. 0. Ger- 

manville. 
Messer, Lewis, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Ger- 

manville. 
Miller, Jacob, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Brighton. 
M inert, Wm., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Brighton. 
Mollis, John, far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. German- 

ville. 
Mount, Sexton, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

PARK AMON, wagon-maker, Ger- 
manville. 
Park, James, far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. German- 

ville. 
Pautzer, A. B., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Ger- 

manville. 
Pfeifer, J. H., for., S. 14 ; P. 0. Brighton. 
Pfeifer, J. F., far., Sec. 26; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 

REEDER, JOHN, for., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. 
Brighton. 

Reis, J., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Rich. J., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Merrimac. 

Rick; F., far., S. 22; P. O. Germanville. 

Robinson, J. far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

ROCK, G. W., miller, Merrimac; 
Mr. Rock was born in Pennsylvania in 
1823. Married Catherine Keller, a 
native of Indiana ; they had five chil- 
dren ; she died in 1859; he married 
Mary Sharp in 1861 ; is a native of 
Ohio ; has had five children by second 
marriage. Mr. Rock has been engaged 
at the milling business for twenty-five 
years. He came to Merrimac in 1877. 

Rotzinger, C, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

SANDERS, LEROY, far., S. 10; P. 
0. Brighton. 
Schaefer, C, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. German- 
ville. 
Schaefer, J., Sr., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 
Schaefer, J., Jr., far., S. 25; P. 0. Ger- 
manville. 



Schaefer, J., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Brighton 

Schlarbaum, J., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Merri- 
mac. 

Schmadaka, H. W., far.. Sec. 26; P. O. 
Germanville. 

Shelangowski, A., far., Sec. 18; P. O. 
Brighton. 

Shuppay, H., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Merrimac, 

Sinn, A., liar., S. 15; P. 0. Brighton. 

Sinn, G., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Germanville 

Sinn, J., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Germanville 

Sinn, J., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Merrimac. 

Smith, S., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Germanville. 

Spargo, J. W., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. German- 
ville. 

Spielman, L., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Merrimac. 

Stacy, R., far., S. 4; P. 0. Brighton. 

Stafiord, H., far., S. 28; P. 0. German- 
ville. 

Stortz, F.,far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Stortz, W., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

TOWNSLEY, F. C, far., S. 4; P. 
Brighton. 
Townsley, J., far., S. 4; P. 0. Brighton. 
"TTOGEL, CHARLEY, saw-mill. 

Vogel, Fred, tailor. 

TT7ALLIESOR, FRED, far., Sec. 33 , 
V\ p. 0. Germanville. 

Walliesor, J., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. German- 
ville. 

Wendling, J., far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Brighton 

Werner, J., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Whisler, A., Sr., far.. Sec. 17; P. 0. 
Brighton. 

Whisler, A., Jr., far.. Sec. 8; P. 0. 
Brighton. 

Whisler, A., far., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Brighton, 

Wiebly, C, far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Brighton. 

Wiederholt, A., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Mer- 
rimac. 

Williams, J., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. German- 
ville. 

Wolft", G., far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Germanville. 

Wolf, H., far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Germanville. 

Wood, S. G., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Brighton. 



BLACK HAWK TOWNSHIP. 



595 



BLACK HAWK TOWNSHIP. 



ABRAHAH, J. H., far., Sec. 29 ; 
P. O. Fairfield; born in Bucler Co., 
Ohio, in 1842 ; the same year his 
parents settled in this county. Mar- 
ried Miss Martha Sunderland in 1861 ; 
she was born in Washington Co., 
Penn., in 1844 ; they have three chil- 
dren — Eliza B., John Alvin and Iva 
Ola. In August, 1862, Mr. A. en- 
listed in Co. H, 3d Reg. Iowa V. 
I.; served until August, 1865 ; was 
honorably discharged; was in twenty- 
■eight regular battles, siege of Vicksburg, 
Arkansas Post, Chattanooga, Resaca ( at 
which he was wounded), Atlanta, Sa- 
vannah, Columbus, Raleigh, and others, 
as may be seen in the record of the 
regiment in another part of this work. 
Republican. Owns 160 acres of land. 
Is a member of the I. O. 0. F. His 
father, Charles Abraham, was born in 
Butler Co., Ohio, in 1811 ; married 
Miss Howell in Indiana ; they came to 
this county in 1842 ; he died in January, 
1877 ; their children are Lot John, 
who served in Co. H, 30th Regt. Iowa 
Inf, during the war; J. H., Griffin, 
Wilson T. and Charles. Mrs. J. H. 
Abraham's father, William Sunderland, 
was a native of Pennsylvania ; he mar- 
ried Matilda Bleckner ; moved to this 
county in 1848. 
~D ABER, L. C, minister, Richland. 

Baker, G. P., far., Sec. 23; P. O. Baker. 
Barron, Robert, Richland. 
BARTOW, i^. P., M. D., Sec 23 ; 

P. 0. Baker ; the first physician in 
Black Hawk Tp. ; born in Harrison Co., 
Ohio, in 1837 ; received a preliminary 
education at the high schools of New 
Market and Athens ; medical education 
at a medical institute in Cincinnati, 
Ohio; graduated in 1858 ; since has en- 
gaged in the practice of his profession. 
Enlisted in Co. A,3Gth Iowa Inf ; was 
honorably discharged in 1864. Repub- 
lican. Has held various offices ; is 
Notary Public. Member of the Masonic 
Society, also of the I. O. O. F., and 
Knights of Pythias. Married Miss S. 
Baker ; she was born in Ohio ; have 
four children — Albert C., George L., 



Alpheus M. and Mary J. Dr. Bartow 
owns and manages a farm of 398 acres, 
finely improved ; has an orchard cover- 
ing fifteen acres. He has a large and 
lucrative practice, and is highly esteemed 
as a physician, neighbor and citizen. 

Beck, David, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Baker. 

Bell, John, far.. Sec. 34; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Bennett, William L. 

Black, B. F., renter, S. 34 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Black, J. M., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Baker. 

Black, P., far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Black, Phlamius, far., S. 34; P. O. Fair- 
field. 

Bonar, David, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Bottorff, B., far. ; P. 0. Richland. 

Bottorff, F., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Richland. 

BottorflF, M. F., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Bottorfi", W. K., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Boyd, F., renter ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Bray, J., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Pleasant Plain. 

Bryan, I. N., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

CAMPBELL, FRANK W., farmer, 
Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Baker. 

Campbell, W. P., far., S. 27 ; P.O. Baker. 

Carl, G. H., far.. Sec. 24; P. 0. Baker. 

Chandler, M., farmer ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

CHANDLER, S. J., MRS. far , 
Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Fairfield ; born in Lewis 
Co., N. Y., in 1822. Married Ward 
Chandler in Hamilton Co., N. Y., Dec. 
26, 1840. Moved to this county in 
1843 ; Mr. Chandler died July 9, 1868, 
aged 49 years. During his life, he held 
various offices. The surviving children 
are Lavina A., Montraville (married 
Maggie Lock), William Henry, Sarah 
Ellen (now Mrs. J. Yulgmath), Clara 
A., Charles D., George B. Mrs. Chan- 
dler owns 184 acres of land. 

Chandler, W. H., far. ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Chidester, C. & S. E., farmers. Sec. 28 ; 
P. 0. Fairfield. 

Clowser, Wm. H., f-ir. ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Callister, Wni., cheese mfr., Fairfield. 

COOK, CHARLKS, fanner. Sec. 
27 ; P. 0. Fairfield ; born in the town 
of Blackstone, Worcester Co., Mass., 
Aug. 25, 1822 ; was educated at Smith- 
ville Seminary, now Lapham Institute, 
Rhode Island. Was elected member of 
the Massachusetts State Legislature on 
the Antislavery ticket ; he was the first 



596 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



Representative elected on that ticket in 
Massachusetts ; he served one term. 
After liis return from the Legislature, 
he taught a grammar school in Newport, 
R. I., six years. He married Miss N. 
P. Cook in 1846 ; they were married in 
Milford, Worcester Co., Mass. ; she waa 
born in Mendon, Mass. They moved to 
this county in 1843. They have four 
children — Frank (who married Miss E. 
Knight), Frederick (married Miss B. 
Alexander), Eliza, Hattie. Mr. Cook 
is a Republican ; previous to the organ- 
ization of the Republican party, he was 
an earnest supporter of the Whig and 
Free-Soil parties. Has held the offices 
of Township Clerk, Justice of the Peace 
and Township Trustee. He owns 215 
acres of land. 

Cook, F. L., far. ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Cox. J., far., Sec. 15; P. 0. Baker. 

Crumley, S. M.,far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Richland. 

DA VIES, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
0. Baker. 
DA VIES, E., farmer and stock- 
raiser. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Baker ; he was 
born in 1816, in Flintshire, England, on 
the River Dee, fifteen miles from Liver- 
pool ; when 14 years of age, he com- 
menced learning the machinist's trade 
in a steam-engine manufactory at Ha- 
warden ; at the expiration of his ap- 
prenticeship, he engaged in the hard- 
ware business ; in 1849, he came to this 
country and engaged in blacksmithing 
in Fairfield ; in 1350, he went to Bur- 
lington, and did the forging for the first 
steam-engine made in Iowa ; between 
1850 and 1854, he was engaged in the 
manufacture of reapers and mowers in 
Denmark, Iowa ; in 1854, he settled on 
his present farm. Married Miss Ellen 
Wright, a native of Flintshire, England ; 
they were married in St. Michael's 
Church, Liverpool, England, Feb. 26, 
1838 ; they have two children — John 
and Thomas ; John enlisted in Co. H, 
30th I. V. I., in August, 1862 ; served 
until the close of the war ; was in a 
number of engagements, as will be seen 
in the record of the regiment, in another 
part of this work. He married Miss 
Mary Wiggins ; they have five children 
— Nellie, Eddie, Effie, Hattie and Eliza. 
Thomas married Jessie Ross ; they 
have two children — Katie and Hattie 



A. Mr. D. is a Republican ; was alwaye 
opposed to slavery as contrary to Chris- 
tian principle, and demoralizing to soci- 
ety. Members of the Congregational 
Church; he has been instrumental in 
the organization and building up of the 
Congregational Church in this township, 
and has acted in almost every official 
capacity since its organization. He has 
held various township offices ; was mem- 
ber of the County Board two years. He 
owns a fine farm of 530 acres, well 
stocked with thorough-bred cattle, and 
Poland-China hogs ; his residence and 
out-buildings are among the finest in 
the county. 

Davies, T., far., S. 23; P. O. Baker. 

Dedrick, W. H., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Dixon, G. F., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Baker. 

Dixon, T., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Baker. 

Drummond, L., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Duke, D., farmer ; P. 0. Richland. 

Duke, H. R., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Richland. 
rjpSTES, G-. E., far.; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Estes, W.. far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Estes, W. C, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Richland. 
TnEE, G., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Baker. 

Fogleman, J. E., far., S. 12 ;' P. 0. 
Pleasant Plain. 

FRYER, S. J., MRS., farmer. 
Sec. 31 ; P. O. Brookville ; was born 
in Tennessee in 1830. Married Mr. 
Elias Fryer in Indiana, in 1846; he 
was born near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1819 ; 
they moved to Iowa in 1853, settled 
in Van Buren Co., remaining until 
1857, when they moved to this county. 
Mr. Fryer died March 28, 1874; ho 
was a member of the M. E. Church ; 
his family are : Annie E., now Mrs. R. 
Dellinger ; Lucinda, now Mrs. Thos. 
Jacques ; Clara E., now Mrs. G. Abra- 
ham ; Sarah, Isabel, Joseph, Sylvanus, 
John Wesley, Wm. Elias, Odo and Frank- 
lin. Mrs. Fryer owns 154 acres of land 
GARDNER, T., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. 
Richland. 

Gasaway, B., far., S. 29 ; P. O. Fairfield. 

'Gasaway, J. R., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Gantz, J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Gantz, J., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Gantz, L., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 



BLACK HAWK TOWNSHIP. 



597 



Goodrich, Sec. 12 : P. 0. Richland. 
Goodrich, G., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Richland. 
Gray, A. M., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Richland. 
Greeson, W., far., S. 16; P. 0. Richland. 
Gregory, A., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Richland. 
Gregory, J., far.; P. 0. Richland. 
Gregory, W., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Richland. 

HADLEY, A., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. 
Richland. 
Hadley, A. W., for., S. 2 ; P. 0. Richland. 
Hadley, B. H.,far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Richland. 
Hadley, E. far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Richland. 
Hadley, J. C, far. ; P. 0. Richland. 
Hadley, J. I., far. ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Hacley, N. S., far., S. 9 ; P. O, Richland. 
Hadley, S., far., S. 9; P. 0. Richland. • 
Hadley, W., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Richland. 
Hadley, Z., far., S. 15; P. 0. Richland. 
Hannah, E. B., far. ; P. 0. Richland. 
Harken, W., far., S. 1 ; P. O. Richland. 
Harter, H. L., far., S. 24; P. 0. Baker. 
Harter, D., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Baker. 
Hewett, Ed, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
HECKERT, MOSES, far., S. 27; 

P. 0. Baker; born in Montgomery Co., 
Penn., in 1839 ; in 1853, removed with 
his parents to Indiana. During the 
war, served three years in Co. E, 87th 
Ind. Inf. ; was in several seve.e engage- 
ments ; honorably discharged. Came to 
this county in 1867. Married Miss 
Mollie Walgamuth ; she was born in 
Ohio ; have two children — Sadie and 
Harry. Mr. H. owns eighty acres of 
land on S. 22. Acts with the National 
party. 

Heald, A., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Heck, F. S., renter; P. 0. Baker. 

Herman, B. F., far., S. 7 ; P. O. Richland. 

Herman, R., flir., S. 7 ; P. O. Richland. 

Hewett, G. W., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Hill, C. C, far. ; P. 0. Richland. 

Hinshaw, B., far., S. 11 ; P. O. Richland. 

Hinshaw, I., for., S. 3 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Hinshaw, J., for., S. 10 ; P. O. Richland. 

HOUGHTON, HUGH, former ; P. 
O. Fairfield ; was born in Henry Co., 
111., in 1858 ; owns 181 acres ©f land 
in this county, and eighty acres in Henry 
Co., 111. 

Hutchins, J. T., for.. Sec. 2 : P. 0. Rich- 
land. 

JOHNSON. ANDREW, for., S. 7; 
P. 0. Richland. 

Johnson, L., far., S. 16; P. 0. Richland. 



Johnson, L. M., for., S. 2 ; P. 0. Rich- 
land. 
Jones, W., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Richland. 

KENNY, JOHN, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. 
Richland. 

Kinger, H., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Kirkpatrick, J. W., for.. Sec. 14; P. 0. 
Richland. 

Klingman, Wm., for., S. 16; P. 0. Rich- 
land. 

KNIGHT, GEORGE, farmer. Sec. 
26 ; P. 0. Fairfield ; born in Manches- 
ter, England, March 21, 1821 ; came to 
this country in 1837. Married Miss 
Martha Leigh, in Philadelphia, in 1846 ; 
she was also a native of England, born 
in 1823; they moved to this county in 
1851 ; have five children living — Mary 
Ann, Carrie (married Joseph Somers, 
who served in an Iowa regiment dur- 
ing the war), James L. (born May 22, 
1852 ; was elected Township Clerk in 
the fall of 1874, and, by re-election, 
held the office since ; is also President 
of a literary society in Fairfield Tp.), 
Martha Emma, (married F. L. Cook), 
and John Henry. Republican since the 
organization of the party ; member of 
the Congregational Church. Owns nine- 
ty-five acres of land. 
LEECH, JOHN, former. Sec. 12 ; P. 
0. Richland. 

Lock, B. B., far.; P. 0. Richland. 

Lock, J. B., far. ; P. 0. Richland. 

Lock, Wm.,for., S. 7 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Long, J., far.; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Long, R., far.; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Looman, P., far.; P. 0. Richland. 

Looman, Wm., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Looman, W. L., for.; P. O. Richland. 

I.YON,F. F., REV., Sec. 17; P. 
0. Fairfield ; was the first Sheriff of, 
Jefferson Co., Iowa, and a minister of 
the Gospel over forty years ; a native of 
Otsego Co., N. Y.; born August 6, 
1816 ; his early life was spent in attend- 
ing school and teaching ; came to this 
county in 1837; was appointed Sheriff 
of this county in 1838. Married Miss 
Rachel M. Harris in Lockridge Tp. Nov. 
8, 1838 ; she was born in Pennsylvania 
in 1825 ; have thirteen children — Nancy 
Ann, born March 5, 1840; Margaret, 
born July 25, 1841; married N. Em- 
bree ; Samuel G., born July 12, 1843; 
married Miss E. Embree ; Wm. A.. 



ms 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY: 



born July 28, 1845 ; married S. N. 
Myers; Rachel Jane, born May 31, 
1847 ; married G. N. H. Embree ; Clar- 
issa, born Sept. 6, 1849 ; Fred L., borL 
March 6, 1851 ; married Melissa Mil- 
ler ; Mary E., born Feb. 19, 1853; 
John S., born Nov. 30, 1854 ; Demar- 
cus Newton, born May 6, 1856; Susan 
Isabel, born April 16, 1860; married 
A. McClintock ; Nathaniel B., born Oct. 
28, 1863; Whitfield L., born May 28, 
1865. Mr. Lyon was always active in 
the promotion of religious and educa- 
tional interests ; he is an earnest worker 
and speaks and writes with ability and 
effect ; he is a gentleman of agreeable 
manners and sterling integrity ; has de- 
voted a long and laborious life to the 
advancement of religion in this vicinity ; 
acts with the National party ; is inde- 
pendent in his criticism of all political 
parties, and if his party adopts princi- 
ples which he believes not for the best 
interests of the whole country, his party 
allegiance does not interfere with the 
expression of his views concerning their 
injustice. He owns a beautiful home, 
210 acres of land, and enjoys good 
health and plenty. 
Lyon, J. S., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Richland. 

McCLINTOCK, A. W., far.. Sec. 8 ; 
P. 0. Richland. 

McClintock, J., far., S. 8; P. 0. Richland. 

McClintick, W. E., far., S. 8 ; P. O. Rich- 
land. 

McCracken, E. C, far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. 
Pleasant Plain. 

McKee, David E., far.; P. 0. Baker. 

McKee, W. S., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Baker. 

McPhearson, Enoch, far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. 

MARTIN, J. C, far., Sec. 36 ; P. 
0. Fairfield ; born in Putnam Co., Ind., 
in 1835 ; in 1839, moved to this State 
with his parents, they settled in Wapello 
Co., where he married Miss Susan Mc- 
Coy in 1858 ; she was born in Penn- 
sylvania ; they moved to this county in 
1875; had nine children — Wm. A. 
(married Miss P. Gar ton) John H., 
Isaac E., Martha, Ellen, James C, 
Mary J. (died aged 3 years), Minnie 
M. and Cora C Mr. Mariin owns 282 
acres of land finely improved. During 
the war he enlisted in Co. H, 36th Iowa 
V. L; was honorably discharged. Repub- 



lican ; members of the Missionary Bap- 
tist Church. His father, James Martin, 
was a native of Kentucky ; born in 
1795 ; married Miss Rachel Moore, ; she 
born in 1798 ; they removed to Indiana, 
thence to Wapello Co., Iowa, in 1839, 
thus becoming pioneer settlers of that 
county ; they are now residing in this 
township. 

Mede, Arsulus, blacksmith. Baker. 

Meek, Wm., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Moorman, C. W., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Morgon, E., far., S. 13; P. 0. Baker. 

Morgan, Jas., far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Baker. 

Morgan, John, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Baker. 

Morgan, M., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Baker. 

Morgan, Wm., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Plain. 

XTELSON, JOHN, far., S. 23; P. 0. 

_L\ Baker. 

Nelson, C. G., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Nelson, T. G., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Noble, A. C, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Noble, Frank, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Baker. 

Noble, J. S., far., S. 13; P. 0. Baker. 

Noble, Wilson, far., S. 13; P. 0. Baker. 

ORR, JAMES, far.. Sec. 2; P. O. 
Richland. 
Ornsdorff, J., far., Sec. 32; P. 0. Baker. 
Osborn, J., far.. Sec. 5; P. 0. Richland. 
Osborn, T., far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Richland. 

PAXSON, CYRUS, far., Sec. 16; P. 
0. Baker. 
QUACKENBUSH, JOHN, far., Sec. 
11; P.O. Richland. 
Quackenbush, Nathan, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. 
Richland. 

RAMSEY, JOHN, far., S. 34 ; P. O. 
Baker. 
Rice, W., far., Sec. 11 ; P. O. Richland. 
Rodgers, C, far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Baker. 
Ross, Samuel, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Baker. 
Robinson, F. W., farmer ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Roth, P. H., far., S. 17 ; P. O. Baker. 

SAMUELSON, SAMUEL, renter ; P. 
0. Richland. 

Sharp, J. R., tar., S. 32 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Sharp; W., far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

SHERIDAN, JACOB, far , Sec 
36 ; P. 0. Fairfield ; born in Tuscarawas 
Co., Ohio, Dec. 25, 1818. Married 
Miss Sarah Moore in Ashland Co., 
Ohio, in 1845; moved to this county 
in 1865 ; have ten children — Elizabeth, 
married S. Sloan ; John, married Mias 



BLACK HAWK TOWNSHIP. 



59^ 



Hattie Christie ; he served in an Illinois 
regiment during the war, and was pro- 
moted to 1st Lieutenant; Paul, married 
Florence Shriner ; he served in an Ohio 
regiment during the war ; Elmer, attor- 
ney, at Sioux Falls, Dakota ; William, 
lumber dealer, in Minnesota ; Granville, 
surveyor, in Washington Territory ; Mel- 
ville, artist, in Osceola, Iowa, married 
Miss Phcebe Mount ; Mary, married 
Gilbert Friend, reside in Brighton, 
Washington Co., Iowa; Austin J., at- 
torney at Sioux Falls, Dakota ; and 
Charles W. Mr. Sheridan owns 137 
acres of land. Republican ; members 
of the M. E. Church, in which he is 
Class-Leader, Steward, and a member of 
the Board of Trustees. 

Shy, Charles, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Shy, John, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Snider, George, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Snider, John, far., S. 6; P. 0. Richland. 

Souder, G. M., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Spencer, D., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Staats, J. P., for., S. 1; P. 0. Richland. 

Stewart, C, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Stewart. G., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Baker. 

Stringer, J. A., S. 33 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 



Summers, J. M.. far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 
Summers, J., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
Summers, P., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 
rpAIT, C, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Tait, W. D., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Turner, John. 

Turnbull, J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Richland. 

TurnbuU, J., fiir., S. 18; P. 0. Richland. 

Turnbull, Thomas. 

TTTALKER, J. M. 

Weitzel, H. J., far.; S. 13 ; P. 0. Baker. 

West, A., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

West, 0. and H. N., fars., S. 25 ; P. 0. 
Fairfield. 

Wiggins, W., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Baker. 

Williams, J., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Wolums, F. C, far.. S. 19; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Woodward, M., S. 14 ; P. 0. Baker. 

Woodward, S. C, S. 3 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Woolum, J. J., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Richland. 

Wray, W. F., renter : P. 0. Baker. 

Wygantd, A., far., 8.29 ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

YOUNG, P. W., far., S. 11; P. 0. 
Richland. 




600 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY ; 



POLK TOWNSHIP. 



A BRAHAM, a., far.; P. 0. loka. 

Adams, S., blacksmith, Abingdon. 

Alexander, A. C., fiir.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Alexander, Jas. R., far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. 
Abingdon. 

Andei-son, M., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

Anderson, A., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

Anderson, S., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Brook- 
ville. 

Andrews, T., far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. loka. 

Armstrong,!. A., far.. Sec. 14; P. O. 
Abingdon. 

BABCOCK, J., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

Barnes, F. J., far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. loka. 

Barnes, J. H., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. loka. 

Bayne, J., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Baxter, Wm. Gr., renter, Abingdon. 

Benn, A. P., far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

Black, J. H., far., Sec. 17 ; P. O. Abing- 
don. 

Black, S., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Black, W. H., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Boyd, J., renter. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Brook- 
ville. 

Bradfield, S., fir.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

Bradfield, W., for.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

Brockway, J., far., S. 2 ; P. O. loka. 

Brown, Wm., tenant ; P. 0. Fairfield. 

Buck, F. A., far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. loka. 

Burris, B. B., attorney at law and Post- 
master, Abingdon. 
CALDWELL, D., Jr., renter, Abing- 
don. 

Caldwell, E., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. loka. 

Caldwell, J. A., renter ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Caldwell, R. D., for.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. loka. 

Campbell, C. B.,"far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Brook- 
ville. 

Campbell, J., far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Brook- 
ville. 

Carr, S., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

€HI1>EST£R, WILLIAM N., 

far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Fairfield ; was born 
in Mahoning Co., Ohio, in 1834; in 
1855, he went to Mercer Co., 111., and 
engaged in stock dealing. Married Miss 



Martha E. Titus in Mercer Co., 111.; 
she was born in Boone Co., Ind. ; they 
removed to this county in 1866 ; they 
have four children — Carrie G., who 
married Alonzo Burr, and resides in 
Fairfield Tp. ; Eva F., Ada J. and Vera 
B. Mr. Chidester owns 320 acres of 
land which is finely improved ; has a 
grove of thirteen acres surrounding 
his house, the greater number of the 
trees maple and chestnut. He is a 
member of the Masonic society, I. O. 
0. F., and A. O. U. W. Is Republican. 
One of the original founders of the 
Grafton Cheese-Factory, which is located 
on his land. 

Clark, J. M., for., Sec. 20 ; P. O. Abing- 
don. 

Cline, G., far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Cline, James, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Cline, W., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Collins, H., farmer ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Collins, R. F., Constable, Abingdon. 

Conger, D., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. loka. 

Coykendall, J., far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Ab- 
ingdon. 

Coykendall, M. J., far., Sec. 10; P.O. 
loka. 

Cuddy, H. F., for. ; P. O. Abingdon. 

DAVIS, DRURY, far. ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

Davis, E. F., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Davis, Ezra, physician, Abingdon. 

Davis, G. W., laborer ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Davis, J. B., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. O. Abing- 
don. 

Davis, J. L., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Davis, R., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

DelHnger, W., far., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Brook- 
ville. 

Downey, A. T., far., Sec. 28; P. 0. Ab- 
ingdon. 

Downey, A. W., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Doughty, Skilman, blacksmith, Abingdon. 

Duke, W. L., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. loka. 

Dysart, S., far. ; P. 0. loka. 

ECKELBERR Y, J. H., farmer ; P. 0. 
Abingdon. 
EliLER, A. H., farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 
O. Abingdon ; was born in Wilkes Co., 
N. C, in 1849; came to this county 
with his parents. Married Miss Lucy 
daughter of W. D. and Sarah Peck; 



POLK TOWNSHIP. 



601 



have four children — Cecil, Winta, Ches- 
ter and Nellie. Mr. Eller owns eighty 
acres of land. Is Republican ; himself 
and wife are members of Baptist Church. 

Estus, S. M., far. ; P. O. Abingdon. 

TpINNEY, J. H., grocer, Abingdon. 

Fleenor, Evan, retired farmer, Abingdon. 

Fleenor, James E., Abingdon. 

Fleenor, M. G., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Brook- 
ville. 

Fleenor, R. W., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Fleenor, W. J., far. ; P. Q. Abingdon. 

Flint, John D., wagon -maker, Abingdon. 

FORREST, M. W., farmer and stock- 
raiser, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Abingdon ; born 
in Vanderburgh Co., Ind., in 1833; 
came to Lee Co.. Iowa with his parents 
in 1837 ; thence to this county in 1844. 
During the war, Mr. Forrest recruited 
Co. F of the 33d I. V. I. ; was elected 
Captain, and served until August, 1863. 
Maiden name of wife was Miss H. R. 
Smith ; they were married in this county 
in 1855 ; she was born in Indiana ; 
have six children — Avery Curtis, John 
T., Mary E., Esther Ann, Melva Naomi 
and Lee B. Mr. Forrest owns 782 
acres of land ; is extensively engaged in 
stock-raising. 

Forre.st, W. T., Abingdon. 

GAMBALL, E. R., dealer in produce, 
Abingdon. 

Gamball, R.,'far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Gamball, W. M. C, far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. 
Abingdon. 

Gardner, F., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. loka. 

Gillette, E., far. ; P. 0. Brookville. 

Gillette, Z. T., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Brook- 
ville. 

Gillott, 0. H., far. ; P. 0. Brookville. 

Gobble, A., far., S. 32; P. 0. Abingdon. 

GOBBLE, CHARLES H., of the 
firm of T. W. Gobble & Co., dealers in 
dry goods, groceries, hardware, queens- 
ware, etc., Abingdon, Iowa ; was born 
in Abingdon in 1853. Married Miss 
Sarah Flint ; she was born in Marshall 
Co., Va. ; they have one child — Bertha, 
born Oct. 29, 1878. Mr. G. is a mem- 
ber of the present Board of Township 
Trustees, also member of the School 
Board. Is S. W. in Lodge No. 104, 
A., F. & A. M., and the present N. G. 
in Brookville Lodge, I. 0. O. F., No. 87. 

Gobble, G., retired far., Abingdon. 



Gobble, T. W. & Co., merchants, Abing- 
don. 

Grafton, P. B., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Fair- 
field. 

Grear, D., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

HAFERTY, Z. W., far., Sec. 2 ; P. 
0. loka. 

Hamilton, M. D., far.,S. 3 ; P. 0. loka. 

Hand, Swain, far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

Hanna, Wm., far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. loka. 

Hardwick, Samuel. 

Harrison, B. E., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Harrison, G. W., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Harrison, H., far., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

Harrison, P., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Harrison, W. H., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Hazlett, J. M., far., Sec. 27 ; P.O. Abing- 
don. 

Hilton, A. B., far., S. 33 ; P. O. Albia. 

Hintz, Fred, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Hite, R., far, S. 35 ; P.O. Brookville. 

Hite, W., far.. Sec. 33; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Hoft'man, H., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

HOtGHTON, CURTIS, farmer, 

• Sec. 13; P. 0. Fairfield; born in Ches- 
ter, Vt., Sept. 3, 1846 ; is the oldest of 
eight children ;* his parents moved from 
Vermont to Illinois in 1852, settling in 
Henry Co., three miles from the pres- 
ent town of Woodhull, then an unbroken 
pi-airie, the nearest dwelling four miles 
distant, and the only one in sight a 
cabin twelve feet square, seven miles 
distant. Mr. Houghton is a bachelor, 
whose home is cared for by a sister, and 
is well known from having placed under 
cultivation in 1869 to 1872 about eight- 
een hundred acres of land, located in 
Polk and Black Hawk Tps. of this 
county, known as the Houghton estate ; 
he is also one of the original founders of the 
Grafton Cheese Company ; has been the 
Secretary since its first annual election. 

Huddleston, B., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

Huddleston, U., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Hudson, J. R., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Hudson, J. T., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Hupp. J., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Brookville. 

"TNGALLS, C, for., S. 3 ; P. 0. loka. 

Ingalls. W. M., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. loka. 

JOHNSON, T. P., broom-maker, Abing- 
don. 



602 



DIRECTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY : 



0. 



Johnson, Wm., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Johnson, W. B., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon 
Jones, C, far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Jones, J., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. loka. 
Jones, T., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

KEN YON, J., far., S. 16; P. 
Abingdon. 
Kirby, J. M., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Kirby, K. B., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Klaiss, J., ret. far., S. 28; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Knox, W. W., far. ; P. O. Abingdon. 
Koons, David, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

LEISURE, J. M., far., S. 19; P. 0. 
Abingdon. 
Leisure, J., Jr., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Leisure, S. R., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Leisure, T. A., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Leisure, Wm. J., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Lewis, C. H., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Lewis, J. C, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Lewis, J. M., Dr., far., S. 21; P. 0. 

Abingdon. 
L(]ehr, J. L., retired grocer, Abingdon. 
Longerbone, J., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Longerbone, Jonathan, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. 

Abingdon. 
Longerbone, P., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
"cCLUNG, J., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. loka. 



M' 



McCluny, R., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

McCoy, J. B., far., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

McCr^eeny, A., shoemaker, Abingdon. 

McCreeny, H. M., Abingdon. 

McCullouch, C. H., druggist, Abingdon. 

McCulloch, J., merchant, Abingdon. 

McREYNOIiDS, PETER A., 
far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Abingdon ; was 
born in Allen Co., Ky., on the 16th of 
November, 1814; came to this county in 
the fall of 1845. Has been married twice; 
first wife was Mrs. C. Prince ; present 
wife was Mary McCoy, maiden name 
Robinson ; she was born in Virginia, on 
the 14th of February, 1822. Mr. McRey- 
nolds owns 172 acres of land ; is a Re- 
publican. Himself and wife are mem- 
bers of the M. E. Church. He is a mem- 
ber of the Masonic society ; has held 
various oflBces. In the early history of 
the county was Township Secretary of 
schools a number of years ; has also 
held the office of Township Treasurer. 
He has been a resident of this township 
since 1845. 

McVey, C. B., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. loka. 



McVey, S. A., far. ; P. 0. loka. 

McVey, W. R., far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. loka. 

Meyers, S. A., far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don, 

Middleton, W. J., wagon-maker, Abingdon. 

Miller, J. B., Township Clerk, Abingdon. 

Mitchell, J., renter ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Mitchell, T., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. O. loka. 

Morman, C. F., physician, Abingdon. 

Morris, J., Sr., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Morse, D., far., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Mowery, B. D., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

MOWERY, EDWARD P., far. 
and stock-raiser. Sees. 7 and 8 ; P. 0. 
Abingdon ; was born in Knox Co., Ohio, 
in 1 839 ; moved to this county with 
his parents in 1846. During the war, 
he enlisted in Co. F, 17th I. V. I. ; 
served three years and three months ; 
was honorably discharged. Married 
Miss A. Scott, of Wapello Co., in July, 
1876 ; have one child — Ross, born 29th 
of April, 1877. Mr. Mowery owns 300 
acres of land, and is extensively engaged 
in stock-raising. 

MOIVERY, F. F., farmer. Sec. 30 ; 
P. 0. Abingdon ; born in this county in 
1843. Married Miss Cora Kirby in 
1877 ; she was born in Warren Co., 
111. Mr. Mowery is a member of the 
Masons ; also of the I. 0. 0. F. His 
father, David Mowery, was a native of 
Ohio ; born in 1812 ; married Miss 
Sarah Dile ; they moved to Knox Co., 
111., in 1839, thence to this county in 
1846; their children are Isaac D., B. 
D., E. P., John, George W., Matilda 
(now Mrs. Wm. Gaston), Mary (now 
Mrs. T. Gillett), Drusilla (deceased), 
Franklin P., James B. and Virgil E. 

MOWERY, GEORGE, retired 
farmer, Abingdon ; owns 160 acres of 
land. Married Eliza Ann Wright, 
maiden name Miller ; she was born in 
Boyle Co., Ky., in 1824; they own 
town property to the amount of $2,500. 

Mowry, J.W., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Mowry, J. B., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Myers, J., Justice of the Peace, Abingdon. 

Myers, L. G., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Myers, R., far., S. 35; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Myers, S., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
"XT ACE, J., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Abing- 

Newland, A., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 



POLK TOWNSHIP. 



603 



o 



GDEN, H., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 



Oliver, D. M., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Brook- 

ville. 
Oliver, J., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Brookville. 

PACKWOOD, J. M., far., S. 14 ; P. 
0. Abingdon. 
Packwood, S., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Palmer, P. P., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Peck, A. H., far.; P.O. Abingdon. 
Peck, J. H., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 
Peters, D., retired farmer, Abingdon. 
OAMEY, E., far.; P. O. Abingdon. 

Ramey, Ezra, far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Randall, F. M., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Ramey, H., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Ramey, J., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Ramey, Scott, saw-mill hand, Abingdon. 

Randall, A. A., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Randall, A. S., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Reed, W. A., far., S. 14; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Riggs, H. S.,far.,S. 28 ; P. 0. loka. 

Riggs, J. T., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Romack, B., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Romack, G., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Romack, T., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

RUGJGL.es, JOHN C, farmer, 
Sec. 21 ; P. 0. loka ; born in Miami 
Co., Ohio, in 1832 ; removed to Illinois 
with his parents ; thence to this county 
in 1836. Married Martha Bowman in 
this county ; she was born in Kentucky ; 
they have eight children. Mr. Ruggles is 
a member of Masonic society at loka, 
also the I. 0. 0. F. of the same place. 
Owns eighty acres of land. 

Ru.ssell, G. W., far., S. 4; P. 0. loka. 

Ryman, A., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. loka. 
"^COTT, L. F., former; P. 0. Abingdon. 



S" 



Scott, S., far., S. 25 ; P. O. Abingdon. 
Shelton, W. H., far.. S. 20; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 



Smith, A. S., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Smith, C. A., far. ; P. 0. loka. 

Smith, E. W., far. ; P. 0. loka. 

Smith, G. L., far. ; P. 0. loka. 

Smith, John, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. loka. 

Smith, J. N., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. loka. 

Smith, J. D., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Smith, N., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Smith, 0., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Smith, R. M., far. ; P. 0. loka. 

Smith, T. G., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Smith, T. R., far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Abing- 
don. 

Smith, W. E., far.; P. O. loka. 

Snider, A. C, renter ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Snider, G. F., carpenter, Abingdon. 

Snider, James, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Spencer, George ; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Spicer, H. A., blacksmith, Abingdon. 

Spurlock, F. M., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Spurlock, M. D. L., veterinary surgeon, 
Abingdon. 

Stephenson, F. M., far., Sec. 11; P. 0. 
loka. 

Stewart, J. W., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

Stubbs, J., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. loka. 

Stubbs, Wm., far.; P. 0. loka. 

Sutton, J. A., far., S. 8; P. 0. loka. 

TANSEY, IRADELL, far., S. 1 ; P. 
0. Richland. 
Travis, J. J., far.; P. 0. Abingdon. 

YANNESS, A. L., far. and mail-car- 
rier, S. 28 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
TTTEBB, ISAAC, far., S. 10 ; *P. 0. 

Webb, I. A., far.; P. 0. loka. 
Webb, J. H., far., S. 3; P. 0. loka. 
Webb, John, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. loka. 
Webb, John H., carpenter, Abingdon. 
Wilson, G. E., far.; P.O. Abinudon. 
Wilson, S., far.; P. 0. loka. 
Wilson, Wm., far.; P. 0. loka. 
Wilhermsdorfer, Sol., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. 
Abinjidon. 



qA^-' 




Received Too Late for Insertion in its Proper Place.— Fairfield. 



CHESTER, S. J., was born March 
16, 1841, in Kosciusko Co., Ind. ; 
removed with his parents to Iowa in 
1851 ; engaged in farming until the 
breaking-out of the war, when he en- 
listed in Co. Gr, 30th I. V. I.; was 
elected Second Lieutenant, and soon 
after promoted to First Lieutenant ; was 
engaged in the following battles ; Haine's 
Bluff, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jack- 
son, Cherokee Station, Lookout Moun- 
tain, Mission Ridge, Ringgold ; was 
wounded at Vicksburg on the 22d of 
May, 1863; shot through the left lung 



with a musket ball ; from its effects was 
compelled to resign in 1864. Returned 
home and was married the 21st day of 
September, 1864, to Miss Olive E. 
Hendricks. . Moved into Fairfield in 
1872, and engaged in the mercantile 
business until October, 1877 ; in 1876, 
was elected member of the School 
Board and chosen President of the 
same, which position he now holds with 
credit ; in the fall of 1878, was elected 
Constable. Has four children — Flora B. , 
Millie J., Daisy E. and Frank M. 



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